The document discusses prison reforms in India. It notes that Indian prisons suffer from overcrowding, a large number of under-trials, poor living conditions, corruption, and a lack of rehabilitation. Recent government measures to modernize prisons through digitization, improve legal aid, and draft new policies aim to address these issues. However, more comprehensive reforms are still needed to improve all areas of the prison system in line with human rights standards.
The document discusses prison reforms in India. It notes that India's prison system is governed by the 1894 Prisons Act and faces several major issues including overcrowding, a large number of under-trials, corruption, unsatisfactory living conditions, and a lack of reformative approach. Several committees and reforms have been proposed over the years to address these issues, including the modernization of prisons scheme, E-prisons project, and draft national policy on prison reforms. However, implementing lasting reforms has proven challenging. The management and administration of prisons remains decentralized under state governments.
The situation concerning undertrials in India is a cause for serious alarm. In the year 2021, a striking 77% of the entire prison population in India consisted of undertrials, signifying that these individuals had not been formally convicted of any criminal offense. This represents a notable escalation from the 68% of undertrials recorded in 2019 and establishes the highest proportion of undertrials in any country globally.
This document discusses human rights issues faced by prisoners with mental illness. It notes that the Supreme Court in India has ordered the release of prisoners held in psychiatric hospitals for longer than their potential sentence. Conditions in most prisons worldwide are poor, with overcrowding, corruption, abuse, lack of medical care and other issues. Many prisoners come from disadvantaged backgrounds and mental health can deteriorate in prison. The WHO and NHRC of India have made recommendations to improve treatment of mentally ill prisoners, such as ensuring psychiatric facilities and care in prisons, and not imprisoning those solely due to mental illness. Social workers can help safeguard prisoners' rights by linking them to support services and training on mental health issues.
The document provides information about Avinash's visit to Tihar Jail in Delhi, India. It discusses the organizational structure and operations of Tihar Jail, including its 9 jail facilities that house different types of prisoners, educational and vocational programs, and production units. It notes the jail's population was 10,856 as of December 31, 2010, with overcrowding being an ongoing issue. The document aims to give insight into how the largest jail in India functions.
The prisons in India, which are often called as correctional institutes, are more or less being occupied by a very high numbers, much higher than the sanctioned capacity. Consequent upon this, the focus of reformation activities are been diverted. This paper attempts to bring about the right of the prisoners, where focus needs to be established, and also highlights the reformative exercise which could be incorporated in the present administrative setup of the prison.
The document discusses prison rules and open prisons. It provides details on:
1) Prison rules that govern the administration of prisons and treatment of inmates, including requirements for record keeping, segregation of inmates, living conditions, medical care, and visitation.
2) The concept of open prisons, which aim to rehabilitate inmates through reduced security, work programs, and preparation for release.
3) The definition and origins of open prisons, tracing their development from England in the early 20th century to promote rehabilitation over punishment.
The document discusses a proposed prison management system project. It includes information on the existing system at TIHAR Prison in India, the proposed upgrades, and benefits of the new system. Key points include:
- The proposed system would create databases to track prisoners, guards, and administrators and allow the administrator to schedule jobs and view performance feedback.
- It aims to improve on the existing system which only tracks prisoner information and movement.
- Benefits would be better organization of prisoner and guard data and duties.
This document discusses the Bangkok Rules, which provide guidelines for the treatment of women prisoners and offenders. It summarizes the key principles and rules of the Bangkok Rules, including that women prisoners should be treated with dignity and respect, have their gender-specific needs met, and be able to maintain family contact. It also discusses alternatives to imprisonment for women offenders, with a focus on non-custodial measures and taking into account women's roles as caregivers.
The document discusses prison reforms in India. It notes that India's prison system is governed by the 1894 Prisons Act and faces several major issues including overcrowding, a large number of under-trials, corruption, unsatisfactory living conditions, and a lack of reformative approach. Several committees and reforms have been proposed over the years to address these issues, including the modernization of prisons scheme, E-prisons project, and draft national policy on prison reforms. However, implementing lasting reforms has proven challenging. The management and administration of prisons remains decentralized under state governments.
The situation concerning undertrials in India is a cause for serious alarm. In the year 2021, a striking 77% of the entire prison population in India consisted of undertrials, signifying that these individuals had not been formally convicted of any criminal offense. This represents a notable escalation from the 68% of undertrials recorded in 2019 and establishes the highest proportion of undertrials in any country globally.
This document discusses human rights issues faced by prisoners with mental illness. It notes that the Supreme Court in India has ordered the release of prisoners held in psychiatric hospitals for longer than their potential sentence. Conditions in most prisons worldwide are poor, with overcrowding, corruption, abuse, lack of medical care and other issues. Many prisoners come from disadvantaged backgrounds and mental health can deteriorate in prison. The WHO and NHRC of India have made recommendations to improve treatment of mentally ill prisoners, such as ensuring psychiatric facilities and care in prisons, and not imprisoning those solely due to mental illness. Social workers can help safeguard prisoners' rights by linking them to support services and training on mental health issues.
The document provides information about Avinash's visit to Tihar Jail in Delhi, India. It discusses the organizational structure and operations of Tihar Jail, including its 9 jail facilities that house different types of prisoners, educational and vocational programs, and production units. It notes the jail's population was 10,856 as of December 31, 2010, with overcrowding being an ongoing issue. The document aims to give insight into how the largest jail in India functions.
The prisons in India, which are often called as correctional institutes, are more or less being occupied by a very high numbers, much higher than the sanctioned capacity. Consequent upon this, the focus of reformation activities are been diverted. This paper attempts to bring about the right of the prisoners, where focus needs to be established, and also highlights the reformative exercise which could be incorporated in the present administrative setup of the prison.
The document discusses prison rules and open prisons. It provides details on:
1) Prison rules that govern the administration of prisons and treatment of inmates, including requirements for record keeping, segregation of inmates, living conditions, medical care, and visitation.
2) The concept of open prisons, which aim to rehabilitate inmates through reduced security, work programs, and preparation for release.
3) The definition and origins of open prisons, tracing their development from England in the early 20th century to promote rehabilitation over punishment.
The document discusses a proposed prison management system project. It includes information on the existing system at TIHAR Prison in India, the proposed upgrades, and benefits of the new system. Key points include:
- The proposed system would create databases to track prisoners, guards, and administrators and allow the administrator to schedule jobs and view performance feedback.
- It aims to improve on the existing system which only tracks prisoner information and movement.
- Benefits would be better organization of prisoner and guard data and duties.
This document discusses the Bangkok Rules, which provide guidelines for the treatment of women prisoners and offenders. It summarizes the key principles and rules of the Bangkok Rules, including that women prisoners should be treated with dignity and respect, have their gender-specific needs met, and be able to maintain family contact. It also discusses alternatives to imprisonment for women offenders, with a focus on non-custodial measures and taking into account women's roles as caregivers.
The document discusses the role and goals of correctional institutions. It describes correctional institutions as any facility operated by a state or political subdivision for confinement or rehabilitation of criminal offenders. The main goals of correctional administration are outlined as rehabilitation, incapacitation, deterrence, denunciation, and retribution. A three-tiered system of pre-care, care, and post-care is employed to rehabilitate prisoners through probation, imprisonment, and assistance after release.
RIWC_PARA_A195 the issues pertaining to being disabled whilst incarcerated in...Marco Muscroft
This document discusses issues related to people with disabilities in prisons. It notes that all countries have legal systems and prisons, but they are often ineffective or overwhelmed. For prisons, there is a dichotomy between security and rehabilitation/humanity that is challenging. The document advocates for recognizing the humanity and rights of all prisoners. It also discusses the need for clearer policies, addressing abuse and neglect, and the importance of rehabilitation including family visits. Overall change is needed to improve conditions for disabled prisoners.
The document discusses issues facing India's criminal justice system, particularly related to under-trial prisoners. It notes that 64.7% of pending criminal cases relate to under-trials, leading to overcrowded prisons and human rights violations. Suggestions are made to address ineffective identification and classification of prisoners, infrastructure inadequacies, outdated prison manuals, and issues with bail provisions. A framework is proposed focusing on logistical and procedural reforms, improving prison administration and accountability, and changing to view prisoners as humans requiring rehabilitation rather than just punishment. Overall the aim is to provide timely, expeditious justice to under-trials while respecting their fundamental rights.
1) Crime and punishment have evolved throughout history as governments and philosophies have changed. Different theories on criminology have attempted to understand and prevent crime.
2) The US criminal justice system involves law enforcement, courts, and punishment. It uses a jury system and separates powers to prevent authoritarian rule.
3) There are different types of prisons in the US based on security level that house inmates depending on their crimes. Faith-based and vocational programs aim to reduce recidivism but have not shown significant impacts so far.
This document provides a summary of a study on pre-trial detention conditions in Zimbabwe. It finds that approximately 30% of prisoners in Zimbabwe are pre-trial detainees, held for prolonged periods due to inefficiencies in the criminal justice system exacerbated by underfunding and political interference. The conditions of pre-trial detention violate detainees' rights and international standards, with overcrowding, poor infrastructure and lack of basic services like adequate food and clothing. Vulnerable groups like women, children and juvenile offenders face particularly difficult circumstances. The report concludes Zimbabwe has strong laws protecting detainees but faces challenges in implementation and recommends reforms to address inefficiencies, improve conditions, and uphold the rights and dignity of pre-trial detainees
Presentation by I.Kronberga, PROVIDUS reseracher, in Criminology Conference on Crime and Punishment in the Baltic Region, which was held from October 21-23, 2011 in Vilnius.
The conference was organised by the Lithuanian Society of Criminology together with the University of Vilnius, Institute of Law and the Centre Crime Prevention in Lithuania.
PROVIDUS pētnieces I.Kronbergas prezentācija Baltijas kriminologu konferencē, kas norisinājās 2010.gada 21.-23.okotbrī Viļņā.
Konferenci organizēja Lietuvas kriminologu sabiedrība kopā ar Viļņas Universitāti, Tiesību institūtu un Lietuvas Noziegumu prevencijas centru.
Women, Crime, and Justice Balancing the ScalesChapter 3.docxtroutmanboris
Women, Crime, and Justice:
Balancing the Scales
Chapter 3: Women convicted of crime and their punishments
Purpose of Chapter 3
• Explore the purposes of sanctions for men and women:
• Differences in sentencing for women
• Intersection of race and sexual orientation in criminal sentencing.
• Historical overview of corrections for women offenders:
• Current statistics of women who are incarcerated
• Explore the life of incarcerated women, including those on death row.
• Discuss gender-responsive programming needs for incarcerated women.
• Women serving sentences in the community:
• Conflicts experienced when trying to successfully reenter society.
• Review legal issues specific to women:
• Struggles to reunite with their children
• Restorative justice practices.
• Correctional programming for women.
Women in Institutional Custody:
History of Corrections for Women Offenders
• Prior to the mid-1800s, the use of prisons and jails in England and the United States for sentencing women was
rare, but increased after the mid-1800s.
• During this time period, women were severely neglected and frequently abused, both physically and sexually,
and it was not uncommon for women to become pregnant while incarcerated.
• 1825: Elizabeth Fry wrote about the plight of incarcerated women and inspired reform in the United States and
England.
• Reformatory movement.
• Breakthroughs for incarcerated women in the United States:
• 1828: A separate building for women is erected at the Sing Sing prison in New York.
• 1873: The Indiana Women’s Prison is the first female-only institution.
• Over the next 100 years, prisons opened for women develop into two distinct categories:
• Reformatory: Held women, predominately Caucasian, who had committed public order offenses
• Custodial: Held women, predominately African-American, who had committed felony violent and property
crimes.
Bureau of Justice:
Statistics on Incarcerated Women
• There are currently over 2 million incarcerated in jails and prisons and approximately 1.6 million individuals
incarcerated in state and federal prisons alone.
• Both male and female offenders are more likely to be incarcerated between the ages of 25 and 34.
• Males: A higher percentage of African-American and Hispanic-American inmates than Caucasian inmates
• Females: A higher percentage of Hispanic-American and Caucasian inmates than African-American inmates.
• Females in state prisons are more likely to be incarcerated for nonviolent offenses (e.g., property crimes or
drug offenses).
• In the federal system, males and females are more likely to be incarcerated for drug offenses as well as weapons
and immigration offenses.
• Incarcerated persons have approximately 1.7 million minor children representing about 2.3% of the total US
population.
• 147,000 minor children belong to incarcerated mothers.
• Since 1991, the number of children under age 18 with a mother in prison has more than doubled.
.
This document is a study by Amnesty International India on pre-trial detention in India. It finds that India has one of the highest proportions of pre-trial (undertrial) detainees in the world, who make up around 67% of the prison population. Various laws and Supreme Court rulings have aimed to reduce excessive pre-trial detention, but implementation has been poor across states. Amnesty analyzed responses from Right to Information requests which revealed that legal safeguards are regularly ignored and undertrials often do not receive proper legal aid or access to courts. The high proportion of undertrials reflects failure by governments to uphold fair trial rights.
Just Under Trial: A Study of Pre-trial Detention in IndiaAmnesty India
India has one of the highest undertrial populations in the world. As of December 2015, 67% of prisoners in India’s
prisons were ‘undertrials’ – people who were awaiting trial or whose trials were still ongoing, and who have not been convicted.1 In other words, there are twice as many undertrials in India’s prisons as there are convicts. Figure 1 below shows the state-wise population of undertrials and prison occupancy rates.
INFLUENCE OF KENYA PRISON REHABILITATION STRATEGIES ON REFORMATION OF INMATES...paperpublications3
Abstract: Kenya prison rehabilitation strategies are strategies that are used in reforming offenders in prisons. The programs consists of training activities which include vocational training such as carpentry, masonry, tailoring and building that are carried out to reform offenders. The researcher adopted a case study design. It targeted a sample of 150 inmates through snow ball and stratified sampling. Data was collected through administration of questionnaire to the selected respondents. Descriptive statistics such as tabulations, frequencies, percentages were used to summarize, describe, analyze, and present the statistical information of this study. Correlation and regression analysis were used to establish the strength and causality of the study variable relationships especially in meeting the study objectives. Data was analyzed using correlation and regression analysis to determine relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Correlation and regression analysis were used to establish the strength and causality of the study variable relationships especially in meeting the study objectives. The study findings concluded that industry skills training for the inmates contributes greatly towards reformation of inmates and that increasing the education level of inmates does necessarily contribute significantly to reformation of inmates. The study established that spiritual emphasis of the life of inmates significantly contributes to the reformation of inmates
Keywords: Industry Skills, Education Level, Spiritual Programmes, Reformation, Reformation.
Title: INFLUENCE OF KENYA PRISON REHABILITATION STRATEGIES ON REFORMATION OF INMATES: A CASE STUDY ON KISII MAIN PRISON
Author: Anyika Cetrick Matakayia, Prof. Maria Onyango, Dr. Michael Nyagol
ISSN 2349-7807
International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM)
Paper Publications
This document provides a summary of the history and development of prisons and jails in the United States. It discusses how William Penn's "Great Law" in 1682 envisioned prisons as workhouses rather than using corporal punishment. It also describes the Pennsylvania and New York prison systems in the early 19th century that experimented with solitary confinement approaches. More recent reforms have focused on rehabilitation through behavior-based early release programs. The document also outlines the growth of prison populations in recent decades and types of prisons including maximum, supermax, medium and minimum security facilities. It discusses the emergence of private prisons and consequences of high incarceration rates.
This document discusses the living conditions of prisoners in Indian prisons, with a focus on accommodation. It begins by outlining the constitutional framework for prisons in India and relevant international standards. It then describes the theoretical guidelines for prisoner accommodation, including minimum space requirements. The actual accommodation conditions in Indian prisons, and specifically in Amritsar Central Jail, are then detailed, highlighting severe overcrowding issues. Suggestions from prisoners to improve conditions, as well as a proposed model barrack layout, are provided. Food provisions are also examined against standards, with prisoners largely dissatisfied with quality and quantity. Suggestions to enhance the food system are given.
The document summarizes the findings and recommendations of a National Human Rights Commission mission to detention centers for suspected illegal immigrants in Assam, India from January 22-24, 2018. The main findings were:
1) Detainees are treated like convicted criminals under the Assam Jail Manual despite their legal status being unclear, facing indefinite incarceration without legal rights or contact with family.
2) Children are left vulnerable if separated from detained parents, and detainees have mental health issues without proper facilities.
3) Some detainees who admit to being foreigners have been detained for years despite completing sentences due to bureaucratic delays in deportation.
4) Many detainees lacked proper legal representation and some claims of
The document provides guidance for delivering high quality end of life care to prisoners, outlining 6 steps from initiating discussions as end of life approaches to care after death. It discusses the need to identify prisoners approaching end of life and have open conversations about their wishes, while also addressing the complex considerations around safety, security, and communication within the prison system. The goal is to ensure prisoners receive compassionate and dignified care at the end of life regardless of their setting.
The subject of human rights, in no way, shape or form, is a restricted subject. There is not really any part of law today in which it doesnt get associated with some degree or other. It covers a wide scope of subjects and has extensive outcomes. The theme which the section manages is one which is inseparably woven with human rights, Prison and detainees rights. Human right is basically a result of vote based system. It is all inclusive worry that cuts crosswise over significant belief system of political and social limits. It has been depicted as touchstone of the improvement and perceived as the fundamental rule basic for the advancement of people. Negligible to state that human right is certainly not another idea yet is as old as the development itself. Given the current woeful state of women detainees, the requirement for jail changes has come into center amid the most recent couple of decades. The Supreme Court and the High Courts have remarked upon the unfortunate conditions winning inside the jails, bringing about infringement of detainees rights. The issue of jail organization has been analyzed by various master bodies set up by the Government of India. The most thorough examination was finished by the All India Jail Reforms Committee of 1980 83, famously known as the Mulla Committee. The National and the State Human Rights Commission have likewise, in their yearly reports, attracted consideration regarding the horrifying conditions in the detainment facilities and encouraged governments to present changes. Dr. Akhilesh Ranaut | Sakshi Babbar ""Human Rights and Prison"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23570.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/23570/human-rights-and-prison/dr-akhilesh-ranaut
Reedley International SchoolSenior High School DepartmentS.docxaudeleypearl
Reedley International School
Senior High School Department
SY 2019-2020
Prisons: Perceptions of Non-Government Organizations on the Living Conditions in City Jails in Metro Manila
Dominique Bills
Liam Bernal
Jean Pierre Evasco
Julian Ram Gavieta
Sophia Ysabel Magnayon
12 - Leonardo da Vinci
English 5: Qualitative Research
Ms. Karen Olivia Patriarca
31 January 2020
CHAPTER I
Introduction
A. Statement of the Problem
The jails found within the Philippines have been enlisted as one of the world’s worst jails. Previous studies have shown that 518 individuals sleep in spaces provided for 170 people. According to a researcher, Dr. Raymund Narag, The Philippines is officially the most overpopulated correctional institution in the whole world in which persons deprived of liberty (PDLs), the inmates, are over-congested up to 1000 percent (Sorita).
In 2017, a total of 146,302 individuals were living in the prison facilities of the country, which exceeded the maximum capacity of 20,653 (Ayalin). Ever since President Rodrigo Duterte won the presidential election on May 9, 2016, the population of persons deprived of liberty (PDLs) increased by 512%. This increase was caused mainly due to the apprehension of drug dealers and users. The President of the Philippines focused on going against drug usage; therefore, most of the people arrested were people related to drug usage. The emergence of jail congestion gave way to many infectious diseases spread amongst some PDLs.
According to the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, PDLs are mainly suffering from skin and lung illness that can lead to diseases such as tuberculosis, bronchial asthma, respiratory tract infections, and more (Chavez). Because of this, the Republic Act No. 10575, which is entitled The Bureau of Corrections Act of 2013, states that PDLs have a right to medical and health services, proper facilities and equipment, rehabilitation programs, and visitation. Despite the claims of the government of giving certain rights, the situation within the prison grounds is still below the acceptable conditions due to the widespread of diseases and lack of space. Though PDLs are deprived of the free world, they are not deprived of their rights. These rights include the freedom to exercise their chosen religion and freedom from physical and mental abuse.
B. Purpose of the study
The intended result of this research is to raise awareness concerning the current state of city jails in Metro Manila. The outcome will determine whether or not the PDLs are receiving proper and appropriate housing and care that corresponds well with the 1987 Philippine constitution. The researchers will benefit from the study by learning from the past experiences of members of the organization and gain knowledge regarding the issues that are occurring inside the jail. This research would also benefit the society to remove their stigma about the current state of the PDLs. Most importantly, this paper will serve as a proof ...
The document discusses the history and current state of imprisonment in India. It notes that the colonial origins of the Indian prison system designed it primarily for control and instilling fear in the population. While India is now independent, the prison administration still retains many of these colonial motivations and structures. The document outlines some of the key problems with Indian jails, such as poor living conditions, overcrowding, and a lack of rehabilitation programs. It also discusses the different types of imprisonment under Indian law, including life imprisonment, rigorous imprisonment, solitary confinement, and fines.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
The document discusses the role and goals of correctional institutions. It describes correctional institutions as any facility operated by a state or political subdivision for confinement or rehabilitation of criminal offenders. The main goals of correctional administration are outlined as rehabilitation, incapacitation, deterrence, denunciation, and retribution. A three-tiered system of pre-care, care, and post-care is employed to rehabilitate prisoners through probation, imprisonment, and assistance after release.
RIWC_PARA_A195 the issues pertaining to being disabled whilst incarcerated in...Marco Muscroft
This document discusses issues related to people with disabilities in prisons. It notes that all countries have legal systems and prisons, but they are often ineffective or overwhelmed. For prisons, there is a dichotomy between security and rehabilitation/humanity that is challenging. The document advocates for recognizing the humanity and rights of all prisoners. It also discusses the need for clearer policies, addressing abuse and neglect, and the importance of rehabilitation including family visits. Overall change is needed to improve conditions for disabled prisoners.
The document discusses issues facing India's criminal justice system, particularly related to under-trial prisoners. It notes that 64.7% of pending criminal cases relate to under-trials, leading to overcrowded prisons and human rights violations. Suggestions are made to address ineffective identification and classification of prisoners, infrastructure inadequacies, outdated prison manuals, and issues with bail provisions. A framework is proposed focusing on logistical and procedural reforms, improving prison administration and accountability, and changing to view prisoners as humans requiring rehabilitation rather than just punishment. Overall the aim is to provide timely, expeditious justice to under-trials while respecting their fundamental rights.
1) Crime and punishment have evolved throughout history as governments and philosophies have changed. Different theories on criminology have attempted to understand and prevent crime.
2) The US criminal justice system involves law enforcement, courts, and punishment. It uses a jury system and separates powers to prevent authoritarian rule.
3) There are different types of prisons in the US based on security level that house inmates depending on their crimes. Faith-based and vocational programs aim to reduce recidivism but have not shown significant impacts so far.
This document provides a summary of a study on pre-trial detention conditions in Zimbabwe. It finds that approximately 30% of prisoners in Zimbabwe are pre-trial detainees, held for prolonged periods due to inefficiencies in the criminal justice system exacerbated by underfunding and political interference. The conditions of pre-trial detention violate detainees' rights and international standards, with overcrowding, poor infrastructure and lack of basic services like adequate food and clothing. Vulnerable groups like women, children and juvenile offenders face particularly difficult circumstances. The report concludes Zimbabwe has strong laws protecting detainees but faces challenges in implementation and recommends reforms to address inefficiencies, improve conditions, and uphold the rights and dignity of pre-trial detainees
Presentation by I.Kronberga, PROVIDUS reseracher, in Criminology Conference on Crime and Punishment in the Baltic Region, which was held from October 21-23, 2011 in Vilnius.
The conference was organised by the Lithuanian Society of Criminology together with the University of Vilnius, Institute of Law and the Centre Crime Prevention in Lithuania.
PROVIDUS pētnieces I.Kronbergas prezentācija Baltijas kriminologu konferencē, kas norisinājās 2010.gada 21.-23.okotbrī Viļņā.
Konferenci organizēja Lietuvas kriminologu sabiedrība kopā ar Viļņas Universitāti, Tiesību institūtu un Lietuvas Noziegumu prevencijas centru.
Women, Crime, and Justice Balancing the ScalesChapter 3.docxtroutmanboris
Women, Crime, and Justice:
Balancing the Scales
Chapter 3: Women convicted of crime and their punishments
Purpose of Chapter 3
• Explore the purposes of sanctions for men and women:
• Differences in sentencing for women
• Intersection of race and sexual orientation in criminal sentencing.
• Historical overview of corrections for women offenders:
• Current statistics of women who are incarcerated
• Explore the life of incarcerated women, including those on death row.
• Discuss gender-responsive programming needs for incarcerated women.
• Women serving sentences in the community:
• Conflicts experienced when trying to successfully reenter society.
• Review legal issues specific to women:
• Struggles to reunite with their children
• Restorative justice practices.
• Correctional programming for women.
Women in Institutional Custody:
History of Corrections for Women Offenders
• Prior to the mid-1800s, the use of prisons and jails in England and the United States for sentencing women was
rare, but increased after the mid-1800s.
• During this time period, women were severely neglected and frequently abused, both physically and sexually,
and it was not uncommon for women to become pregnant while incarcerated.
• 1825: Elizabeth Fry wrote about the plight of incarcerated women and inspired reform in the United States and
England.
• Reformatory movement.
• Breakthroughs for incarcerated women in the United States:
• 1828: A separate building for women is erected at the Sing Sing prison in New York.
• 1873: The Indiana Women’s Prison is the first female-only institution.
• Over the next 100 years, prisons opened for women develop into two distinct categories:
• Reformatory: Held women, predominately Caucasian, who had committed public order offenses
• Custodial: Held women, predominately African-American, who had committed felony violent and property
crimes.
Bureau of Justice:
Statistics on Incarcerated Women
• There are currently over 2 million incarcerated in jails and prisons and approximately 1.6 million individuals
incarcerated in state and federal prisons alone.
• Both male and female offenders are more likely to be incarcerated between the ages of 25 and 34.
• Males: A higher percentage of African-American and Hispanic-American inmates than Caucasian inmates
• Females: A higher percentage of Hispanic-American and Caucasian inmates than African-American inmates.
• Females in state prisons are more likely to be incarcerated for nonviolent offenses (e.g., property crimes or
drug offenses).
• In the federal system, males and females are more likely to be incarcerated for drug offenses as well as weapons
and immigration offenses.
• Incarcerated persons have approximately 1.7 million minor children representing about 2.3% of the total US
population.
• 147,000 minor children belong to incarcerated mothers.
• Since 1991, the number of children under age 18 with a mother in prison has more than doubled.
.
This document is a study by Amnesty International India on pre-trial detention in India. It finds that India has one of the highest proportions of pre-trial (undertrial) detainees in the world, who make up around 67% of the prison population. Various laws and Supreme Court rulings have aimed to reduce excessive pre-trial detention, but implementation has been poor across states. Amnesty analyzed responses from Right to Information requests which revealed that legal safeguards are regularly ignored and undertrials often do not receive proper legal aid or access to courts. The high proportion of undertrials reflects failure by governments to uphold fair trial rights.
Just Under Trial: A Study of Pre-trial Detention in IndiaAmnesty India
India has one of the highest undertrial populations in the world. As of December 2015, 67% of prisoners in India’s
prisons were ‘undertrials’ – people who were awaiting trial or whose trials were still ongoing, and who have not been convicted.1 In other words, there are twice as many undertrials in India’s prisons as there are convicts. Figure 1 below shows the state-wise population of undertrials and prison occupancy rates.
INFLUENCE OF KENYA PRISON REHABILITATION STRATEGIES ON REFORMATION OF INMATES...paperpublications3
Abstract: Kenya prison rehabilitation strategies are strategies that are used in reforming offenders in prisons. The programs consists of training activities which include vocational training such as carpentry, masonry, tailoring and building that are carried out to reform offenders. The researcher adopted a case study design. It targeted a sample of 150 inmates through snow ball and stratified sampling. Data was collected through administration of questionnaire to the selected respondents. Descriptive statistics such as tabulations, frequencies, percentages were used to summarize, describe, analyze, and present the statistical information of this study. Correlation and regression analysis were used to establish the strength and causality of the study variable relationships especially in meeting the study objectives. Data was analyzed using correlation and regression analysis to determine relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Correlation and regression analysis were used to establish the strength and causality of the study variable relationships especially in meeting the study objectives. The study findings concluded that industry skills training for the inmates contributes greatly towards reformation of inmates and that increasing the education level of inmates does necessarily contribute significantly to reformation of inmates. The study established that spiritual emphasis of the life of inmates significantly contributes to the reformation of inmates
Keywords: Industry Skills, Education Level, Spiritual Programmes, Reformation, Reformation.
Title: INFLUENCE OF KENYA PRISON REHABILITATION STRATEGIES ON REFORMATION OF INMATES: A CASE STUDY ON KISII MAIN PRISON
Author: Anyika Cetrick Matakayia, Prof. Maria Onyango, Dr. Michael Nyagol
ISSN 2349-7807
International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM)
Paper Publications
This document provides a summary of the history and development of prisons and jails in the United States. It discusses how William Penn's "Great Law" in 1682 envisioned prisons as workhouses rather than using corporal punishment. It also describes the Pennsylvania and New York prison systems in the early 19th century that experimented with solitary confinement approaches. More recent reforms have focused on rehabilitation through behavior-based early release programs. The document also outlines the growth of prison populations in recent decades and types of prisons including maximum, supermax, medium and minimum security facilities. It discusses the emergence of private prisons and consequences of high incarceration rates.
This document discusses the living conditions of prisoners in Indian prisons, with a focus on accommodation. It begins by outlining the constitutional framework for prisons in India and relevant international standards. It then describes the theoretical guidelines for prisoner accommodation, including minimum space requirements. The actual accommodation conditions in Indian prisons, and specifically in Amritsar Central Jail, are then detailed, highlighting severe overcrowding issues. Suggestions from prisoners to improve conditions, as well as a proposed model barrack layout, are provided. Food provisions are also examined against standards, with prisoners largely dissatisfied with quality and quantity. Suggestions to enhance the food system are given.
The document summarizes the findings and recommendations of a National Human Rights Commission mission to detention centers for suspected illegal immigrants in Assam, India from January 22-24, 2018. The main findings were:
1) Detainees are treated like convicted criminals under the Assam Jail Manual despite their legal status being unclear, facing indefinite incarceration without legal rights or contact with family.
2) Children are left vulnerable if separated from detained parents, and detainees have mental health issues without proper facilities.
3) Some detainees who admit to being foreigners have been detained for years despite completing sentences due to bureaucratic delays in deportation.
4) Many detainees lacked proper legal representation and some claims of
The document provides guidance for delivering high quality end of life care to prisoners, outlining 6 steps from initiating discussions as end of life approaches to care after death. It discusses the need to identify prisoners approaching end of life and have open conversations about their wishes, while also addressing the complex considerations around safety, security, and communication within the prison system. The goal is to ensure prisoners receive compassionate and dignified care at the end of life regardless of their setting.
The subject of human rights, in no way, shape or form, is a restricted subject. There is not really any part of law today in which it doesnt get associated with some degree or other. It covers a wide scope of subjects and has extensive outcomes. The theme which the section manages is one which is inseparably woven with human rights, Prison and detainees rights. Human right is basically a result of vote based system. It is all inclusive worry that cuts crosswise over significant belief system of political and social limits. It has been depicted as touchstone of the improvement and perceived as the fundamental rule basic for the advancement of people. Negligible to state that human right is certainly not another idea yet is as old as the development itself. Given the current woeful state of women detainees, the requirement for jail changes has come into center amid the most recent couple of decades. The Supreme Court and the High Courts have remarked upon the unfortunate conditions winning inside the jails, bringing about infringement of detainees rights. The issue of jail organization has been analyzed by various master bodies set up by the Government of India. The most thorough examination was finished by the All India Jail Reforms Committee of 1980 83, famously known as the Mulla Committee. The National and the State Human Rights Commission have likewise, in their yearly reports, attracted consideration regarding the horrifying conditions in the detainment facilities and encouraged governments to present changes. Dr. Akhilesh Ranaut | Sakshi Babbar ""Human Rights and Prison"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23570.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/23570/human-rights-and-prison/dr-akhilesh-ranaut
Reedley International SchoolSenior High School DepartmentS.docxaudeleypearl
Reedley International School
Senior High School Department
SY 2019-2020
Prisons: Perceptions of Non-Government Organizations on the Living Conditions in City Jails in Metro Manila
Dominique Bills
Liam Bernal
Jean Pierre Evasco
Julian Ram Gavieta
Sophia Ysabel Magnayon
12 - Leonardo da Vinci
English 5: Qualitative Research
Ms. Karen Olivia Patriarca
31 January 2020
CHAPTER I
Introduction
A. Statement of the Problem
The jails found within the Philippines have been enlisted as one of the world’s worst jails. Previous studies have shown that 518 individuals sleep in spaces provided for 170 people. According to a researcher, Dr. Raymund Narag, The Philippines is officially the most overpopulated correctional institution in the whole world in which persons deprived of liberty (PDLs), the inmates, are over-congested up to 1000 percent (Sorita).
In 2017, a total of 146,302 individuals were living in the prison facilities of the country, which exceeded the maximum capacity of 20,653 (Ayalin). Ever since President Rodrigo Duterte won the presidential election on May 9, 2016, the population of persons deprived of liberty (PDLs) increased by 512%. This increase was caused mainly due to the apprehension of drug dealers and users. The President of the Philippines focused on going against drug usage; therefore, most of the people arrested were people related to drug usage. The emergence of jail congestion gave way to many infectious diseases spread amongst some PDLs.
According to the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, PDLs are mainly suffering from skin and lung illness that can lead to diseases such as tuberculosis, bronchial asthma, respiratory tract infections, and more (Chavez). Because of this, the Republic Act No. 10575, which is entitled The Bureau of Corrections Act of 2013, states that PDLs have a right to medical and health services, proper facilities and equipment, rehabilitation programs, and visitation. Despite the claims of the government of giving certain rights, the situation within the prison grounds is still below the acceptable conditions due to the widespread of diseases and lack of space. Though PDLs are deprived of the free world, they are not deprived of their rights. These rights include the freedom to exercise their chosen religion and freedom from physical and mental abuse.
B. Purpose of the study
The intended result of this research is to raise awareness concerning the current state of city jails in Metro Manila. The outcome will determine whether or not the PDLs are receiving proper and appropriate housing and care that corresponds well with the 1987 Philippine constitution. The researchers will benefit from the study by learning from the past experiences of members of the organization and gain knowledge regarding the issues that are occurring inside the jail. This research would also benefit the society to remove their stigma about the current state of the PDLs. Most importantly, this paper will serve as a proof ...
The document discusses the history and current state of imprisonment in India. It notes that the colonial origins of the Indian prison system designed it primarily for control and instilling fear in the population. While India is now independent, the prison administration still retains many of these colonial motivations and structures. The document outlines some of the key problems with Indian jails, such as poor living conditions, overcrowding, and a lack of rehabilitation programs. It also discusses the different types of imprisonment under Indian law, including life imprisonment, rigorous imprisonment, solitary confinement, and fines.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
2. INTRODUCTION
Prison, an institution for the confinement of persons who have been remanded
(held) in custody by a judicial authority or who have been deprived of their
liberty following conviction for a crime A person found guilty of a felony or a
misdemeanour may be required to serve a prison sentence. The holding of
accused persons awaiting trial remains an important function of contemporary
prisons, and in some countries such persons constitute the majority of the
prison population. In the United Kingdom, for example, generally about one-
fifth of the prison population is unconvicted or unsentenced, while more than
two-thirds of those in custody in India are pretrial detainees. Prison, an
institution for the confinement of persons who have been remanded (held) in
custody by a judicial authority or who have been deprived of their liberty
following conviction for a crime. A person found guilty of a felony or a
misdemeanour may be required to serve a prison sentence. The holding of
accused persons awaiting trial remains an important function of contemporary
prisons, and in some countries such persons constitute the majority of the
prison population. In the United Kingdom, for example, generally about one-
fifth of the prison population is unconvicted or unsentenced, while more than
two-thirds of those in custody in India are pretrial detainees.
3. Prison in India
The management and administration of Prisons
falls exclusively in the domain of the State
Governments, and is governed by the Prisons
Act, 1894 and the Prison Manuals of the
respective State Governments. Thus, States have
the primary role, responsibility and authority to
change the current prison laws, rules and
regulations
4. Major Issues of Prisons in India
• Overcrowding: The country’s 1,412 jails are crowded to 114% of
their capacity, with a count of 4.33 lakh prisoners against a capacity
of less than 3.81 lakh until December 31, 2016, according to
provisional figures cited by the government in Rajya Sabha. Similar
figures have been put forth by National Crime Records Bureau
(NCRB) in 2015. One of the primary reasons for overcrowding of
prisons is pendency of court cases. As on March 31, 2016, more
than three crore cases are pending in various courts, and two of
every three prison inmates in the country are under-trials.
Overcrowding affects the already constrained prison resources and
renders separation between different classes of prisoners difficult.
• Under-trials: As discussed above, more than 67% of the prisoners in
India are under trials. The share of the prison population awaiting
trial or sentencing in India is extremely high by international
standards. For example, it is 11% in the UK, 20% in the US and 29%
in France.
5. • Corruption and extortion: Extortion by prison staff is common in
prisons around the world. Given the substantial power that guards
exercised over inmates, these problems are predictable, but the low
salaries that guards are generally paid severely aggravate them. In
exchange for contraband or special treatment, inmates supplement
guards' salaries with bribes. Powerful inmates in some facilities in
India enjoy cellular phones, rich diets, and comfortable lodgings,
while their less fortunate brethren live in squalor.
• Lack of legal aid: Lawyers in India are poorly paid and are often
over-burdened with cases. Further, there is no monitoring
mechanism to evaluate the quality of legal aid representation in
most states.
• Unsatisfactory living conditions: Overcrowding itself leads to
unsatisfactory living conditions. Moreover, prison structures in India
are in dilapidated condition. Lack of space, poor ventilation, poor
sanitation and hygiene make living conditions deplorable in Indian
prisons. Mental health care has negligible focus in Indian prisons.
6. • Custodial deaths: In 2015, a total of 1,584 prisoners died in jails. A large proportion of the
deaths in custody were from natural and easily curable causes aggravated by poor prison
conditions. There also have been allegations of custodial deaths due to torture.
• Underpaid and unpaid labour: Labour is extracted from prisoners without paying proper
wages.
• Inadequate security measures and management: Poor security measures and prison
management often leads to violence among inmates and resultant injury and in some cases
death.
• Condition of women prisoners: Women prisoners face number of challenges including poor
nutritional intake, poor health and lack of basic sanitation and hygiene. There are also alleged
instances of custodial rapes which generally go unreported due to the victims’ shame and
fear of retribution.
• Discrimination: According to Humans Rights Watch, a “rigid” class system exists in the Indian
prisons. There is rampant corruption in the prison system and those who can afford to bribe,
often enjoy luxuries in prison. On the other hand, socio-economically disadvantaged
prisoners are deprived of basic human dignity.
• Lack of reformative approach: Absence of reformative approach in Indian prison system has
not only resulted in ineffective integration with society but also has failed to provide
productive engagement opportunities for prisoners after their release.
7. • Custodial deaths: In 2015, a total of 1,584 prisoners died in jails. A large proportion of the
deaths in custody were from natural and easily curable causes aggravated by poor prison
conditions. There also have been allegations of custodial deaths due to torture.
• Underpaid and unpaid labour: Labour is extracted from prisoners without paying proper
wages.
• Inadequate security measures and management: Poor security measures and prison
management often leads to violence among inmates and resultant injury and in some cases
death.
• Condition of women prisoners: Women prisoners face number of challenges including poor
nutritional intake, poor health and lack of basic sanitation and hygiene. There are also alleged
instances of custodial rapes which generally go unreported due to the victims’ shame and
fear of retribution.
• Discrimination: According to Humans Rights Watch, a “rigid” class system exists in the Indian
prisons. There is rampant corruption in the prison system and those who can afford to bribe,
often enjoy luxuries in prison. On the other hand, socio-economically disadvantaged
prisoners are deprived of basic human dignity.
• Lack of reformative approach: Absence of reformative approach in Indian prison system has
not only resulted in ineffective integration with society but also has failed to provide
productive engagement opportunities for prisoners after their release.
8. Measures taken by the Government
• Modernization of Prisons scheme: The scheme for modernisation of
prisons was launched in 2002-03 with the objective of improving
the condition of prisons, prisoners and prison personnel. Various
components included construction of new jails, repair and
renovation of existing jails, improvement in sanitation and water
supply etc.
• E-Prisons Project: The E-Prisons project aims to introduce efficiency
in prison management through digitization. The E-prisons project
supplements the Prisoner Information Management system (PIMS)
which provides a centralized approach for recording and managing
prisoner information and generating different kinds of reports. The
PIMS records Prisoner’s basic details, family details, biometrics,
photograph, medical details, prisoner case history, prisoner
movements, punishment details etc. The availability of these details
on an electronic platform will be useful to track the status of
prisoners and smooth functioning of the prison system.
9. • Model Prison Manual 2016: The manual provides
detailed information about the legal services (including
free services) available to prison inmates. The Ministry
of Home Affairs has issued an advisory to all States and
UTs informing them about the legal aid facility available
to under-trial prison inmates.
• National Legal Services Authority: It has launched a
web application recently to facilitate the under trial
prisoners with free legal services. The objective of the
above application is to make the legal services system
more transparent and useful. All authorities will be
able to monitor the provision of legal aid to prison
inmates. This will ensure that no prisoner goes
unrepresented, right from the first day of his
production in the Court.
10. • Draft National Policy on Prison Reforms and
Correctional Administration: Its key provisions include:
1. Amending the Constitution to include principles of
prison management and treatment of under trials
under DPSP and including prisons in concurrent list.
2. Enactment of uniform and comprehensive law on
matters related to prisons.
3. A department of Prisons and Correctional Services to
be opened in each state
4. State shall endeavour to provide alternatives to
prisons such as community service, forfeiture of
property, payment of compensation to victims, public
5. State shall improve the living conditions in every
prison and allied institution
11. Prison Reforms in India – a brief
background and overview
• The history of prison establishments in India and subsequent reforms have been reviewed in detail
by Mahaworker (2006). A brief summary of the same is presented below.
• The modern prison in India originated with the Minute by TB Macaulay in 1835. A committee
namely Prison Discipline Committee, was appointed, which submitted its report on 1838. The
committee recommended increased rigorousness of treatment while rejecting all humanitarian
needs and reforms for the prisoners. Following the recommendations of the Macaulay Committee
between 1836-1838, Central Prisons were constructed from 1846.
• The contemporary Prison administration in India is thus a legacy of British rule. It is based on the
notion that the best criminal code can be of little use to a community unless there is good
machinery for the infliction of punishments. In 1864, the Second Commission of Inquiry into Jail
Management and Discipline made similar recommendations as the 1836 Committee. In addition,
this Commission made some specific suggestions regarding accommodation for prisoners,
improvement in diet, clothing, bedding and medical care. In 1877, a Conference of Experts met to
inquire into prison administration. The conference proposed the enactment of a prison law and a
draft bill was prepared. In 1888, the Fourth Jail Commission was appointed. On the basis of its
recommendation, a consolidated prison bill was formulated. Provisions regarding the jail offences
and punishment were specially examined by a conference of experts on Jail
• Management. In 1894, the draft bill became law with the assent of the Governor General of India.
12. Prisons Act 1894
• It is the Prisons Act, 1894, on the basis of which the present
jail management and administration operates in India. This
Act has hardly undergone any substantial change. However,
the process of review of the prison problems in India
continued even after this. In the report of the Indian Jail
Committee 1919-20, for the first time in the history of
prisons, 'reformation and rehabilitation' of offenders were
identified as the objectives of the prison administrator.
Several committees and commissions appointed by both
central and state governments after Independence have
emphasised humanisation of the conditions in the prisons.
The need for completely overhauling and consolidating the
laws relating to prison has been constantly highlighted.
13. • The Government of India Act 1935, resulted in the transfer of the subject of jails
from the centre list to the control of provincial governments and hence further
reduced the possibility of uniform implementation of a prison policy at the
national level. State governments thus have their own rules for the day to day
administration of prisons, upkeep and maintenance of prisoners, and prescribing
procedures. In 1951, the Government of India invited the United Nations expert on
correctional work, Dr. W.C. Reckless, to undertake a study on prison administration
and to suggest policy reform. His report titled 'Jail Administration in India' made a
plea for transforming jails into reformation centers. He also recommended the
revision of outdated jail manuals. In 1952, the Eighth Conference of the Inspector
Generals of Prisons also supported the recommendations of Dr. Reckless regarding
prison reform. Accordingly, the Government of India appointed the All India Jail
Manual Committee in 1957 to prepare a model prison manual. The committee
submitted its report in 1960. The report made forceful pleas for formulating a
uniform policy and latest methods relating to jail administration, probation, after-
care, juvenile and remand homes, certified and reformatory school, borstals and
protective homes, suppression of immoral traffic etc. The report also suggested
amendments in the Prison Act 1894 to provide a legal base for correctional work.
14. The Model Prison Manual
• The Committee prepared the Model Prison Manual
(MPM) and presented it to the Government of India in
1960 for implementation. The MPM 1960 is the guiding
principle on the basis of which the present Indian
prison management is governed.
• On the lines of the Model Prison Manual, the Ministry
of Home Affairs, Government of India, in 1972,
appointed a working group on prisons. It brought out
in its report the need for a national policy on prisons. It
also made an important recommendation with regard
to the classification and treatment of offenders and
laid down principles
15. The Mulla Committee
• In 1980, the Government of India set-up a
Committee on Jail Reform, under the
chairmanship of Justice A. N. Mulla. The basic
objective of the Committee was to review the
laws, rules and regulations keeping in view the
overall objective of protecting society and
rehabilitating offenders. The Mulla Committee
submitted its report in1983.
16. The Krishna Iyer Committee
• In 1987, the Government of India appointed
the Justice Krishna Iyer Committee to
undertake a study on the situation of women
prisoners in India. It has recommended
induction of more women in the police force
in view of their special role in tackling women
and child offenders.
17. Subsequent developments
• Following a Supreme Court direction (1996) in Ramamurthy vs State
of Karnataka to bring about uniformity nationally of prison laws and
prepare a draft model prison manual, a committee was set up in
the Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D). The jail
manual drafted by the committee was accepted by the Central
government and circulated to State governments in late December
2003. How many have acted on it is anybody's guess. As in the case
of the recommendations of the National Police Commission (1977),
which had sought the creation of a State Security Commission and
• the promulgation of a new Police Act to replace the 1861
enactment, implementing jail reform recommendations rests with
the States. The Home Ministry can do precious little if there is no
political will on the part of States to push through both police and
prison reforms.
18. • In 1999, a draft Model Prisons Management Bill (The Prison
Administration and Treatment of Prisoners Bill- 1998) was
circulated to replace the Prison Act 1894 by the
Government of India to the respective states but this bill is
yet to be finalized. In 2000, the Ministry of Home Affairs,
Government of India, appointed a Committee for the
Formulation of a Model Prison Manual which would be a
pragmatic prison manual, in order to improve the Indian
prison management and administration.
• The All India Committee on Jail Reforms (1980-1983), the
Supreme Court of India and the Committee of
Empowerment of Women (2001-2002) have all highlighted
the need for a comprehensive revision of the prison laws
but the pace of any change has been disappointing
(Banerjea 2005). The Supreme Court of India has however
expanded the horizons of prisoner‟s rights jurisprudence
through a series of judgments.
19. Justice Amitava Roy panel, 2018
Supreme Court’s newly constituted Justice Amitava Roy
panel will look into various matters including over-
crowding in prisons and the issues concerning women
prisoners. The apex court on August 27, 2018 had
reserved its previous order on the issue of constituting a
committee to deal with issues pertaining to jails and
suggest reforms. The Supreme Court had taken a strong
exception to overcrowding of jails across the country and
said prisoners also have human rights and cannot be kept
like “animals”. The SC had earlier passed a slew of
directions over unnatural deaths in jails and on prison
reforms across India
20. Recent development
• The Maharashtra government and Azim Premji
Philanthropic Initiatives Pvt Ltd have signed a MoU
recently with an aim to work together to design,
implement, monitor and document a model
programme to provide legal help to prisoners,
especially under-trials.
• The initiative aims to help under-trials, who on merit,
deserve bail, pending disposal of their cases. It would
also help unburden prisons that have inmates 30 per
cent more than their actual capacity. The state
government has also entered into a partnership with
Tata Trusts to provide social workers in prisons.
21. Way Forward
• The issue of overcrowding in Indian jails requires an immediate attention. Sincere
efforts should be made to improve living conditions which include better
sanitation and hygiene, adequate food and clothing.
• Efforts should be made to reform offenders in the social stratification by giving
them appropriate rehabilitation and correctional treatment. Initiatives should be
taken to impart vocational training to prisoners and ensure proper rehabilitation
and social inclusion after release.
• The government must take initiative to improve the conditions of under-trial
prisoners which can achieved by speeding of the trial procedure, simplification of
the bail procedure and providing effective legal aid.
• It is also important to address the issue of inadequate prison management by
recruiting more prison staff, imparting proper training and undertaking
modernization of prisons.
• Issues related to custodial violence and sexual abuse should be dealt with effective
monitoring and stringent punishments of those involved in such violence.
• The concept of open prisons should be encouraged more as a correctional facility.
22. Conclusion
• Prisons’ constitute important institutions
which protects the society from criminals. The
obstacles in prison reforms are resource
allocation, deterrent functions of punishment,
notion of rehabilitation, and internal control.
• To improve prison conditions does not mean
that prison life should be made easy, it means,
it should be made humane and sensible