The document discusses a PhD defense presentation about developing a logic called Contracts Logic (CL) that allows computers to understand, reason about, and answer questions regarding legal contracts. The presentation uses a hypothetical example of renting a car to illustrate the challenges of interpreting contracts and determining whether actions comply with a contract. It aims to show how CL could help with tasks like model checking properties against a contract and monitoring actions governed by a contract at runtime. The research addresses challenges like the complexity of modeling real-world contracts and developing algorithms that can efficiently analyze contracts.
Case-study for analysing a legislative draft to recast it in if-then terms and render it in Excel using the IF function, while maintaining the original wording of everything except the if-then/and/or/not elements.
Are you a client or freelancer, who has been screwed by a freelancer? If not, your time may be coming. Watch this video to learn about some of the ways freelancers (and consultants) can screw you, and how to avoid it.
Watch the video here: https://youtu.be/gIwSYSiLC28
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The document discusses hidden contractual clauses in telecommunications and IT contracts that can cost businesses money. It provides details on five common issues businesses encounter:
1. Automatically Renewable Contracts (ARCs) that automatically roll over to a new contract period unless the customer informs the provider they do not wish to renew.
2. Selling on of contracts when a supplier goes bankrupt, transferring the contract to a new provider.
3. A change in circumstance triggering the start of a new minimum contract period.
4. Subjective termination fees imposed by providers.
5. Minimum spend clauses requiring a business to spend a certain amount.
The document advises businesses to carefully review existing contracts and clauses
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The document outlines 5 steps for ordering a paper writing service from HelpWriting.net:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline.
3. Choose a bid from writers based on qualifications and feedback.
4. Review the paper and authorize payment if pleased.
5. Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarism.
As professional service providers we often walk a fine line in delivering bespoke software to a diverse set of clients. Each with their own traits and desires. Clients want partnerships. So do agencies and service providers. Like in every human relationship, this calls for compromises and the need to give and take. From small to large, contracts and requirements are always contending with core Agile values. No methods, contracts or processes can replace nor dismiss the essential ingredients of understanding, openness, passion and creativity which are key in making software development a success and ensuring happy relationships. Which is often quite hard to achieve.
This presentation was part of DrupalCon Lille 2 2023 17-20 October 2023. It's for business owners, sales professionals and client facing experts offering in the professional digital services. It will share some lessons learned (sometimes the hard way) about:
• How to do digital projects with inexperienced Agile teams
• How to deliver digital services within time and budget
• Prevent overpromising
• Delivering bad news
• Negotiating contracts that are not Agile
Imre Gmelig Meijling is CEO and business owner of React Online The Netherlands. Imre worked in various roles in different agencies in Europe. He will share 25 years of lessons learned in the digital industry, sometimes the hard way. Among his clients are United Nations, Disney and Konica-Minolta. Imre has also been an active member of the Drupal community since 2006, working on the DrupalCon Europe Community Advisory Comittee. He is former chair of the Dutch Drupal Association and co creator of the Splash Awards and Drupaljam.
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting a paper writing request on the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password; 2) Complete a form with paper details and deadline; 3) Review writer bids and qualifications and place a deposit; 4) Review the completed paper and authorize final payment; 5) Request revisions as needed and receive a refund for plagiarized work.
This document discusses elements that should be included in contracts for custom software development projects with fixed prices. It recommends including: definitions, parties involved, documents incorporated like requirements specifications, what will be delivered, ownership of intellectual property rights, and procedures for handling changes to requirements. The contract aims to anticipate potential issues, define responsibilities clearly, and provide a framework for resolving disputes. Careful drafting of contracts is important for protecting all parties and avoiding problems down the road.
Case-study for analysing a legislative draft to recast it in if-then terms and render it in Excel using the IF function, while maintaining the original wording of everything except the if-then/and/or/not elements.
Are you a client or freelancer, who has been screwed by a freelancer? If not, your time may be coming. Watch this video to learn about some of the ways freelancers (and consultants) can screw you, and how to avoid it.
Watch the video here: https://youtu.be/gIwSYSiLC28
CCS ARC - A question of ethical sellingGary Luther
The document discusses hidden contractual clauses in telecommunications and IT contracts that can cost businesses money. It provides details on five common issues businesses encounter:
1. Automatically Renewable Contracts (ARCs) that automatically roll over to a new contract period unless the customer informs the provider they do not wish to renew.
2. Selling on of contracts when a supplier goes bankrupt, transferring the contract to a new provider.
3. A change in circumstance triggering the start of a new minimum contract period.
4. Subjective termination fees imposed by providers.
5. Minimum spend clauses requiring a business to spend a certain amount.
The document advises businesses to carefully review existing contracts and clauses
How To Write A Comparing And Contrasting Essay GraNichole Brown
The document outlines 5 steps for ordering a paper writing service from HelpWriting.net:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline.
3. Choose a bid from writers based on qualifications and feedback.
4. Review the paper and authorize payment if pleased.
5. Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarism.
As professional service providers we often walk a fine line in delivering bespoke software to a diverse set of clients. Each with their own traits and desires. Clients want partnerships. So do agencies and service providers. Like in every human relationship, this calls for compromises and the need to give and take. From small to large, contracts and requirements are always contending with core Agile values. No methods, contracts or processes can replace nor dismiss the essential ingredients of understanding, openness, passion and creativity which are key in making software development a success and ensuring happy relationships. Which is often quite hard to achieve.
This presentation was part of DrupalCon Lille 2 2023 17-20 October 2023. It's for business owners, sales professionals and client facing experts offering in the professional digital services. It will share some lessons learned (sometimes the hard way) about:
• How to do digital projects with inexperienced Agile teams
• How to deliver digital services within time and budget
• Prevent overpromising
• Delivering bad news
• Negotiating contracts that are not Agile
Imre Gmelig Meijling is CEO and business owner of React Online The Netherlands. Imre worked in various roles in different agencies in Europe. He will share 25 years of lessons learned in the digital industry, sometimes the hard way. Among his clients are United Nations, Disney and Konica-Minolta. Imre has also been an active member of the Drupal community since 2006, working on the DrupalCon Europe Community Advisory Comittee. He is former chair of the Dutch Drupal Association and co creator of the Splash Awards and Drupaljam.
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting a paper writing request on the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password; 2) Complete a form with paper details and deadline; 3) Review writer bids and qualifications and place a deposit; 4) Review the completed paper and authorize final payment; 5) Request revisions as needed and receive a refund for plagiarized work.
This document discusses elements that should be included in contracts for custom software development projects with fixed prices. It recommends including: definitions, parties involved, documents incorporated like requirements specifications, what will be delivered, ownership of intellectual property rights, and procedures for handling changes to requirements. The contract aims to anticipate potential issues, define responsibilities clearly, and provide a framework for resolving disputes. Careful drafting of contracts is important for protecting all parties and avoiding problems down the road.
NCR is a global provider of transaction technologies that does business in 180 countries. Their Channel Operations team sends contracts to 364 partners across 6 continents. NCR streamlined their contracts process using SpringCM, reducing the contract process time from two months to two minutes and taking the contract burden off their sales team, significantly impacting their business.
This document provides an overview of smart contracts and blockchain technology. It defines smart contracts as digitally automated agreements between multiple parties that are enforced by code and stored immutably on blockchain. There are three types of smart contracts: value to value exchanges, value to service exchanges, and service to service exchanges. The document also outlines key considerations in developing smart contracts such as defining success and failure conditions, handling upgrades, and addressing security risks. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of planning well and keeping smart contracts simple.
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The document describes the results of an experiment testing how different types of flour affect the rise of bread. Tapioca flour was found to produce the greatest rise, with bread rising an average of 6.5 cm. Whole wheat flour produced the lowest rise at around 3.5 cm. Tapioca flour contains no gluten, but is often combined with rice flour, baking soda, and baking powder to produce rise similar to gluten-containing flours. The precise measurements show tapioca flour to be the most effective at making bread rise.
Should you hire a contractor instead of a regular employeeCarl-Johan Larsson
So you need something done, it can be a web app, a mobile app or pretty much anything in the IT world you can think of, but should you hire people and come to work for you or should you use a contractor?
There are a lot of things to consider when making this decision, I will list a few and then propose a solution in the end. As you will soon see, I'm a bit biased, but bare with me.
The document discusses the pros and cons of short term vehicle contracts. It notes that short term contracts have advantages such as not being tied to long contracts, vehicles being readily available, and being ideal for temporary needs. However, it also notes disadvantages like a limited vehicle range, inability to specify colors or options, higher costs than long term leases, and strict excess mileage and insurance rules. It provides contact information for a company that offers short term vehicle leasing.
1. The document provides advice for technical communicators interested in contracting work. It discusses focusing your business, determining your business structure, signing contracts, setting rates and payment terms.
2. When starting your business, consider forming an LLC which has easy formation and provides liability protection. Determine your startup costs like insurance and account for non-billable time when setting rates.
3. It is important to have a legally sound contract that protects you from liability and defines payment terms. Hourly rates are common but provide estimates with "not to exceed" amounts to control costs for clients.
C:\Documents And Settings\User\Desktop\Wipo Smes Sha 04 10 Basireesha
This document discusses several key issues related to intellectual property (IP) in outsourcing and international trade. It addresses the following main points:
1. Outsourcing involves transferring non-core functions to third-party vendors in order to improve efficiency and reduce costs. However, it also carries risks related to disclosure of proprietary information, ownership of IP developed during the outsourcing process, and potential infringement of third-party IP rights.
2. When outsourcing, companies must implement protections for trade secrets such as non-disclosure agreements, classification of confidential information, and monitoring. Contracts should also clarify ownership of newly developed IP and responsibilities for indemnification.
3. Additional considerations for outs
If you are also willing to make a career in this field, then you must go for the Online Blockchain training program offered by Blockchain Council. This certification program is online and entails complete detail about Blockchain.
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Impact of digital disruptions on business contractsMohib Khurram
This research essay details the effects that a disruptive technology like smart contracts cloud computing might have on the businesses such as medical, construction or aerospace. Further, the types and impacts of such technology in our daily life is detailed. The essay is divided into four parts. The first part describes the purpose of the essay in detail and sets out the layout of the essay. The second part describes the technology which is disruptive in detail and provides the background and history of the same and describes how cloud computing and smart contracts have evolved and the how these items work in regular life. The third part describes the different of contracts that might occur. The fourth part describes the impact that the disruptive technology of cloud computing and smart contracts has on the businesses worldwide. This is followed by a conclusion which summarizes the arguments put forth within the essay.
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This research essay details the effects that a disruptive technology like smart contracts cloud computing might have on the businesses such as medical, construction or aerospace. Further, the types and impacts of such technology in our daily life is detailed.The essay is divided into four parts. The first part describes the purpose of the essay in detail and sets out the layout of the essay. The second part describes the technology which is disruptive in detail and provides the background and history of the same and describes how cloud computing and smart contracts have evolved and the how these items work in regular life. The third part describes the different of contracts that might occur. The fourth part describes the impact that the disruptive technology of cloud computing and smart contracts has on the businesses worldwide. This is followed by a conclusion whichsummarises the arguments put forth within the essay.
The document discusses performance enhancing drugs in college sports. It notes that performance enhancing substances like anabolic steroids, human growth hormone, and creatine are causing problems in professional and college sports. While these drugs may improve performance, they also present multiple health risks. When athletes use them, it can make younger athletes feel pressure to use performance enhancers as well to succeed at higher levels of competition.
Please check if your adobe is real or not. found this onlineTohAhLeng
This document contains correspondence between Adobe and Sapura Synergy Singapore regarding a breach of an Adobe Training Provider Program Agreement. Adobe notifies Sapura that they are in breach of the agreement for infringing Adobe's copyrights and trademarks. Sapura responds by offering to pay US$349,499 in settlement while denying authorization of the infringement acts. Adobe requests more evidence of infringement. Sapura agrees to an audit and meeting to resolve the issue.
1. The passage discusses predictions for scientific and technological developments over the next 50 years, including in cosmology, robotics, artificial intelligence, and human enhancement technologies.
2. Specifically, it notes that a new theory of the origin of the universe may be discovered, and that robots by 2030 may be able to visually complete tasks and assess consequences, and by 2040 may reason as efficiently as humans.
3. It raises questions about whether highly advanced future robots may become self-aware and whether they could pose a threat to humans, and also discusses the possibility of "cyborgs," or humans enhanced with machines.
NCR is a global provider of transaction technologies that does business in 180 countries. Their Channel Operations team sends contracts to 364 partners across 6 continents. NCR streamlined their contracts process using SpringCM, reducing the contract process time from two months to two minutes and taking the contract burden off their sales team, significantly impacting their business.
This document provides an overview of smart contracts and blockchain technology. It defines smart contracts as digitally automated agreements between multiple parties that are enforced by code and stored immutably on blockchain. There are three types of smart contracts: value to value exchanges, value to service exchanges, and service to service exchanges. The document also outlines key considerations in developing smart contracts such as defining success and failure conditions, handling upgrades, and addressing security risks. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of planning well and keeping smart contracts simple.
Example Of Subheadings In Critique Paper - How To WrMelissa Jackson
The document discusses modern adaptations of Shakespearean plays. It provides two examples: A Midsummer Night's Dream (1999) directed by Michael Hoffman and set in 1900s America, and The Tempest (2010) directed by Julie Taymor and set on a remote island with post-apocalyptic elements. Both adaptations transform elements from the original plays to fit the new settings while retaining the basic plots and characters.
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If we speak about blockchain technology, we mostly link it with the trading of cryptocurrencies and Bitcoin. Over time, however, we have seen a great shift in the use cases of Blockchain technology, and we can now find its numerous applications in the various sectors of the industry. Different verticals of business such as banking, marketing, and human resources will benefit from Blockchain.
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This document discusses the role of a programmer in the telecom industry. It outlines the process of brainstorming, planning, taking action, observing, and reflecting on issues faced by Java programmers. The author plans to conduct interviews with 5 programmers over 3 days to gather perspectives on identified issues and brainstorm solutions. The session will be led in the morning to accommodate schedules. Data will be compiled afterwards to embrace the brainstorming process successfully and gather applicable viewpoints.
Research Essay Past Or Present Tense. Online assignment writing service.Kara Flores
The document describes the results of an experiment testing how different types of flour affect the rise of bread. Tapioca flour was found to produce the greatest rise, with bread rising an average of 6.5 cm. Whole wheat flour produced the lowest rise at around 3.5 cm. Tapioca flour contains no gluten, but is often combined with rice flour, baking soda, and baking powder to produce rise similar to gluten-containing flours. The precise measurements show tapioca flour to be the most effective at making bread rise.
Should you hire a contractor instead of a regular employeeCarl-Johan Larsson
So you need something done, it can be a web app, a mobile app or pretty much anything in the IT world you can think of, but should you hire people and come to work for you or should you use a contractor?
There are a lot of things to consider when making this decision, I will list a few and then propose a solution in the end. As you will soon see, I'm a bit biased, but bare with me.
The document discusses the pros and cons of short term vehicle contracts. It notes that short term contracts have advantages such as not being tied to long contracts, vehicles being readily available, and being ideal for temporary needs. However, it also notes disadvantages like a limited vehicle range, inability to specify colors or options, higher costs than long term leases, and strict excess mileage and insurance rules. It provides contact information for a company that offers short term vehicle leasing.
1. The document provides advice for technical communicators interested in contracting work. It discusses focusing your business, determining your business structure, signing contracts, setting rates and payment terms.
2. When starting your business, consider forming an LLC which has easy formation and provides liability protection. Determine your startup costs like insurance and account for non-billable time when setting rates.
3. It is important to have a legally sound contract that protects you from liability and defines payment terms. Hourly rates are common but provide estimates with "not to exceed" amounts to control costs for clients.
C:\Documents And Settings\User\Desktop\Wipo Smes Sha 04 10 Basireesha
This document discusses several key issues related to intellectual property (IP) in outsourcing and international trade. It addresses the following main points:
1. Outsourcing involves transferring non-core functions to third-party vendors in order to improve efficiency and reduce costs. However, it also carries risks related to disclosure of proprietary information, ownership of IP developed during the outsourcing process, and potential infringement of third-party IP rights.
2. When outsourcing, companies must implement protections for trade secrets such as non-disclosure agreements, classification of confidential information, and monitoring. Contracts should also clarify ownership of newly developed IP and responsibilities for indemnification.
3. Additional considerations for outs
If you are also willing to make a career in this field, then you must go for the Online Blockchain training program offered by Blockchain Council. This certification program is online and entails complete detail about Blockchain.
The document discusses privacy and cookie laws in Europe. It notes that one-third of major UK companies do not comply with opt-in rules for email marketing. It analyzes examples of websites like Tesco that make it difficult for users to update their privacy preferences. The document also discusses different types of cookies, reasons advertisers use cookies, and new EU rules around cookies and privacy. It provides tips for companies to review their cookie usage and argues the regulations will require significant changes to current practices.
Impact of digital disruptions on business contractsMohib Khurram
This research essay details the effects that a disruptive technology like smart contracts cloud computing might have on the businesses such as medical, construction or aerospace. Further, the types and impacts of such technology in our daily life is detailed. The essay is divided into four parts. The first part describes the purpose of the essay in detail and sets out the layout of the essay. The second part describes the technology which is disruptive in detail and provides the background and history of the same and describes how cloud computing and smart contracts have evolved and the how these items work in regular life. The third part describes the different of contracts that might occur. The fourth part describes the impact that the disruptive technology of cloud computing and smart contracts has on the businesses worldwide. This is followed by a conclusion which summarizes the arguments put forth within the essay.
Impact of digital disruptions on business contractsAssignment Studio
This research essay details the effects that a disruptive technology like smart contracts cloud computing might have on the businesses such as medical, construction or aerospace. Further, the types and impacts of such technology in our daily life is detailed.The essay is divided into four parts. The first part describes the purpose of the essay in detail and sets out the layout of the essay. The second part describes the technology which is disruptive in detail and provides the background and history of the same and describes how cloud computing and smart contracts have evolved and the how these items work in regular life. The third part describes the different of contracts that might occur. The fourth part describes the impact that the disruptive technology of cloud computing and smart contracts has on the businesses worldwide. This is followed by a conclusion whichsummarises the arguments put forth within the essay.
The document discusses performance enhancing drugs in college sports. It notes that performance enhancing substances like anabolic steroids, human growth hormone, and creatine are causing problems in professional and college sports. While these drugs may improve performance, they also present multiple health risks. When athletes use them, it can make younger athletes feel pressure to use performance enhancers as well to succeed at higher levels of competition.
Please check if your adobe is real or not. found this onlineTohAhLeng
This document contains correspondence between Adobe and Sapura Synergy Singapore regarding a breach of an Adobe Training Provider Program Agreement. Adobe notifies Sapura that they are in breach of the agreement for infringing Adobe's copyrights and trademarks. Sapura responds by offering to pay US$349,499 in settlement while denying authorization of the infringement acts. Adobe requests more evidence of infringement. Sapura agrees to an audit and meeting to resolve the issue.
1. The passage discusses predictions for scientific and technological developments over the next 50 years, including in cosmology, robotics, artificial intelligence, and human enhancement technologies.
2. Specifically, it notes that a new theory of the origin of the universe may be discovered, and that robots by 2030 may be able to visually complete tasks and assess consequences, and by 2040 may reason as efficiently as humans.
3. It raises questions about whether highly advanced future robots may become self-aware and whether they could pose a threat to humans, and also discusses the possibility of "cyborgs," or humans enhanced with machines.
1. A Dynamic Deontic Logic over Synchronous Actions
a.k.a. CL: A Logic for Contracts
Cristian Prisacariu
Precise Modeling and Analysis group (PMA),
University of Oslo
at
PhD Defence
at Institute of Informatics, University of Oslo
8th December 2010, Oslo, Norway.
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 1 / 69
2. For Bob, the carpenter
What is this research/talk about?
Contracts, legal contracts – like the ones signed with TV company or
when buying a car – complicated contracts, like the ones that humans
cannot understand, but only lawyers can.
Computers and how to make them understand contracts, reason about
contracts, and answer questions coming from humans about a
contract. (Maybe could also help lawyers with their work.)
Logic is the thing that the computer needs to do such tasks.
This thesis investigates the Contracts Logic needed by the computer to be
able to do useful tasks with contracts. The thesis concentrates in particular
on two such tasks: model checking and runtime monitoring. (Stay alert and
later you will understand what these are.)
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 2 / 69
3. Bob asks: “You like lawyers so much?”
“Or you don’t like lawyers but like poor people like me?”
I like Computer Science, the Internet, and all the electronic commerce
that you use on your phone. I like programming and electronic
intelligent agents.
In many fields of CS one finds different forms of contracts: electronic
contracts, software contracts, behavioral interfaces, agent norms, etc.
Legal contracts are more complex than all these. If I can do something
with the legal contracts, then with almost no effort I can do the same
thing for Computer Science contracts.
Developing a logic for legal contracts may help both lawyers as well as you
or my wife, and at the same time it would reach the goal of the COSoDIS
project (where I was payed from) which wanted to use contracts to regulate
sevice exchage, like in web services or component-based systems.
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 3 / 69
5. The Honeymoon Example
You planned to go one week honey-
moon with your spouse, tenting in
the mountains. To get close to this
far remote and beautiful place you
need to rent a car.
But, of course, they give you a con-
tract to sign first.
Because it is a rather thick contract
and you like to read before signing
anything ... you take it home.
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 4 / 69
6. The Honeymoon Example
But it is somehow difficult for your
limited intellect to decipherer what
is written in the contract. You do
not even understand the English lan-
guage in many places; you need to
do all sorts of math calculations; to
keep track of all those definitions; to
constantly check the dates in the cal-
endar ...
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 5 / 69
7. The Honeymoon Example
But it is somehow difficult for your
limited intellect to decipherer what
is written in the contract. You do
not even understand the English lan-
guage in many places; you need to
do all sorts of math calculations; to
keep track of all those definitions; to
constantly check the dates in the cal-
endar ...
So you ask help from your spouse, ...
maybe some friends...
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 5 / 69
8. The Honeymoon Example
But it is somehow difficult for your
limited intellect to decipherer what
is written in the contract. You do
not even understand the English lan-
guage in many places; you need to
do all sorts of math calculations; to
keep track of all those definitions; to
constantly check the dates in the cal-
endar ...
So you ask help from your spouse, ...
maybe some friends...
Until you end up at a lawyer.
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 5 / 69
10. The Honeymoon Example
⇐ What do you want from this contract?
⇒ I don’t know!
⇐ I tell you what I did with other clients.
You want, for example:
Not to return the car before even
taking it out of the shop.
Not to have to do a full check-up of
the car before returning it.
It also says in this contract that You
have, upon handing in the car, to
also hand in your spouse or a kidny.
⇒ NO!
⇐ Maybe you would like the car to have
Full tank of gasoline; not Empty.
⇒ Yes!
...
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 7 / 69
14. The Honeymoon Example
Finally you sign and get a car.
Now you/spouse are very careful what
you do so to not break the contract.
But how do you know which actions
are OK? Do you read the contract
each time?
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 10 / 69
15. The Honeymoon Example
Finally you sign and get a car.
Now you/spouse are very careful what
you do so to not break the contract.
But how do you know which actions
are OK? Do you read the contract
each time?
Can you play music in car?
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 10 / 69
16. The Honeymoon Example
Finally you sign and get a car.
Now you/spouse are very careful what
you do so to not break the contract.
But how do you know which actions
are OK? Do you read the contract
each time?
Can you play music in car?
Can you drive the car outside city
area?
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 10 / 69
17. The Honeymoon Example
Finally you sign and get a car.
Now you/spouse are very careful what
you do so to not break the contract.
But how do you know which actions
are OK? Do you read the contract
each time?
Can you play music in car?
Can you drive the car outside city
area?
Can you at least blow your nose?
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 10 / 69
18. What does the example try to show?
Contracts need some higher power to understand them.
– maybe computers can do the job...
Certain predefined properties need to be checked against a contract.
– this is called model-checking in the world of logic and CS
Contracts may require negotiation.
– hope for automated form of negotiation of electronic contracts
After signing the contract, monitoring one’s actions may be useful to
ensure that these do not breach the contract.
– run-time monitoring of the actions governed by the contract
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 11 / 69
19. The big picture – The grand challange.
or What Gerardo always wanted?
decidabilitycomplex
NLP
English
text
Model−check prop.
on CL spec.
Automatic
negotiation
on CL specs.
fast det. alg.
push−button
run−time
monitoring
of CL specs.
CL
contract
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 12 / 69
20. What are the difficulties and the challanges?
or Why the honeymoon was a disaster?
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 13 / 69
21. What are the difficulties and the challanges?
or Why the honeymoon was a disaster?
Example
1 The Client shall not:
1 supply false information to the Client Relations Department of the Provider.
2 Whenever the Internet Traffic is high then the Client must pay [price] immediately, or
delay the payment and notify the Provider of the delayed payment.
3 If the Client delays the payment as stipulated in 2, after notification he must immediately
lower the Internet traffic to the normal level, and must pay later twice (2 ∗ [price]).
4 If the Client does not lower the Internet traffic immediately, then the Client will have to
pay 3 ∗ [price].
5 The Client shall, as soon as the Internet Service becomes operative, submit within seven
(7) days the Personal Data Form from his account on the Provider’s web page to the
Client Relations Department of the Provider.
6 Provider may, at its sole discretion, without notice or giving any reason or incurring any
liability for doing so:
1 Suspend Internet Services immediately if Client is in breach of Clause 1;
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 13 / 69
22. What are the difficulties and the challanges?
or Why the honeymoon was a disaster?
Example
1 The Client shall not:
1 supply false information to the Client Relations Department of the Provider.
2 Whenever the Internet Traffic is high then the Client must pay [price] immediately, or
delay the payment and notify the Provider of the delayed payment.
3 If the Client delays the payment as stipulated in 2, after notification he must immediately
lower the Internet traffic to the normal level, and must pay later twice (2 ∗ [price]).
4 If the Client does not lower the Internet traffic immediately, then the Client will have to
pay 3 ∗ [price].
5 The Client shall, as soon as the Internet Service becomes operative, submit within seven
(7) days the Personal Data Form from his account on the Provider’s web page to the
Client Relations Department of the Provider.
6 Provider may, at its sole discretion, without notice or giving any reason or incurring any
liability for doing so:
1 Suspend Internet Services immediately if Client is in breach of Clause 1;
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 13 / 69
23. What are the difficulties and the challanges?
or Why the honeymoon was a disaster?
Example
1 The Client shall not:
1 supply false information to the Client Relations Department of the Provider.
2 Whenever the Internet Traffic is high then the Client must pay [price] immediately, or
delay the payment and notify the Provider of the delayed payment.
3 If the Client delays the payment as stipulated in 2, after notification he must immediately
lower the Internet traffic to the normal level, and must pay later twice (2 ∗ [price]).
4 If the Client does not lower the Internet traffic immediately, then the Client will have to
pay 3 ∗ [price].
5 The Client shall, as soon as the Internet Service becomes operative, submit within seven
(7) days the Personal Data Form from his account on the Provider’s web page to the
Client Relations Department of the Provider.
6 Provider may, at its sole discretion, without notice or giving any reason or incurring any
liability for doing so:
1 Suspend Internet Services immediately if Client is in breach of Clause 1;
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 13 / 69
24. What are the difficulties and the challanges?
or Why the honeymoon was a disaster?
Example
1 The Client shall not:
1 supply false information to the Client Relations Department of the Provider.
2 Whenever the Internet Traffic is high then the Client must pay [price] immediately, or
delay the payment and notify the Provider of the delayed payment.
3 If the Client delays the payment as stipulated in 2, after notification he must immediately
lower the Internet traffic to the normal level, and must pay later twice (2 ∗ [price]).
4 If the Client does not lower the Internet traffic immediately, then the Client will have to
pay 3 ∗ [price].
5 The Client shall, as soon as the Internet Service becomes operative, submit within seven
(7) days the Personal Data Form from his account on the Provider’s web page to the
Client Relations Department of the Provider.
6 Provider may, at its sole discretion, without notice or giving any reason or incurring any
liability for doing so:
1 Suspend Internet Services immediately if Client is in breach of Clause 1;
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 13 / 69
25. What are the difficulties and the challanges?
or Why the honeymoon was a disaster?
Example
1 The Client shall not:
1 supply false information to the Client Relations Department of the Provider.
2 Whenever the Internet Traffic is high then the Client must pay [price] immediately, or
delay the payment and notify the Provider of the delayed payment.
3 If the Client delays the payment as stipulated in 2, after notification he must immediately
lower the Internet traffic to the normal level, and must pay later twice (2 ∗ [price]).
4 If the Client does not lower the Internet traffic immediately, then the Client will have to
pay 3 ∗ [price].
5 The Client shall, as soon as the Internet Service becomes operative, submit within seven
(7) days the Personal Data Form from his account on the Provider’s web page to the
Client Relations Department of the Provider.
6 Provider may, at its sole discretion, without notice or giving any reason or incurring any
liability for doing so:
1 Suspend Internet Services immediately if Client is in breach of Clause 1;
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 13 / 69
26. What are the difficulties and the challanges?
or Why the honeymoon was a disaster?
Example
1 The Client shall not:
1 supply false information to the Client Relations Department of the Provider.
2 Whenever the Internet Traffic is high then the Client must pay [price] immediately, or
delay the payment and notify the Provider of the delayed payment.
3 If the Client delays the payment as stipulated in 2, after notification he must immediately
lower the Internet traffic to the normal level, and must pay later twice (2 ∗ [price]).
4 If the Client does not lower the Internet traffic immediately, then the Client will have to
pay 3 ∗ [price].
5 The Client shall, as soon as the Internet Service becomes operative, submit within seven
(7) days the Personal Data Form from his account on the Provider’s web page to the
Client Relations Department of the Provider.
6 Provider may, at its sole discretion, without notice or giving any reason or incurring any
liability for doing so:
1 Suspend Internet Services immediately if Client is in breach of Clause 1;
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 13 / 69
27. What are the difficulties and the challanges?
or Why the honeymoon was a disaster?
Example
1 The Client shall not:
1 supply false information to the Client Relations Department of the Provider.
2 Whenever the Internet Traffic is high then the Client must pay [price] immediately, or
delay the payment and notify the Provider of the delayed payment.
3 If the Client delays the payment as stipulated in 2, after notification he must immediately
lower the Internet traffic to the normal level, and must pay later twice (2 ∗ [price]).
4 If the Client does not lower the Internet traffic immediately, then the Client will have to
pay 3 ∗ [price].
5 The Client shall, as soon as the Internet Service becomes operative, submit within seven
(7) days the Personal Data Form from his account on the Provider’s web page to the
Client Relations Department of the Provider.
6 Provider may, at its sole discretion, without notice or giving any reason or incurring any
liability for doing so:
1 Suspend Internet Services immediately if Client is in breach of Clause 1;
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 13 / 69
28. What are the difficulties and the challanges?
or Why the honeymoon was a disaster?
Example
1 The Client shall not:
1 supply false information to the Client Relations Department of the Provider.
2 Whenever the Internet Traffic is high then the Client must pay [price] immediately, or
delay the payment and notify the Provider of the delayed payment.
3 If the Client delays the payment as stipulated in 2, after notification he must immediately
lower the Internet traffic to the normal level, and must pay later twice (2 ∗ [price]).
4 If the Client does not lower the Internet traffic immediately, then the Client will have to
pay 3 ∗ [price].
5 The Client shall, as soon as the Internet Service becomes operative, submit within seven
(7) days the Personal Data Form from his account on the Provider’s web page to the
Client Relations Department of the Provider.
6 Provider may, at its sole discretion, without notice or giving any reason or incurring any
liability for doing so:
1 Suspend Internet Services immediately if Client is in breach of Clause 1;
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 13 / 69
29. What are the difficulties and the challanges?
or Why the honeymoon was a disaster?
Example
1 The Client shall not:
1 supply false information to the Client Relations Department of the Provider.
2 Whenever the Internet Traffic is high then the Client must pay [price] immediately, or
delay the payment and notify the Provider of the delayed payment.
3 If the Client delays the payment as stipulated in 2, after notification he must immediately
lower the Internet traffic to the normal level, and must pay later twice (2 ∗ [price]).
4 If the Client does not lower the Internet traffic immediately, then the Client will have to
pay 3 ∗ [price].
5 The Client shall, as soon as the Internet Service becomes operative, submit within seven
(7) days the Personal Data Form from his account on the Provider’s web page to the
Client Relations Department of the Provider.
6 Provider may, at its sole discretion, without notice or giving any reason or incurring any
liability for doing so:
1 Suspend Internet Services immediately if Client is in breach of Clause 1;
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 13 / 69
30. What are the difficulties and the challanges?
or Why the honeymoon was a disaster?
Example
1 The Client shall not:
1 supply false information to the Client Relations Department of the Provider.
2 Whenever the Internet Traffic is high then the Client must pay [price] immediately, or
delay the payment and notify the Provider of the delayed payment.
3 If the Client delays the payment as stipulated in 2, after notification he must immediately
lower the Internet traffic to the normal level, and must pay later twice (2 ∗ [price]).
4 If the Client does not lower the Internet traffic immediately, then the Client will have to
pay 3 ∗ [price].
5 The Client shall, as soon as the Internet Service becomes operative, submit within seven
(7) days the Personal Data Form from his account on the Provider’s web page to the
Client Relations Department of the Provider.
6 Provider may, at its sole discretion, without notice or giving any reason or incurring any
liability for doing so:
1 Suspend Internet Services immediately if Client is in breach of Clause 1;
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 13 / 69
31. What are the difficulties and the challanges?
or Why the honeymoon was a disaster?
Example
1 The Client shall not:
1 supply false information to the Client Relations Department of the Provider.
2 Whenever the Internet Traffic is high then the Client must pay [price] immediately, or
delay the payment and notify the Provider of the delayed payment.
3 If the Client delays the payment as stipulated in 2, after notification he must immediately
lower the Internet traffic to the normal level, and must pay later twice (2 ∗ [price]).
4 If the Client does not lower the Internet traffic immediately, then the Client will have to
pay 3 ∗ [price].
5 The Client shall, as soon as the Internet Service becomes operative, submit within seven
(7) days the Personal Data Form from his account on the Provider’s web page to the
Client Relations Department of the Provider.
6 Provider may, at its sole discretion, without notice or giving any reason or incurring any
liability for doing so:
1 Suspend Internet Services immediately if Client is in breach of Clause 1;
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 13 / 69
32. What are the difficulties and the challanges?
or Why the honeymoon was a disaster?
Example
1 The Client shall not:
1 supply false information to the Client Relations Department of the Provider.
2 Whenever the Internet Traffic is high then the Client must pay [price] immediately, or
delay the payment and notify the Provider of the delayed payment.
3 If the Client delays the payment as stipulated in 2, after notification he must immediately
lower the Internet traffic to the normal level, and must pay later twice (2 ∗ [price]).
4 If the Client does not lower the Internet traffic immediately, then the Client will have to
pay 3 ∗ [price].
5 The Client shall, as soon as the Internet Service becomes operative, submit within seven
(7) days the Personal Data Form from his account on the Provider’s web page to the
Client Relations Department of the Provider.
6 Provider may, at its sole discretion, without notice or giving any reason or incurring any
liability for doing so:
1 Suspend Internet Services immediately if Client is in breach of Clause 1;
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 13 / 69
33. What are the difficulties and the challanges?
or Why the honeymoon was a disaster?
Example
1 The Client shall not:
1 supply false information to the Client Relations Department of the Provider.
2 Whenever the Internet Traffic is high then the Client must pay [price] immediately, or
delay the payment and notify the Provider of the delayed payment.
3 If the Client delays the payment as stipulated in 2, after notification he must immediately
lower the Internet traffic to the normal level, and must pay later twice (2 ∗ [price]).
4 If the Client does not lower the Internet traffic immediately, then the Client will have to
pay 3 ∗ [price].
5 The Client shall, as soon as the Internet Service becomes operative, submit within seven
(7) days the Personal Data Form from his account on the Provider’s web page to the
Client Relations Department of the Provider.
6 Provider may, at its sole discretion, without notice or giving any reason or incurring any
liability for doing so:
1 Suspend Internet Services immediately if Client is in breach of Clause 1;
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 13 / 69
34. What are the difficulties and the challanges?
or Why the honeymoon was a disaster?
Example
1 The Client shall not:
1 supply false information to the Client Relations Department of the Provider.
2 Whenever the Internet Traffic is high then the Client must pay [price] immediately, or
delay the payment and notify the Provider of the delayed payment.
3 If the Client delays the payment as stipulated in 2, after notification he must immediately
lower the Internet traffic to the normal level, and must pay later twice (2 ∗ [price]).
4 If the Client does not lower the Internet traffic immediately, then the Client will have to
pay 3 ∗ [price].
5 The Client shall, as soon as the Internet Service becomes operative, submit within seven
(7) days the Personal Data Form from his account on the Provider’s web page to the
Client Relations Department of the Provider.
6 Provider may, at its sole discretion, without notice or giving any reason or incurring any
liability for doing so:
1 Suspend Internet Services immediately if Client is in breach of Clause 1;
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 13 / 69
35. What are the difficulties and the challanges?
or Why the honeymoon was a disaster?
Example
1 The Client shall not:
1 supply false information to the Client Relations Department of the Provider.
2 Whenever the Internet Traffic is high then the Client must pay [price] immediately, or
delay the payment and notify the Provider of the delayed payment.
3 If the Client delays the payment as stipulated in 2, after notification he must immediately
lower the Internet traffic to the normal level, and must pay later twice (2 ∗ [price]).
4 If the Client does not lower the Internet traffic immediately, then the Client will have to
pay 3 ∗ [price].
5 The Client shall, as soon as the Internet Service becomes operative, submit within seven
(7) days the Personal Data Form from his account on the Provider’s web page to the
Client Relations Department of the Provider.
6 Provider may, at its sole discretion, without notice or giving any reason or incurring any
liability for doing so:
1 Suspend Internet Services immediately if Client is in breach of Clause 1;
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 13 / 69
36. What are the difficulties and the challanges?
or Why the honeymoon was a disaster?
Example
1 The Client shall not:
1 supply false information to the Client Relations Department of the Provider.
2 Whenever the Internet Traffic is high then the Client must pay [price] immediately, or
delay the payment and notify the Provider of the delayed payment.
3 If the Client delays the payment as stipulated in 2, after notification he must immediately
lower the Internet traffic to the normal level, and must pay later twice (2 ∗ [price]).
4 If the Client does not lower the Internet traffic immediately, then the Client will have to
pay 3 ∗ [price].
5 The Client shall, as soon as the Internet Service becomes operative, submit within seven
(7) days the Personal Data Form from his account on the Provider’s web page to the
Client Relations Department of the Provider.
6 Provider may, at its sole discretion, without notice or giving any reason or incurring any
liability for doing so:
1 Suspend Internet Services immediately if Client is in breach of Clause 1;
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 13 / 69
37. What are the difficulties and the challanges?
or Why the honeymoon was a disaster?
Example
1 The Client shall not:
1 supply false information to the Client Relations Department of the Provider.
2 Whenever the Internet Traffic is high then the Client must pay [price] immediately, or
delay the payment and notify the Provider of the delayed payment.
3 If the Client delays the payment as stipulated in 2, after notification he must immediately
lower the Internet traffic to the normal level, and must pay later twice (2 ∗ [price]).
4 If the Client does not lower the Internet traffic immediately, then the Client will have to
pay 3 ∗ [price].
5 The Client shall, as soon as the Internet Service becomes operative, submit within seven
(7) days the Personal Data Form from his account on the Provider’s web page to the
Client Relations Department of the Provider.
6 Provider may, at its sole discretion, without notice or giving any reason or incurring any
liability for doing so:
1 Suspend Internet Services immediately if Client is in breach of Clause 1;
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 13 / 69
38. What are the difficulties and the challanges?
or Why the honeymoon was a disaster?
Example
1 The Client shall not:
1 supply false information to the Client Relations Department of the Provider.
2 Whenever the Internet Traffic is high then the Client must pay [price] immediately, or
delay the payment and notify the Provider of the delayed payment.
3 If the Client delays the payment as stipulated in 2, after notification he must immediately
lower the Internet traffic to the normal level, and must pay later twice (2 ∗ [price]).
4 If the Client does not lower the Internet traffic immediately, then the Client will have to
pay 3 ∗ [price].
5 The Client shall, as soon as the Internet Service becomes operative, submit within seven
(7) days the Personal Data Form from his account on the Provider’s web page to the
Client Relations Department of the Provider.
6 Provider may, at its sole discretion, without notice or giving any reason or incurring any
liability for doing so:
1 Suspend Internet Services immediately if Client is in breach of Clause 1;
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 13 / 69
39. What are the difficulties and the challanges?
or Why the honeymoon was a disaster?
Example
1 The Client shall not:
1 supply false information to the Client Relations Department of the Provider.
2 Whenever the Internet Traffic is high then the Client must pay [price] immediately, or
delay the payment and notify the Provider of the delayed payment.
3 If the Client delays the payment as stipulated in 2, after notification he must immediately
lower the Internet traffic to the normal level, and must pay later twice (2 ∗ [price]).
4 If the Client does not lower the Internet traffic immediately, then the Client will have to
pay 3 ∗ [price].
5 The Client shall, as soon as the Internet Service becomes operative, submit within seven
(7) days the Personal Data Form from his account on the Provider’s web page to the
Client Relations Department of the Provider.
6 Provider may, at its sole discretion, without notice or giving any reason or incurring any
liability for doing so:
1 Suspend Internet Services immediately if Client is in breach of Clause 1;
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 13 / 69
40. Too complicated
1 Propositional notions: statements, implications, conjunctions,
disjunctions (ANDs and ORs)
2 Temporal notions: eventualities, persistence, next step
3 Normative notions: obligations, permissions, prohibitions, powers,
reparations (CTDs, CTPs), governing law
4 Actions; a lot of actions
1 simple actions
2 complicated actions: involving the parties of the contract as subjects
performing the actions; choices of actions, sequences of actions,
actions done at the same time, repetitions
5 Quantities: prices, amounts, (predefined constants or names)
6 Time: durations, deadlines, time stamps
Add: decidability requirements, paradoxes, various properties.
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 14 / 69
41. Did I solve it all?
or What did I (try to) solve?
1 Propositional notions: statements, implications, conjunctions,
disjunctions (ANDs and ORs)
2 Temporal notions: eventualities, persistence, next step
3 Normative notions: obligations, permissions, prohibitions,
powers, reparations (CTDs, CTPs), governing law
4 Actions; a lot of actions
1 simple actions
2 complicated actions: involving the parties of the contract as subjects
performing the actions; choices of actions, sequences of actions,
actions done at the same time, repetitions
5 Quantities: prices, amounts, (predefined constants or names)
6 Time: durations, deadlines, time stamps
Add: decidability requirements, paradoxes, various properties.
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 15 / 69
42. Where am I in the big picture?
decidabilitycomplex
NLP
English
text
Model−check prop.
on CL spec.
Automatic
negotiation
on CL specs.
fast det. alg.
push−button
run−time
monitoring
of CL specs.
CL
contract
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 16 / 69
43. Bob: “Did you actualy produce anything?”
“Or you are philosopher also?”
The logic, that we called CL, for contracts logic, is a simple language, with
concise logical syntax:
C := φ | OC(α) | P(α) | FC(α) | C → C | [δ]C | ⊥
α := a | 0 | 1 | α×α | α · α | α + α
δ := a | 0 | 1 | δ×δ | δ · δ | δ + δ | δ∗ | ϕ?
ϕ := φ | 0 | 1 | ϕ ∨ ϕ | ϕ ∧ ϕ | ¬ϕ
Table: Syntax of the CL language for contracts.
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 17 / 69
44. Bob: “Did you actualy produce anything?”
“Or you are philosopher also?”
The logic, that we called CL, for contracts logic, is a simple language, with
concise logical syntax:
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 17 / 69
45. Bob: “Did you actualy produce anything?”
“Or you are philosopher also?”
The logic, that we called CL, for contracts logic, is a simple language, with
concise logical syntax:
p
pay
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 17 / 69
46. Bob: “Did you actualy produce anything?”
“Or you are philosopher also?”
The logic, that we called CL, for contracts logic, is a simple language, with
concise logical syntax:
p+
pay or
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 17 / 69
47. Bob: “Did you actualy produce anything?”
“Or you are philosopher also?”
The logic, that we called CL, for contracts logic, is a simple language, with
concise logical syntax:
p + d
pay or delay
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 17 / 69
48. Bob: “Did you actualy produce anything?”
“Or you are philosopher also?”
The logic, that we called CL, for contracts logic, is a simple language, with
concise logical syntax:
O (p + d)
obliged pay or delay
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 17 / 69
49. Bob: “Did you actualy produce anything?”
“Or you are philosopher also?”
The logic, that we called CL, for contracts logic, is a simple language, with
concise logical syntax:
O (p + d)
obliged to pay or delay
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 17 / 69
50. Bob: “Did you actualy produce anything?”
“Or you are philosopher also?”
The logic, that we called CL, for contracts logic, is a simple language, with
concise logical syntax:
OC (p + d)
obliged to pay or delay,
otherwise
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 17 / 69
51. Bob: “Did you actualy produce anything?”
“Or you are philosopher also?”
The logic, that we called CL, for contracts logic, is a simple language, with
concise logical syntax:
OO( )(p + d)
obliged to pay or delay,
otherwise must
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 17 / 69
52. Bob: “Did you actualy produce anything?”
“Or you are philosopher also?”
The logic, that we called CL, for contracts logic, is a simple language, with
concise logical syntax:
OO(p•p)(p + d)
obliged to pay or delay,
otherwise must pay twice.
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 17 / 69
53. Bob: “Did you actualy produce anything?”
“Or you are philosopher also?”
The logic, that we called CL, for contracts logic, is a simple language, with
concise logical syntax:
[ ]OO(p•p)(p + d)
after obliged to pay or delay,
otherwise must pay twice.
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 17 / 69
54. Bob: “Did you actualy produce anything?”
“Or you are philosopher also?”
The logic, that we called CL, for contracts logic, is a simple language, with
concise logical syntax:
[e]OO(p•p)(p + d)
after exceeding the bandwidth limit, obliged to pay or delay,
otherwise must pay twice.
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 17 / 69
55. Bob: “Did you actualy produce anything?”
“Or you are philosopher also?”
The logic, that we called CL, for contracts logic, is a simple language, with
concise logical syntax:
[e]OO(p•p)(p + d)
Always after exceeding the bandwidth limit, obliged to pay or delay,
otherwise must pay twice.
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 17 / 69
56. Bob: “Did you actualy produce anything?”
“Or you are philosopher also?”
The logic, that we called CL, for contracts logic, is a simple language, with
concise logical syntax:
[e]OO(p•p)(p + d)
Always after exceeding the bandwidth limit, obliged to pay or delay,
otherwise must pay twice.
C := φ | OC(α) | P(α) | FC(α) | C → C | [δ]C | ⊥
α := a | 0 | 1 | α×α | α · α | α + α
δ := a | 0 | 1 | δ×δ | δ · δ | δ + δ | δ∗ | ϕ?
ϕ := φ | 0 | 1 | ϕ ∨ ϕ | ϕ ∧ ϕ | ¬ϕ
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 17 / 69
57. No Syntax without Semantics
The syntactic concepts of the CL language are
given meaning through semantics.
Logic is a language with clear mathematical in-
terpretation given by the semantic rules in the
form of a mathematical object.
I picture the semantic object of CL incremen-
tally:
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 18 / 69
58. No Syntax without Semantics
I picture the semantic object of CL incremen-
tally:
1 Propositional L.: “A set of true
propositions defining the world” W1
Q
R
∧P Q
PW1
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 18 / 69
59. No Syntax without Semantics
I picture the semantic object of CL incremen-
tally:
1 Propositional L.: “A set of true
propositions defining the world”
2 Deontic L.: “Set of different propositional
worlds connected through arrows”
R
QP
W1
∧P Q
W
W2
3
W1
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 18 / 69
60. No Syntax without Semantics
I picture the semantic object of CL incremen-
tally:
1 Propositional L.: “A set of true
propositions defining the world”
2 Deontic L.: “Set of different propositional
worlds connected through arrows”
3 Dynamic L.: “Label arrows with simple
action names”
d
n
p
W
W2
3
W1
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 18 / 69
61. No Syntax without Semantics
I picture the semantic object of CL incremen-
tally:
1 Propositional L.: “A set of true
propositions defining the world”
2 Deontic L.: “Set of different propositional
worlds connected through arrows”
3 Dynamic L.: “Label arrows with simple
action names”
4 Synchrony: “Complicate labels to Sets of
simple actions”
{p}
{n}
{d,p}
W
W2
3
W1
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 18 / 69
62. No Syntax without Semantics
I picture the semantic object of CL incremen-
tally:
1 Propositional L.: “A set of true
propositions defining the world”
2 Deontic L.: “Set of different propositional
worlds connected through arrows”
3 Dynamic L.: “Label arrows with simple
action names”
4 Synchrony: “Complicate labels to Sets of
simple actions”
5 Determinism: “No two arrows with same
label”
{p}
{p}
{d,p}
{n}
W
W2
3
W1
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 18 / 69
63. No Syntax without Semantics
I picture the semantic object of CL incremen-
tally:
1 Propositional L.: “A set of true
propositions defining the world”
2 Deontic L.: “Set of different propositional
worlds connected through arrows”
3 Dynamic L.: “Label arrows with simple
action names”
4 Synchrony: “Complicate labels to Sets of
simple actions”
5 Determinism: “No two arrows with same
label”
{p}
{n}
{d,p}
{n}
W
W2
3
W1
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 18 / 69
64. No Syntax without Semantics
I picture the semantic object of CL incremen-
tally:
1 Propositional L.: “A set of true
propositions defining the world”
2 Deontic L.: “Set of different propositional
worlds connected through arrows”
3 Dynamic L.: “Label arrows with simple
action names”
4 Synchrony: “Complicate labels to Sets of
simple actions”
5 Determinism: “No two arrows with same
label”
6 Deontic Markers: “Mark worlds as good or
bad w.r.t. some simple action”
{p}
{n}
d
d
p
p
n {d,p}
{n}
W
W2
3
W1
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 18 / 69
65. Theoretical contributions
for experts only
Formalization of contracts (modelling / reasoning / tools):
1 A Contract Logic CL with
1 dynamic modality over synchronous actions,
2 deontic modalities over ∗
-free synchronous actions,
3 reparations attached to deontic modalities directly,
4 actions with complex structure (synchronous also)
5 all these concepts as first class citizens
2 semantics of CL on kripke-like normative structures
3 actions done at the same time (using synchrony concept)
4 deterministic actions
5 CTDs and CTPs as syntactic language constructs
6 can express temporal notions like “always” and “eventually”
7 model checking of contracts
8 run-time monitoring of contracts
1 using alternating automata
2 based on a compositional trace semantics
3 with a full fledged example of English contract
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 19 / 69
66. Theoretical contributions
for experts only
For general theoretical and logic community:
1 SKA – Synchronous Kleene Algebra theory
1 SKAT – SKA with Tests (for resoning about programs with synchrony)
2 models as sets of (guarded) synchronous strings
3 Kleene-style representation theorems using special automata
4 completeness results and decidability results for both
5 more results for ∗
-free restricted actions
2 PDL with synchronous actions (decidable)
3 DDL with ∗
-free synchronous actions
(decidable using finite tree model property)
4 A nontrivial combination of logics: PDL + DDL + synchrony (under
special restrictive requirements), called CL
5 CL has the tree model property but not finite
6 CL captures many natural properties of contracts
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 20 / 69
67. Possible applications of CL
Legal documents drafting and analysis
consistency checking
property checking
visualization
semi-automatic negotiation
run-time monitoring
Web services – at the Service Level Agreement (SLA)
Programming
Model complex behavioral interfaces
Express more complex pre-post condition like contracts
Express desired behavior of components in an open environment
Regulate behavior of intelligent agents in multi-agents systems
... whatever you may think of ...
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 21 / 69
68. What to take home?!
A logic, called CL, for modelling/writing contracts (legal, electronic,
programming, agents, concurrent, Internet).
Use CL to check properties on the modelled contract (ask questions).
Use the CL logic to monitor your/other’s actions to be sure that they
respect the contract agreed upon.
The CL logic has:
obligations, permissions, and prohibitions
reparations attached to these
dynamic modality to talk about “what happens after”
actions with complex structure
concurrent/synchronous actions (“actions done at the same time”)
a mathematical basis for the actions as Synchronous Kleene Algebra
Many interesting open research questions for you to work on...
C. Prisacariu @ OSLO Contracts Logic – CL PhD Defence 22 / 69