The document discusses prior art searches, including how and why they are performed. It describes searching patent databases to find previous inventions that are relevant to a new invention. Key steps in performing a prior art search include developing search strategies using keywords and classification symbols, searching multiple databases, and refining searches by starting narrow and expanding scope. Prior art searches help inventors avoid duplicating existing work, determine patentability, monitor competitors, and more.
This presentation was delivered during the joint DPE/Planets/CAPAR/nestor training event, ‘The Preservation challenge: basic concepts and practical applications’ (Barcelona, March 2009). It is aimed at presenting the fundamental problems related to the preservation of intellectual property material, and how some of these problems have been addressed in CASPAR.The objective is to present CASPAR approach to the problem of identifying and preserving all the existing rights related to a digital work.
The document discusses past, present, and future policy issues regarding artificial intelligence from various intellectual property offices around the world. It notes that the IP5 jurisdictions including the USPTO, EPO, JPO, KIPO, and CNIPA have provided examination guidelines addressing AI inventions. It also discusses harmonization efforts through WIPO as well as perspectives from practitioners. The document raises topics like determining eligibility of AI as an inventor, how AI may impact the definition of a person having ordinary skill in the art, additional disclosure requirements regarding AI, and intellectual property issues relating to training data and trade secrets.
This document discusses analyzing the state-of-the-art in a field through various means such as scientific publications and awards, research reports from public research organizations, EU funded research projects, standards bodies, market reports, corporate research labs, and patents. It emphasizes exploring these sources to understand important trends, find partners and competitors, and ensure freedom to operate new technologies without infringing existing patents.
Intellectual property (IP) intelligence solutions designed for the way resear...ChemAxon
Leveraging IP intelligence through the researcher workflow requires the curation of chemistry patents including many thousands of molecules. This complex task is time-consuming and error-prone when done manually, whereas using ChemAxon’s ChemCuratora to analyze and extract chemical information in patents and other documents means the process can be done accurately in a fraction of the time.
This document discusses patent databases and how to search within them. It defines what a patent is - an exclusive right granted by a government for an invention. It also defines what a database is - a collection of organized information that can be easily accessed. The document outlines several major patent databases including PatentScope from WIPO, EKASWA from India, EPIDOS-INPADOC from Europe, and the Canadian Patents Database. It provides details on how to search within each database using basic, advanced, boolean, or other specialized search features.
This document discusses strategies for obtaining patent protection for software-related inventions in Europe. It covers topics such as the legal aspects of patent eligibility for computer-implemented inventions in Europe. Specifically, it explains that for an invention to be patent-eligible in Europe, it must have a technical character by producing a technical effect or solving a technical problem. It also discusses different types of patent claims, such as product claims and process claims, and considerations for drafting a set of patent claims for software inventions that will be eligible for patent protection in Europe.
ICIC 2017: How to effectively monitor Technological Developments in IPDr. Haxel Consult
This document discusses using machine learning to better analyze and monitor patent landscapes, specifically for emerging technologies related to Industry 4.0 and Factory 4.0. It provides an example analysis of the 3D printing patent landscape. Supervised learning can automatically categorize patents into user-defined categories and continuously learn from expert feedback to improve categorization over time, allowing for dynamic monitoring of changing technologies. This approach provides a more precise way to track patent data in fields that are poorly defined or evolving rapidly compared to traditional classification methods.
Patent Search: An important new test bed for IRGiovanna Roda
Patent Search: An important new test bed for IR
presented at the 9th Dutch-Belgian Information Retrieval Workshop (DIR 2009)
Enschede, The Netherlands
http://dir2009.cs.utwente.nl/
This presentation was delivered during the joint DPE/Planets/CAPAR/nestor training event, ‘The Preservation challenge: basic concepts and practical applications’ (Barcelona, March 2009). It is aimed at presenting the fundamental problems related to the preservation of intellectual property material, and how some of these problems have been addressed in CASPAR.The objective is to present CASPAR approach to the problem of identifying and preserving all the existing rights related to a digital work.
The document discusses past, present, and future policy issues regarding artificial intelligence from various intellectual property offices around the world. It notes that the IP5 jurisdictions including the USPTO, EPO, JPO, KIPO, and CNIPA have provided examination guidelines addressing AI inventions. It also discusses harmonization efforts through WIPO as well as perspectives from practitioners. The document raises topics like determining eligibility of AI as an inventor, how AI may impact the definition of a person having ordinary skill in the art, additional disclosure requirements regarding AI, and intellectual property issues relating to training data and trade secrets.
This document discusses analyzing the state-of-the-art in a field through various means such as scientific publications and awards, research reports from public research organizations, EU funded research projects, standards bodies, market reports, corporate research labs, and patents. It emphasizes exploring these sources to understand important trends, find partners and competitors, and ensure freedom to operate new technologies without infringing existing patents.
Intellectual property (IP) intelligence solutions designed for the way resear...ChemAxon
Leveraging IP intelligence through the researcher workflow requires the curation of chemistry patents including many thousands of molecules. This complex task is time-consuming and error-prone when done manually, whereas using ChemAxon’s ChemCuratora to analyze and extract chemical information in patents and other documents means the process can be done accurately in a fraction of the time.
This document discusses patent databases and how to search within them. It defines what a patent is - an exclusive right granted by a government for an invention. It also defines what a database is - a collection of organized information that can be easily accessed. The document outlines several major patent databases including PatentScope from WIPO, EKASWA from India, EPIDOS-INPADOC from Europe, and the Canadian Patents Database. It provides details on how to search within each database using basic, advanced, boolean, or other specialized search features.
This document discusses strategies for obtaining patent protection for software-related inventions in Europe. It covers topics such as the legal aspects of patent eligibility for computer-implemented inventions in Europe. Specifically, it explains that for an invention to be patent-eligible in Europe, it must have a technical character by producing a technical effect or solving a technical problem. It also discusses different types of patent claims, such as product claims and process claims, and considerations for drafting a set of patent claims for software inventions that will be eligible for patent protection in Europe.
ICIC 2017: How to effectively monitor Technological Developments in IPDr. Haxel Consult
This document discusses using machine learning to better analyze and monitor patent landscapes, specifically for emerging technologies related to Industry 4.0 and Factory 4.0. It provides an example analysis of the 3D printing patent landscape. Supervised learning can automatically categorize patents into user-defined categories and continuously learn from expert feedback to improve categorization over time, allowing for dynamic monitoring of changing technologies. This approach provides a more precise way to track patent data in fields that are poorly defined or evolving rapidly compared to traditional classification methods.
Patent Search: An important new test bed for IRGiovanna Roda
Patent Search: An important new test bed for IR
presented at the 9th Dutch-Belgian Information Retrieval Workshop (DIR 2009)
Enschede, The Netherlands
http://dir2009.cs.utwente.nl/
This document discusses patenting software in China. It notes that patents provide the best protection for software over copyright or trade secrets. It then provides guidance on how to draft a patent application for software-related inventions in China to overcome various barriers during examination related to eligibility, clarity, support, novelty and inventiveness. Key points discussed include requirements for the subject matter to demonstrate technical features and solutions, how to address concerns over solely computer program-based claims, and examples of claim language that clearly define the technical implementation. The document aims to help foreign companies understand Chinese patent law as it applies to software and effectively acquire strong patent rights in China.
Enacting Emergent Configurations in the IoT through Domain Objectsantbucc
In this paper, we: (i) present the IoT-FED architectural
approach to enable the automated formation and enactment of ECs. IoT-FED exploits heterogeneous and independently developed things, IoT services, and applications which are modeled as Domain Objects (DOs), a service-based
formalism. Additionally, we (ii) discuss the prototype we developed and the experiments run in our IoT lab, for validation purposes
The presentation provided an overview of several major patent databases including WIPO's PatentScope, India's EKASWA and EPIDOS-INPADOC databases, and Canada's Canadian Patents Database. These databases allow users to search millions of patent documents from around the world and provide important information for researchers, innovators and those seeking to understand intellectual property rights. Effective use of the databases requires understanding how to conduct simple, advanced, equivalent and other specialized searches across different fields.
- A patent is a grant of protection rights to an inventor for an invention, excluding others from using the invention for a set period of time, usually 16-20 years.
- Patents can be granted for new and useful designs, processes, machines, manufactures or compositions of matter.
- The WIPS database provides access to patents from the US, Europe, China, Japan and Korea, and allows searching across collections. It allows viewing and downloading patent images.
Epo info resources & espacenet & search techniquesLATIPAT
The document provides an overview of the European Patent Office (EPO) including its 38 member states, 5 office locations, roles in the patent system such as processing applications and conducting appeal proceedings, and other services including online patent information and training programs. It also includes background information on the history of patents dating back to 1421 and key dates and events in patent law. Tables show leading patent applicants and patentees in 2010 and international patent classification systems.
Epo info resources & espacenet & search techniquesLATIPAT
The document provides an overview of the European Patent Office (EPO) including its 38 member states, 5 office locations, roles and services. It describes how European patent applications can be filed and processed at the EPO for patent protection across member states. Key services mentioned include patent searches, filing fees, and training resources available through the EPO.
PIIP provides various intellectual property services including patent searches, analysis, and strategy consulting. They have native language search capabilities in Chinese, Japanese, English and have access to large databases. Their team of patent experts and analysts can perform patentability searches, infringement analyses, patent landscapes and more to support business and research clients.
A Survey Of Automated Hierarchical Classification Of PatentsCourtney Esco
This document provides a summary of automated hierarchical classification of patents. It describes the task of automatically classifying patents into the International Patent Classification (IPC) hierarchy using textual content. The IPC is a widely used hierarchical structure for organizing patents, with over 100,000 categories organized into 5 levels. Automated classification is needed to help experts handle the large volumes of patents arriving daily, which numbers in the hundreds of thousands. The document reviews recent works on automated hierarchical classification of patents and discusses challenges like multi-label classification, where patents can be assigned to multiple categories.
Training cum Write-Shop on Technology Disclosures and Claim Drafting, Organized by the Philippine Council for Agriculture and Forestry Research and Development Council (PCARRD) for selected NARRDN Researchers, BPK, PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna, 30-31 August 2007
IP strategies to protect your cloud technology-Florian Michalek, Bardehele Pa...Mind the Byte
This document discusses strategies for protecting cloud technology with intellectual property (IP). It begins by explaining that computer-implemented inventions involving cloud computing can be patentable if they have a technical character and meet patentability requirements. It then provides examples of patented cloud computing inventions and guidelines from the European Patent Office. The document also addresses issues of confidentiality for cloud-based research and prior art disclosures on the internet.
Thinking the archives of 2020: Opportunitiws, priorities, IssuesFIAT/IFTA
This document summarizes a discussion between members of broadcasting archives organizations about priorities and challenges for archives in 2020. The discussion covered many topics, including storage formats and migration, rights management, metadata automation, user interfaces, and financing models. Participants shared their individual organization's priorities, such as NHK's focus on high resolution content and rich navigation or RAI's projects to digitize archives and automate rights management. Overall, the discussion aimed to identify common issues and opportunities to develop strategies together for the future of broadcasting archives.
IP and innovation: an academic view June 2014 by Prof. U.Spagnolini Umberto Spagnolini
The document discusses the different perspectives of academia and industry on intellectual property (IP) and innovation. Academia prioritizes high-quality research, publishing results, and collaborating with peers, while industry focuses on minimizing risk and maximizing returns from research and development investments. Standardization is important for ensuring interoperability across devices from different vendors. Patents are viewed differently in academia and industry, with academics less focused on patents and more on publications, while patents are important technical contracts for industry. Royalties from patents can significantly impact company revenues and smartphone costs.
This document summarizes several free international web-based patent sites:
- The USPTO and European Patent Office websites provide free access to patent information as well as other intellectual property resources. Other non-Western nations also offer free patent databases.
- Key free patent database services highlighted include DEPATISnet, the Industrial Property Digital Library (Japan), and the Intellectual Property Digital Library hosted by WIPO. Each provides search access to large collections of patent documents and bibliographic information.
The document discusses several free international web-based patent sites, including those run by the USPTO, European Patent Office, China Patent Database, DEPATISnet, and the Industrial Property Digital Library. It describes the types of patent information available on each site, such as bibliographic data, abstracts, and in some cases full-text patent documents. It also summarizes the different search interfaces provided, including basic, advanced, and Boolean searching options available to users.
This document summarizes several free international web-based patent sites:
- The USPTO and European Patent Office websites provide free access to patent information as well as other intellectual property resources. Other non-Western nations also offer free patent databases.
- Key free patent database services described include DEPATISnet, the Industrial Property Digital Library (Japan), and the Intellectual Property Digital Library hosted by WIPO. Each provides search access to large collections of patent documents and bibliographic information.
The document discusses several free international web-based patent sites, including those run by the USPTO, European Patent Office, China Patent Database, DEPATISnet, and Industrial Property Digital Library. It describes the types of patent information available on each site, such as bibliographic data, abstracts, and in some cases full-text patent documents. It also summarizes the search interfaces and capabilities of each site.
The seminar presentation provided an overview of biochips, including how they work and their applications. It defined a biochip as a miniaturized laboratory capable of performing thousands of biochemical reactions simultaneously on a solid substrate. The presentation covered the brief history of biochip development, the technologies behind biochips such as sensing and signal processing, how biochips are structured and implanted in living organisms, their current applications in areas like healthcare and financial services, and their advantages like speed and ability to store user information. The future potential of biochips as replacements for passports and medical records was also discussed.
Solution to Help Companies Patent their Inventions, License Technologies, and...Dr. Haxel Consult
With more than one million patent applications filed every year, searching for prior-art has become a daunting task. This constitutes an important challenge for technology companies and their legal representatives, as the value of its assets depends on their ability to demonstrate the novelty of their inventive efforts. Failing to identify prior-art makes it difficult for companies to patent their inventions and exposes them to costly litigation. The breadth and complexity of the IP space makes it all but impossible to search for prior-art without the help of machine-based intelligence that identifies relationships between a new invention and those described in millions of patent documents. Existing solutions fail to take into account that companies often use (and are strongly motivated to) different words to describe similar inventions. This makes search efforts based on the similarities between words prone to miss relevant prior-art. What is more, existing techniques do not account for temporal changes in the terminology used to describe particular inventions. This is not a trivial omission as, by definition, the search for prior-art requires comparing an invention with other produced at different points in time. AIP developed an advance search engine that addresses these shortcomings. AIP uses thousands of examination reports to learn about textual relationship that describe scientific concepts and applies this learning to compare inventions. That is, instead of comparing document on the basis that these contain similar words, our algorithm compares document on the basis that these describe similar ideas. We present a number of cases were AIP’s solution helped companies patent their inventions, license technologies, and address litigation challenges.
The EPO document collection:A technical treasure chestGO opleidingen
Presentation of Georg Schiwi, Documentation Information Manager at the European Patent Office.
The EPO holds one of the largest digital repositories of public knowledge in the world. This vast store is accessed daily by thousands of users and its usage is constantly increasing. Each year about 40 Terabytes, the equivalent of 40 million books, are downloaded from the EPO search collection both by internal and external users. This figure is a perfect illustration of EPO‘s unique contribution to the knowledge economy. The presentation will give an overview on the patent and non-patent collection that is used by examiners for prior-art search. In a second part, the move from a paper documentation collection to an electronic one and the particular challenges in this process will be outlined.
Viene descritta la procedura di brevettazione in Italia, con un focus sul rapporto di ricerca emesso dall'EPO, le tasse da sostenere e l'ultimo rapporto dell'UIBM.
Quali sono le strategie che un imprenditore deve implementare per tutelare l'innovazione? Una tutela brevettuale può aumentare il vantaggio competitivo di un'azienda nei confronti dei propri concorrenti.
This document discusses patenting software in China. It notes that patents provide the best protection for software over copyright or trade secrets. It then provides guidance on how to draft a patent application for software-related inventions in China to overcome various barriers during examination related to eligibility, clarity, support, novelty and inventiveness. Key points discussed include requirements for the subject matter to demonstrate technical features and solutions, how to address concerns over solely computer program-based claims, and examples of claim language that clearly define the technical implementation. The document aims to help foreign companies understand Chinese patent law as it applies to software and effectively acquire strong patent rights in China.
Enacting Emergent Configurations in the IoT through Domain Objectsantbucc
In this paper, we: (i) present the IoT-FED architectural
approach to enable the automated formation and enactment of ECs. IoT-FED exploits heterogeneous and independently developed things, IoT services, and applications which are modeled as Domain Objects (DOs), a service-based
formalism. Additionally, we (ii) discuss the prototype we developed and the experiments run in our IoT lab, for validation purposes
The presentation provided an overview of several major patent databases including WIPO's PatentScope, India's EKASWA and EPIDOS-INPADOC databases, and Canada's Canadian Patents Database. These databases allow users to search millions of patent documents from around the world and provide important information for researchers, innovators and those seeking to understand intellectual property rights. Effective use of the databases requires understanding how to conduct simple, advanced, equivalent and other specialized searches across different fields.
- A patent is a grant of protection rights to an inventor for an invention, excluding others from using the invention for a set period of time, usually 16-20 years.
- Patents can be granted for new and useful designs, processes, machines, manufactures or compositions of matter.
- The WIPS database provides access to patents from the US, Europe, China, Japan and Korea, and allows searching across collections. It allows viewing and downloading patent images.
Epo info resources & espacenet & search techniquesLATIPAT
The document provides an overview of the European Patent Office (EPO) including its 38 member states, 5 office locations, roles in the patent system such as processing applications and conducting appeal proceedings, and other services including online patent information and training programs. It also includes background information on the history of patents dating back to 1421 and key dates and events in patent law. Tables show leading patent applicants and patentees in 2010 and international patent classification systems.
Epo info resources & espacenet & search techniquesLATIPAT
The document provides an overview of the European Patent Office (EPO) including its 38 member states, 5 office locations, roles and services. It describes how European patent applications can be filed and processed at the EPO for patent protection across member states. Key services mentioned include patent searches, filing fees, and training resources available through the EPO.
PIIP provides various intellectual property services including patent searches, analysis, and strategy consulting. They have native language search capabilities in Chinese, Japanese, English and have access to large databases. Their team of patent experts and analysts can perform patentability searches, infringement analyses, patent landscapes and more to support business and research clients.
A Survey Of Automated Hierarchical Classification Of PatentsCourtney Esco
This document provides a summary of automated hierarchical classification of patents. It describes the task of automatically classifying patents into the International Patent Classification (IPC) hierarchy using textual content. The IPC is a widely used hierarchical structure for organizing patents, with over 100,000 categories organized into 5 levels. Automated classification is needed to help experts handle the large volumes of patents arriving daily, which numbers in the hundreds of thousands. The document reviews recent works on automated hierarchical classification of patents and discusses challenges like multi-label classification, where patents can be assigned to multiple categories.
Training cum Write-Shop on Technology Disclosures and Claim Drafting, Organized by the Philippine Council for Agriculture and Forestry Research and Development Council (PCARRD) for selected NARRDN Researchers, BPK, PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna, 30-31 August 2007
IP strategies to protect your cloud technology-Florian Michalek, Bardehele Pa...Mind the Byte
This document discusses strategies for protecting cloud technology with intellectual property (IP). It begins by explaining that computer-implemented inventions involving cloud computing can be patentable if they have a technical character and meet patentability requirements. It then provides examples of patented cloud computing inventions and guidelines from the European Patent Office. The document also addresses issues of confidentiality for cloud-based research and prior art disclosures on the internet.
Thinking the archives of 2020: Opportunitiws, priorities, IssuesFIAT/IFTA
This document summarizes a discussion between members of broadcasting archives organizations about priorities and challenges for archives in 2020. The discussion covered many topics, including storage formats and migration, rights management, metadata automation, user interfaces, and financing models. Participants shared their individual organization's priorities, such as NHK's focus on high resolution content and rich navigation or RAI's projects to digitize archives and automate rights management. Overall, the discussion aimed to identify common issues and opportunities to develop strategies together for the future of broadcasting archives.
IP and innovation: an academic view June 2014 by Prof. U.Spagnolini Umberto Spagnolini
The document discusses the different perspectives of academia and industry on intellectual property (IP) and innovation. Academia prioritizes high-quality research, publishing results, and collaborating with peers, while industry focuses on minimizing risk and maximizing returns from research and development investments. Standardization is important for ensuring interoperability across devices from different vendors. Patents are viewed differently in academia and industry, with academics less focused on patents and more on publications, while patents are important technical contracts for industry. Royalties from patents can significantly impact company revenues and smartphone costs.
This document summarizes several free international web-based patent sites:
- The USPTO and European Patent Office websites provide free access to patent information as well as other intellectual property resources. Other non-Western nations also offer free patent databases.
- Key free patent database services highlighted include DEPATISnet, the Industrial Property Digital Library (Japan), and the Intellectual Property Digital Library hosted by WIPO. Each provides search access to large collections of patent documents and bibliographic information.
The document discusses several free international web-based patent sites, including those run by the USPTO, European Patent Office, China Patent Database, DEPATISnet, and the Industrial Property Digital Library. It describes the types of patent information available on each site, such as bibliographic data, abstracts, and in some cases full-text patent documents. It also summarizes the different search interfaces provided, including basic, advanced, and Boolean searching options available to users.
This document summarizes several free international web-based patent sites:
- The USPTO and European Patent Office websites provide free access to patent information as well as other intellectual property resources. Other non-Western nations also offer free patent databases.
- Key free patent database services described include DEPATISnet, the Industrial Property Digital Library (Japan), and the Intellectual Property Digital Library hosted by WIPO. Each provides search access to large collections of patent documents and bibliographic information.
The document discusses several free international web-based patent sites, including those run by the USPTO, European Patent Office, China Patent Database, DEPATISnet, and Industrial Property Digital Library. It describes the types of patent information available on each site, such as bibliographic data, abstracts, and in some cases full-text patent documents. It also summarizes the search interfaces and capabilities of each site.
The seminar presentation provided an overview of biochips, including how they work and their applications. It defined a biochip as a miniaturized laboratory capable of performing thousands of biochemical reactions simultaneously on a solid substrate. The presentation covered the brief history of biochip development, the technologies behind biochips such as sensing and signal processing, how biochips are structured and implanted in living organisms, their current applications in areas like healthcare and financial services, and their advantages like speed and ability to store user information. The future potential of biochips as replacements for passports and medical records was also discussed.
Solution to Help Companies Patent their Inventions, License Technologies, and...Dr. Haxel Consult
With more than one million patent applications filed every year, searching for prior-art has become a daunting task. This constitutes an important challenge for technology companies and their legal representatives, as the value of its assets depends on their ability to demonstrate the novelty of their inventive efforts. Failing to identify prior-art makes it difficult for companies to patent their inventions and exposes them to costly litigation. The breadth and complexity of the IP space makes it all but impossible to search for prior-art without the help of machine-based intelligence that identifies relationships between a new invention and those described in millions of patent documents. Existing solutions fail to take into account that companies often use (and are strongly motivated to) different words to describe similar inventions. This makes search efforts based on the similarities between words prone to miss relevant prior-art. What is more, existing techniques do not account for temporal changes in the terminology used to describe particular inventions. This is not a trivial omission as, by definition, the search for prior-art requires comparing an invention with other produced at different points in time. AIP developed an advance search engine that addresses these shortcomings. AIP uses thousands of examination reports to learn about textual relationship that describe scientific concepts and applies this learning to compare inventions. That is, instead of comparing document on the basis that these contain similar words, our algorithm compares document on the basis that these describe similar ideas. We present a number of cases were AIP’s solution helped companies patent their inventions, license technologies, and address litigation challenges.
The EPO document collection:A technical treasure chestGO opleidingen
Presentation of Georg Schiwi, Documentation Information Manager at the European Patent Office.
The EPO holds one of the largest digital repositories of public knowledge in the world. This vast store is accessed daily by thousands of users and its usage is constantly increasing. Each year about 40 Terabytes, the equivalent of 40 million books, are downloaded from the EPO search collection both by internal and external users. This figure is a perfect illustration of EPO‘s unique contribution to the knowledge economy. The presentation will give an overview on the patent and non-patent collection that is used by examiners for prior-art search. In a second part, the move from a paper documentation collection to an electronic one and the particular challenges in this process will be outlined.
Viene descritta la procedura di brevettazione in Italia, con un focus sul rapporto di ricerca emesso dall'EPO, le tasse da sostenere e l'ultimo rapporto dell'UIBM.
Quali sono le strategie che un imprenditore deve implementare per tutelare l'innovazione? Una tutela brevettuale può aumentare il vantaggio competitivo di un'azienda nei confronti dei propri concorrenti.
Temi trattati: requisiti di brevettabilità, metodi terapeutici, usi leciti delle invenzioni, procedure di brevettazione, motivi di nullità e di decadenza, ambito del diritto di esclusiva
A Critical Study of ICC Prosecutor's Move on GAZA WarNilendra Kumar
ICC Prosecutor Karim Khan's proposal to its judges seeking permission to prosecute Israeli leaders and Hamas commanders for crimes against the law of war has serious ramifications and calls deep scrutiny.
Capital Punishment by Saif Javed (LLM)ppt.pptxOmGod1
This PowerPoint presentation, titled "Capital Punishment in India: Constitutionality and Rarest of Rare Principle," is a comprehensive exploration of the death penalty within the Indian criminal justice system. Authored by Saif Javed, an LL.M student specializing in Criminal Law and Criminology at Kazi Nazrul University, the presentation delves into the constitutional aspects and ethical debates surrounding capital punishment. It examines key legal provisions, significant case laws, and the specific categories of offenders excluded from the death penalty. The presentation also discusses recent recommendations by the Law Commission of India regarding the gradual abolishment of capital punishment, except for terrorism-related offenses. This detailed analysis aims to foster informed discussions on the future of the death penalty in India.
Corporate Governance : Scope and Legal Frameworkdevaki57
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
MEANING
Corporate Governance refers to the way in which companies are governed and to what purpose. It identifies who has power and accountability, and who makes decisions. It is, in essence, a toolkit that enables management and the board to deal more effectively with the challenges of running a company.
1. Prior art search: what is it and how to perform it?
“IP”h.D. - Intellectual Property fundamentals for Ph.D. Students
June 17, 2021
Massimo Barbieri
Politecnico di Milano
Technology Transfer Office
2. Massimo Barbieri - 2021
Index
Introduction
Patent databases
Prior art searches
Classification symbols
Examples
3. Massimo Barbieri - 2021
To avoid «reinventing the wheel» (waste of R&D resources)
To avoid infringement of other companies’ patents
To write a better patent application
To speed up the prosecution of a patent
To find out the most recent inventions
To study the development of a particular technology
Why prior art searches are important!
4. Massimo Barbieri - 2021
Before starting my research
(e.g. Master or PhD thesis)
State of the
art search
TTO
request
Patentability
search
PCT
12 months
National filing
Filing
Patentability
search
12 months
The entire patent procedure
Patentability
search
6
months
Patent
publication
Monitoring
When do we perform prior art searches?
5. Massimo Barbieri - 2021
Index
Introduction
Patent databases
Prior art searches
Classification symbols
Examples
6. Massimo Barbieri - 2021
Patent databases
Free of charge sources
ü (provided by national or regional patent offices)
Espacenet, Patentscope
ü (provided by independent producers)
GOOGLE PATENTS, Free Patents Online
Professional sources
ü Derwent Innovation, Orbit Intelligence,
Patbase
7. Massimo Barbieri - 2021
Patent databases
- Coverage [Countries (EP, US, CN) and number of docs]
- Search engine
- different results obtained
Database Results
Espacenet 64,453
Patentscope 72,315
Search for «graphene» in the abstract field
Use more than one patent database
8. Massimo Barbieri - 2021
Index
Introduction
Patent databases
Prior art searches
Classification symbols
Examples
9. Massimo Barbieri - 2021
Informative (or “quick” or state of the art): informative search for R&D
planning, technological trends analysis, competitors‘ monitoring (IPC +
KW)
Types of prior art searches (1)
Patentability search (novelty): the purpose is to determine whether an
invention is novel and potentially patentable
Validity (or opposition) search: a patentability search carried out to
determine if a granted patent is indeed valid
Legal status: the objective is to know if a patent is still alive or expired
Freedom to operate search: the purpose is to determine if a product is
marketable without infringing third parties rights
10. Massimo Barbieri - 2021
Operators:
Boolean (AND, OR, NOT)
proximity
Language used: English
Patent searching: how to do it? (1)
Scope of patent searches: to find out documents that claim similar
technical features and not a mere match of words.
A patent search may be carried out:
by keywords (intuitive but subjective)
by classification codes
by citations
Language-independent
search tools
11. Massimo Barbieri - 2021
Example: protective masks (useful for pandemics)
Patent searching: how to do it? (2)
TI: protective mask à 2,507 results
TI or AB: protective mask à 11,382 results
IPC: A41D 13/11 à 19,886 results
Use classification
codes
12. Massimo Barbieri - 2021
A KW search is worthless to search for nanotechnology-related patents
Classification searches (nanotechnology)
No. of subgroups
IPC CPC
B82B 2 27
B82Y 9 9
B82B; 4765
B82Y; 100030
26309
72617
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
B82B B82Y
CPC vs. IPC (Espacenet)
CPC IPC
ipc=B82Y NOT (cpc=A OR
cpc=B OR cpc=C OR cpc=D
OR cpc=E OR cpc=F OR
cpc=G OR cpc=H)
18.762 documents don’t
have any CPC symbol
13. Massimo Barbieri - 2021
Classification searches (nanotechnology)
29274
79635
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
B82B B82Y
IPC (Patentscope)
Use both classification systems
14. Massimo Barbieri - 2021
1. Analysis of the information received about the invention (identify the
essential features)
2. Identification of the most suitable databases for finding the prior art
3. Planning of a search strategy (how to select and combine KWs and classes)
4. Evaluation of the retrieved documents
Some useful tips:
• Search in the title + abstract + claims (rather than in the full text), using
precise KWs and classes [start small, expand carefully]
• Avoid long search queries, don’t combine all aspects in one query
• Aim for small result sets (50 records) and then expand the search
• If you find a very relevant document, do forward and backward citation
searches immediately (make use of the expertise of patent examiners!)
Patent searching: how to do it? (2)
The important things to remember are:
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EF1 KW1EF1 KW2EF1 CEF1
EF2 KW1EF2 KW2EF2 CEF2
EF3 KW1EF3 KW2EF3 CEF3
EF1 = KW1EF1 OR KW2EF1 OR CEF1
EF2 = KW1EF2 OR KW2EF2 OR CEF2
EF3 = KW1EF3 OR KW2EF3 OR CEF3
Possible queries:
EF1 AND EF2
EF1 AND EF3
EF2 AND EF3
Patent searching: how to do it? (3)
Invention with 3 essential features (EF)
Drawbacks:
- the number of hits is too large to be able to review them all
- the sets of KWs are supposed to be complete
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“4D printing is the process through which a 3D printed object
transforms itself into another structure over the influence of
external energy input as temperature, light or other environmental
stimuli”
Example
4D printing
Classification codes Definition
B33Y Additive manufacturing
B29C 64 Processes of additive manufacturing
B22F 10/10 Additive manufacturing from metallic powder – Formation of a
green body
B22F 10/20 Additive manufacturing from metallic powder – Direct sintering or
melting
2. 4th dimension concept: (4_D print+) OR (shape W memory) OR
programmable OR (self W healing) OR (self W assembl+) OR (four W
dimensional)
1. 4D printing concept: AM classification codes
3. Materials concept: (metal? OR polymer+ OR ceram+ OR hydrogel?
OR ionomer? OR vitrimer? OR alloy?)
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Example
Results
No. of results Search query
413.771 ((4_D PRINT+) OR (SHAPE W MEMORY) OR PROGRAMMABLE OR (SELF W
HEALING) OR (SELF W ASSEMBL+) OR (four W
dimensional)/TI/AB/CLMS/ICLM
8.567.756 ((METAL? OR POLYMER+ OR CERAM+ OR HYDROGEL? OR IONOMER? OR
VITRIMER? OR ALLOY?))/TI/AB/CLMS/ICLM
65.006 (B33Y+ OR B29C64+ OR B22F10/10 OR B22F10/12)/IPC/CPC
542 1 AND 2 AND 3
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Patent searching: how to do it? (4)
Why is better to start precise and expand later:
1. To avoid noisy result sets
2. To assess the usefulness of each search query
3. To reduce the risk of discarding relevant documents
4. This approach may help to decide when to stop the search: that is
when the next queries give so much noise that it is not worthwhile
to continue
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Index
Introduction
Patent databases
Prior art searches
Classification symbols
Examples
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Classification is a system of sorting inventions and their patent documents
into technical fields covering all areas of technology. Every patent document
is given a classification symbol by the examiner.
Patent offices developed classification systems in the 19th century in order
to cope with the growing volume of patents and non-patent literature.
The most used patent classifications today are the IPC and the CPC.
The IPC is a hierarchical classification systems. The top level consists of 8
sections (A – H) which are divided into 76,000 subdivisions called classes,
subclasses, groups and subgroups.
The CPC is an enhanced version of the IPC, uses the same structure as the
IPC but with more subdivisions.
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The IPC is updated every year on 1 January
After each update, all patent documents are reclassified
CPC is used by EPO and USPTO and a few other national offices
When the CPC changes , all patent documents are also reclassified (there is
only one single version of the CPC: the one currently in effect)
It is estimated that 90% of the documents requiring a CPC classification will
receive one within eight months after publication
Since CPC is available a few months after the publication date, you should not
search with CPC symbols if you are targeting recently published documents
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Patent classification
Classification system No. of subgroups
IPC 76,000
CPC 250,000
FI (File Index) 190,000
F-terms 350,000
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Structure of IPC codes
Graphene is a carbon allotrope (C01B32), which is a non-metallic element (C01B),
formally classified in inorganic chemistry (C01).
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How to retrieve IPC codes
https://www.wipo.int/classifications/ipc/ipcpub/
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How to retrieve IPC codes
A surgical instrument and a method for geometrical evaluation of
an object inside a body of a human being or animal is described.
The instrument comprises a handle, a reference device and
means for bringing said reference device into the vicinity of said
object, said instrument co-operating with an image acquisition
device for acquiring at least one image of said reference device
when it is in the vicinity of said object. Typically, the object is a
lesion of an internal tissue, for example a cartilage tissue of an
articulation of the knee.
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Rules
ü The claimed invention will only classified at the lowest
level of the classification hierarchy which describes
best the underlying technology (“last place rule”)
ü A classification symbol is not cumulative, which means
that the set of patents which is classified at a higher
level of hierarchy does not include patents which are
classified at a lower hierarchical level
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Example
A patent application claiming a mixture of carbon
nanotubes and graphene
Use classification codes at a main group or subclass level
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Index
Introduction
Patent databases
Prior art searches
Classification symbols
Examples
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http://worldwide.espacenet.com Espacenet
The user interface is available in the 3 official EPO languages
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To extend a search, truncation symbols (wildcards) can be used to
include, for example, the plural form of a word, or alternative spellings.
There are three different wildcard characters available in Espacenet:
* stands for a string of characters of any length
? stands for zero or one character
# stands for exactly one character
Example: to find the word
car or cars type car? in the title field
polymerization or polymerization polymeri#ation
polymeric, polymer, polymerization, to polymeriz polymer*
Truncation symbols
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• the number of displayed documents is limited to 500;
• the maximum number of search terms per field is ten;
• a maximum of 20 search terms and 19 operators per query
can be used;
• The search languages are English, French and German;
•Full text search is available in “Worldwide collection of
published applications” (in English, French and German);
• IPC and CPC are the only supported classification systems;
• XP documents cannot be searched
Espacenet
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Exercise
ü Find applications filed by Biontech published in the
year 2020, where the word RNA appears in the title,
using Espacenet
ü Find patent application no. US2020282046A1
Ø Who is the applicant?
Ø Is it granted?
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Example 1
ü A device used for inhibiting the automatic opening of
cars’ door
ü a sensor warns drivers not to open a door if
someone or something is approaching from the rear
or on one side
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Example 2
1. Concept of locating an object: CPC [A63B 2024/0053]
2. Concept of golf ball: CPC [A63B37/0003] and [golf
ball*]
3. Concept of RFID: CPC [A63B 2225/54] or RFID [add
the concept of golf ball]
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Start small, expand carefully
Start using very specific words in title and abstract
Expand the search using synonyms and classes to increase recall
Use the full text to complete the search
Analyze the drawings, title, abstract and then claims and full text
When you find a relevant patent, search for cited and citing documents
Search on more than one database
Summarizing