This paper examines principles of leadership from the book of Joshua. It discusses how Joshua obeyed God's commands to lead the Israelites into the Promised Land after Moses' death. God told Joshua to be strong, courageous, and to fully obey God's word. Examples are given of how Joshua immediately obeyed God by preparing to cross the Jordan River and by following God's unconventional battle plans, which led to victories. The paper suggests that Joshua's success as a leader was due to his complete devotion to obeying God's commands found in the Law of Moses.
LORD JESUS CHRIST makes several claims in the Bible that only God can make, such as forgiving sins, judging mankind, and granting eternal life. He accepts worship from his disciples and others, showing he believed himself to be divine. While Muslims argue Jesus never directly said "I am God, worship me", he made statements that imply divinity, such as claiming to be the "First and the Last" and existing before the world was created. The document examines passages in the Bible and Quran to demonstrate Jesus' deity and that he is worthy of worship as God.
God in Christianity... What is His Nature?F El Mohdar
The document discusses several key questions about the nature of God in Christianity:
1. It examines whether God is one or three, looking at verses that indicate God is one.
2. It analyzes whether Jesus is God or part of God, finding verses where Jesus distinguishes himself from God and says God is greater.
3. It considers whether the Father, Son and Holy Spirit are equal, noting Jesus' own words that the Father is greater than him.
4. It concludes that based on the Bible, Jesus is not equal to or the same as God, but rather is a human prophet and messenger of God.
The document discusses how all prophets from Adam to Muhammad conveyed the same core message: that God is One and should be worshipped alone. It examines verses from the Bible and Quran confirming this message of monotheism. The document argues that the concept of the Trinity in Christianity contradicts the clear monotheistic teachings of these scriptures. It concludes by inviting sincere seekers of truth to consider accepting Islam as the final message from God.
Convincing, impossible to refute, short (12 pages) biblical proof that Jesus is fully divine as God Almighty. Mostly scripture. (English--computer format in 8x11 size)
Listen to my sermon on this at http://www.john10-10.org/john10-10/Sermon_Audios/Entries/2014/6/22_Proving_that_Jesus_Is_Fully_God.html
This document is a chapter from a book that discusses the nature of God in Christianity. It aims to present what the author found in their research of the Bible on this topic. The chapter asks several questions at the beginning to introduce the topics it will cover, such as whether God is one or three, if Jesus is equal to God, and if Jesus is the son of God. It then provides various verses from the Bible to analyze these questions. For example, it examines verses where Jesus distinguishes himself from God, says God is greater than him, and that he was sent by God. The chapter aims to use logic and reasoning to understand what the Bible actually says about if Jesus is God based on these verses. It concludes by
The document examines whether Jesus is God based on evidence from the Bible. It argues that none of the Bible's writers, including the Gospel authors and Paul, believed Jesus to be God. It provides examples from the Acts of the Apostles showing the disciples consistently referring to God as someone other than Jesus and using titles like "servant" for Jesus. The document also argues Jesus was not all-powerful or all-knowing based on biblical passages, proving he was not God.
LORD JESUS CHRIST makes several claims in the Bible that only God can make, such as forgiving sins, judging mankind, and granting eternal life. He accepts worship from his disciples and others, showing he believed himself to be divine. While Muslims argue Jesus never directly said "I am God, worship me", he made statements that imply divinity, such as claiming to be the "First and the Last" and existing before the world was created. The document examines passages in the Bible and Quran to demonstrate Jesus' deity and that he is worthy of worship as God.
God in Christianity... What is His Nature?F El Mohdar
The document discusses several key questions about the nature of God in Christianity:
1. It examines whether God is one or three, looking at verses that indicate God is one.
2. It analyzes whether Jesus is God or part of God, finding verses where Jesus distinguishes himself from God and says God is greater.
3. It considers whether the Father, Son and Holy Spirit are equal, noting Jesus' own words that the Father is greater than him.
4. It concludes that based on the Bible, Jesus is not equal to or the same as God, but rather is a human prophet and messenger of God.
The document discusses how all prophets from Adam to Muhammad conveyed the same core message: that God is One and should be worshipped alone. It examines verses from the Bible and Quran confirming this message of monotheism. The document argues that the concept of the Trinity in Christianity contradicts the clear monotheistic teachings of these scriptures. It concludes by inviting sincere seekers of truth to consider accepting Islam as the final message from God.
Convincing, impossible to refute, short (12 pages) biblical proof that Jesus is fully divine as God Almighty. Mostly scripture. (English--computer format in 8x11 size)
Listen to my sermon on this at http://www.john10-10.org/john10-10/Sermon_Audios/Entries/2014/6/22_Proving_that_Jesus_Is_Fully_God.html
This document is a chapter from a book that discusses the nature of God in Christianity. It aims to present what the author found in their research of the Bible on this topic. The chapter asks several questions at the beginning to introduce the topics it will cover, such as whether God is one or three, if Jesus is equal to God, and if Jesus is the son of God. It then provides various verses from the Bible to analyze these questions. For example, it examines verses where Jesus distinguishes himself from God, says God is greater than him, and that he was sent by God. The chapter aims to use logic and reasoning to understand what the Bible actually says about if Jesus is God based on these verses. It concludes by
The document examines whether Jesus is God based on evidence from the Bible. It argues that none of the Bible's writers, including the Gospel authors and Paul, believed Jesus to be God. It provides examples from the Acts of the Apostles showing the disciples consistently referring to God as someone other than Jesus and using titles like "servant" for Jesus. The document also argues Jesus was not all-powerful or all-knowing based on biblical passages, proving he was not God.
Is The Trinity Doctrine Divinely Inspiredzakir2012
This document provides background information and context for a book titled "Is the TRINITY DOCTRINE Divinely Inspired?". It includes notes from the author, a dedication, acknowledgements, and a table of contents outlining the chapters of the book. The introduction gives an overview of the author's motivation for writing the book, which was to research the origins of the Trinity doctrine after previously believing in it as a Christian. It notes that the doctrine will be examined objectively using various sources. Special media reports from the UK are presented that show many Anglican bishops rejecting core Christian doctrines like the divinity of Jesus. The section on Christians provides historical context on the early followers of Jesus and how Christianity developed and multiplied into different
Lesson 6 - Relating to the Holy SpiritDanny Medina
The document discusses the importance of relating to the Holy Spirit as a person rather than just an influence, as he is God. It outlines several key points about the Holy Spirit, including that he lives in believers as his temple, seals them as God's children, has a plan for their lives and intercedes for them in prayer. The Holy Spirit also baptizes believers into the body of Christ and wants to use them to testify about Jesus and utilize their spiritual gifts.
BOOK DESCRIPTION--
To those who seek the truth sincerely,
honestly, and open-mindedly!
After the creation of Adam, just one
original message has been repeatedly
delivered to mankind throughout the
history of humanity.
Thus, to remind people about it and bring
them back on track, many prophets and
messengers including Adam, Noah,
Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad
were sent by the only true God to convey
this message:The true God is only ONE.
Worship Him ALONE and
keep His commandments.
The True God, The Creator
sent: to convey:
-Adam God is One
- Noah God is One
- Abraham God is One
- Moses God is One
- Jesus God is One
- Muhammad God is One
BOOK CONTENTS--
Pre-reading questions:
1. What is this ‘Just One Message’?
2. What does the Bible say about it?
3. What does the Qur’an say about it?
4. What is your opinion about it?
source: http://www.islamhouse.com/p/58117
This document discusses the concepts of eternity and time. It defines eternity as God's realm of being, not an endless extension of time. God created time and the present world order, but exists outside of time in eternity. For all humans, time exerts an inexorable dominion, but God alone has power over time. The Bible reveals God will one day bring time to an end for the present world order. However, for each individual, a moment comes when time ceases and eternity begins.
The document is a daily overview from BigHeart Farms, a Christian organization. It provides summaries for 5 days, with each day focusing on a different biblical theme: Day 1 discusses the Holy Spirit, Day 2 the flesh, Day 3 the law, Day 4 God's kingdom, and Day 5 the cross. The overall message is that through Jesus' sacrifice, believers can overcome their sinful nature and follow God by accepting Jesus and relying on the Holy Spirit.
This lesson explains some key principles of salvation:
1) God shows us mercy when we are not given what we deserve for our sins, and grace when we are given what we don't deserve, which is salvation through Jesus' sacrifice.
2) The Apostle Paul describes how we were without God before salvation and what God has done to save us through Jesus.
3) God's principle of substitution is that Jesus died as a substitute for our sins, as seen when God covered Adam and Eve with animal skins and during the Passover sacrifice, to save us through His love rather than our own merit.
4) True Christianity teaches that only what Christ has done can make us acceptable to God, not anything we
This document provides an overview of the book "The True Religion of God" by Dr. A.B. Philips. It discusses three key arguments for why Islam is the true religion of God: 1) The religion's name of "Islam" means submission to God and was divinely revealed, unlike other religions. 2) Islam teaches a unique relationship between God, humanity, and creation with a focus on worshipping God alone. 3) The religion of Islam is universally attainable by all people at all times. The document explores each of these arguments in further detail to support the claim that Islam is the true, final religion from God.
Jehovah's Witnesses are a Christian denomination that believes:
- The Bible is God's word and Jesus is their savior
- God's name is Jehovah and they are witnesses who proclaim the truth about him
- They do not celebrate holidays or go to heaven/hell but believe in resurrection and life after death on a paradise earth.
1) The document discusses the concept of general revelation and special revelation as two ways that God reveals himself to humanity.
2) General revelation refers to God communicating himself to all people in nature, history, and human conscience. Examples given include the natural world, the nation of Israel, and humanity being made in God's image.
3) Special revelation involves God directly revealing himself at specific times through prophets and scripture, such as God speaking to Moses from the burning bush and inspiring the authors of the Bible.
The document discusses the "Just One Message" conveyed by prophets throughout history - that there is only one God worthy of worship. It presents verses from the Bible and Quran affirming God's oneness. The Old Testament declares God is one Lord, as does Jesus in the New Testament. The Quran strongly rejects associating any partners with God. While Christians claim God is three in one, the document argues this contradicts biblical verses saying no one has seen God. It concludes the oneness of God was the essential message of prophets, and believing in other deities provoked God's anger.
This document provides evidence that the Old Testament was corrupted and altered by mankind. It notes several discrepancies and contradictions found within the text, such as events described as happening after Moses' death being attributed to him, and stories being told twice with variations. The document argues that scholars have identified four main sources (J, E, P, and D) that were combined and edited together to form the first five books of the Bible. It aims to equip Muslims with arguments to counter claims that the Quran has been corrupted, by showing that the Old Testament scriptures were also subjected to human tampering and revision over time. The overall tone encourages responding to non-Muslims respectfully and through kind reasoning rather than insults or
The Quran and the Bible have several of the same types of beliefs. Here, the 5 Pillars of Islam are presented and compared with similar beliefs found in the Holy Bible.
3. What is Foundational for Discipling Someone? KeynoteWilliam Anderson
This is the third of four sessions of our “Being and Making Disciples” workshop held in Săcele on September 1, 2012. In this session we answered the question “What is Foundational for Discipling Someone? by looking at what to do to help build a strong foundation in the life of those we disciple. The topics covered included looking the big picture, being vs doing, the gospel of Jesus, three main tools Jesus uses, it’s all about Jesus, our heart motivation and our new identity.
This document is the introduction to a booklet titled "Just One Message!" that seeks to convey the singular message delivered by all prophets - that God is one and should be worshipped alone. It provides an overview of the booklet's contents and objectives to critically examine verses from the Bible and Quran regarding tawheed (monotheism). The author aims to demonstrate that both scriptures uphold the oneness of God and refute notions of a trinity. The document invites readers to thoughtfully consider this message and contact the author if interested in learning more about Islam.
Christians and Muslims both believe in Jesus, love him,
and honor him. They are, however, divided over the
question of his divinity. Fortunately, this difference can be
resolved if we refer the question to both the Bible and the
Qur'an, because, both the Bible and the Qur'an teach that
Jesus is not God.
WISDOM FOR THE HEART MONTHLY BILINGUAL MAGAZINE 16 October 2016Billy Judson
This document is a magazine called "Wisdom for the Heart" that provides spiritual encouragement and equips Christian leaders. It contains several articles on topics like the call of God, delegation, and spreading the gospel. The call of God comes through prayer and obeying God's will as revealed in scripture. Effective delegation is important for leadership and allows the work of ministry to be multiplied. If each Christian teaches one other person annually over 33 years, the results could be over 8 million people trained to spread the gospel. The magazine aims to equip evangelists for effective preaching of the gospel.
This 7-day reading plan explores Jesus’ claims, his deity, and offers thoughts demonstrating that he is the Messiah by Lee Strobel, a former atheist. Devotional thoughts
are drawn from Lee’s own experiences and feature a journalistic style from his days as an investigative reporter with the Chicago Tribune. The plan is perfect for those engaged in a thorough search for the truth to decide if Jesus was who he claimed to be.
All devotions are drawn from The Case for Christ
Study Bible.
The document is a chapter from a book that argues Jesus is not God based on evidence from the Bible and Quran. It summarizes that none of the Bible's writers, including the gospel authors and Paul, believed Jesus was God. It provides examples from the Acts of the Apostles showing the disciples referred to God as someone other than Jesus after his ascension, demonstrating they did not consider Jesus to be God.
Is The Trinity Doctrine Divinely Inspiredzakir2012
This document provides background information and context for a book titled "Is the TRINITY DOCTRINE Divinely Inspired?". It includes notes from the author, a dedication, acknowledgements, and a table of contents outlining the chapters of the book. The introduction gives an overview of the author's motivation for writing the book, which was to research the origins of the Trinity doctrine after previously believing in it as a Christian. It notes that the doctrine will be examined objectively using various sources. Special media reports from the UK are presented that show many Anglican bishops rejecting core Christian doctrines like the divinity of Jesus. The section on Christians provides historical context on the early followers of Jesus and how Christianity developed and multiplied into different
Lesson 6 - Relating to the Holy SpiritDanny Medina
The document discusses the importance of relating to the Holy Spirit as a person rather than just an influence, as he is God. It outlines several key points about the Holy Spirit, including that he lives in believers as his temple, seals them as God's children, has a plan for their lives and intercedes for them in prayer. The Holy Spirit also baptizes believers into the body of Christ and wants to use them to testify about Jesus and utilize their spiritual gifts.
BOOK DESCRIPTION--
To those who seek the truth sincerely,
honestly, and open-mindedly!
After the creation of Adam, just one
original message has been repeatedly
delivered to mankind throughout the
history of humanity.
Thus, to remind people about it and bring
them back on track, many prophets and
messengers including Adam, Noah,
Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad
were sent by the only true God to convey
this message:The true God is only ONE.
Worship Him ALONE and
keep His commandments.
The True God, The Creator
sent: to convey:
-Adam God is One
- Noah God is One
- Abraham God is One
- Moses God is One
- Jesus God is One
- Muhammad God is One
BOOK CONTENTS--
Pre-reading questions:
1. What is this ‘Just One Message’?
2. What does the Bible say about it?
3. What does the Qur’an say about it?
4. What is your opinion about it?
source: http://www.islamhouse.com/p/58117
This document discusses the concepts of eternity and time. It defines eternity as God's realm of being, not an endless extension of time. God created time and the present world order, but exists outside of time in eternity. For all humans, time exerts an inexorable dominion, but God alone has power over time. The Bible reveals God will one day bring time to an end for the present world order. However, for each individual, a moment comes when time ceases and eternity begins.
The document is a daily overview from BigHeart Farms, a Christian organization. It provides summaries for 5 days, with each day focusing on a different biblical theme: Day 1 discusses the Holy Spirit, Day 2 the flesh, Day 3 the law, Day 4 God's kingdom, and Day 5 the cross. The overall message is that through Jesus' sacrifice, believers can overcome their sinful nature and follow God by accepting Jesus and relying on the Holy Spirit.
This lesson explains some key principles of salvation:
1) God shows us mercy when we are not given what we deserve for our sins, and grace when we are given what we don't deserve, which is salvation through Jesus' sacrifice.
2) The Apostle Paul describes how we were without God before salvation and what God has done to save us through Jesus.
3) God's principle of substitution is that Jesus died as a substitute for our sins, as seen when God covered Adam and Eve with animal skins and during the Passover sacrifice, to save us through His love rather than our own merit.
4) True Christianity teaches that only what Christ has done can make us acceptable to God, not anything we
This document provides an overview of the book "The True Religion of God" by Dr. A.B. Philips. It discusses three key arguments for why Islam is the true religion of God: 1) The religion's name of "Islam" means submission to God and was divinely revealed, unlike other religions. 2) Islam teaches a unique relationship between God, humanity, and creation with a focus on worshipping God alone. 3) The religion of Islam is universally attainable by all people at all times. The document explores each of these arguments in further detail to support the claim that Islam is the true, final religion from God.
Jehovah's Witnesses are a Christian denomination that believes:
- The Bible is God's word and Jesus is their savior
- God's name is Jehovah and they are witnesses who proclaim the truth about him
- They do not celebrate holidays or go to heaven/hell but believe in resurrection and life after death on a paradise earth.
1) The document discusses the concept of general revelation and special revelation as two ways that God reveals himself to humanity.
2) General revelation refers to God communicating himself to all people in nature, history, and human conscience. Examples given include the natural world, the nation of Israel, and humanity being made in God's image.
3) Special revelation involves God directly revealing himself at specific times through prophets and scripture, such as God speaking to Moses from the burning bush and inspiring the authors of the Bible.
The document discusses the "Just One Message" conveyed by prophets throughout history - that there is only one God worthy of worship. It presents verses from the Bible and Quran affirming God's oneness. The Old Testament declares God is one Lord, as does Jesus in the New Testament. The Quran strongly rejects associating any partners with God. While Christians claim God is three in one, the document argues this contradicts biblical verses saying no one has seen God. It concludes the oneness of God was the essential message of prophets, and believing in other deities provoked God's anger.
This document provides evidence that the Old Testament was corrupted and altered by mankind. It notes several discrepancies and contradictions found within the text, such as events described as happening after Moses' death being attributed to him, and stories being told twice with variations. The document argues that scholars have identified four main sources (J, E, P, and D) that were combined and edited together to form the first five books of the Bible. It aims to equip Muslims with arguments to counter claims that the Quran has been corrupted, by showing that the Old Testament scriptures were also subjected to human tampering and revision over time. The overall tone encourages responding to non-Muslims respectfully and through kind reasoning rather than insults or
The Quran and the Bible have several of the same types of beliefs. Here, the 5 Pillars of Islam are presented and compared with similar beliefs found in the Holy Bible.
3. What is Foundational for Discipling Someone? KeynoteWilliam Anderson
This is the third of four sessions of our “Being and Making Disciples” workshop held in Săcele on September 1, 2012. In this session we answered the question “What is Foundational for Discipling Someone? by looking at what to do to help build a strong foundation in the life of those we disciple. The topics covered included looking the big picture, being vs doing, the gospel of Jesus, three main tools Jesus uses, it’s all about Jesus, our heart motivation and our new identity.
This document is the introduction to a booklet titled "Just One Message!" that seeks to convey the singular message delivered by all prophets - that God is one and should be worshipped alone. It provides an overview of the booklet's contents and objectives to critically examine verses from the Bible and Quran regarding tawheed (monotheism). The author aims to demonstrate that both scriptures uphold the oneness of God and refute notions of a trinity. The document invites readers to thoughtfully consider this message and contact the author if interested in learning more about Islam.
Christians and Muslims both believe in Jesus, love him,
and honor him. They are, however, divided over the
question of his divinity. Fortunately, this difference can be
resolved if we refer the question to both the Bible and the
Qur'an, because, both the Bible and the Qur'an teach that
Jesus is not God.
WISDOM FOR THE HEART MONTHLY BILINGUAL MAGAZINE 16 October 2016Billy Judson
This document is a magazine called "Wisdom for the Heart" that provides spiritual encouragement and equips Christian leaders. It contains several articles on topics like the call of God, delegation, and spreading the gospel. The call of God comes through prayer and obeying God's will as revealed in scripture. Effective delegation is important for leadership and allows the work of ministry to be multiplied. If each Christian teaches one other person annually over 33 years, the results could be over 8 million people trained to spread the gospel. The magazine aims to equip evangelists for effective preaching of the gospel.
This 7-day reading plan explores Jesus’ claims, his deity, and offers thoughts demonstrating that he is the Messiah by Lee Strobel, a former atheist. Devotional thoughts
are drawn from Lee’s own experiences and feature a journalistic style from his days as an investigative reporter with the Chicago Tribune. The plan is perfect for those engaged in a thorough search for the truth to decide if Jesus was who he claimed to be.
All devotions are drawn from The Case for Christ
Study Bible.
The document is a chapter from a book that argues Jesus is not God based on evidence from the Bible and Quran. It summarizes that none of the Bible's writers, including the gospel authors and Paul, believed Jesus was God. It provides examples from the Acts of the Apostles showing the disciples referred to God as someone other than Jesus after his ascension, demonstrating they did not consider Jesus to be God.
This document contains an outline for a sermon focusing on Genesis 5. The outline provides background information on sources and authors, defines key terms, and discusses the genealogies listed in Genesis 5. It notes that Genesis 5 lists the descendants of Adam through Seth until Noah, and some individuals such as Enoch lived exceptionally long lives. The outline also discusses controversies around interpreting the Genesis genealogies and whether they allow for gaps in the timeline between generations.
The document provides an overview of the Bible, summarizing its key attributes in 6 points:
1) It was written over 1500 years by 40 authors yet maintains a unified message about Jesus Christ.
2) It has more manuscripts than any other ancient text and was the first book to be widely translated and printed.
3) It contains prophecies about Jesus that were fulfilled with perfect accuracy, proving it is divinely inspired.
4) As the Word of God, it has the power to transform lives when received and obeyed.
5) It is a historically accurate book that describes real people and events, including Jesus' resurrection.
6) It has had a powerful influence in
The document provides an overview of Judaism, including its origin and history, key movements, doctrines, principles of faith, divine scriptures, practices, holidays and festivals. It discusses how Judaism originated over 4000 years ago with the Hebrew people in the Middle East. The major movements within Judaism are outlined as Orthodox, Conservative, Reform and others. Core beliefs and doctrines such as monotheism, Torah, mitzvot and principles of faith like Maimonides' 13 are summarized. Similarities and differences between Islam and Judaism are also highlighted.
“Remember that the epistle of Hebrews was written to Hebrew Christians that were in danger of falling back into trusting Judaism to save them. Some of them were trusting in the prophets, but Jesus is greater than the prophets. Some were looking to angels, but Jesus is higher than the angels. Some were looking to Moses, and as chapter three will unfold, the author will compare Jesus with Moses.”
The Gospel of John was written by the Apostle John around 97 AD to prove that Jesus is the Christ and Son of God. It was written for a general Christian audience familiar with the other Gospels. John's Gospel emphasizes the deity of Christ through His miracles and divine claims. It recounts Jesus' ministry, rejection, crucifixion and resurrection. Key events include the wedding at Cana, Nicodemus' visit, Jesus' encounters in Samaria and Judea, the raising of Lazarus, His trials and crucifixion. The book ends with post-resurrection appearances of Jesus and His interaction with the disciples.
This document contains instructions and discussion questions for 12 Bible study lessons for beginners. It introduces an "imagination method" for making Bible study fun by having students imagine the scenes and feelings of characters. The document includes:
1) An overview of the imagination method and guidelines for discussion.
2) Background information about the Bible's composition and chapters.
3) 12 sets of Bible discussion questions focused on passages from the Gospels of Luke and John. The questions are designed to get students to imagine details, feelings, and lessons from the passages.
4) Notes providing context for the Bible passages discussed.
Jehovah's Witnesses are Christians who believe the Bible is God's word and that Jesus is their Savior. They take the name Jehovah's Witnesses to designate themselves as proclaiming the truth about Jehovah, the Creator. They believe God's name is Jehovah, Christ died on a stake not a cross, and souls do not go to heaven or hell but will be resurrected by Jehovah to live on Earth.
The early believers prayed together in response to being threatened for preaching about Jesus. They acknowledged God as the sovereign ruler and creator. They quoted Psalm 2, interpreting recent events as the fulfillment of God's plan despite human opposition. They recognized Jesus as God's anointed one and knew authorities couldn't stop God's message. Their prayer focused on proclaiming God rather than requesting changed circumstances.
1) The document discusses the doctrine of assurance as the key to understanding 1 John. It establishes that 1 John seeks to assure believers of their salvation through three "tests": belief in Christ, obedience to his commands, and love for fellow believers.
2) These tests are meant to both assure believers and distinguish them from those who had departed from the church in a recent schism. While assurance is John's primary aim, the tests also serve a polemical purpose against the secessionists.
3) The first test, or "truth test", concerns belief that Jesus is the Christ. Denying his humanity or sonship indicates one is following the "liar", which is the spirit of antichrist that
The document discusses the key teachings of Jesus Christ regarding the Kingdom of God based on accounts in the Gospels. It notes that Jesus proclaimed the Kingdom of God as both a present reality through his ministry and teachings, as well as a future fulfillment. While drawing on Jewish concepts of the Kingdom from the Old Testament, Jesus portrayed the Kingdom in a way that fulfilled prophecies and established God's reign through his authority, miracles, and call for repentance. The document examines what the Kingdom meant for Jesus and his followers based on biblical sources.
This document provides an overview of revelation in Judaism across its different branches. It defines revelation as God communicating with humans to make the unknown known. In Judaism, special revelation includes the Torah and prophets. The branches have varying views: Reform sees ongoing revelation, Orthodoxy sees the Torah as complete revelation at Sinai, Conservative sees Sinai as initiating ongoing revelation, and Reconstructionist rejects divine Sinai but sees ongoing folk traditions as sacred. Prophets in the Tanakh convey God's will for Israel throughout history.
The Bible is a singular book that was written over 1500 years by 40 authors yet maintains a unified message about Jesus Christ. It has over 24,600 manuscripts, more than any other book, and has been translated into 95% of languages. The Bible accurately predicted details of Jesus' life, ministry, and resurrection. It also describes historical events and settings. Most importantly, the Bible has the power to transform lives and societies as it reveals God's message and plan of salvation through Jesus Christ.
This document provides an overview of the key principles of Islam. It discusses that Islam means submission to God, and was the original religion given to Adam and all prophets. The name Islam was chosen by God. It argues Islam is the true religion as it teaches worship of God alone, without associating partners with Him or worshipping His creation. It states Islam's core message is uncomplicated and universally attainable by all people.
Similar to Principles of Leadership From the Book of Joshua (20)
1. PRINCIPLES OF LEADERSHIP FROM THE BOOK OF JOSHUA
A Research Paper
Submitted to Professor Brian Richards
of the
New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the M. Div. Course
Exploring the Old Testament – OTEN 5300
in the Division of Biblical Studies
Daniel J. Tripp
B.S., Liberty University, 2013
December 12, 2015
2. 1
CONTENTS
Section
1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………..2
2. How the Lord’s Servant Leads.......…………………………………………………………….2
Examples of Joshua’s Obedience………..….……………………………………………..5
3. Becoming the Leader………..………………………………………………………………….6
4. Learning from Bad Examples...………………………………………………………………...7
Disobeying God’s Word…...……………….……………………………………………..8
Not Taking God’s Council………………….…………………………………………..…9
5. The End of Leadership……......………………………………………………………..……...10
Joshua’s Last Act……...…...……………….…………………………………………....11
The Joshua Problem……..………………….……………………………………………12
6. Conclusion…….……………………………………………………………..………………..13
BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………………..15
3. 2
1. Introduction
The book of Joshua is a narrative about the Israelite conquest of the Promised Land. The
book “…forms a bridge between the Pentateuch and the books of Judges to Kings.”1
The book is
broken into two, roughly, equal parts that describe 1) the conquest of the land and 2) the
apportionment of the land. Although that is the basic structure of the book, Joshua was not meant
to merely be a historical narrative. Many different theological themes and principles are
presented in the book of Joshua.2
One of the themes that is prevalent in the book of Joshua is
biblical leadership. Joshua was set aside and commissioned by God through Moses to lead the
Israelites after Moses’ death (Deut. 31:14-23; Num. 27:12-23). The book of Joshua begins by
mentioning the death of Moses, the servant of the Lord, and God speaking to the new leader of
Israel, Joshua. The Lord tells Joshua exactly what to do as the new leader and how he will be
able to do it. It is out of those words from the Lord that this paper will seek to explore some of
the principles of leadership from the book of Joshua. The book of Joshua shows that leaders must
be strong and courageous as they completely follow God’s word.
2. How the Lord’s Servant Leads
As was stated earlier, the book of Joshua begins with the mentioning of Moses’ death.
This sets the context for the entire book of Joshua. Israel’s servant of the Lord is gone. They
have wandered in the desert for 40 years searching for the Promised Land. Because of Israel’s
sin of not following the Lord’s commands, they had to wait until a new generation of leadership
1
R. S. Hess, “Joshua,” ed. T. Desmond Alexander and Brian S. Rosner, New Dictionary of Biblical
Theology (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2000), 165.
2
William Sanford La Sor, David Allan Hubbard, and Frederic William Bush, Old Testament Survey: The
Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans
Publishing Company, 1996), 139.
4. 3
came to power to enter into this covenantal land. The new leader would be devoted to God’s law
and lead out of His word. Joshua was that new leader.
Joshua, son of Nun, had been Moses’ assistant (Josh. 1:9). Doubtless, he had seen many
things first hand from Moses. He would be following a leader from the Old Testament like no
other (Deut. 34:10). God’s response to this was to remind Joshua that Moses was now dead. He
told Joshua to immediately lead the Israelites over the Jordan into the land God was giving to
them (Josh. 1:2). He was not to wait. God made it clear that the land was theirs because He had
given it to them (Josh. 1:3). After describing the land more specifically in v. 4, a reader can sense
the potential hesitancy and fear that must have been consuming Joshua. God then comforted
Joshua with a wonderful truth that He will be with him. This truth mirrors God’s conversation
with Moses at the start of His leadership in Ex. 3:12 and Jesus’ concluding words to His disciples
of the great commission in Matt. 28:20.3
This truth must not be forgotten for the Christian leader.
God has tasked all believers to take the gospel to the world and make disciples. They can only
accomplish this impossible mission because He will be with them.
The same was true for Joshua’s impossible task. Joshua knew about all of the kings that
he would have to defeat in order to do what the Lord was commanding him to do. It was only
because of God’s presence that Joshua could lead the people into the Promised Land. This leaves
the questions of how Joshua would be able to actually accomplish this mammoth of a task that
would take his entire life. The answer lies in God’s remaining commandments to Joshua in v. 6-
9.
God commanded Joshua to be strong and courageous. He commanded him to be strong
and courageous three times over the course of four verses (Josh. 1:6-9). The first time, God told
3
D. A. Carson et al., eds., New Bible Commentary: 21st Century Edition, 4th ed. (Leicester, England;
Downers Grove, IL: Inter-Varsity Press, 1994), 237.
5. 4
Joshua this command, He said Joshua was to do it because he would cause the people to inherit
the land God promised them. He was to do it because he had a huge task in front of him that
required him to not waver. God then reminded Joshua again to only be strong and very
courageous (Josh. 1:7). The additions to the command the second time are significant. They
indicate Joshua’s need to obey this command. God added to the command by saying the he
needed to be careful to do according to all the Law of Moses. He described this further by stating
that he must not shirk the Law in any way by turning to the right hand or to the left. God
concluded the second command with a promise that Joshua would then make his way prosperous
and he would then have good success (Josh. 1:8). God then concludes this commissioning with a
final reminder to be strong and courageous and that He will be with Joshua wherever he goes in
v. 9.
Looking at these repetitive commands is essential to understanding the leadership
principles throughout the book of Joshua. “…the imperative to be strong and very courageous is
connected to a religious mandate that Joshua continue to follow the law. The leadership of
Joshua is much more than that of a military general or brilliant strategist.”4
The key to his
success was completely linked to his ability to obey God’s word.5
Without this obedience,
Joshua would fail. It didn’t matter how well Joshua strategized and executed any of his military
plans, his success as a leader was solely determined by his obedience to God’s word. Looking at
the end of the book of Joshua, a reader will notice that he was indeed successful. He was even
called the servant of the Lord after his death in Josh. 24:29. This success was marked by one
thing: Joshua’s sole devotion to obediently follow God’s word.
4
Nogalski, Melanie. "Joshua 1:1-9--Only Be Strong and Very Courageous." Review & Expositor 95, no. 3
(1998 1998): 430.
5
David M. Howard Jr., Joshua, vol. 5, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman
Publishers, 1998), 85.
6. 5
Examples of Joshua’s Obedience
One can see from the end of the book of Joshua that he succeeded as a leader that
followed God’s word. While this is helpful to know, it is more helpful to see specifically how
Joshua was obedient. This would allow a reader to take away more leadership principles for
personal reflection and application. A survey of the entire book of Joshua gives a good narrative
of his obedience. This subsection of the paper will briefly examine a few of the specific instances
that Joshua was obedient to God’s word at the start of his leadership.
In response to God’s commissioning of the new leader, Joshua’s first act was to prepare
the people to cross the Jordan as God instructed. This immediate obedience in the text is
important to note. The text gives no indication that Joshua waited to start leading. He heard
God’s word and acted. This will show to be a common theme of leadership for Joshua. In fact,
this was exactly what Joshua did when he lead the people over the Jordan River. God
commanded the priests bearing the Ark of the Covenant to wait at the brink of the waters at the
Jordan until everyone had passed through. Joshua commanded the people to do exactly as God
had said and the people were able to cross through the dry grounds of the Jordan River
miraculously (Josh. 3:8-4:18). Again, Joshua followed God’s word exactly which then resulted
in the Lord taking care of His people. “A consequent characteristic of the godly leader is,
therefore, the desire continually to seek and respond to the revealed will of the God who is
recognized as sovereign over human affairs.”6
Lastly, looking at the first battle that Joshua led the Israelites to, this subsection will look
at Joshua’s obedience in the battle of Jericho. God gave Joshua very specific instructions for the
people of Israel to follow in order to defeat Jericho (Josh. 6:2-5). Any military leader looking at
6
A. D. Clarke, “Leadership,” ed. T. Desmond Alexander and Brian S. Rosner, New Dictionary of Biblical
Theology (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2000), 637.
7. 6
the strategy to overtake Jericho’s wall would know that the proposal was ludicrous. Marching
around a city for seven days and making loud noises on the last day sounds like pure idiocy. But,
Joshua went to the priests, with no hesitation in the narrative, and ordered that the people of
Israel follow God’s military strategy entirely. The result was astonishing for an outsider. The
wall fell which led to the Israelites taking over the city (Josh. 6:20). Joshua followed God’s word
even when it made no sense. This took strength and courage through radical obedience. He was
risking everything as the leader. This military strategy did not trust in the strength of the
Israelites but entirely in God’s strength. This act of faith in the face of apparent insanity led to
God’s victory for the people. The leadership principle is simple: follow God’s word immediately
at all times. This means trusting in God alone for everything: including one’s own strength to
lead. Church leader Dave Kraft says this about being a healthy leader, “…I start with Jesus
Christ in the center. Jesus Christ is my power. I desire to tap into his infinite energy daily and
consistently and to not rely on my own finite power supply.”7
Although Joshua led before Jesus’
incarnation, He was trusting in God alone for his strength and wisdom. Leaders today must not
forget this important leadership principle.
3. Becoming the Leader
Looking at Joshua as the leader of the Israelites causes one to ask when he truly became
the leader. In one sense, he became the leader when Moses died because he had been
commissioned to do so. In another sense, it was when God addressed Joshua after Moses’ death.
This was discussed at length earlier. But, this author proposes that Joshua became the leader of
the Israelites when he led them to cross the Jordan River.
True leadership is earned. Simply having a title does not make someone a leader. After
proving his or her ability as a leader someone then becomes the official leader. This is exactly
7
Kraft, Dave. Leaders Who Last. Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway, 2010, 30.
8. 7
what happened to Joshua. He followed God’s commands exactly on how to cross the Jordan
River. Upon doing this, something happened. The people followed him. All of them followed
him. This included the eastern tribes (Josh. 4:12). These tribes, although commanded to do so by
Moses, did not have to follow Joshua. They already possessed their land. But, they followed their
leader. The sign of a leader is that he has followers. This was the first major act that the people
had to follow. If Joshua had given the commands to go through the Jordan River and no one had
followed, then he wouldn’t have been their leader.
When someone becomes the leader of a group, all eyes are on them. The book of Joshua
teaches that God is the one that exalts his leaders. They do not exalt themselves. This cannot be
reversed or forgotten. Too many leaders today assume they are the leader simply because they
have been given a title. They also try to elevate their status as a leader without earning it. The
book of Joshua tells us that leadership is earned. V. 14 could have been put on a plaque above
Joshua’s mantle. God Himself exalted him on that day. The people stood in awe of him like they
did Moses. He was now their leader. Doubtless, the Israelites made the connection between
Moses and Joshua that day. Moses had led their fathers through the Red Sea in the previous
generation and Joshua had just led them through the Jordan River. Their eyes were now on him
as they stood in awe of him.
Joshua 3-4 shows the reader the importance of becoming a leader. Without earned
leadership a leader will not be followed. Joshua was followed because he unflinchingly followed
God’s word. When someone follows God’s word they will soon be recognized as the leader.
4. Learning from Bad Examples
When learning about leadership principles, it is often healthy to look at the negatives.
Joshua and the people of Israel were not always perfect during Joshua’s leadership. Much like
9. 8
leaders today, Joshua made mistakes. While he had become the leader of the people and was
committed to obeying God’s word, there are two blaring mistakes that are described in the book
of Joshua. Examining these mistakes reveals multiple leadership principles that remain true for
leaders today. Joshua showed his true character as a leader in how he reacted to difficult times as
a leader.
Disobeying God’s Word
The first example of a mistake in the book of Joshua can be found in Josh. 7. Joshua
himself did not make this mistake directly. But, as the leader, he was responsible for handling the
serious mistake. Following the destruction of Jericho, the people of Israel were commanded to
apportion certain items as devoted things to the Lord. One individual, Achan, decided to disobey
the Lord and took some of the devoted things in order to satisfy his own personal covetousness.
This caused the anger of the Lord to burn against the people of Israel (Josh. 7:1). Because of
God’s anger, he caused the Israelite’s attack on Ai to fail. About thirty-six Israelites were killed.
The greatest consequence was that this failure caused the Israelites to be afraid. They had been
defeated (Josh. 7:5).
In response to this loss, Joshua became broken before God (Josh. 7:6). Joshua cried out to
the Lord begging to know why this had happened. Joshua responded correctly to this problem.
He could have simply strategized again and sent more men to attack Ai. He didn’t do that.
Joshua went back to the God that He had chosen to follow in everything. Because of this, God
told Joshua exactly what happened. Joshua knew that someone had sinned against God and went
against Joshua’s leadership. God commanded Joshua to have the people consecrate themselves
and then find the man that had sinned against Himself and brought that sin onto the nation of
Israel. Joshua was then to have that man and all that he had burned (Josh. 7:15). God took, and
10. 9
still takes, sin very seriously. “Disobedience, even by one member of the community, could
bring about disaster...”8
Joshua had to take care of the disobedience in order to be obedient to
God.
Joshua woke up early in the morning and began to examine all of the people until he
determined that it was Achan who had stolen the devoted things (Josh 7:16-21). Achan then
admitted to stealing the goods because he coveted and told Joshua exactly what he had taken and
where he put it. Joshua, in obedience to the Lord, then had Achan and everything that he had,
including his family, stoned and burned. Because of this, the Lord turned from His burning anger
(Josh 7:22-26). Joshua had to do something incredibly difficult that day. He had to kill one of his
Israelite brothers and his entire family for their sin against God. This passage teaches an
extremely valuable leadership principle. Leaders must do hard things. No matter what, they must
follow God’s word with strength and courage. The cost of not following God’s word is too high.
Joshua responded well to this problem. He stayed true to God’s word no matter what.
Not Taking God’s Council
Joshua’s mistake as a leader came soon after the destruction of Achan. The Israelites
went on to defeat Ai, which struck fear into the Gibeonites. Instead of gathering with the other
nations, they decided to trick the Israelites and join with them. They came dressed in shabby
clothing with crumbling bread claiming that they were from a far land and had been sent to make
a covenant with them. Joshua did question them but decided to believe their lies. He did this
without asking counsel from the Lord (Josh. 9:14). This was a serious problem. Joshua ended up
finding out about their lies but chose to honor his agreement with them. He made them servants.
The reason this is a serious problem and mistake by Joshua is because he did not ask for counsel
from God. The book of Proverbs is full of truisms about seeking for counsel. Prov. 12:15 says a
8
Hess, Joshua, 167.
11. 10
wise man listens to advice and Prov. 11:14 says that there is safety in an abundance of
counselors. Prov. 19:21 says that a man has many plans but it is the purpose of the Lord that will
stand. Although these truths had not been written yet for Joshua, they are principles that are
based out of the Law. Joshua made the decision without God. This was Joshua’s sole mistake
that is highlighted in the book of Joshua. There is an important lesson to be learned from this
mistake. Although God used his mistake for good, it could have ended in disaster. Leading
without God’s wisdom is never a wise decision. A leader always consults God in everything he
does. This shows a truth of how important prayer is in the life of a leader. He should constantly
be praying to God and running all of his decisions, big or small, through the word of God. Then,
and only then, should he act.
5. The End of Leadership
In order to understand some of the principles of leadership from the book of Joshua, one
would be wise to see how Joshua ended his life and leadership. Josh. 21 states that God gave
Israel all of the land that He had promised to their fathers. It states that all of God’s promises that
He made to Israel came to pass. This was not entirely true at face value. The work was not yet
complete. “Yahweh did indeed fulfill all His good promises up to that time, but Josh 21:45 is just
a historical marker in God’s faithfulness and not the pinnacle or completion of His covenant
faithfulness”.9
Although the covenant was not yet complete, God had done an amazing work and
the twelve tribes all had their land. Joshua’s leadership began where it ended, with Joshua strong
and courageous, obediently following God’s word.
9
Gregory Harris, "Did God Fulfill Every Good Promise?: Toward a Biblical Understanding of Joshua
21:43-45." The Master's Seminary Journal 23, no. 1 (Spring 2012): 83
12. 11
Joshua’s Last Act
Joshua’s last recorded act as a leader occurred in Shechem. He had the leaders of all of
the tribes of Israel together and shared a word from the Lord with them. God used Joshua to
remind them of the many works that He had done for them. God redeemed His people in
countless ways. God recounted the days when He saved Abraham, how he brought the people
out of Egypt, how He gave them the land of the many people, and many other things in between.
In short, he reminded the people of His great works. After sharing God’s word for the leaders,
Joshua responded. He told them to fear the Lord and to serve Him. They were then told to choose
whom they would serve: God or false gods. Joshua then led them by telling them what He was
going to do. Joshua said that he and his house were going to serve the Lord (Josh. 24:15). The
people subsequently responded by saying that they too were going to serve the Lord (Josh 24:16-
24). Joshua continued to serve the Lord through his old age. This was a mark of his entire life. A
true leader is strong and courageous and follows God’s word. Joshua was marked as a true
leader.
Joshua concluded that day by making a covenant with the people and writing the words
in the Book of the Law of God (Josh. 24:26). On the surface this could seem surprising. Moses
commanded that no one was to add or take away from the Law in (Deut. 4:2). But, Joshua was
convinced that God wanted him to add this to the Law.10
Once again, Joshua proved to be
devoted to obeying God’s word. After this Joshua died at the age of 110. He was called the
servant of Lord at the end of his life (Josh. 24:29). This title solidified his identity as a true
leader. Joshua showed that a leader lasts. A leader’s identity is not simply for a season. They
remain leaders even after the job is done. Joshua lived a life worth learning from and emulating.
10
Wayne A. Grudem, Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine (Leicester, England;
Grand Rapids, MI: Inter-Varsity Press; Zondervan Pub. House, 2004), 55.
13. 12
The Joshua Problem
Joshua was a great leader. God used him in tremendous ways to lead the nation of Israel
and he stayed true to God’s commissioning. But, there is a significant argument from silence
about Joshua’s leadership that must be considered from the end of his life. J. Oswald Sanders
stated that, “The ultimate test of a person’s leadership is the health of the organization when the
organizer is gone.”11
A quick examination of the health of Israel after Joshua’s death reveals an
important leadership principle about the necessity of reproducing leaders.
As was discussed from the onset of this paper, God used Moses to commission Joshua as
Israel’s leader after Moses’ death. Joshua had been Moses’ assistant and had therefore been
exposed to many things from the former leader of Israel. At the end of the book of Joshua, the
reader should notice that Joshua did not follow the example of the leader before him by raising
up a new leader. Before this argument continues, it must be conceded that this argument does
indeed come from silence. Joshua is never commanded to raise up a new leader. He is also never
condemned for not doing so. But, a quick look into Scripture teaches a leadership principal that
Joshua missed. Joshua did not raise up a new leader and reproduce himself. Therefore, the next
generation after Joshua did not know the Lord or the work that He had done for Israel (Judges
2:6-10). This led to the falling away of Israel which led to the period of the judges.
Scripture clearly teaches that reproducing oneself is critical to the life of a believer (Matt.
28:18-20). Asaph the Prophet commanded the Israelites to tell the next generation about God’s
works and God’s word in Psalm 78:1-8. Paul commanded Timothy, his closest disciple, in 2
Timothy 2:2 to make multiplying disciples in order to continue the work of spreading the gospel.
Good leadership passes leadership on. Joshua allowed the leaders of the tribes to choose which
11
J. Oswald Sanders, Spiritual Leadership,. Chicago: Moody Press, 2007, 143.
14. 13
way they would follow. They chose to follow the Lord. The problem was that they had no leader
to continually remind and lead them to actually carry that out. They obviously failed in their
commitment because their children did not choose to follow the Lord. They didn’t even know
about His amazing works.
Once again, this argument is from silence. But, a theological examination of leadership in
Scripture teaches the principle that good leadership reproduces itself. Joshua did not do this. This
should serve as a lesson for leaders today. Good leader must reproduce themselves in order to
help ensure that the next generation will follow the Lord.
6. Conclusion
The book of Joshua shows that leaders must be strong and courageous as they completely
follow God’s word. God made this clear from the beginning of the book of Joshua. Joshua lived
this out and his life can be examined and studied to learn multiple different leadership principles.
Joshua followed God’s word immediately, which is the mark of a true leader. He earned His
leadership and was exalted to leadership by God Himself. A true leader understands this takes
time. Joshua had to do difficult things as a leader. He stayed strong and courageous and true to
God’s word no matter what: even when it meant destroying Achan. Joshua made some mistakes.
These mistakes must be studied in order to learn even more about leadership from the book of
Joshua. Joshua didn’t consult God with the Gibeonites. A true leader does everything through
God’s word and also reproduces himself.
This book is full of principles of leadership and should be studied in further detail.
Richard Hess stated that, “Future studies of Joshua should…demonstrates Joshua as the divinely
appointed successor to Moses, and the conquest and occupation as Israel’s opportunity to
15. 14
respond in obedience to God’s covenant.”12
Overall, a leader should be known as a man who is
strong and courageous as he completely follows God’s word.
12
Richard S. Hess, “Studies in the Book of Joshua,” Themelios: Volume 20, No. 3, May 1995 (1995): 14.
16. 15
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Carson, D.A. et al., eds., New Bible Commentary: 21st Century Edition, 4th ed. (Leicester,
England; Downers Grove, IL: Inter-Varsity Press, 1994).
Clarke, A.D. “Leadership,” ed. T. Desmond Alexander and Brian S. Rosner, New Dictionary of
Biblical Theology (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2000).
Grudem, Wayne. Systematic Theology: an Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Grand Rapids,
Mich.: Zondervan, 1994.
Hess, R.S. “Joshua,” ed. T. Desmond Alexander and Brian S. Rosner, New Dictionary of Biblical
Theology (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2000).
Howard, David M. Jr., Joshua, vol. 5, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman &
Holman Publishers, 1998).
Kraft, Dave. Leaders Who Last. Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway, 2010.
La Sor, William Sanford, David Allan Hubbard, and Frederic William Bush, Old Testament
Survey: The Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament, 2nd ed. (Grand
Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1996).
Sanders, J. Oswald. Spiritual Leadership,.Chicago: Moody Press, 2007.
Scholarly Journals
Harris, Gregory. "Did God Fulfill Every Good Promise?: Toward a Biblical Understanding of
Joshua 21:43-45." The Master's Seminary Journal 23, no. 1 (Spring 2012): 55-83
Hess, Richard S. “Studies in the Book of Joshua,” Themelios: Volume 20, No. 3, May 1995
(1995): 12-15.
Nogalski, Melanie. "Joshua 1:1-9--Only Be Strong and Very Courageous." Review & Expositor
95, no. 3 (1998 1998): 427-433.