The document discusses the importance of security and privacy in emerging aerospace technologies, highlighting the need to protect aerospace infrastructure and data integrity in applications. It outlines the challenges posed by outsourcing data management to cloud environments and emphasizes the necessity of safeguarding sensitive information, especially within location-based services. The presentation concludes that while space technology can enhance quality of life and promote development, addressing security and privacy concerns is essential for ensuring the correctness and social acceptability of these new services.

1. Security and Privacy in
Emerging Aerospace Scenarios
Pierangela Samarati
Dipartimento di Tecnologie dell’Informazione
Università degli Studi di Milano
pierangela.samarati@unimi.it
ESTEL Conference presentation
Rome, Italy - December 21, 2011
c Pierangela Samarati 1/14

2. The modern Information Society
• Computers, mobile smart devices, and space technology are at
the basis of the modern Information Society for enhancing the
quality of life
• Space technology in ICT:
◦ provide communications
◦ provide broadcast services
◦ deliver services (e.g., e-learning, e-health, e-commerce) to remote
regions
◦ observe the Earth (e.g., environmental monitoring, urban planning,
disaster management)
◦ provide time and space localization (GPS)
◦ study near-Earth space and explore the solar system and the
distant universe
◦ ...
c Pierangela Samarati 2/14

3. Security in Aerospace Systems

4. Aerospace security
• Guaranteeing security requires protecting the aerospace
infrastructure (satellites, planes, ground stations),
communications, and applications, to ensure:
◦ integrity of data and resources
◦ confidentiality of information (privacy)
◦ availability (no denial of services)
c Pierangela Samarati 4/14

5. Security techniques
• Some protection can be achieved by applying classical
techniques, e.g.:
◦ authentication of users and devices
◦ access control
◦ firewalls
◦ antiviruses and intrusion detection systems
◦ encryption for protecting data in storage and communications
• In emerging scenarios there are new challenges, e.g.:
◦ integrity and privacy in data management
◦ privacy in location-based applications
c Pierangela Samarati 5/14

6. Integrity and Privacy in Data Management

7. Integrity and privacy in data management
• The evolution of technologies for data management applies also
to satellite and aerospatial data stored and processed at base
stations
• Outsourcing data and services to external servers can provide
+ significant cost savings and service benefits
+ higher availability and more effective disaster protection than
in-house operations
=⇒ natural evolution to move to the cloud environment
• In addition to classical challenges, a major problem is:
− data are not under the data owner’s control
c Pierangela Samarati 7/14

8. Privacy in outsourced and cloud environment
• Some data can be sensitive and cannot be known by parties
different than the owner (honest-but-curious servers)
=⇒ need to identify what information is sensitive and protect it
from the eyes of the storing and processing servers
◦ store and process data in encrypted form
− manage encrypted data, indexing for query execution, access control
enforcement, protect confidentiality of accesses
◦ break sensitive associations by storing data in the form of non
linkable fragments
− e.g., association between an image taken by a satellite and the
corresponding location data
c Pierangela Samarati 8/14

9. Integrity in outsourced and cloud environment
• External lazy/malicious servers can misbehave
=⇒ data in storage can be compromised (e.g., altered data,
missed updates)
◦ digital signatures
◦ authenticated data structures
=⇒ queries might be not performed properly returning an
incorrect or incomplete result
◦ authenticated data structures (e.g., Merkle tree)
◦ probabilistic approaches (e.g., data replications, marker tuples)
c Pierangela Samarati 9/14

10. Privacy in Location-based Applications

11. Location-based services in the Information Society
• Location-based services are becoming part of our daily life
◦ positioning of objects and persons (e.g., car navigation via a GPS
device)
◦ searching for information on objects or services on a map (e.g.,
locating a specific supermarket)
◦ tagging resources with geographic information (e.g., geo-tags in
Twitter)
=⇒ may raise privacy concerns
c Pierangela Samarati 11/14

12. Privacy issues in location services
• GPS tracking devices may be used for safety and security reasons
and for monitoring users’ activities
used to allow parents to keep track of their children’s whereabouts
used for monitoring aging parents with Alzheimer’s disease
! used for physical surveillance for gathering information needed for
investigations
! used by car rental companies for tracking their cars and charging
drivers in case of agreement infringements
! used by employers for tracking the vehicles driven by their
employees
− exploited by marketing companies for providing location-based
advertisements
c Pierangela Samarati 12/14

13. Privacy in location-based applications
• Different aspects:
◦ protect the identity of users
located in specific positions
(identity privacy)
=⇒ enlarge the area to include
at least other k-1 users
(k-anonymity)
protect the location of users (location privacy)
=⇒ obfuscate the area so to
decrease its precision or
confidence
protect the location path of users (trajectory privacy)
=⇒ block tracking by mixing
trajectories
c Pierangela Samarati 13/14

14. Privacy in location-based applications
• Different aspects:
◦ protect the identity of users
located in specific positions
(identity privacy)
=⇒ enlarge the area to include
at least other k-1 users
(k-anonymity)
protect the location of users (location privacy)
=⇒ obfuscate the area so to
decrease its precision or
confidence
protect the location path of users (trajectory privacy)
=⇒ block tracking by mixing
trajectories
c Pierangela Samarati 13/14

15. Privacy in location-based applications
• Different aspects:
◦ protect the identity of users
located in specific positions
(identity privacy)
=⇒ enlarge the area to include
at least other k-1 users
(k-anonymity)
protect the location of users (location privacy)
=⇒ obfuscate the area so to
decrease its precision or
confidence
protect the location path of users (trajectory privacy)
=⇒ block tracking by mixing
trajectories
c Pierangela Samarati 13/14

16. Privacy in location-based applications
• Different aspects:
◦ protect the identity of users
located in specific positions
(identity privacy)
=⇒ enlarge the area to include
at least other k-1 users
(k-anonymity)
◦ protect the location of users
(location privacy)
=⇒ obfuscate the area so to
decrease its precision or
confidence
protect the location path of users (trajectory privacy)
=⇒ block tracking by mixing
trajectories
c Pierangela Samarati 13/14

17. Privacy in location-based applications
• Different aspects:
◦ protect the identity of users
located in specific positions
(identity privacy)
=⇒ enlarge the area to include
at least other k-1 users
(k-anonymity)
◦ protect the location of users
(location privacy)
=⇒ obfuscate the area so to
decrease its precision or
confidence
protect the location path of users (trajectory privacy)
=⇒ block tracking by mixing
trajectories
c Pierangela Samarati 13/14

18. Privacy in location-based applications
• Different aspects:
◦ protect the identity of users
located in specific positions
(identity privacy)
=⇒ enlarge the area to include
at least other k-1 users
(k-anonymity)
◦ protect the location of users
(location privacy)
=⇒ obfuscate the area so to
decrease its precision or
confidence
protect the location path of users (trajectory privacy)
=⇒ block tracking by mixing
trajectories
c Pierangela Samarati 13/14

19. Privacy in location-based applications
• Different aspects:
◦ protect the identity of users
located in specific positions
(identity privacy)
=⇒ enlarge the area to include
at least other k-1 users
(k-anonymity)
◦ protect the location of users
(location privacy)
=⇒ obfuscate the area so to
decrease its precision or
confidence
◦ protect the location path of
users (trajectory privacy)
=⇒ block tracking by mixing
trajectories
c Pierangela Samarati 13/14

20. Privacy in location-based applications
• Different aspects:
◦ protect the identity of users
located in specific positions
(identity privacy)
=⇒ enlarge the area to include
at least other k-1 users
(k-anonymity)
◦ protect the location of users
(location privacy)
=⇒ obfuscate the area so to
decrease its precision or
confidence
◦ protect the location path of
users (trajectory privacy)
=⇒ block tracking by mixing
trajectories
c Pierangela Samarati 13/14

21. Privacy in location-based applications
• Different aspects:
◦ protect the identity of users
located in specific positions
(identity privacy)
=⇒ enlarge the area to include
at least other k-1 users
(k-anonymity)
◦ protect the location of users
(location privacy)
=⇒ obfuscate the area so to
decrease its precision or
confidence
◦ protect the location path of
users (trajectory privacy)
=⇒ block tracking by mixing
trajectories
c Pierangela Samarati 13/14

22. Conclusions
• Space technology in ICT:
+ enable new services and applications enhancing the quality of life
+ promote social and economic development
◦ require addressing security and privacy issues to ensure
correctness of applications and social acceptability
c Pierangela Samarati 14/14