This document discusses smart buildings and their various systems. It begins with an introduction to smart buildings and their benefits. It then discusses various building systems including HVAC, lighting control, electric power management, access control, video surveillance, fire alarm, data networks, audio visual, network integration, and sensors. It provides details on components, functions, and approaches for each system. The document also discusses case studies of smart buildings and concludes with recommendations for smart buildings to be more sustainable and adaptive.

2. Topic: Smart Buildings
Sustainable construction
CEM-08
Group Members:
1. Imran Khan Sherani
2. Syyed Sami Ul Haq Kaka Khel
3. Muhammad Irfan
4. Faheem
5. Muhammad Ali

3.  INTRODUCTION to Smart Building
 The Framework for Referencing Integration
 Structured Cabling Systems
 Wireless
 Communications Protocols
 Interoperable Smart Building System Databases
 DISCUSSION
 HAVC System
 Lightening Control System
 Electric Power Management System
 Access Control Systems
 Video Surveillance System
 Fire Alarm and Mass Notification systems
 Data Networks
 Audio Visual System
 Network Integration
 Various other Sensors Used in Smart Buildings
 Energy and Sustainability
 CASE STUDIES
 CONCLUSION & RECOMENDATIONS
 REFERENCES
 QUESTIONS / ANSWERS
Contents:

4. INTRODUCTION TO SMART BUILDINGS (SB)
 Concept, originated in the early 1980s.
 Totally different approach in the field of designing
 Involves advanced and integrated building
technology systems (building automation, life safety,
telecommunications, user systems, and facility
management systems).
 Notion of SB directly proportional to comfort,
economic benefits &, nowadays, reduced energy
consumption. (Martins, J. F., et al, 2012).
 The Designer designs each component separately
into unified system, which is then installed by the
contractor (Master System Integrator).
 Inefficiencies are reduced, saving Time and Money.
 During operation, integration is done Horizontally as
well as Vertically among all subsystems allowing
multiple individuals operators.
Local and Remote Multifunction Management Consoles

5. Framework for Referencing
Integration in Buildings
 Involves bringing the building systems together both Physically
(cabling, space etc.) & Functionally (inter-operational
capability).
 International Standards Organization’s (ISO) developed the
Open System Interconnection (OSI) model, OSI model presents
7 layers of network architecture. (Flow of information)
 Each layer defined for a different portion of the
communications link across the network.
 Administrator initiates the transmission of data at the top layer
(Application layer), which moves from the highest layer to the
lowest layer (Physical layer).
 At the receiving device the data travel from the lowest layer to
the highest layer to complete the communication.
 Each layer puts its own “envelope” around the preceding
“envelope”, on the receiving end removes its information from
the data packet.

6. Structured Cabling Systems
Last 20 years , Telecommunications cable to Generic cable
Several Generic cable infrastructure:
o TWISTED-PAIR COPPER CABLE
 Four pairs are jacketed together for a standard four-pair copper cable,
relatively thin & twisted into a pair (reduce crosstalk as well as interference
from electrical and mechanical sources).
 Guarantee performance of the cable over 90 meters (295 feet).
o FIBER OPTIC CABLE
 Use strands of glass to propagate light, light pulses transport communication
signals.
 At the center of the fiber optic strand is a small inner CORE that carries the
propagated light.
 Core and the Cladding are glass with different “refractive indexes” (light
travels at different speeds through the materials)
 Single-mode fiber optic cables have superior performance, usually for longer
distances. Multi-mode fiber optic cables for shorter distances (less than a
mile), found generally within buildings.
o COAXIAL CABLE
 Extensive use in video distribution
 Wave guide transmitting radio and television frequencies down the cable.
 Its use in a smart building is generally minimal.

7. Wireless connectivity
 Most useful for smart buildings, substitute for cabled connectivity
 Provide mobility, rather than theoretical bandwidth
 Excellent option for connectivity where pathways for cable are not available
Suitable wireless technology includes Wi-Fi & ZigBee
 Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity):
 Replaced cabled Ethernet connections with a wireless device.
 Covers an area of 100 to 300 feet.
 Each wireless access point (WAP) or gateway can generally serve 10 to 20 users.
 This technology now common in public buildings as it increases security, high-performance,
reliability, and enterprise-scale manageability of systems.
 ZIGBEE
 provides for low data-rate networks,
 particularly useful for sensors and control devices in BAS.

8. Communications Protocols
Communicate data between network devices and other networks
1) ETHERNET
 Digital convergence
 Voice communication.
2) XML AND SOAP
 EXtensible Markup Language (XML) : for storing data in a plain text format, transports and formats data.
 Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP): communicate data between applications.
3) BACNET
 Set Standard in BAS.
 E.g., the protocol covers how to request a value from a humidity sensor or send a pump status alarm.
4) LONWORKS
 Also known as LonTalk.
 How devices communicate, widely used in transportation and industrial automation.
5) MODBUS
 Messaging protocol between devices.
 How a controller requests, respond, detects errors and so on.
6) OLE (object linking and embedding)
 Software interface standard
 Have one driver ; eliminates duplication, inconsistencies and conflicts

9. Interoperable S.B System Databases
 Each technology system in a SB has some sort of data or database associated with
its operation, which may be required by another technology system.
STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL)
 Rules for programing
 Databases from different manufacturers to interoperate
and exchange data
 SQL was to make it easy to query databases, but has
evolved to a full complement of programming, security,
and management tools.
OPEN DATABASE CONNECTIVITY
• (ODBC) interface

10. HAVC System
 Maintains the climate in a building:
 Controls the temperature, humidity, air flow, and the overall air
quality.
 The typical cycle:
 System brings in outside air, mixes it with air returned from or
exiting the system, filters the air, passes it through a heating or
cooling coil to a required temperature, and distributes the air to
the various sections of a building.
 Commercial Vs. residential buildings
Smart buildings is the outcome of efficient
networking system. Following Different
types of instruments are used in smart
buildings depending upon the requirements
and specification. Here we have discussed
the major one’s

11. Major components of HVAC:
 Boilers
 Chillers
 Air handling units (AHUs)
 Air terminal units (ATUs)
 Variable air volume system
 Constant air volume system
Typical HVAC system

12. HVAC Controls:
 Control Variable conditions such as; liquid and gas pressure,
temperature, humidity, the flow rate of liquids and gases, their speed
and on/off state of mechanical equipment.
 Different instruments e.g. sensors, gather data about these variable
conditions
 System controller gets input data through these sensors and control
actuator devices based on the input.
Management levels:
 Management level
 System-level or building-level controllers
 Field-level controllers

13. Lighting Control System
 Provides visibility for building occupants,
aesthetic atmosphere for spaces or
rooms and for life safety
 Saves energy
 Reduces operational costs
 Variables considered in design are type of
building, space in building, time of day,
occupancy of building
Lightening Control System

14. Functions of a lighting control system:
 Scheduling:
 Pre-determined schedule
 Occupancy sensors:
 Where occupancy Is unpredictable
 Daylight:
 Daylight harvesting/daylighting
 Window coatings:
 Spectrally selective

15. Approaches to lighting control:
Lightening Control using Intelligent Controllers

16. The alternate approach:
Lightening Control Relay System

17. Electric power management system (EPMS)
 Monitors the electrical distribution system
 provides data on overall and specific power consumption, power
quality, and event alarms
 Based on that data the system can assist in defining, and even
initiating, schemes to reduce power consumption and power
costs.
 Typical systems monitor the power service entrance of a building
or campus, switchgear, generators, network protectors,
switchboards, panel boards, uninterruptible power supplies
(UPS), emergency power generation, and more.

18. Components and Working of EPMS:
 Monitoring and control
devices.
 Connected to the Ethernet
network directly
 Or through connectivity to
a network router or
gateway.
Electric power management

19. Access Control Systems
 Security for buildings, life safety
 Also used in parking gates and
elevators
 Must be integrated with other building
systems

20. Basic components and working:
 A central host computer or
server
 Control panels or system
 Controllers connected to the
host computer
 Peripheral devices such as card
readers, door contacts, sirens,
and sensors connected to the
control panels.
Access Control System

21. Video Surveillance System
 Commonly known as closed-circuit television systems (CCTV)
 Covers Physical and operational aspects of security
Major Functions:
 A video surveillance camera captures a picture or video image of an asset or access to
that asset that needs to be secured or protected from theft, tampering or destruction.
 The video is transmitted back to a security control center.
 The video is processed.
 The video is recorded.
 The video is viewed on a monitor

22. A basic Video Surveillance System:
Video Surveillance System

23. Fire Alarm and Mass Notification systems
 A primary life safety system, integrated with other systems.
 A fire alarm system will initiate communications to other building automation and
security systems to facilitate evacuation from the building and containment of the fire.
Such as:
 Signaling the HVAC system to restrict and contain smoke, heat and fire through
dampers and fans
 Using the access control system to clear a path for building evacuation by opening
doors, unlocking secured doors, and releasing powered exterior doors
 Using the access control system to contain and prevent the spread of fire and
smoke by closing interior doors
 Triggering emergency power for the fire alarm system and related systems
operation, exit signs, and lighting for building exit routes
 Capturing the elevator and shutting down its operation

24. Components and working:
Basic Fire Alarm System

25. Data networks
 Used to share resources and exchange information
between network users and other networks.
 A network consists of three general device types:
 Personal computers or other user devices
 Network switches
 Network servers

26. Local Area Network Vs. Campus network
Local Area Network Campus Network

27. Audio Visual System
 Basic components include:
 Audio and visual sources
 Processing and management
 Destinations (speakers and displays)
 System control

28. Working of audio/video systems:
Audio visual system with Ethernet interface

29. Network Integration
 “Whole (integrated systems) is greater in functionality than the sum of the
parts” (separate building technology systems).
 System/network integration means bringing the building systems together
both physically and functionally.
 Physically refers to the cabling, equipment space and infrastructure
support. It also touches on the common use of open protocols by the
systems.
 Functionally systems integration addresses the capability of multiple
systems to interoperate.

30. Various other Sensors Used in Smart Buildings:
1. Finger print locks
2. Smoke detection systems
3. Carbon dioxide and Carbon monoxide
sensors
4. Aero guard for Purifying Ventilation
5. Thermostats
6. Solar Panels
7. Use of Sky Light
8. Water Level Controller
9. Shading- automatic control of curtains for
brightness, glare control and security

31. Energy and sustainability
Commonality of smart and green buildings

32. Case Studies
The Edge Amsterdem

33. The Edge Amsterdem
(Description)
 The EDGE (Amsterdam) is the smartest building right
now and also the Greenest Building with the BREEAM
Certification of 98.36 % marks
 LED Lights are operated passing the electricity through
the same cables used for internet
 Edge is packed with some 28,000 sensors
 Fifteen Story Atrium
 New Way of Working

34. The Edge Amsterdem
(Features)
 A Dashboard to Rule Them All
 An Evolving App
 Electric Car and Bike Parking
 Trickle-Down Toilet Water
 Human Power
 This building sets a new global benchmark for the built environment,
placing clear priorities on the comfort, health and productivity of the
people that use it.
 Coen van Oostrom, founder and CEO of OVG, said; “Pushing the boundaries
of what is possible by being brave and employing new technologies is
critical. We have a responsibility to leave a green legacy for future
generations.”

35. Case Studies
The Ave Maria University

36. The building technology systems deployed
features such as:
 Campus backbone data network
 Building data networks
 VoIP telephone system
 Network operations center
 Access control system
 Video surveillance system
 Audio visual systems
 Programmable lighting control
system
 Fire alarm system
 HVAC control system
 Energy management system
 Electric power management
system
 Campus cable systems
 Facility cabling system
 Integrated telecommunications
rack system
 Vertical telecom-room UPS
systems
 Campus wireless system
The Ave Maria University (Features)

37.  Shown significant Cost savings
 Combined facility management & IT groups into a single operations center.
 Provided some efficiency in equipment and labor and saved $350,000/year from
the departments’ combined budgets.
 Project overall, saved approximately $1 million in cabling cost (30%).
 Energy management tools allowed the university to continuously reduce energy use
and costs.
 Ave Maria now spends about $600,000 less on energy per year than when it first
opened in 2007.
The Ave Maria University
(Results)

38. Conclusion
1. “Knowing the Location” and “Determining the Location” are the essential
requirements of constructing a smart building (Turgut, Zeynep, et al., 2016).
2. A Smart building technology refers to the integrations of four systems Building
Automation system (BAS), a Telecommunication system (TS), an Office Automation
system (OAS) and a Computer Aided Facility Management System (CAFMS).
3. A truly smart building does not expect the people who use it to adapt to the
building, but the building to adapt to the people.
4. Have lower net operating costs.
5. Smart buildings are more sustainable as they take into account multiple variables.
6. Smart buildings can enable a dynamic approach based on performance and actual
operations.
7. In order to make people happier and to increase the productivity, we need
sustainable buildings and if we want sustainable buildings, we need smart buildings.

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