The document discusses the history of Hollywood from its origins in the early 20th century to its golden age from the 1930s to 1950s. It began when independent film studios fled to Los Angeles to escape Thomas Edison's patents and lawsuits in New York. LA's sunny weather, inexpensive land, and varied locations made it ideal for film production. The studio system was established, dividing labor clearly among producers, screenwriters, directors and actors. The introduction of sound films in the late 1920s was a watershed moment. Throughout the 1930s-1950s, major studios like MGM, Paramount and Warner Bros pumped out hundreds of films per year, cementing Hollywood's position as the global film capital during its golden age

1. THE HISTORY OF
HOLLYWOOD.

2. Background.
 When one hears the word’ Hollywood’, the first thing that
pops in mind is movies. There’s a reason why Los Angeles
became the center of motion pictures. It all started with a
few independent studios that ventured as far away as
possible from “the trust”, mainly Thomas Edison and his
lawsuits, and so they headed to L.A. to distribute,
produce, and exhibit their movies. The fact that Los
Angeles was far away from New York helped make it the
home for independent film studios. Even though there
was still a presence of the major film studios in Los
Angeles, it was not till after independent film studios
realization of the positive aspects about L.A.’s location
that Hollywood was finally established. The four major
positive aspects were basically the fact that L.A. was sunny
all year long, the property was inexpensive, it was an open
shop town, and of course the variety of locations and
geography. These conditions made it perfect for any studio
to shoot movies. Soon almost every studio be it major or
independent wanted to settle there, making Hollywood
full of film factories.

3.  Once Hollywood became the center of the film industry in the US, a
system had to be established which introduces us to the studio
system. The system was first and foremost designed to ensure the
cost and quality of the movies being produced. Having a system
made Hollywood a much more organized film industry than
anywhere else in the world. There was a clear division of labor from
the producer, to the screenwriter to the actors and director. All
screenplays had to be approved by the producer and established a
kind of guideline and draft of what the end product will be. Soon
MGM, Paramount Pictures, RKO Radio Pictures, and Warner Bros.
were leading the film industry in a well-defined system. Smaller
studios like Universal Studios, United Artists, and Columbia Pictures
were also rising to take their share of the evolving industry. The age
of Edison was coming to an end, and a new entrepreneur with high
expectation, Adolf Zukor, took control of Paramount Pictures and
tried to lead the studio system.

4.  Once in charge of Paramount he added a practice to the system known
as block booking. The idea of block booking was to sell multiple films
to theaters ahead of time in one quantity. This ensured that the
studios would gain profits ahead of time and that theaters would have
films to play all year long. As a result 90% of movies shown in the US
were American movies and due to a large domestic audience being
such a large country, profits were higher than anywhere else in the
world. However, Hollywood with its studio system and great qualities
for shooting movies wasn’t the capital of the film industry in the US
alone. In fact, its success became worldwide.
 Having a broad based US culture, there was a sudden wide
appeal and people all over the world became suddenly interested in
Hollywood movies. As for European cinema, while they were still in
competition, the effects of WWI destroyed the European film
industries. It was mainly due to the conversion to propaganda films.
Therefore, while Europe was suffering from the war trying to focus on
propaganda instead of the film industry, Hollywood was growing with
a strong system and eventually became the leading film industry of
the world. European cinema tried to make a comeback but was never
able to achieve the heights of the Hollywood system, and to this day,
Europe has failed to recover from the effects of WWI on their film
industries placing Hollywood ahead of their time.

5. Logo’s at the start.

6. The golden age of Hollywood.
The silent era.
 During the 1910s, Hollywood was still making a name for itself.
Although film was becoming more widespread, it was still in a
rather rudimentary state. The idea of film credits were only just
being thought-of. It was only once cinema had a firm foothold
as an entertainment medium that people decided it might be a
good idea to add lists of details before and after films, so that
people could tell who produced, directed and starred in the
various films then rolling across the screens of the world.
 The 1920s saw the rise of Hollywood. The first stars were born.
People like Harold Lloyd, Charlie Chaplin and Rudolph
Valentino. Films during these early years were crude. Without
the benefit of synchronised audio, actors relied on exaggerated
body-language and close-ups of facial-expressions to convey
emotional messages such as anger, frustration, horror and
comedy. Intertitles, a staple of films of this era, conveyed
important information to the audience such as important bits
of dialogue, scene-changes or important story-elements.

7.  Many terms used in the film-industry today survive from this
early era. Today, a ‘flick’ is a feature film or a ‘movie’. A ‘film’.
‘Flick’ came from the propensity of early images to flicker
across the screen as the film-reels rolled over the projection-lights.
‘Movie’ naturally comes from the bigger word ‘moving
picture’ and ‘film’ from the delicate and highly combustable
cellulose nitrate film that early films were produced on – So
flammable that it was against the law to carry film-reels on
public transport due to the immense fire-hazard. The very
word ‘Cinema’ comes from the larger word ‘cinematograph’, an
early form of projection camera. If the film produced wasn’t
good enough, then the editor would take out a pair of scissors,
slice off the bad film and splice the good bits of film together
to make a complete reel – Anything not up to scratch literally
ended up “…on the cutting-room floor”.
 Despite technological shortcomings, films were being
produced with amazing speed in Hollywood during the 1920s.
Up to eight hundred a year during that decade alone. Most of
them were short, one-reel flicker-shows, but the idea of the
‘feature length film’ was beginning to gain ground. The first
feature-length film was actually produced in Australia in the
early 1900s, and was about the famous Ned Kelly
gang…Hollywood had a bit of catching up to do!

8.  Due to the lack of audio, many early picture-houses
featured a piano (or if they could afford it, an organ)
to provide musical accompaniment. Most music
was generic, written to provide a background to
various filmic situations – Love-scenes, dramatic
fights, light relaxing music for summer days, scary,
dramatic music for stormy weather or horror
films…Only the really big-budget films had musical
scores written specifically for them. Cinema pianists
had to be the best of the best, to accompany the
film exactly in-sync for the music to work with what
was being portrayed on screen. One of the most
famous silent-film organists was the late Rosa Rio,
who died in 2010. Playing the piano from the age of
seven, her musical career ran for over a century
(that’s right, 1909-2009). She started out as a silent-film
pianist, then she moved to radio, then to
television, providing some of the most famous
theme-tunes ever known, such as the haunting and
slow organ music that accompanied the opening of
every episode of the famous radio-program, ‘The
Shadow’.

9. .
 Rosa Rio, silent film organist, 1934.

10. The birth of talkies.
 “Talkies”, so-called because the actors could be heard to talk, came out in the late
1920s, when film studios figured out how to successfully synchronise recorded
sound with moving pictures. Many people will tell you that the first talking
picture was “The Jazz Singer” from 1927. This is both true, and untrue. It’s
certainly got talking in it, but in many ways, it is still a silent film, complete with
the exaggerated body-language and the intertitles that had existed since the
earliest days of film production. I’ve seen the film myself and while it’s certainly a
great story – I don’t know that I’d call it a modern, audio-synchronised film as we
would know it today.
 Talkies were a watershed of an invention. Some people loved them…Others hated
them! Many silent-film actors were put out of work because they just didn’t
understand the new technology and were unable to adapt to it. Charlie Chaplin
was one of the lucky few that did…although he held off making his first ‘talkie’
film until well into the 1930s, by which time silent films were fast becoming
ancient history. It was because of the invention of talkies that one of the most
famous pieces of filmmaking equipment was created…the clapper-board:
The clapperboard was used to help the filmmakers. By showing the film, but most
importantly, the act, scene and take-numbers, they could accurately synchronise
motion with sound, from the ‘clack!’ that started each reel. It was invented in the
late 1920s in Melbourne, Australia.

11. The Hollywood sign.
 The most famous thing about Hollywood is of course, the Hollywood
Sign. It was created in 1923 as a real-estate advertisement and originally
read “HOLLYWOODLAND” and was lit up by thousands of lightbulbs
at night. Only designed to be up there for a few months, no thought
was given to its preservation and it was allowed to deteriorate for over
twenty years until it was partially renovated in 1949. By then, the
weather had damaged the sign so badly that the decision was made to
remove the last four letters, leaving simply ‘HOLLYWOOD’.

12.  At first the iconic sign read “Hollywood land” after that
“land” was removed and it has been known as “Hollywood”
ever since.

13. Pre-coded Hollywood
 lot of people like to think of old Hollywood films as weak, soppy, exaggerated and
overacted. And perhaps they are. But that’s only because of the intense censorship
that existed in Hollywood at the time. Any Hollywood films made before 1934
(especially those made between 1927-1934) are classed as “Pre-Code” films. These
films were full of sex, violence, blood, rough fist-fights and even homosexuality. It
was during this time that many of the great gangster films were made, such as the
infamous ‘Scarface’ and ‘Little Caesar’. Free from creative restriction, filmmakers
and actors let themselves loose on the camera and film-set, shooting what they
wished.
 It was in 1934 that all this fun and joy had to end. It was dangerous. It was immoral.
It was offensive to women, children, civilised men and to President Roosevelt’s pet
dog (…maybe. The dog could not be reached for comment). Religious and morality
groups spoke out against the percieved ‘immorality’ of these films, and demanded
that the government take steps to clean up the act of the American motion-picture
industry. As a result, a strict list of rules was created. These rules clearly stated, or
strongly suggested that, among other things…

14.  - Sexual innuendo was to be illegal. No nudity. No ladies lifting their skirts. No sex-scenes
of any kind.
 – Criminal films were to be strictly censored. It would be better if films did not show
scenes of robbery, theft, murder, brawling…firearms, safecracking, malicious
demolition of railroads or buildings…the list goes on and on. No wonder all the best
gangster-films were made before 1934!!
 – Profanity of any kind was illegal. It’s for this reason that Clark Gable shocked
everyone in 1939 with his infamous line “Frankly, my dear, I don’t give a damn!”.
 – Death wasn’t allowed to be gory or excessively violent.
 The damage that the ‘Hays Code’ as it was called, did to the American film industry
was catastrophic. Many actors were furious and felt that their creativity was being
severely impeded. One of the most famous of these was the actress Mae West.
Famous for her saucy double entendres and generous breasts, she faced almost
complete ruin thanks to the restrictions placed on her by the Code. Many movies
from earlier years, mostly those from the mid-1920s to the mid-1930s were heavily
edited to comply with the new censorship laws, the result being that many classic
films are now only available in their post-code states. In some cases, films were
destroyed outright because they didn’t comply with the rules of the Hays Code.

15.  One of the most famous and most obvious examples of the Hays
Code in effect is in fight-scenes. They almost always take place at
night and always in the dark, with the lights turned off and only
turned on again when the fight is over. On the surface it makes no
sense, because it’s almost impossible to film a fistfight in the dark,
but this was done deliberately so that the audience wouldn’t see the
violence portrayed on screen and children wouldn’t be desensitised
to it. Another example comes from the 1950s Stanley Kubrick film
“Paths of Glory”. A film set during the First World War, soldiers
killed in combat merely flop over dead onscreen (regardless of
actual manner of death). Compare this with the jarring
introduction of Stephen Spielberg’s famous film ‘Saving Private
Ryan’ which portrayed the full horror of a beachfront assault.
 The Code couldn’t last. By the 1940s it was already being eroded as
people complained that, while the Code did have its good points
(needless or pointless violence and sex was removed from films, for
example), it increasingly caused problems for filmmmakers who
were unable to shoot particular scenes. The Code died a slow death,
though. It wasn’t until the mid 1960s that it was finally abandoned,
to be replaced by the Motion Picture Association of America’s
rating-system that we know today (“G”, “PG”, “PG 13+”, “R” and “NC-
17″) which allowed films of all kinds to be created, and merely
advised people of their content prior to watching them.

17. The big studios.
 With the arrival of talkies, filmmaking really took off. The
1930s to the 1950s is considered the “Golden Age of
Hollywood”. In this roughly twenty-to-thirty year gap,
some of the most famous films ever, were shot in
Hollywood. Classics like “Gone with the Wind”, “The
Wizard of Oz”, the ‘Dick Tracy’ films, the classic ‘Sherlock
Holmes’ films starring Basil Rathbone, “San Francisco”
starring Clark Gable and many famous Hitchcock films,
such as “North by Northwest” in 1959.
 undreds of films were produced every year by big movie-studios.
Called the ‘studio system’, the big-name
filmmakers produced their films entirely on their own lots.
They also controlled film distribution-rights as well as
some of the better cinemas in town, which meant that they
could make more money. Some of the big studios have
survived into the 21st century. These include…

18.  - MGM (“Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer”)
 – Paramount Pictures.
 –Warner Brothers.
 – RKO Radio Pictures.
 – Fox Film Corporation (later “20th Century Fox”).

 The only one of these not around today is RKO Radio Pictures.
Famous for films such as “King Kong” (which saved the company
from bankruptcy in 1933), the company folded in 1959.
 Before the age of television, Hollywood was pumping out
hundreds of films a year, dozens of films a month. Some films
made it big, some have faded into history. In the 1930s and 40s,
Hollywood films were extremely popular – for just a few cents you
could buy a ticket and forget your troubles for a couple of hours
and not worry about the Depression or the War that was going on
around you. Hollywood boomed in this era for that reason. With
so many films being made, less emphasis was put on films to
make them a hit and fewer people worried if a film was a flop –
there was nothing to compete against so it probably didn’t matter.
Some films did make it big – “Casablanca”, “San Francisco”, “The
Big Sleep” and “Twelve Angry Men” to name but a few.

20.  An antique Bell & Howell movie-camera from 1933. An identical
one was used in the Peter Jackson remake of ‘King Kong’.
Cameras similar to this were common during the Golden Age of
Hollywood

21. Hollywood During the 30s and 40s
 Although Hollywood began to take off during the 1920s, the 1930s and 40s nearly killed
it. The Depression could have shut the movie-making industry down, just as it killed off
nearly everything else in the United States, but strong ticket-sales saved the various
studios then in operation, from going bankrupt. Buying a film-ticket for a few cents was
the only way that most Depression-era people had of escaping their misery, and they
bought millions of them. ‘King Kong’, released in 1933, was wholly responsible for saving
RKO from bankruptcy during the worst years of the Depression, when one in four
Americans were out of work and unemployment was in the millions.
 In the Second World War, Hollywood helped produce propaganda films and
documentaries for the war-effort. While some may be considered insensitive today, they
were undeniably funny and were aimed at boosting Allied morale and reminding
Americans why they should fight a war which some of them thought, wasn’t theirs to
bother about. Hollywood even produced training-films for the U.S. Army to better
educate soldiers. They produced instructional films for soldiers as well, in the shape of
the famous “SNAFU” cartoon-shorts. They were supposed to be followed by additional
cartoon-series with SNAFU’s cousin TARFU and FUBAR, but these last two weren’t
produced due to the war’s end. Because they were aimed at soldiers, these instructional
cartoons were considerably more adult than other material Hollywood produced during
the same-era…SNAFU, TARFU and FUBAR are all military acronyms. Respectively, they
stood for: “Situation Normal: All Fucked Up”, “Totally and Royally Fucked Up” and
“Fucked up Beyond All Recognition”.

22. “Hooray for Hollywood?”
 The 1937 song “Hooray for Hollywood”, a piece of music written for the
film ‘Hollywood Hotel’. It’s widely considered the official “theme-song”
of Hollywood and is sometimes heard at awards ceremonies (even
those not held in the United States!) The lyrics, largely forgotten today,
celebrate the golden age of American filmmaking. They can be
confusing and hard to understand today because they use many
outdated slang-words, mention actors or actresses who have since
passed away and refer to technology long obsolete.

23. Hollywood industry now.
 To a lesser degree in the early 21st century, film types that were
previously considered[citation needed] to have only a minor presence in the
mainstream movie market began to arise as more potent American box
office draws. These include foreign-language films such as Crouching
Tiger, Hidden Dragon and Hero and documentary films such as Super
Size Me, March of the Penguins, and Michael Moore's Bowling for
Columbine and Fahrenheit 9/11.
 According to Steven Spielberg and George Lucas, 2013 has seen "the
industry at an extraordinary time of upheaval, where even proven
talents find it difficult to get movies into theaters"; Spielberg predicts
"there's eventually going to be an implosion — or a big meltdown.
There's going to be an implosion where three or four or maybe even a
half-dozen mega budget movies are going to go crashing into the
ground, and that's going to change the paradigm", with Lucas
suggesting movie theaters following "a Broadway play model, whereby
fewer movies are released, they stay in theaters for a year and ticket
prices are much higher."[31]

24.  The hollywood movies now are shot on high-definition digital
cameras—with computer-generated effects added in
postproduction—and transmitted to theaters, websites, and
video-on-demand networks worldwide. They are viewed on
laptop, iPod, and cell phone screens. They are movies in the 21st
century—the product of digital technologies that have
revolutionized media production, content distribution, and the
experience of movie going itself.
 21st-Century Hollywood introduces readers to these global
transformations and describes the decisive roles that Hollywood
is playing in determining the digital future for world cinema. It
offers clear, concise explanations of a major paradigm shift that
continues to reshape our relationship to the moving image.
Filled with numerous detailed examples, the book will both
educate and entertain film students and movie fans alike.

25. Some great actors from 21st
century. Leonardo DiCapario Actor, Inception
Few actors in the world have had a career quite as
diverse as Leonardo DiCaprio's. Vicario has gone
from relatively humble beginnings, as a
supporting cast member of the sitcom Growing
Pains and low budget horror movies, such
as Critters 3, to a major teenage heartthrob in the
1990s, as the hunky lead actor in movies such
as Romeo + Juliet and Titanic.
Robert Downey Jr Actor, The Avengers
Robert Downey, Jr. has evolved into one of
the most respected actors in Hollywood.
With an amazing list of credits to his
name, he has managed to stay new and
fresh even after over four decades in the
business. Born in Manhattan, New York,
on April 4, 1965, Robert Downey Jr. is the
son of writer, director and
filmographer Robert Downey Sr. and
actress Elsie (Ford) Downey.

26. Brad Pitt Actor, Inglourious Basterds
An actor and producer known as much for
his versatility as he is for his handsome face,
Golden Globe-winning actor Brad Pitt's
most widely recognized role may be Tyler
Durden in Fight Club. But his portrayals of
Billy Beane in Money ball, and Rusty Ryan in
the remake of Ocean's Eleven and its
sequels, also loom large in his filmography.
Johnny Depp Actor, Edward Scissorhands
Johnny Depp is perhaps one of the most
versatile actors of his day and age in
Hollywood, who has recuperated his image
greatly since his portrayal of Captain Jack
Sparrow in the acclaimed Pirates of the
Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. He
was born John Christopher Depp II in
Owensboro, Kentucky, on June 9, 1963, to
Betty Sue (Wells), who worked as a waitress,
and John Christopher Depp, a civil engineer.

27. Some great actresses from 21st
century.
Natalie Portman Actress, V for Vendetta
Natalie Portman was born Natalie Hershlag on
June 9, 1981, in Jerusalem, Israel, to a Jewish
family. She is the only child of Avner Hershlag, an
Israeli-born doctor, and Shelley Stevens, an
American-born artist (from Cincinnati, Ohio),
who also acts as Natalie's agent.
Jennifer Lawrence Actress, The Hunger
Games
Academy Award-winning actress Jennifer
Lawrence, best-known for playing Katniss
Everdeen in The Hunger Games, was born
in Louisville, Kentucky on August 15, 1990,
to Karen (Koch), who manages a children's
camp, and Gary Lawrence, who works in
construction.

28. Jessica Alba Actress, Sin City
Jessica Alba was born in Pomona,
California, on April 28, 1981, to Catherine
(Jensen) and Mark Alba. Her mother is of
Danish and French-Canadian descent,
and her father is of Mexican ancestry
(including Spanish, Indigenous Mexican,
and distant Sephardi Jewish, roots).
Sophia Bush Actress, The Hitcher
Actress Sophia Bush has captured film
and television audiences, alike, with her
range of roles and diverse characters. Now
in it's 7th season, Bush portrays "Brooke
Davis" on The CW's hit drama, One Tree
Hill.

29. Famous Hollywood 21st century
movies.
Batman Begins (2005) 8.3/10
After training with his mentor, Batman
begins his war on crime to free the crime-ridden
Gotham City from corruption that
the Scarecrow and the League of Shadows
have cast upon it. (140 mins.)
Kate & Leopold (2001) 6.3/10
Kate and her actor brother live in N.Y. in
the 21st Century. Her ex-boyfriend,
Stuart, lives above her apartment... (118
mins.

30. The Bourne Identity (2002) 7.9/10
A man is picked up by a fishing boat, bullet-riddled
and suffering from amnesia, before
racing to
X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014) 8.3/10
The X-Men send Wolverine to the past in a
desperate effort to change history and
prevent an event that results in doom for
both humans and mutants. (131 mins.)

31. Made by:
Sumbul Khan AS-F.