It let the students to present and take some ideas from this presentation and makes them to learn easily and make biology a interesting subject for them, here in this presentation, we only discussed about fungi. Regards Pratik Mishra

1. INTRODUCTION OF THE TOPIC:-
MICRO-ORGANISMS: FRIENDS OR
FOES
STUDENTS WHO HAVE MADE THIS PRESENTATION---
1.SK.AFZAN UDDIN
2.PRATIK MISHRA
3.PRATIK SWAIN
4.ASHUTOSH SAHANI

2. What are microorganisms ?
Definition:- These are living organisms, that are invisible to the naked or
unaided eye but are visible under the microscope. Microorganisms include
viruses and single-celled organisms like bacteria, yeast, protozoans and
algae. Each of these groups of microorganisms includes some harmful
organisms (foes) and some useful organisms (friends).
What is the study of microorganisms?
Answer:- The study of microorganisms is “microbiology”.
WE NEED TO KNOW THESE

3. Here are some pictures of microorganisms
Bacteria Protozoa Euglena Amoeba
Spirogyra
TYPES OF MICROORANISMS :- Microorganisms are categorised into 4 groups. These
groups are: bacteria, fungi, protozoa and (some) algae. Here we will discuss only about
fungi.

4. FUNGI:- A PART OF MICROORGANISMS.
What are fungi?
Ans:- Fungi are a group of spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter, including moulds, yeasts, mushrooms,
and toadstools. The Kingdom Fungi (or Mycota) is a group of living organisms that are multicellular, eukaryotic, and
heterotrophic in nutrition. Fungi live mostly as saprobiotic or often parasites. Fungi show great diversity in morphology and
habitat. Fungi are among the most widely distributed organisms on Earth and are of great environmental and medical
importance.
SOME PICTURES OF FUNGI:
Bread mould Yeast Mushrooms

5. STUDY OF FUNGI:
The branch of biology which studies the various groups of fungi is known as Mycology. It involves the study of genetic and biochemical properties, taxonomy, and the use of fungi as the source of
medicines, food, etc. as well as their harmful effects like toxicity and infection.
A scientist who studies fungi is called Mycologist. Pier Antonio Micheli is known as the Father of Mycology. Prof. C. V. Subramanian is one of the well-known Indian Mycologists.
CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI:
1. Fungi can be found everywhere, i.e., they are cosmopolitan.
2. Fungi are mostly terrestrial, but few are aquatic also.
3. Fungi mostly grow in warm and humid places like wood, the bark of trees, dung, etc.
4. Depending on the mode of nutrition, fungi can be saprophytic or parasitic.
a. Saprophytic fungi grow on dead and decaying organic matter (plants and animals). Ganoderma, Polyporus are wood-rotting fungi.
b. Parasitic fungi live inside or on the body of the host organism (plant or animal). Albugo, Phytophthora are parasitic fungi.
c. Coprophagous fungi feed on animal excreta. Peziza is an example of a coprophagous fungus.
5. The vegetative phase of a fungus is called thallus, which is not differentiated into distinct roots, stems, and leaves.
6. The thallus may be unicellular, like in Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Yeast or filamentous as in most fungi.
7. The thallus is formed of a large number of fine, tubular, thread-like filaments called hyphae (sin. hypha).
8. The hyphae may be aseptate (without walls) or septate (with walls). Aseptate hyphae are multinucleated (coenocytic).
CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI:

6. STRUCTURE OF FUNGI
The structure of fungi can be explained in the following points:
1. Almost all the fungi have a filamentous structure except the yeast cells.
2. They can be either single-celled or multicellular organisms.
3. Fungi consist of long thread-like structures known as hyphae. These hyphae together form a mesh-like structure called mycelium.
4. Fungi possess a cell wall which is made up of chitin and polysaccharides.
5. The cell wall comprises a protoplast, which is differentiated into other cell parts such as cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell organelles
and nuclei.
6. The nucleus is dense, clear, with chromatin threads. The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

7. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI:
Kingdom Fungi are classified based on different modes. The different classification of fungi is as follows:
Based on Mode of nutrition
On the basis of nutrition, kingdom fungi can be classified into 3 groups.
1. Saprophytic – The fungi obtain their nutrition by feeding on dead organic substances. Examples: Rhizopus, Penicillium and Aspergillus.
2. Parasitic – The fungi obtain their nutrition by living on other living organisms (plants or animals) and absorb nutrients from their host. Examples: Taphrina and Puccinia.
3. Symbiotic – These fungi live by having an interdependent relationship with other species in which both are mutually benefited. Examples: Lichens and mycorrhiza. Lichens are
the symbiotic association between algae and fungi. Here both algae and fungi are mutually benefited as fungi provide shelter for algae and in reverse algae synthesis
carbohydrates for fungi. Mycorrhiza is the symbiotic association present between fungi and plants. Fungi improve nutrient uptake by plants, whereas, plants provides organic
molecules like sugar to the fungus.
Based on Spore Formation
Kingdom Fungi are classified into the following based on the formation of spores:
1. Zygomycetes – These are formed by the fusion of two different cells. The sexual spores are known as zygospores, while the asexual spores are known as sporangiospores.
The hyphae are without the septa. Example – Mucor.
2. Ascomycetes – They are also called sac fungi. They can be coprophilous, decomposers, parasitic or saprophytic. The sexual spores are called ascospores. Asexual
reproduction occurs by conidiospores. Example – Saccharomyces.
3. Basidiomycetes – Mushrooms are the most commonly found basidiomycetes and mostly live as parasites. Sexual reproduction occurs by basidiospores. Asexual
reproduction occurs by conidia, budding or fragmentation. Example- Agaricus.
4. Deuteromycetes – They are otherwise called imperfect fungi as they do not follow the regular reproduction cycle as the other fungi. They do not reproduce sexually. Asexual
reproduction occurs by conidia. Example – Trichoderma.

8. REPRODUCTION IN FUNGI
Reproduction in fungi is both by sexual and asexual means. The sexual mode of reproduction is referred to as teleomorph and the asexual
Mode of reproduction is referred to as anamorph.
Vegetative reproduction –This takes place by budding, fission and fragmentation.
Asexual reproduction – This takes place with the help of spores called conidia or zoospores, or sporangiospores.
Sexual reproduction – This occurs by ascospores, basidiospores, and oospores.
The conventional mode of sexual reproduction is not always observed in the kingdom Fungi. In some fungi, the fusion of two haploid hyphae does
not result in the formation of a diploid cell. In such cases, there appears an intermediate stage called the dikaryophase. This stage is followed by
the formation of diploid cells.

9. USES OF FUNGI:
Fungi are one of the most important groups of organisms on the planet as they play a vital role in the biosphere and have great economic
importance on account of both their benefits and harmful effects.
Following are some of the important uses of fungi:
1. Recycling – They play a major role in recycling the dead and decayed matter.
2. Food – The mushrooms species which are cultured are edible and are used as food by humans.
3. Medicines – There are many fungi that are used to produce antibiotics and to control diseases in humans and animals. Penicillin antibiotic
is derived from a common fungus called Penicillium.
4. Biocontrol Agents – Fungi are involved in exploiting insects, other small worms and help in controlling pests. Spores of fungi are used as a
spray on crops.
5. Food spoilage – Fungi play a major role in recycling organic material and are also responsible for major spoilage and economic losses of
stored food.
IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT FUNGI:
1. Mushrooms are found in moist humus-rich soil, open fields and grasslands. They develop in rings called fairy rings.
2. Myxomycetes are protistan fungi. They are essentially unicellular. They are commonly called Fungus-like Protists.
MYTHS ABOUT FUNGI:
1. It is important to learn that Phycomycetes and Zygomycetes are not identical.
2. The class Phycomycetes has become obsolete nowadays.
a. There exists Zygomycetes, Chytridiomycetes, Plasmodiophoromycetes, Hyphochytridiomycetes, Trichomycetes and Oomycetes.
IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT FUNGI:
MYTHS ABOUT FUNGI:

10. VARIETIES OF FUNGI
Question:- How many types of fungi are there? What are they?
Answer:- There are 10 types of fungi, they are Mushrooms, Puffballs, Stinkhorns, Bracket fungi, Jelly fungi, Boletes, Yeast
etc.
The three major groups of fungi are:-
1. Multicellular filamentous moulds.
2. Microscopic filamentous fungi that form large fruiting bodies.
3. Single celled microscopic yeasts.

11. THANK YOU
THIS PRESENTATION HAD MADE BY PRATIK MISHRA,SK.AFZAN UDDIN,PRATIK SWAIN, ASHUTOSH SAHANI OF CLASS 8-B,
ROLL NO:- 24,35,25,10 WITH THE FOLLOWING GROUP= ‘A’.
GUIDED BY SMITA SAHOO