The document discusses the key modules and components needed to build a Flappy Bird game using Pygame in Python. These include modules for pygame initialization, the game loop, managing the bird character, generating pipes as obstacles, collision detection, scoring, backgrounds, sounds, the game over screen, user input, game state management, game physics, displaying the score, timing, tracking the high score, fonts and text, event handling, loading assets, and optimization. Breaking the game development into these modular pieces allows building the basic structure and functionality of a Flappy Bird game.