This document summarizes a study that examined how describing negative memories at different levels of abstraction (abstract vs concrete) impacts distress and memory appraisal. The study hypothesized that abstract descriptions would reduce distress and lead to more positive memory ratings. While abstract descriptions did not reduce distress, exploratory analyses found they improved memory valence for those with multiple childhood traumas. The discussion notes implications for psychotherapy and areas for future research.
London iCAAD 2019 - Prof Marcantonio Spada - DESIRE THINKING: A NEW TREATMENT...iCAADEvents
This workshop will illustrate and explore the concept of desire thinking and its relevance to addictive behaviours. Examples of key treatment interventions for interrupting desire thinking will be introduced.
Pre-workshop Reading
Caselli, G. & Spada, M. M. (2016). Desire thinking: A new target for treatment of addictive behaviors? International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 9(4), 344-355.
Workshop Learning Objectives
1. To conceptualise desire thinking.
2. To understand the application of basic treatment interventions aimed at interrupting desire thinking.
London iCAAD 2019 - Prof Marcantonio Spada - NEW DIRECTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT...iCAADEvents
In this presentation, Professor Spada will outline the metacognitive approach to the conceptualisation and treatment of problem drinking. The presentation will be highlighting the role played by metacognitive beliefs, extended thinking and thought suppression in the development and escalation of problem drinking. Professor Spada will also review the type of interventions used in Metacognitive Therapy for the treatment of problem drinking and their efficacy.
TS4-5: Yuan Ma from Japan Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyJawad Haqbeen
Please listen to the presentation, read detailed slides and return to first post to make your comments below the corresponding paper author's post.
Session Chair: Takeo Higuchi
Session Theme: Idea Evaluation and Innovation
Session Number: 4
Paper No: 17
Session and Talk No: TS4-5
Type: Full
Co-authors: Yuan Ma, Xiaoying Zhang and Tsutomu Fujinami
Title: A Comparative Study of Self-reporting Methods for Assessing Mind-wandering State
London iCAAD 2019 - Prof Marcantonio Spada - DESIRE THINKING: A NEW TREATMENT...iCAADEvents
This workshop will illustrate and explore the concept of desire thinking and its relevance to addictive behaviours. Examples of key treatment interventions for interrupting desire thinking will be introduced.
Pre-workshop Reading
Caselli, G. & Spada, M. M. (2016). Desire thinking: A new target for treatment of addictive behaviors? International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 9(4), 344-355.
Workshop Learning Objectives
1. To conceptualise desire thinking.
2. To understand the application of basic treatment interventions aimed at interrupting desire thinking.
London iCAAD 2019 - Prof Marcantonio Spada - NEW DIRECTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT...iCAADEvents
In this presentation, Professor Spada will outline the metacognitive approach to the conceptualisation and treatment of problem drinking. The presentation will be highlighting the role played by metacognitive beliefs, extended thinking and thought suppression in the development and escalation of problem drinking. Professor Spada will also review the type of interventions used in Metacognitive Therapy for the treatment of problem drinking and their efficacy.
TS4-5: Yuan Ma from Japan Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyJawad Haqbeen
Please listen to the presentation, read detailed slides and return to first post to make your comments below the corresponding paper author's post.
Session Chair: Takeo Higuchi
Session Theme: Idea Evaluation and Innovation
Session Number: 4
Paper No: 17
Session and Talk No: TS4-5
Type: Full
Co-authors: Yuan Ma, Xiaoying Zhang and Tsutomu Fujinami
Title: A Comparative Study of Self-reporting Methods for Assessing Mind-wandering State
A synopsis of the book "Collaborative Therapeutic Neuropsychological Assessment". See website http://www.amazon.com/Collaborative-Therapeutic-Neuropsychological-Assessment-Gorske/dp/0387754253
Somatic Experiencing: Reduction of Depression and Anxiety in Homeless Adults ...Michael Changaris
This is a brief 7 page version of dissertation presented for completion of doctorate. The study found some implications for reduction of symptoms of depression and anxiety in homeless adults. Limitations are number of sessions attended (1.33 average), population heterogeneity and small sample size.
Primitive centers for vision and hearing reflexes are located in the
• Question 2
The evolutionary perspective suggests that we inherit __________, which will be enhanced by environmental factors.
• Question 3
Dissertation - Somatic Experiencing Treatment for Reduction of Symptoms of De...Michael Changaris
This is the full version of dissertation presented for completion of doctorate. The study found some implications for reduction of symptoms of depression and anxiety in homeless adults. Limitations are number of sessions attended (1.33 average), population heterogeneity and small sample size.
• Question 1
Primitive centers for vision and hearing reflexes are located in the
• Question 2
The evolutionary perspective suggests that we inherit __________, which will be enhanced by environmental factors.
• Question 3
Metric Calibration of Psychological Instruments (Dissertation Senate presenta...Etienne LeBel
Powerpoint slides of my dissertation project, presented to the Senate at The University of Western Ontario on June 22, 2011 in London, Ontario, Canada (Etienne P. LeBel, etiennelebel.com)
Abstract: Inspired by the history of the development of instruments in the physical sciences, and by past psychology giants, the following dissertation aimed to advance basic psychological science by investigating the metric calibration of psychological instruments. The over-arching goal of the dissertation was to demonstrate that it is both useful and feasible to calibrate the metric of psychological instruments so as to render their metrics non-arbitrary. Concerning utility, a conceptual analysis was executed delineating four categories of proposed benefits of non-arbitrary metrics including (a) help in the interpretation of data, (b) facilitation of construct validity research, (c) contribution to theory development, and (d) facilitation of general accumulation of knowledge. With respect to feasibility, the metric calibration approach was successfully applied to instruments of seven distinct constructs commonly studied in psychology, across three empirical demonstration studies and re-analyses of other researchers’ data. Extending past research, metric calibration was achieved in these empirical demonstration studies by finding empirical linkages between scores of the measures and specifically configured theoretically-relevant behaviors argued to reflect particular locations (i.e., ranges) of the relevant underlying psychological dimension. More generally, such configured behaviors can serve as common reference points to calibrate the scores of different instruments, rendering the metric of those instruments non-arbitrary.
LeBel, Etienne, "The Utility and Feasibility of Metric Calibration for Basic Psychological Research" (2011). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 174.
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/174
Types of problems
Theories
Representational Change Theory
Progress Monitoring Theory
Transfer of Training
It is the evening before an exam, the text book you need is unavailable in the library and the bookshop is closed.
You have upgraded your computer from Windows 2000 to Windows Vista and want to perform certain operations as before
You wish to avoid stale-mate in chess
You wish to become a better footballer
Corvae develops wireless ECG monitoring solutions for public servants, outpatient care, and cardiac care in developing countries. Corvae's heart monitor will be comfortable, clinically-accurate, and intuitive. Embedded within a small adhesive patch, Corvae's technology will gather electrocardiograph readings from the wearer's heart and transmit the readings to our moblie platform in real time. Heart health data is recorded, analyzed, and interpreted for users to understand and access easily. Firefighters wearing our patch will be empowered to regulate their heart health without compromising mobility. Patients suffering from one or more symptoms of heart disease can send quality data to their caretakers with little expense. Multiple patch-wearers can be monitored simultaneously with our platform. In all cases, Corvae seeks to empower our user's with essential information while maximizing their mobility, safety, and peace of mind.
A synopsis of the book "Collaborative Therapeutic Neuropsychological Assessment". See website http://www.amazon.com/Collaborative-Therapeutic-Neuropsychological-Assessment-Gorske/dp/0387754253
Somatic Experiencing: Reduction of Depression and Anxiety in Homeless Adults ...Michael Changaris
This is a brief 7 page version of dissertation presented for completion of doctorate. The study found some implications for reduction of symptoms of depression and anxiety in homeless adults. Limitations are number of sessions attended (1.33 average), population heterogeneity and small sample size.
Primitive centers for vision and hearing reflexes are located in the
• Question 2
The evolutionary perspective suggests that we inherit __________, which will be enhanced by environmental factors.
• Question 3
Dissertation - Somatic Experiencing Treatment for Reduction of Symptoms of De...Michael Changaris
This is the full version of dissertation presented for completion of doctorate. The study found some implications for reduction of symptoms of depression and anxiety in homeless adults. Limitations are number of sessions attended (1.33 average), population heterogeneity and small sample size.
• Question 1
Primitive centers for vision and hearing reflexes are located in the
• Question 2
The evolutionary perspective suggests that we inherit __________, which will be enhanced by environmental factors.
• Question 3
Metric Calibration of Psychological Instruments (Dissertation Senate presenta...Etienne LeBel
Powerpoint slides of my dissertation project, presented to the Senate at The University of Western Ontario on June 22, 2011 in London, Ontario, Canada (Etienne P. LeBel, etiennelebel.com)
Abstract: Inspired by the history of the development of instruments in the physical sciences, and by past psychology giants, the following dissertation aimed to advance basic psychological science by investigating the metric calibration of psychological instruments. The over-arching goal of the dissertation was to demonstrate that it is both useful and feasible to calibrate the metric of psychological instruments so as to render their metrics non-arbitrary. Concerning utility, a conceptual analysis was executed delineating four categories of proposed benefits of non-arbitrary metrics including (a) help in the interpretation of data, (b) facilitation of construct validity research, (c) contribution to theory development, and (d) facilitation of general accumulation of knowledge. With respect to feasibility, the metric calibration approach was successfully applied to instruments of seven distinct constructs commonly studied in psychology, across three empirical demonstration studies and re-analyses of other researchers’ data. Extending past research, metric calibration was achieved in these empirical demonstration studies by finding empirical linkages between scores of the measures and specifically configured theoretically-relevant behaviors argued to reflect particular locations (i.e., ranges) of the relevant underlying psychological dimension. More generally, such configured behaviors can serve as common reference points to calibrate the scores of different instruments, rendering the metric of those instruments non-arbitrary.
LeBel, Etienne, "The Utility and Feasibility of Metric Calibration for Basic Psychological Research" (2011). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 174.
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/174
Types of problems
Theories
Representational Change Theory
Progress Monitoring Theory
Transfer of Training
It is the evening before an exam, the text book you need is unavailable in the library and the bookshop is closed.
You have upgraded your computer from Windows 2000 to Windows Vista and want to perform certain operations as before
You wish to avoid stale-mate in chess
You wish to become a better footballer
Corvae develops wireless ECG monitoring solutions for public servants, outpatient care, and cardiac care in developing countries. Corvae's heart monitor will be comfortable, clinically-accurate, and intuitive. Embedded within a small adhesive patch, Corvae's technology will gather electrocardiograph readings from the wearer's heart and transmit the readings to our moblie platform in real time. Heart health data is recorded, analyzed, and interpreted for users to understand and access easily. Firefighters wearing our patch will be empowered to regulate their heart health without compromising mobility. Patients suffering from one or more symptoms of heart disease can send quality data to their caretakers with little expense. Multiple patch-wearers can be monitored simultaneously with our platform. In all cases, Corvae seeks to empower our user's with essential information while maximizing their mobility, safety, and peace of mind.
Assessment Task 3 Written Assignment - Evaluating the usefuln.docxdavezstarr61655
Assessment Task 3: Written Assignment - Evaluating the usefulness of evidence - Marking Rubric
HD DI CR PS NN No Attempt (Zero) Score
Paper 1:
Describe the quality of
evidence (type,
hierarchy, level,
strength & weakness)
LO2, 4
(GA4, 6, 8)
Correctly, clearly &
concisely describes
the quality of
evidence with
insightful
explanation.
Correctly describes
the quality of
evidence with clear
explanation.
Describes the quality
of evidence with good
explanation.
Describes the quality
of evidence with
minimal explanation.
There is no description
of the quality of
evidence.
No attempt made
/20
Paper 2:
Describe the quality of
evidence (type,
hierarchy, level,
strength & weakness)
LO2, 4
(GA4, 6, 8)
Correctly, clearly &
concisely describes the
quality of evidence
with insightful
explanation.
Correctly describes
the quality of
evidence with clear
explanation.
Describes the quality
of evidence with
good explanation.
Describes the quality
of evidence with
minimal explanation.
There is no
description of the
quality of evidence.
No attempt made
/20
Identification of
strongest
evidence (paper
1 or 2)
related to the
scenario and
provides
justification
LO1,2,7
(GA2, 3, 9)
Correctly, clearly &
concisely identifies
the strongest
evidence related to
the scenario with
insightful explanation.
Correctly identifies
the strongest
evidence related to
the scenario with
clear explanation
Identifies the
strongest evidence
related to the
scenario with good
explanation.
Minimal explanation
and identification of
evidence related to
the scenario.
No explanation and
identification of
evidence related to
the scenario
No attempt made
/40
Sources and
Referencing
Accurate use of APA
referencing style on all
occasions in text and in
the reference list.
Accurate use of APA
referencing style on
most occasions in text
and in the reference
list
Inaccuracies with use
of APA referencing
style on some
occasions either in
text or in the
reference list
Many inaccuracies
with the APA
referencing style in
text or in the
reference list.
APA style is not used
in text or in the
reference list.
No references /10
Mechanics -
Grammar, Spelling
and Punctuation
There are no errors
with grammar, spelling
and punctuation, and
the meaning is easily
discernible. Minimal
use of direct quotes.
Kept to the word limit
There are minimal
errors with grammar,
spelling and
punctuation.
However, the meaning
is readily discernible.
Minimal use of direct
quotes. Kept to the
word limit
There are some errors
with grammar, spelling
and punctuation. The
meaning is discernible.
Minimal use of direct
quotes.
Kept to the word limit
There are errors with
grammar, spelling and
punctuation. The
errors detract, but the
meaning is discernible
with some effort. Use
of some direct quotes.
Within +/- 10% or
word limit
There are substan.
Dr. Nasreen Khatri, a clinical psychologist and researcher at the Rotman Research Institute, a brain Institute fully affiliated with the University of Toronto and core CREST.BD member, describes current research and the clinical impact of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) in bipolar disorder. CBT is an evidence-based, collaborative, structured self-management talk therapy that helps individuals to monitor and manage symptoms of bipolar disorder by improving problem-solving skills. Learn about the evidence and considerations for CBT treatment for bipolar disorder in adults and how CBT can be used in combination with medication to optimize wellness and quality of life for people who have bipolar disorder.
Dr. Nasreen Khatri is a registered clinical psychologist who specializes in the assessment, treatment and research of mood and anxiety disorders. From 2004 to 2012, she led the Mood and Related Disorders Clinic and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) service at Baycrest. In 2012, Dr. Khatri joined the Rotman Research Institute, a brain institute fully affiliated with the University of Toronto, where she studies how mood disorders impact the aging brain. Dr. Khatri’s research has been funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Alzheimer’s Society of Canada (ASC), and in 2013 she was awarded the Women of Baycrest Innovators in Research Award. In addition to her research and private practice, she has completed over 150 presentations, most recently for Bell Let's Talk Day. She has been cited in the media, including The Globe and Mail, The Wall Street Journal (US) and The Daily Mail (UK). She currently blogs for The Huffington Post on the topic of Mind your Mood: Depression and the Aging Brain. She serves on the Board of Trustees of The Psychology Foundation
Part I: Beyond the CHC tipping point: Back to the futureKevin McGrew
An overview of the CHC (Cattell-Horn-Carroll) theory of intelligence within a historical and "waves of interpretation" context. Presents idea that CHC has reached the "tipping point" in school psychology..and...this is allowing assessment practitioners to realize past attempts to engage in individual strength and weakness interpretation of CHC based test profiles
Panel Discussion at the Building Research Collaborations retreat, Aug. 23, 2012
Panelists were Julie Honaker, Namas Chandra, Fred Luthans, Debra Hope, Scott Stoltenberg, Mario Scalora and Timothy Carr
New directions in the psychology of chronic pain managementepicyclops
Lecture followed audience discussion on contextual cognitive behaviour therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in the management of chronic pain from the West of Scotland Pain Group on Wednesday 5th December 2007. The speaker is Lance M. McCracken PhD, of the Pain Management Unit at the Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases & University of Bath, Bath UK.
www.wspg.org.uk
Further reading:
DAHL, J., & LUNDGREN, T. (2006). Living beyond your pain using acceptance and commitment therapy to ease chronic pain. Oakland, CA, New Harbinger Publications.
http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63472470
HAYES, S. C., STROSAHL, K., & WILSON, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy an experiential approach to behavior change. New York, Guilford Press.
http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41712470
MCCRACKEN, L. M. (2005). Contextual cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic pain. Progress in pain research and management, v. 33. Seattle, IASP Press.
http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57564664
5. Background
• Two construal levels (CL):(Vallacher & Wegner, 1989)
– abstract
– concrete
5
Abstract Description Concrete Description
Why How
The meaning and impact The action sequence and
physical appearance
Goal-orientation Detail-orientation
More abstract words More concrete words
6. Background
Quiz: “Pushing a door bell”
6
Abstract Description Concrete Description
Why How
The meaning and impact The action sequence and
physical appearance
Goal-orientation Detail-orientation
More abstract words More concrete words
7. Background
• Two construal levels (CL):(Vallacher & Wegner, 1989)
– abstract
– Concrete
• Effective on:
– Emotion regulation
– Consumer behaviours
– Self-control
– Decision making behaviours.
7
8. Background
8
Abstract description (why-focus) and negative
outcomes:
1. Intensify despondent feeling. (Watkins, Moberly, & Moulds, 2008)
2. More abstract description in depressed people. (Watkins & Moulds, 2007)
9. Background
Abstract description (why-focus) and negative
outcomes:
1. Intensify despondent feeling. (Watkins, Moberly, & Moulds, 2008)
2. More abstract description in depressed people. (Watkins & Moulds, 2007)
9
Abstract description (why-focus) and positive
outcomes:
1. Increase positivity. (Williams, Stein, and Galguera, 2014)
2. Reducing negative mood. (Lepore, 1997)
10. Background Summary
10
Abstract – Why and impact
Concrete – How and appearance
Self-focus abstract – negative outcomes
Other-focus abstract – positive outcomes
16. Result – Hypothesis 1
Abstract description reduces the distress caused by the negative
memory.
16
17. Result – Hypothesis 2
Abstract description should result in more positive ratings of
memories of the video.
17
18. Result – Exploratory analyses
After 2nd description, low childhood traumatic event (CTE) group
(≤1) viewed the memory more positive than high CTE group (>1).
18
19. Result – Exploratory analyses
People who have two or more childhood traumatic events (CTE)
viewed the memory more positive after using abstract description.
19
22. Discussion
Abstract description:
1. Does not reduce distress.
2. Improve the valence in people with >1 CTEs
Implication:
1. Advises current psychotherapy (e.g. CBT).
2. Why CBT works
3. be applied to clinical setting
22
24. Strength & Limitation
Strength:
• The study mimics real-life situations
Limitation:
• Sample issue:
– Majority are non-native English speakers
– Poor English competence
– Pre-existing difference of construal level use
24
26. Future direction
• Clinical
– Applying abstract description in clinical
population
• Research
– Long-term effect of construal level description
– Self-focus vs other-focus
– Develop research instruments to assess construal
level
– Adjust for depression score
26
29. Reference
Copeland, W., Keeler, G., Angold, A., & Costello, E. (2007). Traumatic Events and Posttraumatic Stress in Childhood. Arch Gen
Psychiatry, 64(5), 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.577
Hayes-Skelton, S., & Graham, J. (2013). Decentering as a common link among mindfulness, cognitive reappraisal, and social
anxiety. Behavioural and cognitive psychotherapy, 41(03), 317-328.
Jamieson, J. P., Mendes, W. B., & Nock, M. K. (2013). Improving acute stress responses the power of reappraisal. Current
Directions in Psychological Science, 22(1), 51-56.
Lepore, S. (1997). Expressive writing moderates the relation between intrusive thoughts and depressive symptoms. Journal Of Personality And
Social Psychology, 73(5), 1030-1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.5.1030
Lepore, S., Ragan, J., & Jones, S. (2000). Talking facilitates cognitive–emotional processes of adaptation to an acute stressor.
Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 78(3), 499-508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.3.499
Vallacher, R. & Wegner, D. (1989). Levels of personal agency: Individual variation in action identification. Journal Of Personality
And Social Psychology, 57(4), 660-671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.4.660
Watkins, E., Moberly, N., & Moulds, M. (2008). Processing mode causally influences emotional reactivity: Distinct effects of
abstract versus concrete construal on emotional response. Emotion, 8(3), 364-378.
Watkins, E. & Moulds, M. (2007). Reduced concreteness of rumination in depression: A pilot study. Personality And Individual
Differences, 43(6), 1386-1395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.04.007
Williams, L., Stein, R., & Galguera, L. (2014). The Distinct Affective Consequences of Psychological Distance and Construal Level. J
Consum Res, 40(6), 1123-1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/674212
29
Editor's Notes
Hello evveryone, today I am talking about description and appraisal. This topic is actually quite important in mental health because we describe things everyday. How we describe one thing affect how we appraise an event and how we feel. For example, (click)
such as social perception, social power, self-control, decision making behaviours), negotiation and persuasion, consumer behaviours and affect change
such as social perception, social power, self-control, decision making behaviours), negotiation and persuasion, consumer behaviours and affect change
Imagine one of your friends die.
(click) Someone would say they are gone forever and feel extremely sad.
(click) Other may say they are going to heaven and feel better
(click) The rest may say its just life and move on.
Is there possible to change our perception when changing our description?
such as social perception, social power, self-control, decision making behaviours), negotiation and persuasion, consumer behaviours and affect change
Watkins and colleagues trained participants to describe 30 scenarios either in abstract way or in a concrete way. They then tried to solve an unsolvable anagram, although Watkins told them the anagrams predict future success.
When they are asked to describe current problems they encountered.
Watkins and colleagues trained participants to describe 30 scenarios either in abstract way or in a concrete way. They then tried to solve an unsolvable anagram, although Watkins told them the anagrams predict future success.
When they are asked to describe current problems they encountered.
Watkins and colleagues trained participants to describe 30 scenarios either in abstract way or in a concrete way. They then tried to solve an unsolvable anagram, although Watkins told them the anagrams predict future success.
When they are asked to describe current problems they encountered.
such as social perception, social power, self-control, decision making behaviours), negotiation and persuasion, consumer behaviours and affect change
Lepore, 1997 - 1
such as social perception, social power, self-control, decision making behaviours), negotiation and persuasion, consumer behaviours and affect change
Orginial 4:40
such as social perception, social power, self-control, decision making behaviours), negotiation and persuasion, consumer behaviours and affect change
Hypothesis 1: Abstract CL description reduces the distress caused by the negative memory.
The result shows no difference between two groups. Not support
Hypothesis 2: Abstract CL description should result in more positive ratings of memories of the video.
The result shows that abstract group has a significant improvement than the concrete group. However, when you look at time 1 the score in abstract group is lower than the concrete group. The significant improvement can be due to regression to the mean which is a statistical phenomenon where two unrelated variables can be found significantly associated because the mean score in one group is lower than the other at the first time of measure . And the mean score returns to the mean at the second time of measure.
Among all the clinical measures, I found that only childhood traumatic events has an significant effect on the positive ratings of memories. High group viewed the memory consistently negative after both description when low group has viewed the memory more positive after the 2nd description. High group has two or more childhood traumatic events, Low is one or none.
So I put Childhood traumatic events as a covariate to my main analysis. I find CL description only has an effect within people who have two or more childhood traumatic events. Where people who have two or more childhood traumatic events viewed the memory more positive after using abstract CL description. However, the suggestion here is harking (hypothesise after results are known)
such as social perception, social power, self-control, decision making behaviours), negotiation and persuasion, consumer behaviours and affect change
1 – it advise current
1 – it advise current
You encounter a stressful event. Describe to a friend, appraise it. And learn a new description in therapy
Description require good english level. Participants may think in their home language and write in English where some meaning may not be translated.
Some people may think pre-dominantly in a concrete way. If concrete thinkers are assigned to concrete condition, the change may be limited.
You encounter a stressful event. Describe to a friend, appraise it. And learn a new description in therapy
Description require good english level. Participants may think in their home language and write in English where some meaning may not be translated.
Some people may think pre-dominantly in a concrete way. If concrete thinkers are assigned to concrete condition, the change may be limited.
Orginial 4:40
After I described the memory, I felt
Relaxed and at ease Tense or anxious
2. After I described the memory, the memory is overall
Negative Positive