Presentation #2
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This document summarizes Jim Hinojosa's 2007 Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lecture on occupational therapy practitioners becoming innovators in an era of rapid change or "hyperchange". Hinojosa argues that the profession must shift its paradigms and thinking to deal with the increasing uncertainty, pace of change, ambiguity, and complexity characterizing the modern workplace. He identifies three key areas - professional organizations, education, and practice - that require innovation. Hinojosa urges occupational therapists to anticipate change, reflect on innovations, and consider new ideas outside their typical thought processes in order to lead the profession successfully through hyperchange.
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- 1. 2007 Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lecture Becoming Innovators in an Era of Hyperchange Jim Hinojosa, PhD, OT, FAOTA Presented by Cassie Duwe Wednesday, April 30, 2014
- 2. Historical Context of 2007 Virginia Tech Massacre on April 16, 2007 6 miners trapped in Crandall Canyon Mine US housing bubble burst – increased foreclosure rates Innovations: Singapore Airlines – new Airbus Passenger Jet A380 Tesla Roadster shown at car shows “Liberty of the Seas” – world’s largest cruise ship Technology: iPhone Introduced iTouch with built in WiFi and touch screen Nintendo Wii introduced in late 2006
- 3. Jim Hinojosa, PhD, OT, FAOTA Bachelors from Colorado State University, Master’s in special education from Columbia University, and Ph.D. from NYU. Teaches at NYU Advised to: Pursue a doctorate Publish 2-3 times Work on a portfolio Editorial Boards: AJOT, Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, and Early Intervention, Encyclopedia of Medicine, Nursing and Allied Health Numerous Awards Research: Therapist-parent relationship Homework and family life Children’s handwriting
- 4. Overview “We are living in a time of rapid and unpredictable change. Advances in knowledge and technology have made our lives more interconnected and complex. New expectations are changing the dynamics of our personal and professional lives. We’re speeding up and struggling to hold onto control of all our responsibilities, both personally and professionally. We are living in a time of hyperchange” (Hinojosa, 2011).
- 5. What is hyperchange? Rapid, dramatic, complex, and unpredictable change Present unprecedented challenges in today’s society Includes advances in technology, knowledge, and science We must shift our paradigms and become innovators of this change in order for occupational therapy to move into the future
- 6. Discussion Question Do you believe that we are still experiencing “hyperchange”? Why or why not?
- 7. Occupational therapy and hyperchange Knowledge Qualification Evidence Interventions Changing policies and advancing technologies
- 8. 4 conditions that characterize hyperchange 1. Increasing uncertainty 2. Rapid pace of change 3. Growing ambiguity 4. Increased complexity in the workplace
- 9. Outside payers impact on practice Interventions must be affordable and high-quality Need to see immediate results Increase productivity with fewer resources Institutions and organizations are in a constant state of change and reorganization
- 10. Challenging hyperchange OT must meet the challenges of hyperchange We can do this by: Altering our way of thinking paradigm shifts Deal effectively with change become innovators We cannot wait and see how hyperchange will impact OT
- 11. Discussion Question What opportunities do we have as a profession today that may help us impact our profession in the future?
- 12. Paradigm shifts & innovators Need to determine where to focus our efforts Learn when reasoning can be used to advance our interventions Use personal and professional relationships to advance our profession, ourselves, and, thus, our clients Use multiple paradigms and frames of reference with OT so that we can be flexible with our interventions
- 13. Discussion Question Do you believe that occupational therapy is limited by using too narrow a focus or a single paradigm/frame of reference? Why or why not?
- 14. Innovators 3 basic principles to becoming innovators: 1. Anticipate hyperchange 2. Observe and reflect on actual change 3. Stop ignoring ideas that do not fit within our current thought process Action needed to become innovators: OTs must go beyond narrative style approach Consult with other therapists Challenge our perspective Innovation will lead our profession in this ever-changing world 3 areas within OT that have a need for innovation: 1. Professional Organizations 2. Education 3. Practice
- 15. Professional Organizations Three organizational structures: 1. AOTA 2. State associations 3. Local groups These organizations must change now that we live in a time of hyperchange Need to focus on more external issues that affect the profession
- 16. Education Development of curricula Research in education Faculty obligation OT programs integrated into university whole Relevancy of curricula Teaching styles OT graduates
- 17. Practice Increase productivity with fewer resources Treatment has become less individualized and more routine Focus on: Theory-based interventions Professional and personal relationships Need for evidence that supports our interventions Consumers desire for a description of our intervention outcomes Develop new frames of reference, theories, and guidelines for interventions Therapeutic use of self and relationships Personal and professional relationships
- 18. Discussion Question Do you ever feel overwhelmed by hyperchange, the constant development of new technologies, and busy schedules? If so, how do you deal with this?
- 19. Conclusion Innovation leads to positive change, which will improve the lives of our clients Reflecting on our relationship with others will impact our profession, because our profession is about caring for other people During this time of hyperchange, focus on improving interventions in order to meet our client’s needs Evidence will support our interventions, prove their effectiveness, and explain to society what occupational therapy is OT scholars and researchers must focus on interventions, not just our philosophical foundations
- 20. Questions?
- 21. References 2007. (n.d.). What Happened in inc. Pop Culture, Prices and Events. Retrieved April 28, 2014, from http:// www.thepeoplehistory.com/2007.html 2007. (2014, April 28). Wikipedia. Retrieved April 28, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007 Hinojosa, J. (2011). 2007 eleanor clarke slagle lecture: Becoming innovators in an era of hyperchange. In R. Padilla & Y. Griffiths (Eds.), A professional legacy the eleanor clarke slagle lectures in occupational therapy, 1955-2010 (3rd ed., pp. 579-589 & 694- 699). Bethesda, MD: The American Occupational Therapy Associate, Inc.
Editor's Notes
- Masters in special ed – Columbia University Teachers’ College in 1977 focusing on pediatrics as a practice specialty Advised to: Pursue a doctorate Publish 2-3 times a year Work on a portfolio of work This set the tone for the rest of his career and for his contributions to OT in general Enjoys working and collaborating with others Editorial Boards Awards: AOTA Award of Merit, Eleanor Clark Slagle Lectureship Award, NYU’s Distinguished Teaching Award, Meritorious Service Award by American Occupational Therapy Foundation, and Who’s Who in Education Hinojosa’s contributions to the occupational therapy profession: Has conducted research on: Therapist-parent relationship, homework and family life, and children’s handwriting. Currently a professor at NYU Edited and co-edited numerous publications and papers focusing on occupational therapy ECSL: To Hinojosa, the process of writing and giving the lecture was a growth experience. He didn’t use PowerPoint slides because he wanted to go back to the old days of just talking to the audience. When he gave his lecture, he stood in a single spotlight next to the podium and gave his presentation and message to the audience People say it was very powerful
- in a time of hyperchange change is happening at a rapid pace in dramatic and unpredictable ways. occupational therapy needs to act fast and address certain potential issues in order to prepare the profession for the future. Through exploring the roles of education, practice, research, and our organizations, the profession of occupational therapy can address our future role. Need to shift our paradigms and create new frames of reference. Innovation will lead occupational therapy into the future
- SLIDE “It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change” (630) – quote form Charles Darwin Personal to do list is endless Deadlines are shorter and shorter Everyone is always busy Decisions need to be made quicker than before Amount of new knowledge and emerging technologies has increased Need to plan ahead and think fast in order to keep up. We cannot just “wait and see”. By planning ahead, we are making sure that our professional competence is in tact. As OTs, we need to make an effort to be a part of the decision-making process in the health care fields in order to stay recognized as a viable profession that increases people’s participation in life
- This lecture took place not too long ago in 2007. Do you believe we are still experiencing this time of hyperchange where we see rapid, dramatic, complex, and unpredictable change; constant advances in technology, knowledge, and science…? UARS/UCLA Started at UCLA in 2007, we had 42,000 freshmen applications to UCLA. This last class that applied, we had 86,000 freshmen applications. We’ve increased our number of application readers slightly, but our case loads increased more, too, within the same time frame. Technology – went from reading paper apps to online apps. Yield rate – more unpredictable because people are applying all over the place. Applicant pool stronger – kids have done more these days: patents, research, own companies, olympians, etc…
- OT and hyperchange: Knowledge: Expand our knowledge in order to provide competent therapy services Qualification: There’s a demand for us to show the knowledge we know in order to prove we are qualified OTs. Today, compared to 5 years ago, we must prove ourselves as qualified more often than in the past Evidence: Need to know what’s on the internet and what colleagues are writing about and what evidence is available to support interventions Interventions Need to be evidence based and explain why we selected the specific intervention Changing policies and advancing technologies: Stay up to date on changing policies and advancing technologies With expansion of knowledge comes increase of outdated knowledge, which we need to be aware of
- 4 conditions that characterize hyperchange Increasing uncertainty Rapid pace of change Growing ambiguity Experienced in the workplace when everyday problems seem to become resistant to routine solutions Increased complexity in the workplace More complex responsibilities and live with ever-increasing performance expectations Work expectations are the most stressful for the majority of people
- Affect of outside payers on practice: Need to provide interventions that are affordable and high-quality and show immediate results Must increase productivity with fewer resources Institutions and organization are in a constant state of change and reorganization
- Hinojosa believed that in order for OT to continue to thrive as a valued profession and field, that OT must meet the challenges of hyperchange by: Altering the way we think through paradigm shifts Dealing effectively with change by becoming innovators OT must act now and begin to work with the challenges that hyperchange presents. ----------------------------------------------- Hinojosa – “we must alter our views and behaviors to meet the challenges of life in hyperchange. We cannot wait and see.” (630) How do we do this? Need to alter our way of thinking. “We must create paradigm shifts.” (631) “…assumptions, prejudices, prejudgments, and even yearnings influence our thinking and that to deal effectively with change, we must become innovators.” (631).
- Advocacy – we can begin to shape our future by being advocates for OT now State and nation wide Another ex: in our work settings. If working at a school, get involved at the career center, career fairs, go to classes and explain what OT is Advancing technology ourselves and developing apps that support OT Research!!! Being vocal
- How do we create paradigm shifts and become innovators? Need to determine where to focus our efforts – paradigm shifts and innovation Learn when reasoning can be used to advance our interventions Hinojosa - Use personal and professional relationships to advance our profession and ourselves Paradigms – we need to use multiple paradigms because we all think differently and this will encourage us to think beyond our limits.
- 3 basic principles to becoming innovators: “…anticipate hyperchange and accept that the world is erratic but still full of opportunities” (631) “…we must look for what changes are really taking place. We must observe, reflect, and confirm our conclusions with others.” (631) “…we must stop ignoring ideas or events because they do not fit in our current thinking.” (631) Actions needed to become innovators: We need to understand how we do things in order to become innovators. OTs use a narrative style in order to understand a client, whereas PTs us a diaognostic or procedural style. As OTs, we must go beyond just the narrative style and use diagnostic or proecedural style when necessary By stretching our way of thinking and we can shift our paradigms. Consult with other therapists, like PTs, to get to know their perspective and this will challenge our perspective and add to our options with clients leading to new treatment options and alternatives. Challenge our perspective by thinking outside of the box and beyond what we know already There are three important areas within OT that have a need innovative interventions: must examine these Professional Organization Education Practice
- Three organizational structures: AOTA National level State associations Less structured and have state-specific goals Local groups Membership support and continuing education opportunities These organizations must change now that we live in a time of hyperchange. Hinojosa – questions need for certain commissions and activities within these associations. Are they still necessary today? Associations are developed to support the profession of OT. When first created, they are there to create a philosophical base, common language, educate society about the profession, etc. But, as the profession has developed, associations need to focus on more external issues that affect the profession. Hinojosa believes that professional associations need to: reorganize their structures explore smaller administrative structures that can make timely decisions support activities that promote the long-term viability of the profession monitor legislative and reimbursement policies advocate with other organizations to support the profession’s present and future goals” No longer need to have associations involved in the philosophical development of OT – need to focus on external issues of the future
- Need to develop timely and relevant curricula and focus on research in education Faculty have an obligation to conduct and publish their research Also, OT programs should be integrated into the university as a whole. Have similar missions and goals. “In the future, I believe the survival of occupational therapy programs in research universities will depend on our willingness today to move beyond education and include the continued development of our profession’s body of knowledge and increased collaboration with others in the institution.” (633) Curriculum must stay relevant to both OT program and university goals. Also, it should educators must focus on keeping the curricula relevant to the students’ needs. Teaching styles will need to be evaluated and developed to meet the needs of the students in the program. OT graduates need to be able to “reason and solve problems in timely, efficient, and cost-effective manner…curriculums need to focus more on reasoning and problem solving and less on specific knowledge and intervention techniques.” 633
- “Therapists are under incredible pressure to increase productivity with fewer resources.” 634 Treatment has become less individualized and more routine in order to save time and resources. Hinojosa believes that in order to change this and for innovation to occur in practice, we must focus on theory-based intervention and on our professional and personal relationships. By engaging in research and focusing on our theories, we can come up to par with the rest of the scientific community and focus on creating and implementing theory-based interventions. To validate our interventions and keep up in this time of hyperchange, we have to provide evidence that supports our profession through these theory-based interventions. Allow us to provide more concrete possible outcomes of the interventions we’re working on with clients – this proves to society that our knowledge is leading our practice. There is a demand placed on OTs by society and consumers to describe the specific outcomes of our interventions. By having the ability to explain the theory behind the intervention, we can answer this call. With innovation, we must also develop and create new frames of reference, theories, and guidelines for interventions. Through the therapeutic use of self, OTs use themselves in interactions with their clients and colleagues. Therefore, in order for innovation and change to occur, we must also focus on our personal and professional relationships in order to strengthen our therapeutic use of self. This is difficult in the current workplace where stress is constant and work is fast paced. This will help us further our desire to be person-centered as therapists and these relationships help us deal with the changing world we live in and these daily stresses. We cannot respond to stresses of hyperchange without personal and professional relationships that we enjoy and that are satisfying. Relationships support hyperchange. We need to work with other therapists and collaborate in order to benefit our clients. “Recognizing change as a challenge means we need to recognize that we often feel overwhelmed with new knowledge, technologies, and busy schedules.” Do you ever feel overwhelmed by hyperchange, new technologies, busy schedules?
- Innovations lead to positive change and to improving the lives of our clients. In this time of hyperchange, we must take time to reflect on our relationships with others because our profession is about caring for other people. During this time, focus on improving interventions and effectiveness of treatments in order to meet our client’s needs. There is still a great need to explain what occupational therapy is and what we contribute. Evidence will support our interventions and prove their effectiveness and the effectiveness of OT. OT scholars and researchers need to also focus on developing specific, effective interventions and not just only on our philosophical foundations. This is an exciting time for OT. It’s a time to respond to rapid and unpredictable change. Being innovators will allow us to do this and to treat our clients effectively. It is up to each of us to create this modern OT profession and move it into the future.