This document discusses assessing seismic risk across populations of unreinforced masonry buildings. A methodology is presented that involves developing an inventory of buildings, estimating building-specific damage from ground motions, and aggregating to determine total regional loss and risk. Sensitivity investigations are proposed to examine how regional risk estimates depend on regional and building-specific parameters like population size, ground motion intensity, number of stories, floor area, and others. Field survey data from various cities is used to establish distributions for modeling building populations.
Kijk eens anders! Kansen voor bestaande gebouwen.Gerben van Dijk
Gebouwen genoeg, maar wat kunnen we er mee? Hoe creëer je waarde met bestaand vastgoed dat er nu leeg staat? Welke ontwikkelingen zijn er gaande? Hoe kan je succesvol herbestemmen? Met veel voorbeelden uit de praktijk. Gerben is procesmanager bij Vernieuwing Bouw en is gefascineerd door bestaande gebouwen en hun (on)mogelijkheden.
The document provides an overview of masonry structures through history and discusses key concepts in masonry compressive strength. Some key points:
- Masonry has been used as a structural material for thousands of years, with some of the earliest structures made of mud bricks in Jericho over 9,000 years ago. The Egyptians built large stone structures like pyramids without modern machinery.
- Masonry units and mortar each have compressive strengths that influence the overall strength of masonry. Mortar can crush under compression or fail in a nonlinear manner, while units may split if stressed beyond their tensile strength.
- The Hilsdorf equation relates the compressive strength of a m
The document discusses limitations of analyzing masonry structures on a storey-by-storey basis and provides an overview of macroelement modeling approaches. It notes that storey-mechanism analysis makes assumptions about boundary conditions that may not accurately capture the behavior of coupling elements. Global analysis is needed to understand stresses in these elements. It also summarizes characteristics of several macroelement models, including multi-fan, PEFV, TREMURI, and SAM models, that can better model the behavior of entire masonry buildings through use of macro-elements representing portions of the structure.
This document discusses assessing seismic risk across populations of unreinforced masonry buildings. A methodology is presented that involves developing an inventory of buildings, estimating building-specific damage from ground motions, and aggregating to determine total regional loss and risk. Sensitivity investigations are proposed to examine how regional risk estimates depend on regional and building-specific parameters like population size, ground motion intensity, number of stories, floor area, and others. Field survey data from various cities is used to establish distributions for modeling building populations.
Kijk eens anders! Kansen voor bestaande gebouwen.Gerben van Dijk
Gebouwen genoeg, maar wat kunnen we er mee? Hoe creëer je waarde met bestaand vastgoed dat er nu leeg staat? Welke ontwikkelingen zijn er gaande? Hoe kan je succesvol herbestemmen? Met veel voorbeelden uit de praktijk. Gerben is procesmanager bij Vernieuwing Bouw en is gefascineerd door bestaande gebouwen en hun (on)mogelijkheden.
The document provides an overview of masonry structures through history and discusses key concepts in masonry compressive strength. Some key points:
- Masonry has been used as a structural material for thousands of years, with some of the earliest structures made of mud bricks in Jericho over 9,000 years ago. The Egyptians built large stone structures like pyramids without modern machinery.
- Masonry units and mortar each have compressive strengths that influence the overall strength of masonry. Mortar can crush under compression or fail in a nonlinear manner, while units may split if stressed beyond their tensile strength.
- The Hilsdorf equation relates the compressive strength of a m
The document discusses limitations of analyzing masonry structures on a storey-by-storey basis and provides an overview of macroelement modeling approaches. It notes that storey-mechanism analysis makes assumptions about boundary conditions that may not accurately capture the behavior of coupling elements. Global analysis is needed to understand stresses in these elements. It also summarizes characteristics of several macroelement models, including multi-fan, PEFV, TREMURI, and SAM models, that can better model the behavior of entire masonry buildings through use of macro-elements representing portions of the structure.
This document discusses the out-of-plane seismic response of unreinforced masonry walls. It covers several topics: mechanisms of out-of-plane failure including parapet failure and overturning; the seismic load path and how ground motion is transmitted; important issues in evaluating out-of-plane response such as strength, displacement capacity, and dynamic response; and methods for assessing out-of-plane flexural strength including tensile strength of masonry and arching action. Slides show examples of damage from past earthquakes and diagrams illustrating failure mechanisms and load paths.
This document provides an overview of modeling approaches for seismic design and assessment of masonry structures, including:
- Vertical structures can be modeled as cantilever walls, equivalent frames with varying degrees of coupling between floors/piers.
- Equivalent frame models are more realistic and require defining floor/spandrel stiffness. Rigid offsets can limit horizontal deformation.
- Refined 2D/3D finite element models may be needed for complex geometries or nonlinear analysis, but are not usually practical.
- Linear static analysis uses equivalent static loads distributed by storey based on vibration mode. Nonlinear static pushover analyzes failure by increasing loads until a mechanism forms.
This document discusses performance-based seismic evaluation and rehabilitation of masonry buildings according to guidelines from FEMA 356. It outlines acceptance criteria for different performance levels including immediate occupancy, life safety, and collapse prevention. Analysis methods include linear static procedure using force-displacement curves and deformation-controlled actions like bed-joint sliding and rocking. Retrofitting techniques aim to enhance wall strength and stiffness through methods such as reinforced cores, shotcrete, and reticulated reinforcement.
This document summarizes research on the dynamic response of unreinforced masonry (URM) walls subjected to seismic loads. Shake table tests were conducted on URM wall specimens with both stiff and flexible floor diaphragms. Test results showed that flexible diaphragms increased wall displacements and accelerations. Analytical models were developed including Response Spectrum Analysis, Single-Degree-of-Freedom, Multi-Degree-of-Freedom, and Two-Degree-of-Freedom models to simulate wall response. Good correlation with test data validated the accuracy of the models, which were then used in parametric studies to evaluate wall behavior.
The document discusses seismic design and assessment of masonry structures, focusing on strength evaluation of unreinforced masonry (URM) walls subjected to in-plane forces. It covers topics such as flexural cracking and strength, shear strength criteria including maximum principal tensile stress and Coulomb-like models, and the response of building systems to horizontal loading, highlighting the role of diaphragms, ring beams, and tie rods. Examples of reinforced concrete ring beams are also shown.
This document provides an overview of masonry structures and materials. It discusses the mechanical behavior of masonry walls, arches, vaults and domes. Traditional masonry construction techniques are compared to modern methods. Various masonry elements like walls, columns and beams are examined. Finally, common masonry materials like fired clay units are described in terms of their manufacturing, properties and testing standards. The document serves as teaching material for a course on seismic design and assessment of masonry structures.
A cross referenced whitepaper on cloud computingShahzad
The document defines cloud computing and its basic elements including SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, and utility computing. It discusses essential cloud characteristics like on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured service. The document also covers cloud deployment models, platforms, applications, and criticism of cloud computing.
1. Reinforced masonry working stress design of flexural members uses assumptions including plane sections remaining plane after bending and neglecting all masonry in tension.
2. The balanced condition occurs when the extreme fiber stress in the masonry equals the allowable compressive stress and the tensile stress in reinforcement equals the allowable tensile stress.
3. Shear design of reinforced masonry considers mechanisms such as dowel action and the ability of shear reinforcement to restrict crack growth and resist tensile stresses. Allowable shear stresses depend on the presence of shear reinforcement.
Concrete shear wall construction is a common building technique used in earthquake-prone regions. [1] The lateral and gravity load system consists of reinforced concrete walls and slabs. [2] Shear walls are the main vertical elements that resist both lateral and gravity loads. [3] This construction type has demonstrated good seismic performance in past earthquakes when properly designed and constructed.
The document provides notes on masonry structures from a course at the University of Illinois. It discusses lateral strength and behavior of unreinforced masonry (URM) shear walls, including design criteria, failure modes, and examples. Key points include allowable stresses for flexure, shear, and axial loading; effects of perforations on stiffness and force distribution; and checking stresses in piers between openings.
- Minimum reinforcement ratios and requirements for reducing ratios based on shear load are outlined. Wall thickness requirements vary from 8 inches minimum to 16 inches minimum depending on wall type.
- Slender and squat wall behavior is described in relation to their height-to-length aspect ratios. Ductile behavior is preferred to avoid shear failure.
- Design of the critical section and boundary element is discussed, including requirements for reinforcement and extending the boundary element.
- An iterative process is described for selecting reinforcement within the boundary element length to satisfy strength requirements.
Analysis and design of shear wall transfer beam structurephamtraoag
The document analyzes the stress behavior of shear walls and transfer beams due to their interaction. It presents a finite element analysis of a 22-story building model consisting of shear walls, transfer beams, and columns. Two analyses are performed: 1) With vertical loads only to verify the stress behavior matches previous research. 2) With both wind loads and vertical loads to observe stress behavior differences and obtain results for transfer beam design. Based on the second analysis, the transfer beam reinforcement is designed according to CIRIA Guide 2:1977 design standards.
This document discusses Dutch grown polymers and the polymer market in Northwestern Europe. It notes that the Benelux countries, France, Germany, UK, and Italy use 25 million tons of polymers annually. It also discusses the extrusion and injection molding markets for high heat PLA polymers as a replacement for some PS, PET, and ABS applications. It then summarizes Synbra's Synterra PLA production capabilities, including their GMO-free and high heat performance qualities. It outlines a vision for the Dutch bio-based economy and sustainability through crops like sugar beets and PLA production.
This document summarizes Synbra's production of 2nd generation GMO-free PLA polymers in the Netherlands. Key points:
1. Synbra has a 5kt PLA polymerization plant producing GMO-free PLA grades for applications like foam, thermoforming, and injection molding.
2. The plant sources raw materials from Purac (lactide) and uses Sulzer technology to polymerize PLA.
3. Synbra markets these PLA grades under the brand "Synterra" and has received C2C certification for being GMO-free.
4. Synbra is exploring further integrating the Dutch biopolymer supply chain with Suikerunie
This document discusses the out-of-plane seismic response of unreinforced masonry walls. It covers several topics: mechanisms of out-of-plane failure including parapet failure and overturning; the seismic load path and how ground motion is transmitted; important issues in evaluating out-of-plane response such as strength, displacement capacity, and dynamic response; and methods for assessing out-of-plane flexural strength including tensile strength of masonry and arching action. Slides show examples of damage from past earthquakes and diagrams illustrating failure mechanisms and load paths.
This document provides an overview of modeling approaches for seismic design and assessment of masonry structures, including:
- Vertical structures can be modeled as cantilever walls, equivalent frames with varying degrees of coupling between floors/piers.
- Equivalent frame models are more realistic and require defining floor/spandrel stiffness. Rigid offsets can limit horizontal deformation.
- Refined 2D/3D finite element models may be needed for complex geometries or nonlinear analysis, but are not usually practical.
- Linear static analysis uses equivalent static loads distributed by storey based on vibration mode. Nonlinear static pushover analyzes failure by increasing loads until a mechanism forms.
This document discusses performance-based seismic evaluation and rehabilitation of masonry buildings according to guidelines from FEMA 356. It outlines acceptance criteria for different performance levels including immediate occupancy, life safety, and collapse prevention. Analysis methods include linear static procedure using force-displacement curves and deformation-controlled actions like bed-joint sliding and rocking. Retrofitting techniques aim to enhance wall strength and stiffness through methods such as reinforced cores, shotcrete, and reticulated reinforcement.
This document summarizes research on the dynamic response of unreinforced masonry (URM) walls subjected to seismic loads. Shake table tests were conducted on URM wall specimens with both stiff and flexible floor diaphragms. Test results showed that flexible diaphragms increased wall displacements and accelerations. Analytical models were developed including Response Spectrum Analysis, Single-Degree-of-Freedom, Multi-Degree-of-Freedom, and Two-Degree-of-Freedom models to simulate wall response. Good correlation with test data validated the accuracy of the models, which were then used in parametric studies to evaluate wall behavior.
The document discusses seismic design and assessment of masonry structures, focusing on strength evaluation of unreinforced masonry (URM) walls subjected to in-plane forces. It covers topics such as flexural cracking and strength, shear strength criteria including maximum principal tensile stress and Coulomb-like models, and the response of building systems to horizontal loading, highlighting the role of diaphragms, ring beams, and tie rods. Examples of reinforced concrete ring beams are also shown.
This document provides an overview of masonry structures and materials. It discusses the mechanical behavior of masonry walls, arches, vaults and domes. Traditional masonry construction techniques are compared to modern methods. Various masonry elements like walls, columns and beams are examined. Finally, common masonry materials like fired clay units are described in terms of their manufacturing, properties and testing standards. The document serves as teaching material for a course on seismic design and assessment of masonry structures.
A cross referenced whitepaper on cloud computingShahzad
The document defines cloud computing and its basic elements including SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, and utility computing. It discusses essential cloud characteristics like on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured service. The document also covers cloud deployment models, platforms, applications, and criticism of cloud computing.
1. Reinforced masonry working stress design of flexural members uses assumptions including plane sections remaining plane after bending and neglecting all masonry in tension.
2. The balanced condition occurs when the extreme fiber stress in the masonry equals the allowable compressive stress and the tensile stress in reinforcement equals the allowable tensile stress.
3. Shear design of reinforced masonry considers mechanisms such as dowel action and the ability of shear reinforcement to restrict crack growth and resist tensile stresses. Allowable shear stresses depend on the presence of shear reinforcement.
Concrete shear wall construction is a common building technique used in earthquake-prone regions. [1] The lateral and gravity load system consists of reinforced concrete walls and slabs. [2] Shear walls are the main vertical elements that resist both lateral and gravity loads. [3] This construction type has demonstrated good seismic performance in past earthquakes when properly designed and constructed.
The document provides notes on masonry structures from a course at the University of Illinois. It discusses lateral strength and behavior of unreinforced masonry (URM) shear walls, including design criteria, failure modes, and examples. Key points include allowable stresses for flexure, shear, and axial loading; effects of perforations on stiffness and force distribution; and checking stresses in piers between openings.
- Minimum reinforcement ratios and requirements for reducing ratios based on shear load are outlined. Wall thickness requirements vary from 8 inches minimum to 16 inches minimum depending on wall type.
- Slender and squat wall behavior is described in relation to their height-to-length aspect ratios. Ductile behavior is preferred to avoid shear failure.
- Design of the critical section and boundary element is discussed, including requirements for reinforcement and extending the boundary element.
- An iterative process is described for selecting reinforcement within the boundary element length to satisfy strength requirements.
Analysis and design of shear wall transfer beam structurephamtraoag
The document analyzes the stress behavior of shear walls and transfer beams due to their interaction. It presents a finite element analysis of a 22-story building model consisting of shear walls, transfer beams, and columns. Two analyses are performed: 1) With vertical loads only to verify the stress behavior matches previous research. 2) With both wind loads and vertical loads to observe stress behavior differences and obtain results for transfer beam design. Based on the second analysis, the transfer beam reinforcement is designed according to CIRIA Guide 2:1977 design standards.
This document discusses Dutch grown polymers and the polymer market in Northwestern Europe. It notes that the Benelux countries, France, Germany, UK, and Italy use 25 million tons of polymers annually. It also discusses the extrusion and injection molding markets for high heat PLA polymers as a replacement for some PS, PET, and ABS applications. It then summarizes Synbra's Synterra PLA production capabilities, including their GMO-free and high heat performance qualities. It outlines a vision for the Dutch bio-based economy and sustainability through crops like sugar beets and PLA production.
This document summarizes Synbra's production of 2nd generation GMO-free PLA polymers in the Netherlands. Key points:
1. Synbra has a 5kt PLA polymerization plant producing GMO-free PLA grades for applications like foam, thermoforming, and injection molding.
2. The plant sources raw materials from Purac (lactide) and uses Sulzer technology to polymerize PLA.
3. Synbra markets these PLA grades under the brand "Synterra" and has received C2C certification for being GMO-free.
4. Synbra is exploring further integrating the Dutch biopolymer supply chain with Suikerunie