Social Exchange Theory proposes that people view relationships in economic terms, assessing costs and rewards to determine if a relationship is beneficial. It assumes humans seek benefits and avoid punishments, act rationally, and use cost-benefit standards that can change over time and between individuals. Relationships are interdependent and dynamic processes. A relationship is evaluated based on comparison levels - what one expects to receive - and alternatives. Patterns of exchange include reciprocal behavior sequences aimed at goals, power dynamics, and behavior control. Exchanges can be direct between two people or generalized through social networks. Relational Dialectics Theory views contradictions as inherent in relationships and central to communication dynamics. Relationships involve tensions between opposing forces like autonomy and connection.

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2. Social Exchange Theory
John Thibaut and Harold Kelley

3. Social Exchange Theory (SET) is based on the notion that
people think about their relationships in economic terms.
SET argues that people ases their relationship in term of costs
and rewards.
Outcome = reward – costs
Costs : element of relational life with negative
value.
Reward : elements of relational life with positive
value
Outcome : whether people continue in a
relationship or terminate it

4. Asumsi Teori Pertukaran Sosial mengenai keadaan
manusia (human nature):
1. Manusia mencari keuntungan dan menghindari
hukuman
2. Manusia sebagai mahluk rasional
3. Standar-standar manusia menggunakan evaluasi
biaya dan keuntungan dari waktu ke waktu dan
dari orang per orang.
Asumsi Teori Pertukaran Sosial mengenai hubungan
manusia:
1. Hubungan manusia saling ketergantungan
2. Hubungan manusia sebagai suatu proses

5. Evaluasi suatu hubungan
-The comparison level is a standard representing
what people feel they should receive in the
way of rewards and costs from a particular
relationship.
-Comparison level for alternatives:
how people evaluate a relationship based on
what rheir aternatives to the relationship are

6. Pola Pertukaran
-Behavioral sequences: a series of of action
designed to achives a goal
-Power: the degree of dependence a person has
on another for outcomes
-Behavior control; the power to change
another’s behavior

7. Struktur Pertukaran
Direct exchange; an echange where two people
reciprocate costs and rewards
A B
Generalized Exchange; an exchange where
reciprocation involves the social network and
isn’t confined to two individuals
A B
C

8. Productive Exchange; an exchange where both
partners incur costs and benefits
simultaneously
AB
A B

9. Relational Dialectics Theory
1. The monologic approach pictures
contradiction as either/or relationship.
A B
2. Dualistic; an approach framing contradiction
as two separate entities
A B

10. 3. Dialectic approach; an approach framing
contradictions as both/and
B3 A2 B1 A4
A3 B5
A1 B2 B4 A5

11. Assumptions of Relational Dialectics Theory
1. Relationships are not linear
2. Relational life is characterized by change.
3. Contradiction in the fundamental fact of
relational life.
4. Communication is central to organizing and
negotiating relational contradiction.

12. Elements of Dialectics
1. Totality: acknowledge the interdependence
of people in a relationship
2. Contradiction; the central feature of the
dialectic approach.
Two elements that contradict each other.
3. Motion; refers to the processual nature of
relationships

13. Basic Relational Dialetics
1. Autonomy and Connection
The dialectic between autonomy and connetion refers
to our simultaneous desires to be independent of our
significant others and to find intimacy with them.
2. Opennes and Protection
The openness and protection dialectic focuses on our
conflicting desires first to be open and vulnerable,
revealing personal information to our relational
partners, and second to be strategic and protective in
our communication.
3. Novelty and Predictability
The dialectic between novelty and predictability
refers the conflict between the comfort of stability
and the excitement of change.

14. 4. Contextual Dialectics
a. Interactional dialectics: tensions resulting from
and constructed by communication
b. Contectual dialectics: tension resulting from the
place of the relationship within the culture
c. Public and private dialectic: a contextual
dialectic resulting from a private relationship
and public life
d. Real and ideal dialectic: a contextual dialectic
resulting from the differences between idealized
relationhips and lived relationship.

15. Kuis
A. Buatlah analisis aplikasi Teori Pertukaran
Sosial (TPS) dalam kontek komunikasi
Antarpersona
B. Bagaimana pendapat Saudara penerapan TPS
dalam aktivitas manusia melakukan:
1. Kegiatan sosial; memberi sumbangan pada
masyarakat yang tertimpa bencana
2. Kegiatan keagamaan; membangun tempat
ibadah, dll