Preliminary Diagnostic System for Endocrine related diseases

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter includes the background, objectives, and scope and limitation of the
study to prove the existence of the problem and the significance of conducting this research.
Background of the Study
According to Holmboe and Durning (2014), a diagnosis ensures that the healthcare
provider knows the precise problem of the patient, allowing for the development of
effective management and treatment plans. It enables medical professionals to give patients
individualized care, accurate information, and the ability to make decisions about the health
of the patient. A patient has the best chance for a favorable health outcome when a
diagnosis is made accurately and promptly since clinical decision-making was based on an
accurate understanding of the health situation of the patient.
A study conducted by the Immune Deficiency Foundation in 2019, the incidence
of undiagnosed diabetes in the Philippines is reported to be 4.4%, while impaired fasting
glucose has an occurrence rate of 7.2%. Diabetes is a chronic medical condition
characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to the body's inability to properly
regulate insulin production or usage. Among the total adult population of 63,265,700 in the
Philippines, there are approximately 3,993,300 individuals diagnosed with diabetes,
indicating a prevalence rate of 6.3%. It is worth noting that diabetes remains the fourth
leading cause of mortality in the country.
In the discussion of Johns Hopkins (n.d), a medical problem that prevents a person’s
thyroids from producing the appropriate number of hormones is known as thyroidism
illness. Anyone can develop thyroidism illness, including men, women, children,
teenagers, and the elderly. It can start at birth and get worse as they get older. Undiagnosed

and untreated thyroidism disease can cause additional complications, including nerve
damage and heart problems. The signs of different illnesses and life stages are often like
the symptoms of thyroidism disorders. Because of this, it could be challenging to determine
whether their symptoms are caused by a thyroidism condition or something else.
Thyroid function disorders are medical conditions that can have a significant impact
on public health, potentially affecting individuals of all ages and reducing their lifespan. In
a study involving 4,897 individuals who underwent thyroid function tests, it was found that
417 individuals (8.53%) had abnormalities in thyroid function. The most common
abnormality observed was subclinical hyperthyroidism, occurring in 5.33% of the
population. The other categories of abnormalities had the following occurrence rates: true
hyperthyroidism (0.61%), true hypothyroidism (0.41%), and subclinical hypothyroidism
(2.18%). Most of the population, comprising 4,480 individuals (91.47%), had normal
thyroid function. These findings highlight the prevalence of thyroid function disorders and
the importance of regular screening and monitoring in the population. Further research and
interventions are necessary to address the impact of these disorders on public health and
improve outcomes for affected individuals (Raboca et al. 2014).
To increase the accuracy of the current invention. When it comes to healthcare,
accuracy is crucial to accurately diagnose the conditions of the patient. People must receive
the right treatment for their unique illnesses, which can be ensured by an accurate
diagnosis. Diabetes and thyroidism illness can all be controlled with early detection.
However, if these illnesses are not detected early enough, they can result in severe
complications and illnesses that can be fatal.

The development of a preliminary approach system for endocrine disease detection
through cutaneous manifestations aims to provide a non-invasive and accessible method
for early diagnosis. By identifying and monitoring specific cutaneous signs associated with
diabetes and thyroid disease, this system can facilitate prompt intervention and treatment,
potentially preventing the progression of these conditions and reducing the risk of
associated complications. The integration of this device into routine healthcare practices
has the potential to improve patient outcomes and overall public health by enabling timely
and effective management of endocrine disorders. Additionally, the system may also
contribute to reducing healthcare costs by minimizing the need for invasive diagnostic
procedures and interventions in cases where early detection can be achieved through
cutaneous manifestations.
Objectives of the Study
The general objective of the study is to develop a preliminary diagnostic system for
endocrine related disease.
Specifically, the study aims to:
1. Design a preliminary diagnostic system for endocrine related disease with the
following characteristics:
a. Captures the image of the fingernails of the end user.
b. Measures the temperature of the fingernails of the end user.
c. Capable of determining possible disease, specifically, thyroidism and
diabetes mellitus.
d. Capable of printing preliminary results using thermal printer.
e. Capable of sending the preliminary results to the email of the end user.

2. Fabricate the prototype as designed using locally available materials.
3. Test and improve the functionality and reliability of the project prototype; and
4. Evaluate the acceptability of the project prototype using the TUP Evaluation
Instrument for the developed prototype.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The project involved the development of a preliminary diagnostic system for
endocrine related disease. The endocrine diseases mentioned are diabetes and thyroidism.
The study is to identify the difference between the fingernail of diabetic and
thyroidism, design a prototype that can assess the severity of the fingernail conditions, and
implement image recognition capabilities to analyze the possible condition by capturing
their fingernail.
The camera in the prototype is responsible for taking detailed pictures of
the fingernails of the end user. The Central Processing Unit analyzes the photos that were
taken to ascertain the condition of the fingernails. A thermal printer is built within the
system to make physical copies of the diagnostic findings. It has email functionality,
allowing end user to receive diagnostic results straight to their email. A screen in the
prototype allows the user to enter their personal data.
The end user triggers the camera that takes detailed pictures by placing their
fingernails in the temperature scanner. The Central Processing Unit processes the taken
pictures and determines if the conditions of the fingernails indicate diabetes or thyroidism.
The diagnostic result can be emailed to the end user or printed for hard copy data.
The accuracy of the prototype is dependent on the severity level of fingernail
conditions. It may not be as effective in detecting diseases at lower severity levels. Like

any diagnostic system, there is a possibility of false positives or false negatives, requiring
further validation and confirmation by healthcare professionals. The prototype specifically
focuses on diabetes and thyroidism detection and may not cover a comprehensive range of
endocrine-related diseases.
The preliminary diagnostic system provides a convenient and non-invasive method
for individuals to assess their risk of diabetes or thyroidism, promoting early detection and
intervention. The system can assist healthcare professionals in the initial screening process,
providing additional information to aid in diagnosis and treatment planning. The portability
and email functionality of the prototype make it particularly beneficial for individuals in
remote areas with limited access to healthcare facilities. It is important to note that further
research, testing, and validation are necessary to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the
prototype.

Chapter 2
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
In this chapter, it discusses the conceptual framework supporting the study and
conduct a thorough review of the related literature.
Review of Related Literature and Studies
In this section, we look into existing research on early diagnostic systems for
endocrine-related diseases. The endocrine system is vital for regulating the body, and
catching issues early is crucial for effective treatment. Our review focuses on current
advancements in tools that can detect endocrine diseases in their early stages.
Endocrine Related Diseases
Diabetes
Diabetes is a long-lasting health problem that messes with how your body
deals with sugar, which gives energy to your cells. Keeping your blood sugar at the
right levels is super important for your health. But with diabetes, your body
struggles to make or use insulin properly. Insulin is a hormone made by your
pancreas that keeps your blood sugar in check. The lasting consequences of diabetes
encompass harm to both large and small blood vessels, potentially resulting in heart
attacks and strokes, as well as complications affecting the kidneys, eyes, feet, and
nerves.
Some individuals with diabetes may experience a yellowish discoloration
and increased fragility of their nails. This is often linked to the breakdown of sugar
and its impact on nail collagen. In specific instances, the yellowing of nails can be
an indicator of a nail infection. Those with diabetes have a higher likelihood of

developing a fungal nail infection, known as onychomycosis, compared to
individuals without diabetes. Diabetes is a common and serious illness that can
harm many parts of the body, including the skin. Between 30% and 70% of people
with diabetes, whether they have type 1 or type 2, may have skin problems at some
point in their life. There are different skin issues connected to diabetes, ranging
from mild to severe, and some can even be dangerous or change the way you look.
In the research conducted by Kumar et al. (2019), tissue damage emerges as a
significant consequence of diabetes, with the majority of the disease is more serious
complications attributed to it. Their study outlines an innovative diagnostic
approach to swiftly and non-invasively evaluate the tissue damage in diabetic
patients by examining the quality of their fingernails. Typically, tissue damage is
not discovered until much later, when the prognosis for the affected tissues is very
severe. Elevated blood glucose levels in diabetic individuals cause numerous vital
proteins, such as hemoglobin (Hb), which carries oxygen in the blood, to become
unintentionally modified (glycated), making them more difficult for the cell to
remove from the body. Like what would occur if we let trash fester within our
homes, these altered proteins build up and impair the ability of the cells to carry out
its regular operations, which causes harm to tissues. They discussed in their study
that diabetes is frequently diagnosed using the glycated of the blood hemoglobin
content. The severity of diabetes increases with glycation. However, the degree of
tissue damage in diabetes patients cannot be determined using this method. The
writers made the decision to search for non-invasive indicators of tissue injury.
They discovered keratin, a protein found in large amounts in our fingernails, skin,

and hair that is likewise altered (glycated) by elevated blood sugar levels. The
reason fingernails are used for marker testing is that non-invasive ways are always
preferred over invasive methods.
The authors of the study examined clipped nails of diabetic and healthy
subjects for variations in nail surface morphology and roughness, tissue density,
mineral content, material properties, disulfide bond content, and protein
composition in order to determine whether glycated keratin can be used as a marker
for tissue damage. These trials were conducted on older patients since tissue
damage caused by diabetes is a chronic problem and early diagnosis can help
prevent irreversible organ damage.
The study found that in the elderly diabetes population, glycation of keratin
in fingernails is, in fact, a measure of fingernail quality. The degree of keratin
glycation was correlated with changes in the anatomical structure of the nail,
decreased calcium content, and other mineral content. The quality of nail plates was
much worse in diabetes patients.
Diagnosing diabetes through fingernail symptoms is becoming more and
more popular as a non-invasive and possibly accurate way. Studies have
demonstrated that the glycation of keratin in fingernails can be utilized to measure
tissue damage in diabetic patients and is an indicator of fingernail quality in the
elderly diabetic population. Yellow nails can be a sign of diabetes, as glucose can
attach to collagen proteins in the nail, turning them from pink to yellow.
Furthermore, it has been discovered that the furosine of the nail serves as a helpful
marker for assessing the long-term management of diabetes. Moreover, it has been

proposed that the nail plate quality may be able to predict diabetic problems.
Although these results are encouraging, it is crucial to remember that diabetes
diagnosis via fingernail characteristics alone may still be in the early stages of study
and is not yet a routine clinical procedure.
The study conducted by Davis et al. (2015) demonstrates implications for
clinical dermatology, medical technology, or telemedicine by providing tools or
methods to assist in diagnosing skin conditions with a high degree of accuracy.
According to their study, skin condition degrades with age. It is difficult for people
to differentiate the effects of normal aging from disease. This leads to lots of worry
and unnecessary doctor visits. More rigorous diagnostic techniques can be applied
to educate the public, assist medical professionals, and lower health care costs. In
accordance with one embodiment of the present technology, imagery of
dermatological conditions, and other enrollment information is compiled in a
crowd-sourced database, together with associated diagnosis information.
Physicians and other medical professionals can greatly benefit from this reference
material.
Zhaobang et al. (2017) conducted a comprehensive study on dermatological
map auxiliary diagnostic system, and more particularly to a stored data dermatology
map auxiliary diagnostic system. According to their study, some healthcare
organizations was provide useful skin photos on the internet for scientific research.
However, the internet is scattered resources for skin disease images, data sources
that are messy, the format that is inconsistent, the picture resolution that is uneven,
or in accordance with the specific condition, the human body, the human age, and

other characteristics of classification, image accuracy without expert audit, and ease
of misleading the judgment of regular users make it unsuitable for use by doctors
who are teaching as well as by engineers and technicians who work in the field of
medical equipment. Their invention provides a dermatology map auxiliary
diagnosis system based on an information in the storage of their invention, as well
as an online, standardized, large data platform to help doctors and researchers with
skin care teaching and research use. Dermatological users can also make use of
online search, and the system automatically provides information on similar disease
diagnosis, risk assessment and prediction, and disease prevention.
The researchers used methodologies and insights from two important prior
art sources in the development of the preliminary diagnostic system for endocrine
related diseases. First, methods and arrangements for identifying dermatological
diagnoses with clinically negligible probabilities provide important insights into
the development and use of methods for diagnosis with high sensitivity and
precision. The general principles of precise disease identification and the
significance of clinically negligible probabilities immediately apply to our
endocrine related disease diagnostic method, even though this patent primarily
deals with dermatological diagnoses. Our strategy to decrease false positives and
improve diagnostic accuracy is inspired by the novel methods put forward in this
prior research. Additionally, the skin disease map auxiliary diagnosis system based
on stored information also contributes to the development of our technique since it
highlights the value of storing data or information for centralizing medical data for
improved auxiliary diagnosis.

As shown in Figure 1 notice that their nails become brittle and prone to
breakage, or that they grow at a slower rate than usual. In some instances, the nail
bed may appear more susceptible to infections.
Figure 1. A fingernail of an individual with diabetes.
Source: http://surl.li/mmgdw
Thyroidism
Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are frequent thyroid problems that
influence the performance of the thyroid gland, a gland in the neck shaped like a
butterfly. This gland has a vital role in controlling various bodily functions. These
conditions occur when there is a disruption in the production and release of thyroid
hormones. Thyroidism conditions are delicate because they can cause various
problems like heart issues, and changes in how your body works, and how you feel
mentally.
Thyroid problems can make your nails dry and fragile, making them more
likely to chip and break. In some cases, they can even cause the nails to come loose
from the nail bed, which is called onycholysis. It is important to know that these

nail changes are not only linked to thyroid issues and can happen for different
reasons, like not getting the right nutrients, injuries, or other health concerns.
Even though the thyroid gland is located far down the neck, a person may
still notice other symptoms. This is because many thyroid illness indications and
symptoms are visible on the nails. Thyroid disease can also cause nail changes,
such as dry, and brittle nails. Nail results are important for dermatology education
since they aid in the early detection of thyroid diseases. Changes in thyroid
hormone levels can lead to a variety of changes, including the appearance of thyroid
illness under the nails. The thyroid hormones are essential for controlling growth
and metabolism, and variations in their levels can have an impact on various tissues,
including the nails.
Dry and brittle nails can be a symptom of thyroidism, or an underactive
thyroid. The nails are impacted by decreased metabolic activity, which increases
their vulnerability to breaking and brittleness. Thyroidism can cause thicker,
coarser nails as well as thin, fragile nails. The rate at which nails develop is affected
by thyroid hormones. An imbalance in these hormones might lead to decreases in
the speed at which the nails grow. Thyroid problems may have an impact on the
lunula, or the half-moon-shaped area at the base of the nails. Thyroid dysfunction
may be indicated by the lunula changing in size or disappearing completely.
Thyroid problems can present with a variety of nail symptoms. Small dents
or pits on the nail surface, known as nail pitting, have been linked to autoimmune
diseases like psoriasis and alopecia areata, which can coexist with thyroid issues.
Thyroidism is associated with onycholysis, which causes the nail plate to separate

from the underlying nail bed and gives the impression of raised or detached nails.
Beaus’ lines, or horizontal grooves, can be a sign of a serious illness, such as thyroid
issues, that temporarily disrupts nail growth. Koilonychias, sometimes referred to
as "spoon nails," is characterized by concave nails with elevated edges. It is
frequently linked to iron deficiency anemia, though it can also happen in people
with thyroid conditions.
Thyroid aeropathy, a disorder characterized by clubbing of the fingers and
toes that causes swelling and enlargement of the fingertips, is frequently linked to
specific autoimmune thyroid disorders. Severe thyroidism can cause this syndrome.
Thyroid problems can also cause nail ridging, variations in nail thickness, and color
change such as cyanosis, or blue tinge in cases of severe thyroidism in the nails.
These varied alterations to the nails draw attention to the possible reflection of
thyroid health in the nails.
The study conducted by Angela Rosenberg et al. (2022) investigates the nail
changes observed in patients with thyroid disease. It highlights the major
classifications of thyroid disorders, including and hypothyroidism which can have
significant health consequences. The prevalence of hyperthyroidism ranges from
0.2% to 1.3%, while hypothyroidism affects around 5.3% of the European
population and 3.7% of the US population. Thyroid hormones influence adrenergic
receptors, leading to symptoms such as tachycardia and increased body temperature
in hyperthyroidism, and decreased metabolic rate in hypothyroidism. Nail changes
in thyroid patients, including koilonychia, clubbing, and nail brittleness, were
identified through analysis of eight studies. The study emphasizes the importance

of early diagnosis and prompt treatment referral to prevent serious complications
and permanent sequelae associated with thyroid disease.
The researchers applied methodologies and insights gleaned from these
studies. While the focus of our research is primarily on dermatological diagnoses,
we have incorporated the general principles of accurate disease identification and
the importance of considering clinically insignificant probabilities. Our approach
to reducing false positives and enhancing diagnostic precision is informed by the
innovative techniques proposed in previous research, despite its primary focus on
endocrine-related diseases.
As shown in Figure 2 the alterations in nail color, such as yellowing or a
faint bluish hue, can occasionally arise due to thyroid dysfunction and the presence
of longitudinal ridges or grooves on the nails may be linked to thyroid dysfunction.
Figure 2. A fingernail of an individual with thyroidism.
Source: bit.ly/3hV8WET
Relation of Diabetes and Thyroidism
Diabetes and thyroid problems are types of health issues called endocrine
disorders. That means they are conditions where the part of your body responsible

for making hormones, called the endocrine system, does not work the way it should.
These problems can happen for different reasons and, because they involve
hormones, they can cause lots of different symptoms.
Diabetes and thyroid conditions have a strong connection. When you have
hyperthyroidism, your insulin levels may decrease, causing an increase in blood
sugar, which raises the risk of diabetes. On the other hand, if you have
hypothyroidism, the opposite can happen, potentially causing episodes of low blood
sugar. Since many people with type 1 diabetes are at a high risk of having thyroid
issues, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) suggests that everyone who is
told they have type 1 diabetes should get tested for hypothyroidism shortly after
they find out.
In many cases, it may not be possible to prevent diabetes or thyroid
disorders. At present, there is no guaranteed way to prevent an autoimmune disease
from developing. However, a person may be able to prevent or delay the onset of
conditions that do not have genetic causes. This prototype aims to empower
individuals with the knowledge, and it encourages users to make informed
decisions about their well-being. interactive and user-friendly digital tool designed
to help individuals assess their risk of diabetes and thyroid disorders. It serves as a
valuable initial step to raise awareness and encourage regular check-ups.
Biochemical and physiological processes are the main ways that diabetes
and thyroid diseases are related, several interesting studies point to possible
linkages that may also be present in physical signs, such as fingernails. Nail changes
are not specific to diabetes or thyroidism, but they can be caused by these illnesses

as well. Diabetes can cause the nails to become thicker and yellow, and it can also
make them more prone to fungal infections. On the other side, thyroid malfunction,
whether hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, can lead to alterations such as brittle,
dry, and ridged nails. Because these endocrine problems affect blood circulation,
metabolism, and nail health generally, there may be a complex link between them
and nail symptoms.
The researchers explored the intricate relationship between diabetes and
thyroid disorders, both falling under the umbrella of endocrine disorders affecting
the hormone-producing endocrine system. These conditions, characterized by
hormonal imbalances, manifest various symptoms, necessitating vigilant
monitoring and management. Researchers elucidated a significant association
between diabetes and thyroid issues. Hyperthyroidism was observed to potentially
decrease insulin levels, leading to elevated blood sugar levels and an increased risk
of diabetes. Conversely, hypothyroidism was found to have the potential to induce
episodes of low blood sugar. Given the heightened risk, the American Diabetes
Association recommended screening individuals with type 1 diabetes for
hypothyroidism.
Object Detection Neural Network
Object detection involves the identification or classification of an image along with
its segmentation. Segmentation is achieved by drawing a bounding box over the object of
interest. Object detection is typically used for locating objects in an image (Venkatesh,
2020). The researchers used this in the prototype to locate the presence of objects with a
bounding box and detect the classes of the located objects in these boxes. The image

classification problem focuses on classifying the images, in 1 image there may be more
than 1 class that are searching for, and in object recognition, the task is to find all of them,
and placed in the most appropriate boxes. There are two main groups of object detection
neural network, multi stage, and single stage detectors (Aktas, 2022). The researchers are
using multi stage detectors (Faster RCNN), because the speed of the model increased a lot,
and the accuracy.
Image Processing
A method to perform some operations on an image, in order to get an
enhanced image or to extract some useful information from it (University of Tartu,
2018). Using image processing in the prototype was enhance the visualization of
data, making it easier to convey complex information or results. Help extract
relevant features or characteristics from images, which can be used for further
analysis or classification tasks.
The researchers were make use of image processing to thoroughly collect
the data or information in the fingernails. With the use of image processing, the
researchers can collect all the information about what is happening to the
fingernails of the users, was provide that information to the system, and the system
was thoroughly process the information to determine whether the user has thyroid
or diabetic condition.
Microcontroller
A microcontroller is an integrated circuit (IC) device used for controlling other
portions of an electronic system, usually via a microprocessor unit (MPU), memory, and
some peripherals. These devices are optimized for embedded applications that require both

processing functionality and agile, responsive interaction with digital, analog, or
electromechanical components (Keim, 2019).
Microcontrollers was being used by the researchers for temperature sensor.
Microcontrollers can easily connect to a wide range of sensors, including temperature
sensors, cameras and other image capture devices, to collect data. Was used
microcontrollers to create user interfaces, display diagnostic results, and interact with
users, enhancing the usability of the system.
Arduino Uno
As shown in Figure 1 the open-source Arduino platform is used to create
electrical projects. With Arduino, it can write and upload computer code to a
physical programmable circuit board (commonly called a microcontroller) using a
piece of software called Integrated Development Environment (IDE), which runs
on the computer. Arduino can interact with buttons, LEDs, motors, speakers, GPS
units, cameras, the internet, and even your smart-phone or your TV (SparkFun
Learn, n.d.).
The Arduino Uno is a versatile microcontroller board that can be used to
control temperature in a prototype. It features an ATMega328P microcontroller,
digital and analog pins for connecting sensors and actuators, and a USB interface
for programming. In a temperature control prototype, components typically include
a temperature sensor (e.g., DHT22 or TMP36), a heating or cooling element (e.g.,
a relay or a Peltier module), and a display (e.g., an LCD or LED screen) for real-
time temperature feedback. The Arduino Uno can read temperature data from the
sensor, process it using a control algorithm, and activate the heating or cooling

element as needed to maintain a target temperature, making it a fundamental tool
for building such prototypes.
In our research, we explored the versatile capabilities of the open-source
Arduino platform in electrical project development. This platform offers users the
ability to write and upload computer code to a physical programmable circuit board,
known as a microcontroller, using Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
software. Specifically, in temperature control prototypes, the Arduino Uno
demonstrates its effectiveness by reading temperature data from sensors, processing
it through control algorithms, and regulating heating or cooling elements to
maintain a target temperature. This functionality positions the Arduino Uno as an
indispensable tool for temperature control projects, showcasing its versatility and
utility across various engineering applications.
Figure 3. Arduino Uno
Source: http://surl.li/mmfpu
Camera
A camera is a hardware device that takes photographs and consists of a lightproof
box with photosensitive film or plate in the box. When a picture is taken, the shutter of the
camera opens and closes, exposing the photosensitive film with light recording the image
onto the film (Computer Hope, 2019).

Webcam
As shown in Figure 4 webcam is a small digital video camera directly or
indirectly connected to a computer or a computer network. Webcams come with
software that needs to be installed on the computer to help users record video on or
stream it from the Web. Webcams can take pictures as well as high-definition
videos, although the video quality can be lower compared to other camera models
(Rouse, 2017).
The researchers use webcam for preliminary diagnoses because it is non-
invasive and does not require direct skin contact. Webcams make it possible to
monitor and record fingernails in real time, which is useful for observing changes
over time or for quick diagnosis. Webcams was help in the diagnostic process by
extracting pertinent data and features from the photos that are collected using image
processing techniques. It was capture the fingernails of the end users, to check if
that fingernails were match the prototypes data. To know if the owner of those
fingernails has diabetes or thyroidism.
Figure 4. Webcam
Source: http://surl.li/mmfxq

Display
Alternatively known as a desktop display, a display or display device describes the
device used to view video, images, or text. Any information shown on a display is
sometimes called a soft copy. The picture shows a flat panel display and the most common
display used with computers today (Computer Hope, 2023)
Touch Screen LCD
As shown in Figure 5 touchscreen is an electronic input device that the user can
control with single or multi-touch gestures. The touchscreen enables the user to interact
directly with what is being displayed, rather than using a mouse, touchpad, or any other
intermediate device. Touchscreen (AKA digitizer) is the thin transparent layer of plastic,
which reads the signal from the touch and transports it to the processing unit. It is the part
that user can touch without disassembling the device. LCD screen is the panel that is inside
the device, which displays the image (Laptop Screen, 2013).
The researchers used 15.6-inch touch screen LCD so users can engage with
machines in a natural and straightforward way because of touchscreen technology. Users
may navigate by merely touching the screen. The user may quickly enter the information
that the machine was display, such as the username, age, sex, and email address, with the
help of the LCD touch screen.
Figure 5. Touch Screen LCD
Source: http://surl.li/mmgdw

Printer
A printer is an external hardware output device that takes the electronic data stored
on a computer or other device and generates a hard copy (Computer Hope, 2021).
Thermal Printer
A thermal printer is a type of printer that uses a heated thermal print head
pressed against a medium to produce black text or images. The heated print head
either activates special chemically treated paper (called thermal paper) or transfers
solid ink from a ribbon and bonds it to the medium, depending on the type of
thermal printer. They are commonly used in producing labels, receipts, barcodes,
ID badges and many more applications across a vast number of industries (CDW,
2022).
The researchers used a thermal printer to print the diagnostic of the
prototype results. The information compromises the personal information of the
end users, that he/she entered the system, the diagnosis of the system, and a
reminder that he/she was still need to go to the hospital to make sure that they have
the disease.
Figure 6. Thermal Printer
Source: https://rb.gy/zvxme

Google Colaboratory
It is a cloud based Jupiter notebook environment. It runs in the web browser and
lets anyone with internet access experiment with machine learning and coding for artificial
intelligence. He/She can write and execute Python code, share the code and edit it
simultaneously with other team members, and document everything by combining it into a
single notebook with rich text, charts, images, HTML, and LaTeX. It connects to powerful
Google Cloud platform runtimes, and enables to easily share the work, and collaborate with
others (Zeman, 2023).
The researchers investigated a cloud-based Jupiter notebook environment designed
to facilitate experimentation with machine learning and coding for artificial intelligence.
This platform operates within a web browser, enabling individuals with internet access to
engage in Python coding and execution. One notable feature is the ability to share code and
collaborate in real-time with team members, enhancing productivity and fostering
collaboration. Furthermore, users can document their work comprehensively by combining
code with rich text, charts, images, HTML, and LaTeX into a single notebook.
Programming Language
A programming language is a computer language programmer use to develop
software programs, scripts, or other sets of instructions for computers to execute (Computer
Hope, 2021).
Python
Python is a programming language that is well-liked by established C++
and Java programmers. Python is well-known for being strong, quick, and
enjoyable. Python produces code that is simple to read, comprehend, and learn.

Python developers may dynamically type variables without having to explain what
the variable is supposed to be. The source of the Python statement indentation
guidelines contributes to the consistency and readability of the code. Python-based
software tends to be more compact than programs created using Java-based
programming languages. Typically, less code must be typed by programmers (Zola,
2021).
WiredQT
A Rapid Application Development (RAD) tool for Python GUI
Development is a reliable python powered program that was give its user advantage
in machine learning, IoT systems, embedded systems. It is a compact Rapid
Application Development Software designed to make system automation and
prototypes in minutes, removing the need to worry about some software
subscription (Chiptrontech, 2023).
The researchers used python as the programming language because it is one
of the few with a clear and understandable syntax that is relatively simple for even
complete beginners to learn. As a result of its simplicity, the code for the kiosk
machine can be created and updated more quickly.
Conceptual Model of the Study
The theories, conclusions, and analysis gathered from the compilation of relevant
research and literature outlined were included into the foundation of the study. The
gathering of these resources offered a strong framework for the development of conceptual
framework.

As shown in Figure 7 the input-process-output (IPO) block diagram was used to
indicate how the study would achieve its goals. The input block diagram involves the
knowledge of the study, software, and hardware requirements. The knowledge
requirements are the kiosk, difference of each disease, object detection neural networks,
Faster R-CNN (TensorFlow training), Google Collaboratory, and Python Programming.
The Hardware requirements are the Touchscreen LCD, CPU, MLX90614 (infrared
thermometer), 1080p resolution camera, thermal Printer, LED, fan, 12v power supply,
LM2596 buck converter, sintra board, and acrylic. Lastly, the software requirements
encompass the utilization of Phyton and WiredQT.
The project design, development, operation, and testing of the study are all included
in the process block diagram. The isometric projection identified essential components,
descriptions, and operational flow of the study are all included in the project design.
Drawing and fabrication are a part of project development.
Figure 7. The Conceptual Model of the Study

Operational Definition of Terms
This section includes the operational terms, words, and phrases used to have a thorough
understanding of the study.
Preliminary Diagnostic System for Endocrine Related Diseases is a prototype
designed to detect potential manifestations of thyroidism or diabetes in the fingernails of
end-users. This system utilizes cutaneous manifestations, or visible changes in the nails, as
indicators of underlying endocrine disorders. By analyzing the fingernails for specific signs
such as discoloration, brittleness, or texture alterations, the system aims to provide
preliminary insights into the possibility of thyroid dysfunction or diabetes. This prototype
serves as an initial diagnostic tool, offering users the opportunity to identify potential health
concerns early on and seek further medical evaluation if necessary.
Endocrine is made up of glands that make hormones.
Subclinical Hyperthyroidism is thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels are
low or undetectable, but thyroid hormone levels remain healthy. Usually, it is symptomless
and may not need treatment.
Mellitus refers to a Latin word that means sweet, as the urine of someone with
diabetes has a sweet smell.
Image Annotation refers to a dataset of images that have been labeled and
annotated to identify and classify specific objects, for example, is required to train an object
detection model.

Kiosk refers to a terminal that allows customers or employees to get information
and/or conduct a transaction, without the assistance of a person. It may or may not have a
touchscreen.
Bounding Box is used to label data for computer vision tasks or identify and
localize objects within an image, such as detecting anomalies in fingernails.
Normal indicates that the fingernail of the end-user exhibits no indications of
Diabetes or Thyroidism.
Possible Thyroidism refers to the presence of symptoms indicative of thyroid
dysfunction, specifically manifested in the fingernails of an end-user. These symptoms may
include nails that are thick, dry, and brittle with visible ridges, as well as nails that are soft,
shiny, and easily crumble.
Possible Diabetes refers to the presence of symptoms in an individual's nails that
suggest a potential association with diabetes. Specifically, nails may take on a yellowish
hue and become brittle in some people with diabetes. This discoloration and brittleness are
often attributed to the breakdown of sugar and its impact on the collagen within the nails.
End-user refers to an individual who directly engages with a prototype, serving as
the primary recipient of its functionalities and outcomes. In the context of this definition,
the end-user is someone who utilizes the prototype to receive an initial diagnosis based on
the manifestations observed in their fingernails.
Endoderm Monitor serves as the primary interface of the prototype, facilitating
user interaction. It is designed for end-users to input their information and receive
instructions on how to utilize the prototype effectively.

Diagnostic Output Printer is a device responsible for generating printed results
of the initial diagnosis based on the manifestation observed on the end-user's fingernails.
Health Assessment Finger Slot is a designated aperture located in the central area
of the prototype, designed for end-users to insert their fingernail for assessment purposes.
This slot allows the prototype to analyze the fingernail's characteristics, such as color,
texture, and ridging, to determine potential indicators of conditions like diabetes or thyroid
dysfunction.

Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter shows the block diagram, process flow diagram, and isometric
drawings relevant to the concept of the study. Along with schematic diagrams and working
drawings, this chapter also includes step-by-step instructions for creating the prototype.
This chapter also includes the operational, testing, and evaluation methods.
Project Design
The preliminary diagnostic system for endocrine-related diseases shown in Figure
8 is a specialized tool designed to examine and interpret the characteristics of the
fingernails of end users. To enhance its diagnostic accuracy, the system utilizes a database
containing information collected from individuals previously diagnosed with thyroidism
and diabetes. Through a meticulous comparison process, the system identifies patterns and
features in the fingernail of the end-user that closely match those of individuals with known
thyroid or diabetes conditions.
Upon successful analysis, the system generates a report, and the results are
immediately printed using a thermal printer for immediate printed initial result. The printed
report serves as a preliminary assessment, highlighting the importance of further medical
investigation. It explicitly states that a laboratory test is imperative for a conclusive
diagnosis of diabetes or thyroid problems. This emphasizes the role of the system as a
preliminary diagnostic aid, directing users towards more comprehensive medical
examinations to ensure accurate and reliable health assessments.

Figure 8. Isometric View of the Prototype
Shown in Figure 9 is the block diagram of the prototype. The central hub of the
prototype is the CPU, ensuring the integrated operation of all components. The CPU serves
as the connecting point for the touch screen monitor or LCD, web camera, thermal printer,
and Arduino microcontroller. The temperature sensor is specifically linked to the Arduino,
as its programming is responsible for handling temperature-related functions. Simple
Arduino sketch (program) to read the temperature values from the sensor. The
programming was involve reading the analog or digital input and converting it into a
temperature value.

Figure 9. Block Diagram of the Prototype
Shown in Figure 10 is the representation of a process that shows the sequence of
steps involved and the decision points within that process. When the user initiates the
prototype by tapping the screen, it was prompt the user to input information. If the user
provides complete credentials, the sequence of the prototype was proceeding. The user can
specify their preferred fingernail, and upon detection, the prototype was generating an
initial result using a thermal printer. Simultaneously, this initial result was being forwarded
to the registered email of the end-user, provided they entered it during the credential input.
In cases where the user omits entering their email, the process was still proceeding, and the
user was only receiving the printed initial result. However, a copy was not being dispatched
to the email of the end-user since it was not registered in the prototype.

Figure 10. Flow Chart of the Prototype
Project Development
The procedure for developing the preliminary diagnostic system is as follows:
Planning and Design
The following are the planning and design of the prototype.
1. Researching related studies, patents, and journals to gather data
regarding detection of health status through fingernails.
2. Finalizing the conceptualization of the features of the Kiosk.
3. Selecting the appropriate components and materials required for
project development.

4. Settling on the appropriate programming type for project
Prototype.
5. Determining project dimensions.
Figure 11. Internal Body Frame
Fabrication Procedure
The following are the fabrication procedures to build the prototype.
1. Prepare four 40 inches, four 13 inches and four 18 inches’
aluminum.
2. Screw four 40 inches’ aluminum together, this served as the
frame of the body section.
3. Prepare the following square tubes: four 1 x 18 inches, and four
1 x 13 inches.
4. Screw four 40 inches of stand with the 18 inches’ aluminum,
this served as the stand of the body frame.

5. Connect two 13 inches to the screwed 40 inches with 13 inches’
Aluminum.
Touch screen LCD Chassis
The following are the operation procedure for the LCD Chassis:
3.1 Cut and prepare aluminum board with the following
measurements: (base) inches’ x 18 inches, (side) Two I inch x 5.3
inches’ x 13 inches’ x 13 inches, (top) 1-inch x 18 inches, (forepart)
18 inches’ x 13 inches.
3.2 The 13 x 18 inches served as the base of the screen chassis. Glue
two 1-inch x 5.3 inches’ x 13 inches’ x 18 inches above the base
perpendicularly then glue 18 inches’ x 13 inches as the forepart
of the chassis. Lastly glue 1-inch x 18 inches at the top part.
3.3 Cut 16 x 10 dimension for touch screen LCD.
Figure 12. Touch Screen LCD Chassis
External Body Frame
The following are the operation procedure for the External Body Frame:
4.1 Cut and prepare aluminum board with the following.

measurements: (sides) two 40 inches’ x 13.2 inches, (front and
back) two 40 inches’ x 18 inches cut 5 inches’ x 5 inches’
dimension for inlet, cut 5 inches’ x 5 inches’ dimension for the
thermal printer.
Figure 13. External Body Frame
Assembly Procedure of the Prototype
As shown in Figure 14 the final appearance of the prototype after the
assembly procedure of the prototype has been made.
1. Place the touch screen LCD above the body frame and screw each
side for stability.
2. Screw the base of the touch screen LCD chassis above the body
frame and screw each side for the stability.
3. Place the touch screen LCD at the forepart of the chassis.

4. Place the inlet at the left forepart of the body frame, it is where
the 1080p webcam.
5. Place the thermal printer at the lower left forepart of the body
frame, it is where the initial diagnostic result is printed.
6. Connect the LM2596 buck converter to the LattePanda.
7. Attach the fan to the LattePanda to draw cooler air onto the
processor.
Figure 14. Front View of the Prototype
Operation and Testing Procedure
To operate the prototype properly the following procedure should be done
accordingly.
1. Plug in the diagnostic system in AC source.
2. Turn on the CPU.

3. Turn on the thermal printer,
4. Open the WiredQt software.
Shown in Table 1, begin by connecting the power cord to a 220V outlet.
Subsequently, initiate the CUP by pressing its button and launch the WiredQT
ENDODERM software. Input the necessary credentials, and the system was then analyze
fingernail tests to identify potential diseases. Finally, the initial results can be printed.
Table 1
Prototype Functionality Test
Test Scenario Expected Output Actual Output
Plug the power cord into a
220V outlet
The LED indicators of all the
components was be lit
Push the CPU Windows 10
switch for 5 seconds
The screen was turn on
Open the WiredQT
ENDODERM Software at the
screen
The ENDODERM Software was
open
Input the Name, Age, Sex, and
Email Address
The display was project the
minimal information given by
the end-user on the LCD
Identify possible disease base
on the tested fingernail
Display the detected disease
according to the tested fingernail
Printing Initial results
Sending Initial results to the
email of end-user
Thermal printer was print the
detected disease together with
the suggestions
The prototype was send the
initial result to the email of the
end-user

Shown in Table 2, determine the time interval on generating printed result using
thermal printer. The duration of the generating result test was performed. The researchers
tested the prototype five times before conducting the test.
Table 2
Time Interval on Generating Printed Results of the Prototype
Trial
Response time of generating printed result
following the detection of a fingernail.
1st Trial
2nd Trial
3rd Trial
4th Trial
5th Trial
Shown in Table 3, determine the time interval on sending the initial results to the
email of the end-user, the duration of the generating result test was performed. The
researchers tested the prototype five times before conducting the test.
Table 3
Time Interval on Generating Results of the Prototype sent to email
Trial
Response time of sending result to the
email of the end-user
1st Trial
2nd Trial
3rd Trial
4th Trial
5th Trial
Shown in Table 4, determine the measured temperature of the end-user, the testing
of the measuring temperature test was performed. The researchers tested the prototype five
times before conducting the test.

Table 4
Measuring Temperature of the end-user
Trial Measured Temperature
1st Trial
2nd Trial
3rd Trial
4th Trial
5th Trial
Shown in Table 5, determine the captured image using the prototype, the testing of
the capturing image test was performed. The researchers tested the prototype three times
before conducting the test.
Table 5
Capturing Image of the end-user
Trial Captured Image
1st Trial
2nd Trial
3rd Trial
Table 6 determines the capability of the prototype in evaluating specific
manifestations associated with severe diabetes and thyroidism, the examination involves
verifying if the output of the prototype aligns with the expected manifestations. The
prototype is considered effective if the fingernail displays similar or nearly identical
manifestations to those observed in individuals with severe diabetes and Thyroidism.

Table 6
Initial Result of the Detected Disease
Fingernail manifestation:
Yellowing or Discoloration,
Thickened or Curved Nails,
Nail Disintegration, Lines or
Grooves, Nail Bed Changes
vertical white ridges on the
nails, Split Nails, Ridged
Nails, Clubbing, Changes in
Nail Texture
Normal Fingernails. Without
any diseases.
Initial result:
Diabetes ✓
Thyroidism ✕
Normal ✕
Initial result:
Diabetes ✕
Thyroidism ✓
Normal ✕
Initial result:
Diabetes ✕
Thyroidism ✕
Normal ✓
Evaluation Procedure
The evaluation is designed to assess the performance of the project based on the
CIT evaluation standard. To establish the performance of the prototype, it is examined by
professionals/medical experts, diagnosed people, and undiagnosed people.
In the evaluation, the assessors was be given the evaluation tool. The factors utilized
to evaluate projects are functional, economic, workability, durability, and accuracy. Each
evaluator may assign a rating ranging from 5 to 1, with 5 being the highest and 1 being the
lowest. Table 7 numerical range similar descriptive interpretation is used to examine the
total rating.

Table 7
Likert Scale
Numerical Scale Descriptive Rating
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Fair
Poor
The researchers of the system took note of feedback, ideas, and enhancement
suggestions. After computing the means for each criterion, the grand mean was be
calculated to measure the overall acceptance performance of the project. To evaluate
prototypes, the mean was being described using a 5-point numerical scale. The highest
range, which corresponds to highly acceptable, is 4.51 to 5.00, while the lowest range,
which corresponds to not acceptable, is 1.00 to 1.50, according to Table 8.
Table 8
Descriptive Interpretation of the Mean
4.51-5.0 Highly Acceptable
3.51-4.50 Very Acceptable
2.51-3.50 Acceptable
1.51-2.50 Fairly Acceptable
1.00-1.50 Not Acceptable

Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter covers various aspects of the prototype, including its description,
structure, capabilities, and limitations. Additionally, it incorporates the test evaluation
outcome of the project.
Project Description
Shown in Figure 15 is the actual image of the preliminary diagnostic system for
endocrine-related diseases. Within the LCD display, the end-user interface allows
individuals to effortlessly input required personal information, including their name, age,
gender, and email address through touch-screen interaction. Once the user completes the
data input, a unique and innovative feature comes into play. The end-user positions their
fingernail at the bottom section of the prototype, where an integrated camera seamlessly
captures a detailed image of the end-user's fingernail. This image is then subjected to a
thorough analysis aimed at identifying potential indicators of endocrine disorders such as
diabetes and thyroidism.
Following the capture of the fingernail image, the system initiates a processing
phase that may take a short duration. Once the analysis is complete, the preliminary
diagnostic test results are immediately printed out on the spot via a thermal printer
integrated into the system. Simultaneously, the system delivering a soft copy of the
preliminary diagnostic test directly to the email address provided by the end user.
Furthermore, the technological prowess of the diagnostic system is evident in its
internal architecture. Nestled in the lower part of the prototype is a powerful central
processing unit (CPU), a key component that contributes to the rapid processing

capabilities of the system. The circuit compartment, strategically located within the
prototype, houses essential components such as the Arduino UNO and various circuit
connections, orchestrating the seamless coordination of the diagnostic functionalities.
Figure 15. Actual Image of the Prototype
Project Structure
Shown in Figure 16 is the LCD of the prototype. It has dimensions of 17 inches in
width and 47 inches in length, featuring a wide 15-inch LCD screen. The LCD screen
serves as the interactive interface for the end-user in the ENDODERM system. It is the
platform where individuals input their fundamental details, including name, age, gender,
and email. This screen provides clear instructions on how to navigate and utilize the
prototype effectively. Users can witness the real-time capture of their selected fingernail,
ENDODERM MONITOR
DIAGNOSTIC OUTPUT
PRINTER
HEALTH ASSESSMENT
FINGER SLOT

and instantaneously view the preliminary results based on the manifestations observed in
their own fingernail. Essentially, the LCD screen plays a pivotal role in user engagement
and information exchange within the ENDODERM diagnostic process.
Figure 16. Actual Image of the LCD screen
Shown in Figure 17 is the compartment where users place their selected fingernail
for assessment by the prototype. This space is enclosed to ensure consistent and controlled
internal lighting, preventing interference from natural light and preserving the quality of
the captured fingernail image. Inside this compartment, there is a Web Camera, LED, and
temperature control situated beneath the fingernail. Below the compartment lies the
thermal printer, responsible for printing the initial results assessed by the prototype.
Figure 17. Actual Image of Thermal Printer and Compartment for chosen fingernail

Shown in Figure 18 is the Arduino Microcontroller, functioning as the temperature
controller for the prototype. The Arduino is programmed with a temperature sensor that
autonomously detects and measures the temperature of the end-user.
Figure 18. Actual Image of Arduino
Shown in Figure 19 the CPU, serving as the central hub of the prototype, facilitates
the seamless integration of all components. This vital component acts as the hub,
connecting the Touch Screen Monitor or LCD, Web Camera, Thermal Printer, and Arduino
Microcontroller, ensuring coordinated operation and efficient communication within the
system.
Figure 19. Actual Image of the CPU

Figure 20 displays the Home Screen of the prototype. Once WiredQt is configured,
the end-user was see this Home Screen.
Figure 20. Home Screen of the Prototype
Figure 21, illustrates the area where the end-user was entering the required
information, including their name, age, gender, and email to which the prototype was send
the initial result.
Figure 21. End-User Information Section of the Prototype

Figure 22 displays the section where the instruction on utilizing the prototype are
presented.
Figure 22. Instruction on how to utilize the Prototype
Figure 23 displays the section where the end-user witnesses the real-time camera
capture of the fingernail. The temperature is visible on the right side, and when it attains
the standard temperature, the prototype automatically captures the end-user fingernail.
Within 3 seconds, the initial result is displayed on the screen, followed by the end-user
receiving a printed result along with a copy sent to their email.
Figure 23. Real-time camera capture of the fingernail

Figure 24 displays the section where the prototype prompts the end-user to get their
printed result and check their email for a copy of the preliminary diagnostic test result.
Figure 24. Prototype Reminders to End-User Section
Project Test Results
Project test results encompass diverse test scenarios aimed at validating the proper
functionality of the prototype, ensuring that it operates as intended and produces the
expected outputs. These tests are conducted systematically to assess the performance,
reliability, and overall effectiveness of the prototype under various conditions, providing a
comprehensive evaluation of its capabilities and adherence to project specifications. The
goal is to identify and rectify any issues, ensuring that the prototype meets the required
standards and performs reliably in real-world scenarios.
In Table 9, the results of the functionality test for the prototype are detailed. The
data depicted in the table highlight that when the prototype was connected to a 220V power
source, it operated in accordance with expectations. The findings presented in this table
affirm that the performance of the prototype is aligned seamlessly with the anticipated
outcomes. Notably, pressing the CPU button on the prototype effectively triggered its

activation, subsequently revealing the ENDODERM interface on the display. Users were
then able to input their personal information, introduce a fingernail for disease detection,
and obtain the initial result, which was delivered both via email and in printed form. This
comprehensive functionality test underscores the successful execution of various tasks in
line with its intended design and operational capabilities of the prototype.
Table 9
Functionality Result of the Prototype
Table 10 indicates the time intervals for generating the printed initial results
indicates a consistent and efficient performance of the prototype across multiple trials. In
each trial, the response time for printing the initial results ranged from 6 to 7 seconds. The
Plug the power cord into a
220V outlet
The LED indicators of all the
components was be lit
LED indicators
turned on
Push the CPU Windows 10
switch for 5 seconds
The screen was turn on Screen turned on
Open the WiredQT
ENDODERM Software at the
screen
The ENDODERM Software
was open
ENDODERM screen
displayed on the LCD
screen
Input the Name, Age, Sex, and
Email Address
The display was project the
minimal information given by
the end-user on the LCD screen
The information
provided by the end-
user displayed on the
LCD screen
Identify possible disease base
on the tested fingernail
Display the detected disease
according to the tested
fingernail on the LCD screen
Detected disease
detected in the
fingernail of the end-
user displayed on the
LCD screen
Printing initial results
Sending initial results to the
email of end-user
Thermal printer was print the
detected disease together with
the suggestions
The prototype was send the
initial result to the email of the
end-user
Thermal printer
printed the detected
disease along with the
suggestions
Prototype sent the
initial result to the

uniformity in these response times suggests a reliable and stable operation of the system in
producing printed diagnostic information.
The stability observed in the operation of the system, particularly in the production
of printed diagnostic information, reinforces the trustworthiness of the prototype. The
average response time, derived from an analysis of all trials, converges around an
approximate duration of 6 seconds. This remarkable consistency in the average timeframe
highlights the capacity of the prototype to maintain a steady and prompt generation of
printed results.
Table 10
Time Interval on Generating Printed Results of the Prototype
Trial
Response time of generating printed result following the
detection of a fingernail.
1st Trial 7 seconds
2nd Trial 6 seconds
3rd Trial 6 seconds
4th Trial 6 seconds
5th Trial 6 seconds
Table 11 indicates that the time intervals for generating the initial result and sending
it to the email of the end-user suggests varying response times across multiple trials. In
each trial, the duration for the process ranged from 15 to 22 seconds. While there is some
fluctuation in response times, the observed durations generally fall within the range of 15
to 22 seconds.
The longer response times compared to the previous LCD and printed results may
indicate that the process of generating the initial result and transmitting it to the email of
the end-user involves additional computational steps or data transmission complexities.

Factors such as data processing, email integration, and network-related tasks may
contribute to the slightly longer durations.
Table 11
Time Interval on Generating Results of the Prototype sent to email
Trial
Response time of sending result to the
1st Trial 15 seconds
2nd Trial 20 seconds
3rd Trial 20 seconds
4th Trial 22 seconds
5th Trial 20 seconds
Table 12 indicates that the recorded temperatures exhibit a degree of variability,
with the measurements ranging from 35.7°C to 36.85°C. These fluctuations may be
influenced by various factors, including environmental conditions or inherent variability in
the subject's temperature.
Table 12
Measured Temperature of the end-user
Trial Measured Temperature
1st Trial 35.7
2nd Trial 36.26
3rd Trial 36.13
4th Trial 36.33
5th Trial 36.85
Table 13 indicates that the captured image features of the prototype designed to
assess medical conditions such as diabetes and thyroid through manifestations in the
fingernail are crucial. The prototype employs an integrated camera to capture detailed
images of the fingernail of end-user. These images serve as the basis for identifying
potential indicators related to medical conditions, particularly diabetes and thyroid issues.

Table 13
Captured Image of the end-user
Trial Captured Image
Table 14 shows that the prototype can spot signs of serious diabetes and thyroid
problems by assessing the fingernails. It can pick out specific traits in the nails that suggest
these health issues might be present. By checking these nail features, the prototype gives
early results suggesting someone might have diabetes or thyroid problems. This means the
prototype could be a helpful tool for people to see if they might have these health problems
just by looking at their fingernails.
1st Trial
2nd Trial
3rd Trial

Table 14
Initial Result of Detected Disease
Figure 23 shows the actual printed result of the prototype. It includes the personal
information of the end-user specifically the name, age, sex, email, temperature and the
initial result based on the assessment in the fingernail of the end-user.
Figure 23. Actual Printed Result
Yellowing or Discoloration,
Thickened or Curved Nails,
Nail Disintegration, Lines or
Grooves, Nail Bed Changes
vertical white ridges on the
nails, Split Nails, Ridged
Nails, Clubbing, Changes in
Nail Texture
Normal Fingernails. Without
any diseases.
Initial result:
Diabetes ✓
Thyroidism ✕
Normal ✕
Initial result:
Diabetes ✕
Thyroidism ✓
Normal ✕
Initial result:
Diabetes ✕
Thyroidism ✕
Normal ✓”
Initial result:
Diabetes ✓
Thyroidism ✕
Normal ✕
Initial result:
Diabetes ✕
Thyroidism ✓
Normal ✕
Initial result:
Diabetes ✕
Thyroidism ✕
Normal ✓

Figure 24 shows the actual email of the initial result sent to the end-user. It
includes the personal information of the end-user registered to the prototype such as
name, age, sex, email, temperature, initial result and diagnostic reference.
Figure 24. Actual email of initial result sent to end-user
The researchers' attempted to apply a yellow highlighter to a fingernail to
investigate whether it would be recognized as a sign of diabetes. However, the initial test
results indicated a normal fingernail appearance, primarily because the ability of the
prototype is to identify specific features, such as a highlighter on a fingernail, is restricted.
The prototype is specifically designed to identify natural skin tones and may not possess
the sensitivity required to detect the distinct fluorescence or reflectance properties
associated with the presence of a highlighter. The detection methodology utilized by the
prototype is not adapted for recognizing artificial enhancements like highlighters. As the
algorithm is exclusively trained on natural features and does not account for the existence

of cosmetic products, it may overlook such modifications. Additionally, because the
training dataset predominantly features examples of natural characteristics and lacks
instances of artificial enhancements like highlighters, the prototype may not have
developed the ability to identify such alterations.
Project Capabilities and Limitations
In this section, the project capabilities are noted as follows:
1. The prototype can detect if the end-user is possible for diabetes or possible
for Thyroidism based on manifestation of the fingernail.
2. The prototype can send the initial result to the end-user email.
3. The prototype can print the initial result through the thermal printer.
This study is limited to the following:
1. The prototype can only detect if the end-user is possible for diabetes or
possible Thyroidism if the manifestation of the fingernail is severe.
2. The prototype can only send the initial result of the end-user without the
captured image during detection.
Project Evaluation Results
The system was evaluated in terms of functionality, aesthetic, workability,
durability, economy, and safety which are based on the Technological University of the
Philippine evaluation system. The evaluation process involved residents of Barangay 836,
Pandacan, Manila, and Medical Professional.

Table 15
Evaluation Result of Functionality
Criteria Mean Descriptive Rating
Functionality
1. Ease of operation
2. Provision of Comfort
and Convenience
3. User-Friendliness
4.64
4.74
4.72
Excellent/Highly Acceptable
Mean 4.7 Excellent/Highly Acceptable
Presented in Table 15 are the results of the comprehensive evaluation conducted to
assess the functionality criteria of the prototype. The criteria examined include ease of
operation, provision of comfort and convenience, and user-friendliness, each assigned a
mean score.
The survey showed that people found the prototype easy to use, giving it an average
rating of 4.64. They also felt comfortable and it was convenient to use, giving it an average
score of 4.74, showing that the prototype took care of their comfort and convenience needs.
Additionally, it was seen as user-friendly with an average rating of 4.72. Overall, the
average is 4.7, it's clear that most people thought the prototype was excellent and highly
acceptable in terms of functionality.
Table 16
Evaluation Result for Aesthetic
Aesthetic
1. Attractiveness of the
Design
2. Appropriateness of the
size
4.27
4.4
Very Good/Very Acceptable
Mean 4.33 Very Good/Very Acceptable

Table 16 shows the evaluation result for aesthetic criteria. The attractiveness of the
design has a mean of 4.27 and appropriateness of the size with a mean of 4.4. The
respondents rated the prototype in terms of aesthetic as Very Acceptable with the mean of
4.33
Table 17
Evaluation Result for Workability
Workability
1. Availability of the
materials
2. Availability of the
technical experts
3. Availability of tools
and machines
4.78
4.76
4.76
Table 17 shows the evaluation result for workability. The accessibility of work
materials with a mean of 4.87, availability of technical experts and tool and machines with
a mean of 4.76. The respondents rated the prototype in terms of workability as Excellent
with the mean of 4.76
Table 18
Evaluation Result for Durability
Durability
1. Quality of the materials
2. Quality of Workmanship
3. Quality of Design
4.34
4.36
4.38
Mean 4.36 Very Good/Very Acceptable

Table 18 shows the evaluation result for durability. The quality of materials has a
mean of 4.34, the quality of workmanship with a mean of 4.36 and the quality of the design
with a mean of 4.38. The respondents rated the prototype in terms of durability as
Acceptable with the mean of 4.36.
Table 19
Evaluation Result for Economy
Economy
1. Economy in terms of
material needed
time/labor spent
machine required
4.24
4.2
4.18
Table 19 shows the evaluation result for economy. The economy in terms of
material needed has a mean of 4.24, the economy in terms of time/labor spent with a mean
of 4.2 and the economy in terms of machine required with a mean of 4.18. The respondents
rated the prototype in terms of economy as Excellent with the mean of 4.2.
Table 20
Evaluation Result for Safety
Economy
1. Absence of toxic hazardous
materials
2. Absence of toxic sharp
edges
3. Provision of protection
4.75
4.6
4.66

Table 20 shows the evaluation result for safety. The absence of toxic hazardous
materials has a mean of 4.75, the absence of toxic sharp edges with a mean of 4.6 and the
provision of protection with a means of 4.66. The respondents rated the prototype in terms
of safety as Excellent with a mean of 4.67.
Table 21
Overall Mean for the Evaluation of Preliminary Diagnostic System for Endocrine Related
Disease
Functionality
Aesthetic
Workability
Durability
Economy
Safety
4.7
4.33
4.76
4.34
4.2
4.67
Excellent/High Acceptable
(Overall) Mean 4.5 Very Good/Very Acceptable
Table 21 shows the total mean of the collective data in safety-based criteria. The
rating of each criterion was based on the Likert Scale. This was conducted and resulted in
having a total mean of 4.5, giving a descriptive rating of “Very Good/Very Acceptable”.

Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions and recommendations
based on the results of the testing, evaluation, comments, and suggestions.
Summary of Findings
The Preliminary Diagnostic System for Endocrine Related Diseases is a prototype
designed to identify potential cases of diabetes or thyroid disorders in the end-user by
analyzing manifestations on their fingernails using image processing. The system is
programmed to analyze images captured by a webcam, automatically taking a snapshot
when the temperature reaches the normal range. Upon detecting a potential disease in the
end-user, the preliminary results are automatically sent to the end-user email, and a printed
initial result is produced through a thermal printer attached to the prototype.
The overall effectiveness of the Preliminary Diagnostic System for Endocrine
Related Diseases proves that the prototype has successfully fulfilled its objective of
identifying whether an individual may have diabetes or thyroid disorders by examining
manifestations on the fingernails. Testing involved analyzing manifestations on the end-
user fingernail, with the preliminary results promptly sent to the end-user email and
simultaneously generated as a printed output through a connected thermal printer upon
detection. Upon completing this study, the researchers concluded that the prototype can
detect a level of severity in the fingernails of the end user. This detection is crucial in
determining whether the end user has diabetes or thyroidism.
The test results summary reveals that the time it takes to generate and send the
initial result to the end-user's email varies between trials. Compared to previous methods

like displaying on an LCD screen or printing, the response times are generally longer,
suggesting potential complexities in generating and transmitting the result via email. This
delay could stem from additional computational processes or complications in data
transmission, including tasks like data processing, email integration, and network
operations and based on the evaluation results, the respondents evaluate the prototype in
terms of functionality, aesthetic, workability, durability, safety, and economy got an overall
mean rating of 4.63, which was interpreted as “Excellent/ Highly Acceptable”.
Conclusion
In the context of the objectives of the study, the following conclusion are obtained:
1. Designed a Preliminary Diagnostic System for Endocrine Related Diseases with
the following characteristics:
a. Captured the image of the fingernails of the end-user
b. Measured the temperature of the fingernails of the end-user
c. Capable to determined possible disease, specifically, severe Thyroidism and
severe diabetes mellitus
d. Capable to print preliminary results using thermal printer
e. Capable to send the preliminary results to the email of the end-user
2. Fabricated the prototype as designed using locally available materials
3. Test and improve the functionality and reliability of the project prototype; and
4. Evaluate the acceptability of the project prototype using the TUP Evaluation
Instrument for the developed prototype

Recommendations
According to the evaluation results, the respondents generally suggested the
following:
1. Provide wired/wireless keyboard
2. Supply a high quality camera for capturing clearer quality image
3. Develop adjustable lighting to ensure clearer image quality.
4. Make the prototype’s body flexible so that the prototype's height can be easily
adjusted
5. Provide high quality materials to enhance the aesthetic appeal of the prototype

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Appendix A
EVALUATION INSTRUMENT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRELIMINARY
DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM FOR ENDOCRINE RELATED DISEASE
Name (Optional)_________________________________________________________
Gender: ______ Age: ______ Address: _______________________________________
Category of Respondents: ___Diabetic Patients ___Thyroid Patients ___Normal
Instruction: Please evaluate the prototype by using the given scale and placing a
checkmark (✔) under the corresponding numerical rating.
5 Excellent
4 Very Good
3 Good
2 Fair
1 Poor
INDICATORS 5 4 3 2 1
A. Functionality
1. Ease of Operation
2. Provision for comfort and convenience
3. User - Friendliness
B. Aesthetic
1. Attractiveness of the design
2. Appropriateness of the size
C. Workability
1. Availability of the materials
2. Availability of technical experts
3. Availability of tools and machine
D. Durability
1. Quality of materials
2. Quality of Workmanship

3. Quality of design
E. Economy
1. Economy in terms of materials needed
2. Economy in terms of time labor spent
3. Economy in terms of machine/s required
F. Safety
1. Absence of toxic hazardous materials
2. Absence of sharp edges
3. Provision for protection devices
Comments, Suggestions, and Recommendations:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________
Signature

Appendix B
GANTTCHART
Major activities
2023
Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
1. Identifying the
problems
2. Gathering information
about the chosen study
3. Designing and canvas
of electronics part
4. Fabrication of the
prototype
5. Testing of the prototype
6. Evaluation of the
prototype
7. Documentation

Appendix C
PROFILE OF RESPONDENTS
Repondent
No.
Name Category of
Respondents
Address Age Sex
1 Jeruza Escalada Normal Sta. Mesa, Manila 22 F
2 Susita Alamit Diabetes Brgy. 836 Zone 91 68 F
3 Jessica Solayao Normal Pandacan, Manila 30 F
4 Victoria Mipa Normal Pandacaan, Manila 71 F
5 Alma Catimbang Normal Pandancan, Manila 23 F
6 Maricel Oblino Normal Pandancan, Manila 33 F
7 Kristina Diabetes Pandacan, Manila 33 F
8 Flordiliza Baliato Thyroid Pandacan, Manila 54 F
9 Jeneil Isao Normal San Juan City 21 F
10 Kathleen Aquino Normal Toman Claudio 25 F
11 Jocelyn Damasco Normal Pandacan, Manila 40 F
12 Theresita Solidor Normal Pandacan, Manila 46 F
13 Francisco Dictado Normal Pandacan 67 M
14
Sherwin
Garchitorena
Normal Sta. Ana, Manila 27 M
15 Marithil Tamayo Normal Pandacan, Manila 48 F
16
Ronnel Bueno Normal Hopodromo Sta
Mesa
24 M
17 Dulce Arandia Normal Pandacan, Manila 21 F
18 Aida Laudes Diabetes Pandacan, Manila 49 F
19 Myrna Jancinas Diabetes Pandacan, Manila 67 F
20 Joan Tamayo Normal Pandacan, Manila 27 F
21
Juvyanne Canaway Normal 2611 H Jesus St.
Pandacan, Manila
38 M
22 Omar Batan Normal Pandacan, Manila 38 M
23 Raymond Solayao Normal Pandacan, Manila 32 M
24 Evelyn Solayao Normal Pandacan, Manila 59 F
25 Esterlita Hermosilla Normal Pandacan, Manila 45 F
26
Jr. Cabintoy Carlito Normal Brgy. 836 Pandacan,
Manila
41 M
27 Leo Hermosilla Normal Pandacan, Manila 49 M
28
Alicia Damasco Normal 2609 H Jesus st.
Pandacan, Manila
62 F

29
Purification Mipa Normal 2609 H Jesus st.
Pandacan, Manila
58 F
30 Ferdinand Custodio Normal Pandacan, Manila 41 M
31
Marian Mipa
Custodio
Normal 2609 H Jesus st.
Pandacan, Manila
39 F
32
Maysarun Mipa Normal 2609 H Jesus st.
Pandacan, Manila
28 F
33
Joey Tamayo Normal 2611 K Jesus St.
Pandacan, Manila
28 M
34 Gerald Damasco Normal Pandacan, Manila 41 M
35
Rose Ann Cuales Normal Balagtas st.
Pandacan, Manila
34 F
36 Tony Tamayo Normal Pandacan, Manila 53 M
37 Rexylou Cuales Normal Pandacan, Manila 29 F
38 Jonard Umerez Normal Pandacan, Manila 21 F
39
Harry Vimal Medical
Expert
Makati 26 M
40 Celia Valeriano Diabetes San Pedro, Laguna 65 F
41 Princess Valeriano Thyroid San Pedro, Laguna 43 F
42 Rodel Berroya Diabetes San Pedro, Laguna 52 M
43 Rosana Berroya Thyroid San Pedro, Laguna 55 F
44 Zyrus Valeriano Diabetes San Pedro, Laguna 57 M
45 Philip Morris Diabetes San Pedro, Laguna 37 M
46
Carmelita
Serradilla
Diabetes San Pedro, Laguna 76 F
47 Danilo Marinas Diabetes San Pedro, Laguna 66 M
48
Gwyneth Kumar Medical
Expert
San Pedro, Laguna 22 F
49
Aurea Berroya Medical
Expert
San Pedro, Laguna 44 F
50 Ermelita Marinas Diabetes San Pedro, Laguna 55 f

Appendix D
BUDGETARY REQUIREMENTS
PARTICULARS AMOUNT (PhP)
1. Personal Services (PS)
1.1 Contractual Labor 20,000
1.1.1 Software Programming 20,000
1.1.2 Fabrication 20,000
Total Personal Services 60,000
2. Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses
2.1 Travel Expenses 8,000
2.2 Materials and Supplies 20,000
Total Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses 28,000
Total Budget 88,000

BILL OF MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES
No. Qty. Unit PARTICULARS Unit Price (Php) Total Price (Php)
1 1 pc Arduino 600 600
2 1 pc Web Camera 400 500
3 1 pc CPU 5,000 5,000
4 1 pc Touchscreen LCD 8,000 6,700
6 1 pc Thermal Printer 3,000 3,000
7 1 pc LED Strips 200 200
8 1 board Sintra Board 1000 1000
9 24 kg Acyrlic Glass 1000 1000
10 1 kg Aluminum 200 200
11 1 pc VGA to Hdmi adapter 450 450
12 1 pc Dongle Hdmi to mini DVI 50 50
13 1 pc
Casters Wheel With Lock
Heavy-Duty
285 285
14 1 pack Screw and volts 150 150
15 1 pc Type C charger 50 50
16 1 pc Hdmi Cable 350 350
17 1 pc Bluetooth Module 100 100
18 1 pc Wifi dongle 100 100
19 1 pc
LM2596 Adjustable DC-DC
Buck Step-Down Converter
Module for Power Supply
60 60
TOTAL AMOUNT 19,795

Appendix E
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS USED
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS USED SPECIFICATIONS
1. Laser Cutter Machine Laser Power: RECl 90W-180W
Sealed CO2 Glass Laser Tube
Cooling Mode: Water cooling and O
2. Jigsaw Input Voltage: 240V
Power Rating: 550W
Stroke Length: 26 mm
3. Drill Rated input power: 500 W
Weight: 1.5kg
Power output: 250W
Chuck capacity, min./max.: 1.5 -10mm
4. Screwdriver Shank length: 2 to 18 inches
Blade width: 3 – 10 mm
5. Rivet Gun 250 MM (10IN.)
Width: 13.2
Height: 3.5
Length: 32.3
Weight: 0.577 kg

Appendix F
PICTURES TAKEN DURING FABRICATION, TESTING, AND EVALUATION
Testing different approach in annotating fingernail
Consultation with the programmer about annotating the fingernail

Gathering data from individuals diagnosed with thyroidism and diabetes.
Annotating the collected data from individuals diagnosed with thyroidism and diabetes.

Unpolished external view of the prototype captured at the location of fabricator
Designing the GUI of the protoype

Polishing the wirings of the prototype
Conducting testing of the prototype to the public.

Appendix G
SUMMARY OF THE MEAN SCORES FROM THE EVALUATION
Respondent
No.
A. Functionality B. Aesthetic C. Workability D. Durability
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 C1 C2 C3 D1 D2 D3
1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5
2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
3 5 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 4
4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4
5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
6 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 5
7 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 4 4
8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 4
9 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 5
10 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 4
11 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5
12 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 4
13 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 5
14 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
15 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
16 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 4 4
17 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
18 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
19 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
20 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 5
21 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 4 3 5
22 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 5
23 5 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 5
24 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 5
25 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
26 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
27 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
28 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 4
29 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 4
30 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 3
31 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 4
32 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 4
33 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5

34 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 5
35 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
36 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5
37 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 4
38 4 3 4 3 5 5 4 5 5 5 5
39 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4
40 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 3
41 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 4
42 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 4 4
43 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 5
44 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5
45 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 5
46 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 4
47 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 4
48 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 4
49 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
50 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 4 4

ANDREI C. GUMABAO
Address: B5 L3 Simple Village Subd. Brgy. Canlalay Binan, Laguna
Contact No.: 09326797985
Email: andrei.gumabao@tup.edu.ph
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary : Technological University of the Philippines 2020 - 2024
Secondary : San Pedro College of Business Administration 2018 - 2020
: Pacita Complex National High School 2014 - 2018
Primary : Pacita Complex Elementary School 2006 - 2013
SEMINARS ATTENDED
YEAR SEMINAR
2023 PROJECT BANAAG: Unveiling the Horizon,
Glimpse of the Dreamt Destination
ANDREI C. GUMABAO

ERROL JOHN R. OLEGARIO
Address: 2070 Interior 8 Zamora St. Pandacan Manila
Contact No.: 09612637837
Email: erroljohn.olegario@tup.edu.ph
Secondary : Eulogio Amang Rodriguez Vocational High School 2018 - 2020
: Eulogio Amang Rodriguez Vocational High School 2014 - 2018
Primary : Jacinto Zamora Elementary School 2012 - 2013
: Jacinto Zamora Elementary School 2008-2011
SEMINARS ATTENDED
YEAR SEMINAR
ERROL JOHN R. OLEGARIO

GIDEON P. MOLANO
Address: 3435 Dama de Noche St. Brgy. 598, Old Sta. Mesa, Manila
Contact No.: 09981894738
Email: gideon.molano@tup.edu.ph
Primary : Pio Del Pilar Elementary School 2012 - 2013
: Aurora A. Quezon Elementary School 2008-2011
SEMINARS ATTENDED
YEAR SEMINAR
GIDEON P. MOLANO

JV B. BRODETH
Address: 48 J. H. Panganiban St. Sta Mesa, Manila
Contact No.: 09205812970
Email: jv.brodeth@tup.edu.ph
Primary : Pio Del Pilar Elementary School 2008 - 2013
SEMINARS ATTENDED
YEAR SEMINAR
JV B. BRODETH

KAREN G. CODERA
Address: 2601 H-16 Jesus St. Pandacan, Manila
Contact No.: 09304007511
Email: karen.codera@tup.edu.ph
Primary : Jacinto Zamora Elementary School 2012 - 2013
: Jacinto Zamora Elementary School 2008-2011
SEMINARS ATTENDED
YEAR SEMINAR
KAREN G. CODERA

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