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Prefixes,suffixes and prepositions

The document discusses prefixes and suffixes. It provides examples of negative prefixes like "dis-", "de-", "il-", "ir-", "un-", "im-", and "in-" and how they convey a sense of negation when added to words. It also discusses suffixes like "-en" that can be added to adjectives to form verbs, and suffixes like "-ion", "-tion", "-ation" that can be added to verbs to form nouns. The document includes practice problems where the reader is asked to identify prefixes and suffixes in example words.

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Prefixes A. Negative Prefixes Being isolated, the prefixes (dis-, de-, il-, ir-, un-, im-and-in) are meaningless. But they convey a sense of negation when added to appropriate words. Please, consider the following examples. Examples: similar → dissimilar forestation → deforestation logical → illogical responsibility → irresponsibility familiar → unfamiliar precise → imprecise accurate → inaccurate Practice: 1. Divide the following words into affixes and roots. decentralization, illegality, irreparably, depopulation, disapproval, irrationality, unable, immaturity, disharmony, unaffected, dissimilarity, deformed, uncomfortable, immeasurable, inadequately. 2. Split the following words into affixes and roots. decode, illegible, irreconcilable, deregulation, unacceptable, disarm, irreplaceable, disloyal, immobility, disassociate, unaccompanied, degenerate, immodest, inadvisable. 3. Divide the following words into affixes and roots. disappearance, decolonization, illegitimacy, irrecoverable, disapprove, desegregate, disingenuous, unaccustomed, irrepressible, disunity, degradation, unaccountable, immorality, unclassified, inattentive.
4. Divide the following words into affixes and roots. unable, decompose, unacknowledged, disintegrate, illiberal, deselection, disarrange, irredeemable, disequilibrium, unachievable, dehumanize, irreproachable, unchallengeable, immortality, incomparable. 5. Divide the following words into affixes and roots. disadvantage, decompression, disband, irresolution, unacquainted, dishonest, devaluation, unadventurous, displeasure, irreducible, disused, demilitarize, uncertainty, immovable, incomprehension. Keys: 1. word prefix Root suffix decentralization de- central -ize, -ation. illegality il- legal -ity irreparably ir- repair -able, -ly. depopulation de- populate -ion disapproval dis- approve -al irrationality ir- ration -al, -ity. unable un- able immaturity im- mature -ity disharmony dis- harmony unaffected un- affect -ed dissimilarity dis- similar -ity deformed de- form -ed uncomfortable un- comfort -able immeasurable im- measure -able inadequately in- adequate -ly 2. word prefix Root suffix decode de- code illegible il- legible irreconcilable ir- reconcile -able
deregulation de- regulate -ion unacceptable un- accept -able disarm dis- arm irreplaceable ir- replace -able disloyal dis- loyal immobility im- mobile -ity disassociate dis- associate unaccompanied un- accompany -ed degenerate de- generate immodest im- modest inadvisable in- advise -able 3. word prefix Root suffix disappearance dis- appear -ance decolonization de- colony -ize, ation. illegitimacy il- legitimate -acy irrecoverable ir- recover -able disapprove dis- approve desegregate de- segregate disingenuous dis- ingenuous unaccustomed un- accustom -ed irrepressible ir repress -ible disunity dis- unity degradation de- grade -ation unaccountable un- account -able immorality im- moral -ity unclassified un- class -ify, -ed inattentive in- attend -ive 4. word prefix Root suffix unable un- able decompose de- compose unacknowledged un- acknowledge -d disintegrate dis- integrate
illiberal il- liberal -ion deselection de- select disarrange dis- arrange -able irredeemable ir- redeem disequilibrium dis- equilibrium unachievable un- achieve -able dehumanize de- human -ize irreproachable ir- reproach -able unchallengeable un- challenge -able immortality im- mortal -ity incomparable in- compare -able 5. word prefix Root suffix disadvantage dis- advantage decompression de- compress -ion disband dis- band irresolution ir- resolute -ion unacquainted un- acquaint -ed dishonest dis- honest devaluation de- valuate -ion unadventurous un- adventure -ous displeasure dis- pleasure irreducible ir- reduce -ible disused dis- use -d demilitarize de- militarize uncertainty un- certain -ty immovable im- move -able incomprehension -in comprehend -sion
Suffixes A. Suffixes and Verbs The addition of the suffix –en to a number of adjectives results in the formation of their corresponding verbs. The suffix –en has no meaning alone and requires being attached to suitable adjectives to get verbs. Adjective + Suffix (–en) → Verb Examples: short + (-en) → shorten (V) wide + (-en )→ widen (V) Practice: Turn the following adjectives into verbs by adding the appropriate suffix. sad, awaken, deep, dark, short, soft, rough, bright, tight, sharp, white, red, worse, quiet, hard. Key: adjective suffix verb sad sadden awake awaken deep deepen dark darken short shorten soft soften rough roughen bright -en brighten tight tighten sharp sharpen white whiten red redden worse worsen
quiet quieten hard harden B. Suffixes and Nouns A large number of nouns can be formed by adding particular suffixes to either verbs or adjectives. V + Suffix (-ion, -tion, ition, -ation,-sion, -xion, -ment, -ing, -er, -or) → Noun Examples: administrate→ administration deduce→ deduction interpret→interpretation →ition decide→ decision connect→connexion(or connection) achieve→ achievement come→ coming speak →speaker act →actor Adjective + Suffix (-ity, -ety, -ty, -ness) → Noun Examples: sensitive →sensitivity proper →propriety honest→ honesty helpful →helpfulness
Noun+ Suffix (-er, -ist) → Noun Examples: astronomy→ astronomer cartoon → cartoonist science→ scientist Practice: 1. Turn the following verbs into nouns by adding the appropriate suffix. arbitrate, arrange, assess, attack, attend, bake, begin, argue, assort, attach, call, campaign, counsel, counterfeit, 2. Turn the following verbs into nouns by adding the appropriate suffix. evade, express, collect, imitate, interpret, contaminate, reduce, educate, converse, select, attract, innovate, construct. 3. Turn the following adjectives into nouns by adding the appropriate suffix. sad, infirm, uniform, real, jealous, human, popular, electric, complex, fertile, feminine, happy, severe, passive, anxious, curious. 4. Turn the following adjectives into nouns by adding the appropriate suffix. flexible, profitable, necessary, hospitable, stupid, moral, legal, responsible, probable, safe, personal, physical, able.
Keys 1. verb suffix noun arbitrate -or/-ion/-ing arbitrator/arbitration/arbitrating arrange -er/-ment/-ing arranger/arrangement/arranging assess -or/-ment/-ing assessor/assessment/assessing attack -er/-ing attacker/ attacking attend -er/-ance/-ing attender/attendance /attending bake -er/-ing baker/baking begin -er/-ing beginner/beginning argue -ment/-ing argument/arguing attach -ment/-ing attachment/attaching innovate -or/-ion/-ing innovator/innovation/innovating call -er/-ing caller/calling campaign -er/-ing campaigner/campaigning camp -er/-ing camper/camping capture -or/-ing captor/capturing counsel -or/-ing counselor/conselling counterfeit -er/-ing counterfeiter/counterfeiting create -or/-ion/-ing creator/creation/creating challenge -er/-ing challenger/challenging 2. verb suffix noun evade -sion evasion express -ion expression collect -ion collection imitate -ion imitation interpret -ation interpretation contaminate -ion contamination reduce -tion reduction educate -ion education converse -ation conversation select -ion selection attract -ion attraction innovate -ion innovation
construct -ion construction 3. adjective suffix noun Infirm -ity Infirmity sad -ness sadness uniform -ity uniformity real -ity reality jealous -y jealousy human -ity humanity popular -ity popularity electric -ity electricity complex -ity complexity fertile -ity fertility feminine -ity femininity happy -ness happiness severe -ity severity passive -ity passivity anxious -ety anxiety curious -ity curiosity 4. adjective suffix noun flexible -ity flexibility profitable -ity profitability necessary -ity necessity hospitable -ity hospitability stupid -ity stupidity moral -ity morality legal -ity legality responsible -ity responsibility probable -ity probability safe -ty safety personal -ity personality physical -ity physicality able -ity ability
B. Suffixes and Adjectives Adjectives can be formed with the addition of specific suffixes to verbs as well as to nouns. Please consider the coming patterns. Verb + Suffix (-ed, -ible, -able…) → Adjective Examples: want →wanted reproduce→reproducible drink→drinkable Noun + Suffix (-ic, -full, -ous, -less, -al, -y…) → Adjective Examples: atmosphere→ atmospheric wonder → wonderful courage→ courageous motion → motionless education→ educational smoke→ smoky Practice: 1. Turn the following verbs into adjectives by adding the appropriate suffix. break, cover, print, rely, eat, access, crack, justify, count, present, deliver, challenge. 2. Turn the following verbs into adjectives by adding the appropriate suffix. realize, note, move, like, predict, remedy, observe, comfort, discuss, change. 3. Turn the following nouns into adjectives by adding the appropriate suffix.
care, atom, drama, change, caprice, strategy, sympathy, beauty, politics, climate, job, economy, magic, mathematics, romance. 4. Turn the following nouns into adjectives by adding the appropriate suffix. danger, alcohol, home, syntax, grammar, regard, help, comedy, criticism, count, charisma, practice, courage, rhythm, therapy. 5. Turn the following nouns into adjectives by adding the appropriate suffix. guilt, blood, bog, mint, booze, cloud, bounce, breath, wood, breeze, brine, brood, milk, bubble, bulk, bush, carrot, count, rain, craft, crag, craze, creak. 6. Turn the following nouns into adjectives by adding the appropriate suffix. ease, chalk, risk, smoke, fun, fur, fuss, fuzz, need, fruit, wealth, health, grease, film, flake, flesh, flint, streak, mess, spike. Keys: 1. verb suffix adjective break breakable/broken cover covered print printable/printed rely reliable eat eatable/eaten access accessible justify justifiable/justified crack cracked count -able/-ible/-ed countable/counted present presentable/presented deliver deliverable/delivered challenge challenged/challenging 2.
verb suffix adjective realize realizable/realized note notable/noted move movable, moveable like likeable/liked predict -able/-ible/-ed predictable/predicted remedy remediable/remedied observe observable/observed comfort comfortable/comforted discuss discussable/discussed change changeable/changed 3. noun suffix adjective care careful/careless atom atomic drama dramatic change changeless caprice capricious strategy strategic cash cashless sympathy sympathetic beauty -ful/-less/-ic/-ous beautiful politics political climate climatic job jobless economy economic fruit fruitful/fruitless magic magical mathematics mathematical romance romantic 4.
noun suffix adjective danger dangerous alcohol alcoholic home homeless syntax syntactic grammar grammatical regard regardless help helpful comedy -ful/-less/-ic/-ous comic criticism critical count countless charisma charismatic practice practical courage courageous rhythm rhythmic therapy therapeutic grace graceful 5. noun suffix adjective guilt guilty blood bloody bog boggy mint minty booze boozy cloud cloudy bounce bouncy breath breathy wood woody breeze breezy brine briny brood -y broody milk milky bubble bubbly bulk bulky bush bushy carrot carroty count county rain rainy
craft crafty crag craggy craze crazy creak creaky 6. noun suffix adjective ease easy chalk chalky risk risky smoke smoky fun funny fur furry fuss fussy fuzz fuzzy need needy fruit -y fruity wealth wealthy health healthy grease greasy film filmy flake flaky flesh fleshy flint flinty streak streaky mess messy spike spiky Prepositions A. Verb + Preposion Examples: believe + in → believe in complain + about → complain about
boast + of → boast of Practice: 1. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that you get meaningful sentences. A B C - Some people still rely -the building of pyramids. - Aristotle and other philosophers -the ancient Mesopotamians. worked into -observing plants and animals - Archaeologists divided Egypt’s from and organizing them into history on different types. -The pharaohs put all the resources into -horses to travel long distances. - The idea of dividing an hour into 60 -six different time periods. minutes and a minute into 60 seconds came 2. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that you get meaningful sentences. A B C -The Egyptians worked - the Babylonian or Semitic stock. - In Sumerian times, even kings had like -carpets and hangings for to ask the Assembly for decoration. -The Phoenicians were a great race on - any one built before. which descended to -some new ideas in the 1000’s - Indian advances in iron-working from and 1100’s AD. led out -ways good ways to move water -because ancient Arabs were from the Nile to outlying farms in nomadic, they had relied the desert. -The famous mosque at Samarta did -permission to do certain things. not look 3. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that you get meaningful sentences. A B C -Embezzling is the act of taking money that has been placed in -regional laws and restrictions. your trust but belongs from -gifts offered in genuine good will? -What distinguishes bribes on -another person.
-The punishment for bribery at -the process of concealing financial depends to transactions. -Money laundering refers -some common examples. - The best way to understand the concept of money laundering is to look 4. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that you get meaningful sentences. A B C -All citizens suffer -Tax evasion prevents the government -counterfeiting. -When these funds are not for -their school timings. collected, services have to be with -collecting funds. curtailed and thus result in -a lower quality of life for all citizens. -Most mints around the world from -tax evasion. use a number of safety system to protect their currency -Children can take up light summer jobs that do not interfere 5. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that you get meaningful sentences. A B C -The evolution of culture, and - their children the expectation that human beings as a species they will perform better than the depended about pupils believe they are capable of. -Pupils will write with -the creation of examination stress. -Both the school and the family to -that experienced by high powered
can contribute on businessmen. -Experts compared this stress - the Algerian Revolution and its -One thing parents should aftermath. avoid is to impose -the practice of transmitting knowledge. Keys: 1. - Some people still rely on horses to travel long distances. - Aristotle and other philosophers worked on observing plants and animals and organizing them into different types. - Archaeologists divided Egypt’s history into six different time periods. -The pharaohs put all the resources into the building of pyramids. - The idea of dividing an hour into 60 minutes and a minute into 60 seconds came from the ancient Mesopotamians. 2. -The Egyptians worked out ways good ways to move water from the Nile to outlying farms in the desert. - In Sumerian times, even kings had to ask the Assembly for permission to do certain things. -The Phoenicians were a great race which descended from the Babylonian or Semitic stock. - Indian advances in iron-working led to some new ideas in the 1000’s and 1100’s AD. -Because ancient Arabs were nomadic, they had relied on carpets and hangings for decoration. -The famous mosque at Samarta did not look like any one built before. 3. -Embezzling is the act of taking money that has been placed in your trust but belongs to another person.
-What distinguishes bribes from gifts offered in genuine good will? -The punishment for bribery depends on regional laws and restrictions. -Money laundering refers to the process of concealing financial transactions. - The best way to understand the concept of money laundering is to look at some common examples. 4. -All citizens suffer from tax evasion. -Tax evasion prevents the government from collecting funds. -When these funds are not collected, services have to be curtailed and thus result in a lower quality of life for all citizens. -Most mints around the world use a number of safety system to protect their currency from -Children can take up light summer jobs that do not interfere with their school timings. 5. -The evolution of culture, and human beings as a species depended on the practice of transmitting knowledge. -Pupils will write about the Algerian Revolution and its aftermath. -Both the school and the family can contribute to the creation of examination stress. -Experts compared this stress with that experienced by high powered businessmen. -One thing parents should avoid is to impose on their children the expectation that they will perform better than the pupils believe they are capable of.
B. Adjective + Preposition Examples: aware + of → aware of interested + in → interested in Practice: 1. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that you get meaningful sentences. A B C - Closer contacts among neighbours, friends and families had to be beneficial -The Greeks were very in -science as a way of organizing the interested on world and making order out of chaos. -The ancient Sumerians of - the pharaoh and their country. invented a system of at - communal harmony. mathematics based for -astronomy. - The Babylonians were very - the number of 60. good -The ancient Egyptians grew very proud 2. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that you get meaningful sentences. A B C -Ancient Egyptian scientists -finding the patterns and rules in were extremely good in mathematics and music. - Pythagoras was interested from -studying science. -The Nile was so important at - those of the Egyptians. -Greek women usually were of - observing nature and practical thought to be incapable engineering. - The Greeks had developed -Egyptian farming. building styles different
3. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that you get meaningful sentences. A B C -The Phoenicians were earth’s first-known sailors and explorers who were always eager -Arabic and Persian models. -The arrival of Islamic -inventing the numeral zero and the conquerors about 1000 AD from decimal system. brought to India iconoclasm for -is their architecture. and a love of varied and to -Islam. complex patterning derived -adventure. - This affected even Hindus artists who had not converted -Indian mathematicians may have been responsible -One of the things the Romans are famous 4. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that you get meaningful sentences. A B C -Arabic scholars were able to read the books of Greek -creative accounting philosophers Plato and to -other fields. Aristotle and translated them from -the ones built by the Greeks. -Because architects who lived like -Arabic. in Baghdad adopted Sassanian into architectural traditions, their buildings looked very different -The term “window dressing” is similar -However, this term is broader and can be applied
5. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that you get meaningful sentences. A B C -According to the World Bank, -corruption reduction. economic development is -the operation of essential services to closely linked the population. -Particularly in countries which on -an error on calculating taxes on are based of reported income should contact the -The collected funds are used for tax agency. -Persons who become aware to -tax evasion, and allow the matter to -This will help to minimize the be settled before interest charges chances of being suspected become significant. -egalitarian ideals, bribery is often viewed immensely offensive. 6. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that you get meaningful sentences. A B C -Most modern counterfeiting is - forthcoming examinations, it is focused almost certain that the same fear will -Someone who is convicted of be passed on to the pupil him/herself. -Teachers who are specialized for -counterfeiting will spend at least a -Education as a science cannot about decade in prison. be separated in -competitive situations. -Parents should be concerned from -astrophysics, law or zoology, for -If a pupil senses that his or her on example, may teach only a certain parents are worried subject. -Regular and consistent -their offsprings’ career prospects. support is important to young -the educational traditions that people involved existed before. -paper money, because it has a higher face value.
Keys: 1. - Closer contacts among neighbours, friends and families had to be beneficial for communal harmony. -The Greeks were very interested in science as a way of organizing the world and making order out of chaos. -The ancient Sumerians invented a system of mathematics based on the number of 60. - The Babylonians were very good at astronomy. -The ancient Egyptians grew very proud of the pharaoh and their country. 2. -Ancient Egyptian scientists were extremely good at observing nature and practical engineering. - Pythagoras was interested in finding the patterns and rules in mathematics and music. -The Nile was so important to Egyptian farming. -Greek women usually were thought to be incapable of studying science. - The Greeks had developed building styles different from those of the Egyptians. 3. -The Phoenicians were earth’s first-known sailors and explorers who were always eager for adventure. -The arrival of Islamic conquerors about 1000 AD brought to India iconoclasm and a love of varied and complex patterning derived from Arabic and Persian models. - This affected even Hindus artists who had not converted to Islam. -Indian mathematicians may have been responsible for inventing the numeral zero and the decimal system. -One of the things the Romans are famous for is their architecture.
4. -Arabic scholars were able to read the books of Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle and translated them into Arabic. -Because architects who lived in Baghdad adopted Sassanian architectural traditions, their buildings looked very different from the ones built by the Greeks. -The term “window dressing” is similar to creative accounting. -However, this term is broader and can be applied to other fields. 5. -According to the World Bank, economic development is closely linked to corruption reduction. -Particularly in countries which are based on egalitarian ideals, bribery is often viewed immensely offensive. -The collected funds are used for the operation of essential services to the population. -Persons who become aware of an error on calculating taxes on reported income should contact the tax agency. -This will help to minimize the chances of being suspected of tax evasion, and allow the matter to be settled before interest charges become significant. 6. -Most modern counterfeiting is focused on paper money, because it has a higher face value. -Someone who is convicted of counterfeiting will spend at least a decade in prison. -Teachers who are specialized in astrophysics, law or zoology, for example, may teach only a certain subject. -Education as a science cannot be separated from the educational traditions that existed before. -Parents should be concerned for their offsprings’ career prospects.
-If a pupil senses that his or her parents are worried about forthcoming examinations, it is almost certain that the same fear will be passed on to the pupil him/herself. -Regular and consistent support is important to young people involved in competitive situations.

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Prefixes,suffixes and prepositions

  • 1.
    Prefixes A. Negative Prefixes Being isolated, the prefixes (dis-, de-, il-, ir-, un-, im-and-in) are meaningless. But they convey a sense of negation when added to appropriate words. Please, consider the following examples. Examples: similar → dissimilar forestation → deforestation logical → illogical responsibility → irresponsibility familiar → unfamiliar precise → imprecise accurate → inaccurate Practice: 1. Divide the following words into affixes and roots. decentralization, illegality, irreparably, depopulation, disapproval, irrationality, unable, immaturity, disharmony, unaffected, dissimilarity, deformed, uncomfortable, immeasurable, inadequately. 2. Split the following words into affixes and roots. decode, illegible, irreconcilable, deregulation, unacceptable, disarm, irreplaceable, disloyal, immobility, disassociate, unaccompanied, degenerate, immodest, inadvisable. 3. Divide the following words into affixes and roots. disappearance, decolonization, illegitimacy, irrecoverable, disapprove, desegregate, disingenuous, unaccustomed, irrepressible, disunity, degradation, unaccountable, immorality, unclassified, inattentive.
  • 2.
    4. Divide thefollowing words into affixes and roots. unable, decompose, unacknowledged, disintegrate, illiberal, deselection, disarrange, irredeemable, disequilibrium, unachievable, dehumanize, irreproachable, unchallengeable, immortality, incomparable. 5. Divide the following words into affixes and roots. disadvantage, decompression, disband, irresolution, unacquainted, dishonest, devaluation, unadventurous, displeasure, irreducible, disused, demilitarize, uncertainty, immovable, incomprehension. Keys: 1. word prefix Root suffix decentralization de- central -ize, -ation. illegality il- legal -ity irreparably ir- repair -able, -ly. depopulation de- populate -ion disapproval dis- approve -al irrationality ir- ration -al, -ity. unable un- able immaturity im- mature -ity disharmony dis- harmony unaffected un- affect -ed dissimilarity dis- similar -ity deformed de- form -ed uncomfortable un- comfort -able immeasurable im- measure -able inadequately in- adequate -ly 2. word prefix Root suffix decode de- code illegible il- legible irreconcilable ir- reconcile -able
  • 3.
    deregulation de- regulate -ion unacceptable un- accept -able disarm dis- arm irreplaceable ir- replace -able disloyal dis- loyal immobility im- mobile -ity disassociate dis- associate unaccompanied un- accompany -ed degenerate de- generate immodest im- modest inadvisable in- advise -able 3. word prefix Root suffix disappearance dis- appear -ance decolonization de- colony -ize, ation. illegitimacy il- legitimate -acy irrecoverable ir- recover -able disapprove dis- approve desegregate de- segregate disingenuous dis- ingenuous unaccustomed un- accustom -ed irrepressible ir repress -ible disunity dis- unity degradation de- grade -ation unaccountable un- account -able immorality im- moral -ity unclassified un- class -ify, -ed inattentive in- attend -ive 4. word prefix Root suffix unable un- able decompose de- compose unacknowledged un- acknowledge -d disintegrate dis- integrate
  • 4.
    illiberal il- liberal -ion deselection de- select disarrange dis- arrange -able irredeemable ir- redeem disequilibrium dis- equilibrium unachievable un- achieve -able dehumanize de- human -ize irreproachable ir- reproach -able unchallengeable un- challenge -able immortality im- mortal -ity incomparable in- compare -able 5. word prefix Root suffix disadvantage dis- advantage decompression de- compress -ion disband dis- band irresolution ir- resolute -ion unacquainted un- acquaint -ed dishonest dis- honest devaluation de- valuate -ion unadventurous un- adventure -ous displeasure dis- pleasure irreducible ir- reduce -ible disused dis- use -d demilitarize de- militarize uncertainty un- certain -ty immovable im- move -able incomprehension -in comprehend -sion
  • 5.
    Suffixes A. Suffixes and Verbs The addition of the suffix –en to a number of adjectives results in the formation of their corresponding verbs. The suffix –en has no meaning alone and requires being attached to suitable adjectives to get verbs. Adjective + Suffix (–en) → Verb Examples: short + (-en) → shorten (V) wide + (-en )→ widen (V) Practice: Turn the following adjectives into verbs by adding the appropriate suffix. sad, awaken, deep, dark, short, soft, rough, bright, tight, sharp, white, red, worse, quiet, hard. Key: adjective suffix verb sad sadden awake awaken deep deepen dark darken short shorten soft soften rough roughen bright -en brighten tight tighten sharp sharpen white whiten red redden worse worsen
  • 6.
    quiet quieten hard harden B. Suffixes and Nouns A large number of nouns can be formed by adding particular suffixes to either verbs or adjectives. V + Suffix (-ion, -tion, ition, -ation,-sion, -xion, -ment, -ing, -er, -or) → Noun Examples: administrate→ administration deduce→ deduction interpret→interpretation →ition decide→ decision connect→connexion(or connection) achieve→ achievement come→ coming speak →speaker act →actor Adjective + Suffix (-ity, -ety, -ty, -ness) → Noun Examples: sensitive →sensitivity proper →propriety honest→ honesty helpful →helpfulness
  • 7.
    Noun+ Suffix (-er,-ist) → Noun Examples: astronomy→ astronomer cartoon → cartoonist science→ scientist Practice: 1. Turn the following verbs into nouns by adding the appropriate suffix. arbitrate, arrange, assess, attack, attend, bake, begin, argue, assort, attach, call, campaign, counsel, counterfeit, 2. Turn the following verbs into nouns by adding the appropriate suffix. evade, express, collect, imitate, interpret, contaminate, reduce, educate, converse, select, attract, innovate, construct. 3. Turn the following adjectives into nouns by adding the appropriate suffix. sad, infirm, uniform, real, jealous, human, popular, electric, complex, fertile, feminine, happy, severe, passive, anxious, curious. 4. Turn the following adjectives into nouns by adding the appropriate suffix. flexible, profitable, necessary, hospitable, stupid, moral, legal, responsible, probable, safe, personal, physical, able.
  • 8.
    Keys 1. verb suffix noun arbitrate -or/-ion/-ing arbitrator/arbitration/arbitrating arrange -er/-ment/-ing arranger/arrangement/arranging assess -or/-ment/-ing assessor/assessment/assessing attack -er/-ing attacker/ attacking attend -er/-ance/-ing attender/attendance /attending bake -er/-ing baker/baking begin -er/-ing beginner/beginning argue -ment/-ing argument/arguing attach -ment/-ing attachment/attaching innovate -or/-ion/-ing innovator/innovation/innovating call -er/-ing caller/calling campaign -er/-ing campaigner/campaigning camp -er/-ing camper/camping capture -or/-ing captor/capturing counsel -or/-ing counselor/conselling counterfeit -er/-ing counterfeiter/counterfeiting create -or/-ion/-ing creator/creation/creating challenge -er/-ing challenger/challenging 2. verb suffix noun evade -sion evasion express -ion expression collect -ion collection imitate -ion imitation interpret -ation interpretation contaminate -ion contamination reduce -tion reduction educate -ion education converse -ation conversation select -ion selection attract -ion attraction innovate -ion innovation
  • 9.
    construct -ion construction 3. adjective suffix noun Infirm -ity Infirmity sad -ness sadness uniform -ity uniformity real -ity reality jealous -y jealousy human -ity humanity popular -ity popularity electric -ity electricity complex -ity complexity fertile -ity fertility feminine -ity femininity happy -ness happiness severe -ity severity passive -ity passivity anxious -ety anxiety curious -ity curiosity 4. adjective suffix noun flexible -ity flexibility profitable -ity profitability necessary -ity necessity hospitable -ity hospitability stupid -ity stupidity moral -ity morality legal -ity legality responsible -ity responsibility probable -ity probability safe -ty safety personal -ity personality physical -ity physicality able -ity ability
  • 10.
    B. Suffixes andAdjectives Adjectives can be formed with the addition of specific suffixes to verbs as well as to nouns. Please consider the coming patterns. Verb + Suffix (-ed, -ible, -able…) → Adjective Examples: want →wanted reproduce→reproducible drink→drinkable Noun + Suffix (-ic, -full, -ous, -less, -al, -y…) → Adjective Examples: atmosphere→ atmospheric wonder → wonderful courage→ courageous motion → motionless education→ educational smoke→ smoky Practice: 1. Turn the following verbs into adjectives by adding the appropriate suffix. break, cover, print, rely, eat, access, crack, justify, count, present, deliver, challenge. 2. Turn the following verbs into adjectives by adding the appropriate suffix. realize, note, move, like, predict, remedy, observe, comfort, discuss, change. 3. Turn the following nouns into adjectives by adding the appropriate suffix.
  • 11.
    care, atom, drama,change, caprice, strategy, sympathy, beauty, politics, climate, job, economy, magic, mathematics, romance. 4. Turn the following nouns into adjectives by adding the appropriate suffix. danger, alcohol, home, syntax, grammar, regard, help, comedy, criticism, count, charisma, practice, courage, rhythm, therapy. 5. Turn the following nouns into adjectives by adding the appropriate suffix. guilt, blood, bog, mint, booze, cloud, bounce, breath, wood, breeze, brine, brood, milk, bubble, bulk, bush, carrot, count, rain, craft, crag, craze, creak. 6. Turn the following nouns into adjectives by adding the appropriate suffix. ease, chalk, risk, smoke, fun, fur, fuss, fuzz, need, fruit, wealth, health, grease, film, flake, flesh, flint, streak, mess, spike. Keys: 1. verb suffix adjective break breakable/broken cover covered print printable/printed rely reliable eat eatable/eaten access accessible justify justifiable/justified crack cracked count -able/-ible/-ed countable/counted present presentable/presented deliver deliverable/delivered challenge challenged/challenging 2.
  • 12.
    verb suffix adjective realize realizable/realized note notable/noted move movable, moveable like likeable/liked predict -able/-ible/-ed predictable/predicted remedy remediable/remedied observe observable/observed comfort comfortable/comforted discuss discussable/discussed change changeable/changed 3. noun suffix adjective care careful/careless atom atomic drama dramatic change changeless caprice capricious strategy strategic cash cashless sympathy sympathetic beauty -ful/-less/-ic/-ous beautiful politics political climate climatic job jobless economy economic fruit fruitful/fruitless magic magical mathematics mathematical romance romantic 4.
  • 13.
    noun suffix adjective danger dangerous alcohol alcoholic home homeless syntax syntactic grammar grammatical regard regardless help helpful comedy -ful/-less/-ic/-ous comic criticism critical count countless charisma charismatic practice practical courage courageous rhythm rhythmic therapy therapeutic grace graceful 5. noun suffix adjective guilt guilty blood bloody bog boggy mint minty booze boozy cloud cloudy bounce bouncy breath breathy wood woody breeze breezy brine briny brood -y broody milk milky bubble bubbly bulk bulky bush bushy carrot carroty count county rain rainy
  • 14.
    craft crafty crag craggy craze crazy creak creaky 6. noun suffix adjective ease easy chalk chalky risk risky smoke smoky fun funny fur furry fuss fussy fuzz fuzzy need needy fruit -y fruity wealth wealthy health healthy grease greasy film filmy flake flaky flesh fleshy flint flinty streak streaky mess messy spike spiky Prepositions A. Verb + Preposion Examples: believe + in → believe in complain + about → complain about
  • 15.
    boast + of→ boast of Practice: 1. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that you get meaningful sentences. A B C - Some people still rely -the building of pyramids. - Aristotle and other philosophers -the ancient Mesopotamians. worked into -observing plants and animals - Archaeologists divided Egypt’s from and organizing them into history on different types. -The pharaohs put all the resources into -horses to travel long distances. - The idea of dividing an hour into 60 -six different time periods. minutes and a minute into 60 seconds came 2. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that you get meaningful sentences. A B C -The Egyptians worked - the Babylonian or Semitic stock. - In Sumerian times, even kings had like -carpets and hangings for to ask the Assembly for decoration. -The Phoenicians were a great race on - any one built before. which descended to -some new ideas in the 1000’s - Indian advances in iron-working from and 1100’s AD. led out -ways good ways to move water -because ancient Arabs were from the Nile to outlying farms in nomadic, they had relied the desert. -The famous mosque at Samarta did -permission to do certain things. not look 3. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that you get meaningful sentences. A B C -Embezzling is the act of taking money that has been placed in -regional laws and restrictions. your trust but belongs from -gifts offered in genuine good will? -What distinguishes bribes on -another person.
  • 16.
    -The punishment forbribery at -the process of concealing financial depends to transactions. -Money laundering refers -some common examples. - The best way to understand the concept of money laundering is to look 4. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that you get meaningful sentences. A B C -All citizens suffer -Tax evasion prevents the government -counterfeiting. -When these funds are not for -their school timings. collected, services have to be with -collecting funds. curtailed and thus result in -a lower quality of life for all citizens. -Most mints around the world from -tax evasion. use a number of safety system to protect their currency -Children can take up light summer jobs that do not interfere 5. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that you get meaningful sentences. A B C -The evolution of culture, and - their children the expectation that human beings as a species they will perform better than the depended about pupils believe they are capable of. -Pupils will write with -the creation of examination stress. -Both the school and the family to -that experienced by high powered
  • 17.
    can contribute on businessmen. -Experts compared this stress - the Algerian Revolution and its -One thing parents should aftermath. avoid is to impose -the practice of transmitting knowledge. Keys: 1. - Some people still rely on horses to travel long distances. - Aristotle and other philosophers worked on observing plants and animals and organizing them into different types. - Archaeologists divided Egypt’s history into six different time periods. -The pharaohs put all the resources into the building of pyramids. - The idea of dividing an hour into 60 minutes and a minute into 60 seconds came from the ancient Mesopotamians. 2. -The Egyptians worked out ways good ways to move water from the Nile to outlying farms in the desert. - In Sumerian times, even kings had to ask the Assembly for permission to do certain things. -The Phoenicians were a great race which descended from the Babylonian or Semitic stock. - Indian advances in iron-working led to some new ideas in the 1000’s and 1100’s AD. -Because ancient Arabs were nomadic, they had relied on carpets and hangings for decoration. -The famous mosque at Samarta did not look like any one built before. 3. -Embezzling is the act of taking money that has been placed in your trust but belongs to another person.
  • 18.
    -What distinguishes bribesfrom gifts offered in genuine good will? -The punishment for bribery depends on regional laws and restrictions. -Money laundering refers to the process of concealing financial transactions. - The best way to understand the concept of money laundering is to look at some common examples. 4. -All citizens suffer from tax evasion. -Tax evasion prevents the government from collecting funds. -When these funds are not collected, services have to be curtailed and thus result in a lower quality of life for all citizens. -Most mints around the world use a number of safety system to protect their currency from -Children can take up light summer jobs that do not interfere with their school timings. 5. -The evolution of culture, and human beings as a species depended on the practice of transmitting knowledge. -Pupils will write about the Algerian Revolution and its aftermath. -Both the school and the family can contribute to the creation of examination stress. -Experts compared this stress with that experienced by high powered businessmen. -One thing parents should avoid is to impose on their children the expectation that they will perform better than the pupils believe they are capable of.
  • 19.
    B. Adjective +Preposition Examples: aware + of → aware of interested + in → interested in Practice: 1. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that you get meaningful sentences. A B C - Closer contacts among neighbours, friends and families had to be beneficial -The Greeks were very in -science as a way of organizing the interested on world and making order out of chaos. -The ancient Sumerians of - the pharaoh and their country. invented a system of at - communal harmony. mathematics based for -astronomy. - The Babylonians were very - the number of 60. good -The ancient Egyptians grew very proud 2. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that you get meaningful sentences. A B C -Ancient Egyptian scientists -finding the patterns and rules in were extremely good in mathematics and music. - Pythagoras was interested from -studying science. -The Nile was so important at - those of the Egyptians. -Greek women usually were of - observing nature and practical thought to be incapable engineering. - The Greeks had developed -Egyptian farming. building styles different
  • 20.
    3. Match partsfrom column A with parts from both columns B and C so that you get meaningful sentences. A B C -The Phoenicians were earth’s first-known sailors and explorers who were always eager -Arabic and Persian models. -The arrival of Islamic -inventing the numeral zero and the conquerors about 1000 AD from decimal system. brought to India iconoclasm for -is their architecture. and a love of varied and to -Islam. complex patterning derived -adventure. - This affected even Hindus artists who had not converted -Indian mathematicians may have been responsible -One of the things the Romans are famous 4. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that you get meaningful sentences. A B C -Arabic scholars were able to read the books of Greek -creative accounting philosophers Plato and to -other fields. Aristotle and translated them from -the ones built by the Greeks. -Because architects who lived like -Arabic. in Baghdad adopted Sassanian into architectural traditions, their buildings looked very different -The term “window dressing” is similar -However, this term is broader and can be applied
  • 21.
    5. Match partsfrom column A with parts from both columns B and C so that you get meaningful sentences. A B C -According to the World Bank, -corruption reduction. economic development is -the operation of essential services to closely linked the population. -Particularly in countries which on -an error on calculating taxes on are based of reported income should contact the -The collected funds are used for tax agency. -Persons who become aware to -tax evasion, and allow the matter to -This will help to minimize the be settled before interest charges chances of being suspected become significant. -egalitarian ideals, bribery is often viewed immensely offensive. 6. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that you get meaningful sentences. A B C -Most modern counterfeiting is - forthcoming examinations, it is focused almost certain that the same fear will -Someone who is convicted of be passed on to the pupil him/herself. -Teachers who are specialized for -counterfeiting will spend at least a -Education as a science cannot about decade in prison. be separated in -competitive situations. -Parents should be concerned from -astrophysics, law or zoology, for -If a pupil senses that his or her on example, may teach only a certain parents are worried subject. -Regular and consistent -their offsprings’ career prospects. support is important to young -the educational traditions that people involved existed before. -paper money, because it has a higher face value.
  • 22.
    Keys: 1. - Closer contactsamong neighbours, friends and families had to be beneficial for communal harmony. -The Greeks were very interested in science as a way of organizing the world and making order out of chaos. -The ancient Sumerians invented a system of mathematics based on the number of 60. - The Babylonians were very good at astronomy. -The ancient Egyptians grew very proud of the pharaoh and their country. 2. -Ancient Egyptian scientists were extremely good at observing nature and practical engineering. - Pythagoras was interested in finding the patterns and rules in mathematics and music. -The Nile was so important to Egyptian farming. -Greek women usually were thought to be incapable of studying science. - The Greeks had developed building styles different from those of the Egyptians. 3. -The Phoenicians were earth’s first-known sailors and explorers who were always eager for adventure. -The arrival of Islamic conquerors about 1000 AD brought to India iconoclasm and a love of varied and complex patterning derived from Arabic and Persian models. - This affected even Hindus artists who had not converted to Islam. -Indian mathematicians may have been responsible for inventing the numeral zero and the decimal system. -One of the things the Romans are famous for is their architecture.
  • 23.
    4. -Arabic scholars wereable to read the books of Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle and translated them into Arabic. -Because architects who lived in Baghdad adopted Sassanian architectural traditions, their buildings looked very different from the ones built by the Greeks. -The term “window dressing” is similar to creative accounting. -However, this term is broader and can be applied to other fields. 5. -According to the World Bank, economic development is closely linked to corruption reduction. -Particularly in countries which are based on egalitarian ideals, bribery is often viewed immensely offensive. -The collected funds are used for the operation of essential services to the population. -Persons who become aware of an error on calculating taxes on reported income should contact the tax agency. -This will help to minimize the chances of being suspected of tax evasion, and allow the matter to be settled before interest charges become significant. 6. -Most modern counterfeiting is focused on paper money, because it has a higher face value. -Someone who is convicted of counterfeiting will spend at least a decade in prison. -Teachers who are specialized in astrophysics, law or zoology, for example, may teach only a certain subject. -Education as a science cannot be separated from the educational traditions that existed before. -Parents should be concerned for their offsprings’ career prospects.
  • 24.
    -If a pupilsenses that his or her parents are worried about forthcoming examinations, it is almost certain that the same fear will be passed on to the pupil him/herself. -Regular and consistent support is important to young people involved in competitive situations.