The document summarizes key concepts from the book "Computer Security: Principles and Practice" by Stallings, Brown, and Bauer. It defines computer security as measures that ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information systems. It outlines threats to computer security like unauthorized disclosure, deception, disruption, and usurpation. It also defines security terminology like attacks, vulnerabilities, risks, and countermeasures. The document presents models for understanding computer security and the relationships between threats, vulnerabilities, attacks, and assets.
This chapter provides an overview of key computer security concepts. It defines computer security and discusses challenges such as the need for security to be integrated into system design from the start. It also covers fundamental security principles, attack surfaces and trees, security strategies involving policy, implementation and evaluation, and standards organizations that develop security standards. Specific topics summarized include the definition of security measures and controls to ensure confidentiality, integrity and availability of system assets.
This document provides an introduction to information security concepts. It defines information security as protecting information and systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption or destruction. The key aspects of information security are confidentiality, integrity and availability. Basic security terminology like identification, authentication, access control and confidentiality are explained. Common network vulnerabilities like weak passwords, protocol design flaws, and unauthorized access through modems are also discussed. The importance of network security is to protect company assets, gain competitive advantage and ensure regulatory compliance.
The document provides an introduction to computer security including:
- The basic components of security such as confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
- Common security threats like snooping, modification, and denial of service attacks.
- Issues with security including operational challenges and human factors.
- An overview of security policies, access control models, and security models like Bell-LaPadula and Biba.
The document introduces system security, defining it as protecting information system resources to preserve integrity, availability, and confidentiality. It discusses the CIA security triad of confidentiality, integrity, and availability, along with additional aspects of authenticity and accountability for complete security. The document defines key security terminology from RFC 2828 and covers security threats like interception, interruption, and modification. It also examines hardware, software, and data vulnerabilities that can threaten system security.
Some Fundamental Concepts About Information Technology Security & Risks.
Please suggest any edit/changes if required.
I hope this will help you guys :)
This document discusses computer security concepts and fundamentals. It defines computer security and the CIA triad of confidentiality, integrity and availability. It describes various security objectives like data confidentiality, privacy, data integrity, system integrity and availability. It also discusses additional concepts like authenticity and accountability. The document presents a model for computer security and discusses security concepts like assets, vulnerabilities, threats, attacks and countermeasures. It provides examples of different types of attacks like unauthorized disclosure, deception and disruption and how they relate to threats against confidentiality, integrity and availability.
Lecture 01- What is Information Security.pptshahadd2021
This document provides an introduction to information security concepts. It defines information security as protecting information and systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption or destruction in order to preserve confidentiality, integrity and availability. The goals of information security are prevention, detection and recovery. Key concepts discussed include threats, vulnerabilities, risks, assets, and the CIA triad of confidentiality, integrity and availability. Common types of security attacks like interception, interruption, modification and fabrication are also outlined.
This chapter provides an overview of key computer security concepts. It defines computer security and discusses challenges such as the need for security to be integrated into system design from the start. It also covers fundamental security principles, attack surfaces and trees, security strategies involving policy, implementation and evaluation, and standards organizations that develop security standards. Specific topics summarized include the definition of security measures and controls to ensure confidentiality, integrity and availability of system assets.
This document provides an introduction to information security concepts. It defines information security as protecting information and systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption or destruction. The key aspects of information security are confidentiality, integrity and availability. Basic security terminology like identification, authentication, access control and confidentiality are explained. Common network vulnerabilities like weak passwords, protocol design flaws, and unauthorized access through modems are also discussed. The importance of network security is to protect company assets, gain competitive advantage and ensure regulatory compliance.
The document provides an introduction to computer security including:
- The basic components of security such as confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
- Common security threats like snooping, modification, and denial of service attacks.
- Issues with security including operational challenges and human factors.
- An overview of security policies, access control models, and security models like Bell-LaPadula and Biba.
The document introduces system security, defining it as protecting information system resources to preserve integrity, availability, and confidentiality. It discusses the CIA security triad of confidentiality, integrity, and availability, along with additional aspects of authenticity and accountability for complete security. The document defines key security terminology from RFC 2828 and covers security threats like interception, interruption, and modification. It also examines hardware, software, and data vulnerabilities that can threaten system security.
Some Fundamental Concepts About Information Technology Security & Risks.
Please suggest any edit/changes if required.
I hope this will help you guys :)
This document discusses computer security concepts and fundamentals. It defines computer security and the CIA triad of confidentiality, integrity and availability. It describes various security objectives like data confidentiality, privacy, data integrity, system integrity and availability. It also discusses additional concepts like authenticity and accountability. The document presents a model for computer security and discusses security concepts like assets, vulnerabilities, threats, attacks and countermeasures. It provides examples of different types of attacks like unauthorized disclosure, deception and disruption and how they relate to threats against confidentiality, integrity and availability.
Lecture 01- What is Information Security.pptshahadd2021
This document provides an introduction to information security concepts. It defines information security as protecting information and systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption or destruction in order to preserve confidentiality, integrity and availability. The goals of information security are prevention, detection and recovery. Key concepts discussed include threats, vulnerabilities, risks, assets, and the CIA triad of confidentiality, integrity and availability. Common types of security attacks like interception, interruption, modification and fabrication are also outlined.
Chapter 4 vulnerability threat and attack newbie2019
This document discusses threats, vulnerabilities, and attacks related to information security. It defines threats as potential dangers that could breach security, and lists categories of threats like deliberate threats, environmental threats, and accidental threats. Vulnerabilities are weaknesses that can be exploited by threats, like physical vulnerabilities, hardware/software vulnerabilities, and human vulnerabilities. Attacks are exploits of vulnerabilities that damage systems. Common attacks are discussed like passive attacks that obtain information and active attacks that alter systems. The document also categorizes attacks as interruptions, interceptions, modifications, or fabrications of systems and assets. The three biggest common attacks are said to be virus, worm, and Trojan horse attacks.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in information security from a lecture on security concepts. It defines security as keeping the possibility of threats low, and discusses specialized security areas like physical, personal, communications, network, and data security. It also defines computer security as protecting computer systems, hardware, software, data and information from threats. The document then examines common security vulnerabilities, threats, and the vulnerability-threat-control paradigm. It discusses goals of security like confidentiality, integrity and availability.
This document discusses network security and defines key concepts. It explains that security aims to protect confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information. The main pillars of security are the CIA triangle of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Vulnerabilities are weaknesses that can be exploited by threats to carry out attacks, which aim to intercept, interrupt, modify or fabricate information. Common attacks include eavesdropping, cryptanalysis, password pilfering through guessing, social engineering, dictionary attacks and password sniffing. Controls work to reduce vulnerabilities and block threats to prevent harm.
UNIT- I & II_ 3R-Cryptography-Lectures_2021-22_VSM.pdfVishwanathMahalle
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on cryptography. It includes 6 units that cover topics such as attacks on computers and computer security, symmetric and asymmetric key algorithms, digital signatures, public key infrastructure, internet security protocols, and user authentication. The objectives of the course are to teach security concepts and the need for security. Key topics covered include types of attacks, symmetric and asymmetric cryptography, encryption and decryption, digital certificates, and authentication methods. References for textbooks and additional reading materials are also provided.
This ppt contains information about definition of computer & information security, types of attacks, services, mechanisms, controls and model for network security
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
S.Karthika,II-M.sc(Computer Science),Bon Secours college for women,thanjavurvkarthi314
The document discusses network security. It defines computer security, network security, and internet security. The key aspects of network security are confidentiality, integrity, and availability. It describes different types of security attacks like passive attacks involving interception and traffic analysis, and active attacks like masquerade, replay, message modification, and denial of service. It also discusses different impact levels of security breaches and challenges in computer security. Finally, it presents models for network security and network access security.
1. The document defines computer security as protecting computer systems and information from harm, theft, and unauthorized use through preventing and detecting unauthorized computer system access.
2. It discusses various types of computer security including information, application, computer, network, and cyber security and outlines common computer security threats like viruses, worms, phishing, rootkits, and key loggers.
3. The document also covers fundamental computer security objectives of confidentiality, integrity, and availability and related terminology like adversaries, attacks, vulnerabilities, and security policies.
This document provides an overview of network and information security. It discusses key concepts like the OSI security architecture, security attacks, mechanisms, and services. It explains why security is important to protect company assets, gain competitive advantages, comply with regulations, and ensure job security. The security trinity of prevention, detection, and response is also explained. Basic security terminology is defined, including authentication, access control, confidentiality, availability, data integrity, accountability, and non-repudiation. Finally, it discusses what a security policy is and its importance.
information security (network security methods)Zara Nawaz
This document provides an overview of information security concepts. It discusses basic security principles like how no system is completely secure but security measures can reduce risks. It then summarizes key aspects of network security such as protecting systems through configuration, detection of issues, and rapid response. Common network security methods are outlined like access control, anti-malware tools, and firewalls. Goals of security like confidentiality, integrity and availability are defined in relation to the CIA triad model. Threats to these goals are also summarized.
Ethical hacking is becoming more popular with the rise of the internet and other tech-fueled society. SCODE Network offers Ethical hacking training courses with live projects by an expert trainer.
Ethical hacking is becoming more popular with the rise of the internet and other tech-fueled society. Hackers are increasingly becoming more prevalent and ethical hackers help keep our society safe from attacks. SCODE Network offers Ethical hacking training courses with live projects by an expert trainer.
This document provides an overview of computer security concepts. It defines information security using the CIA triad of confidentiality, integrity and availability. It describes the computer security model involving assets, vulnerabilities, threats and countermeasures. It discusses classes of threats and examples of each. Design principles for secure software engineering are outlined, including least privilege and complete mediation. The importance of threat modeling and the security strategy of specification, implementation and evaluation are emphasized. The goal is to promote systematic thinking to reduce vulnerabilities and the likelihood of missed threats.
This document provides an introduction and overview of computer security and privacy. It discusses how computer security aims to protect information from unauthorized access while allowing intended use. Privacy involves protecting personal information. The document then covers physical security, network security, basic security objectives of confidentiality, integrity and availability. It provides examples of security policies, mechanisms, and goals of prevention, detection and recovery. Finally, it discusses the brief history of computer security and privacy and covers early efforts to address these issues through standards, legislation and security controls.
This document provides an introduction to cyber security, including definitions and key concepts. It describes cyber security as protecting internet-connected systems from malicious attacks. The document then outlines different types of cyber security such as network security, application security, information security, identity management, cloud security, mobile security, endpoint security, and IoT security. It discusses the importance of cyber security and its goals of ensuring data protection, confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Finally, it defines common cyber security terminology.
This document provides an overview of network security threats and concepts. It discusses the rationale for network security, including increased internet connectivity, cybercrime, legislation/liabilities, and the proliferation and sophistication of threats. It describes the goals of information security programs to ensure confidentiality, integrity and availability. It also discusses security models, risks, vulnerabilities, attacks, and risk management strategies.
Cyber security involves protecting computers, networks, programs and data from unauthorized access and cyber attacks. It aims to ensure confidentiality, integrity and availability of information. Key aspects of cyber security include authentication, authorization, network security, application security and information security. Authentication verifies a user's identity, while authorization determines their access privileges. Cyber threats can include cyber attacks, exploits, vulnerabilities and data breaches. Mitigation strategies and software patches help reduce damage from security incidents.
Information and network security 5 security attacks mechanisms and servicesVaibhav Khanna
One approach is to consider three aspects of information security: Security attack – Any action that compromises the security of information owned by an organization. Security mechanism – A mechanism that is designed to detect, prevent or recover from a security attack
This document discusses network security. It defines network security and outlines some of the key challenges, such as the increasing sophistication of hacking tools. It then covers security roles, issues, goals, and components. These include authentication, authorization, privacy, integrity, availability, and nonrepudiation. The document also discusses data classification for public/private organizations and controls like administrative, technical, and physical controls. It outlines how to prosecute security breaches and addresses legal liability issues. Finally, it provides recommendations for examining security across an organization's entire network.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
Ready to take your DeFi project to the next level? Partner with Intelisync for expert DeFi development services today!
Chapter 4 vulnerability threat and attack newbie2019
This document discusses threats, vulnerabilities, and attacks related to information security. It defines threats as potential dangers that could breach security, and lists categories of threats like deliberate threats, environmental threats, and accidental threats. Vulnerabilities are weaknesses that can be exploited by threats, like physical vulnerabilities, hardware/software vulnerabilities, and human vulnerabilities. Attacks are exploits of vulnerabilities that damage systems. Common attacks are discussed like passive attacks that obtain information and active attacks that alter systems. The document also categorizes attacks as interruptions, interceptions, modifications, or fabrications of systems and assets. The three biggest common attacks are said to be virus, worm, and Trojan horse attacks.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in information security from a lecture on security concepts. It defines security as keeping the possibility of threats low, and discusses specialized security areas like physical, personal, communications, network, and data security. It also defines computer security as protecting computer systems, hardware, software, data and information from threats. The document then examines common security vulnerabilities, threats, and the vulnerability-threat-control paradigm. It discusses goals of security like confidentiality, integrity and availability.
This document discusses network security and defines key concepts. It explains that security aims to protect confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information. The main pillars of security are the CIA triangle of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Vulnerabilities are weaknesses that can be exploited by threats to carry out attacks, which aim to intercept, interrupt, modify or fabricate information. Common attacks include eavesdropping, cryptanalysis, password pilfering through guessing, social engineering, dictionary attacks and password sniffing. Controls work to reduce vulnerabilities and block threats to prevent harm.
UNIT- I & II_ 3R-Cryptography-Lectures_2021-22_VSM.pdfVishwanathMahalle
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on cryptography. It includes 6 units that cover topics such as attacks on computers and computer security, symmetric and asymmetric key algorithms, digital signatures, public key infrastructure, internet security protocols, and user authentication. The objectives of the course are to teach security concepts and the need for security. Key topics covered include types of attacks, symmetric and asymmetric cryptography, encryption and decryption, digital certificates, and authentication methods. References for textbooks and additional reading materials are also provided.
This ppt contains information about definition of computer & information security, types of attacks, services, mechanisms, controls and model for network security
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
S.Karthika,II-M.sc(Computer Science),Bon Secours college for women,thanjavurvkarthi314
The document discusses network security. It defines computer security, network security, and internet security. The key aspects of network security are confidentiality, integrity, and availability. It describes different types of security attacks like passive attacks involving interception and traffic analysis, and active attacks like masquerade, replay, message modification, and denial of service. It also discusses different impact levels of security breaches and challenges in computer security. Finally, it presents models for network security and network access security.
1. The document defines computer security as protecting computer systems and information from harm, theft, and unauthorized use through preventing and detecting unauthorized computer system access.
2. It discusses various types of computer security including information, application, computer, network, and cyber security and outlines common computer security threats like viruses, worms, phishing, rootkits, and key loggers.
3. The document also covers fundamental computer security objectives of confidentiality, integrity, and availability and related terminology like adversaries, attacks, vulnerabilities, and security policies.
This document provides an overview of network and information security. It discusses key concepts like the OSI security architecture, security attacks, mechanisms, and services. It explains why security is important to protect company assets, gain competitive advantages, comply with regulations, and ensure job security. The security trinity of prevention, detection, and response is also explained. Basic security terminology is defined, including authentication, access control, confidentiality, availability, data integrity, accountability, and non-repudiation. Finally, it discusses what a security policy is and its importance.
information security (network security methods)Zara Nawaz
This document provides an overview of information security concepts. It discusses basic security principles like how no system is completely secure but security measures can reduce risks. It then summarizes key aspects of network security such as protecting systems through configuration, detection of issues, and rapid response. Common network security methods are outlined like access control, anti-malware tools, and firewalls. Goals of security like confidentiality, integrity and availability are defined in relation to the CIA triad model. Threats to these goals are also summarized.
Ethical hacking is becoming more popular with the rise of the internet and other tech-fueled society. SCODE Network offers Ethical hacking training courses with live projects by an expert trainer.
Ethical hacking is becoming more popular with the rise of the internet and other tech-fueled society. Hackers are increasingly becoming more prevalent and ethical hackers help keep our society safe from attacks. SCODE Network offers Ethical hacking training courses with live projects by an expert trainer.
This document provides an overview of computer security concepts. It defines information security using the CIA triad of confidentiality, integrity and availability. It describes the computer security model involving assets, vulnerabilities, threats and countermeasures. It discusses classes of threats and examples of each. Design principles for secure software engineering are outlined, including least privilege and complete mediation. The importance of threat modeling and the security strategy of specification, implementation and evaluation are emphasized. The goal is to promote systematic thinking to reduce vulnerabilities and the likelihood of missed threats.
This document provides an introduction and overview of computer security and privacy. It discusses how computer security aims to protect information from unauthorized access while allowing intended use. Privacy involves protecting personal information. The document then covers physical security, network security, basic security objectives of confidentiality, integrity and availability. It provides examples of security policies, mechanisms, and goals of prevention, detection and recovery. Finally, it discusses the brief history of computer security and privacy and covers early efforts to address these issues through standards, legislation and security controls.
This document provides an introduction to cyber security, including definitions and key concepts. It describes cyber security as protecting internet-connected systems from malicious attacks. The document then outlines different types of cyber security such as network security, application security, information security, identity management, cloud security, mobile security, endpoint security, and IoT security. It discusses the importance of cyber security and its goals of ensuring data protection, confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Finally, it defines common cyber security terminology.
This document provides an overview of network security threats and concepts. It discusses the rationale for network security, including increased internet connectivity, cybercrime, legislation/liabilities, and the proliferation and sophistication of threats. It describes the goals of information security programs to ensure confidentiality, integrity and availability. It also discusses security models, risks, vulnerabilities, attacks, and risk management strategies.
Cyber security involves protecting computers, networks, programs and data from unauthorized access and cyber attacks. It aims to ensure confidentiality, integrity and availability of information. Key aspects of cyber security include authentication, authorization, network security, application security and information security. Authentication verifies a user's identity, while authorization determines their access privileges. Cyber threats can include cyber attacks, exploits, vulnerabilities and data breaches. Mitigation strategies and software patches help reduce damage from security incidents.
Information and network security 5 security attacks mechanisms and servicesVaibhav Khanna
One approach is to consider three aspects of information security: Security attack – Any action that compromises the security of information owned by an organization. Security mechanism – A mechanism that is designed to detect, prevent or recover from a security attack
This document discusses network security. It defines network security and outlines some of the key challenges, such as the increasing sophistication of hacking tools. It then covers security roles, issues, goals, and components. These include authentication, authorization, privacy, integrity, availability, and nonrepudiation. The document also discusses data classification for public/private organizations and controls like administrative, technical, and physical controls. It outlines how to prosecute security breaches and addresses legal liability issues. Finally, it provides recommendations for examining security across an organization's entire network.
Similar to PPT0-Computer Security Concepts.pptx (20)
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
Ready to take your DeFi project to the next level? Partner with Intelisync for expert DeFi development services today!
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
FREE A4 Cyber Security Awareness Posters-Social Engineering part 3Data Hops
Free A4 downloadable and printable Cyber Security, Social Engineering Safety and security Training Posters . Promote security awareness in the home or workplace. Lock them Out From training providers datahops.com
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
Skybuffer AI, built on the robust SAP Business Technology Platform (SAP BTP), is the latest and most advanced version of our AI development, reaffirming our commitment to delivering top-tier AI solutions. Skybuffer AI harnesses all the innovative capabilities of the SAP BTP in the AI domain, from Conversational AI to cutting-edge Generative AI and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). It also helps SAP customers safeguard their investments into SAP Conversational AI and ensure a seamless, one-click transition to SAP Business AI.
With Skybuffer AI, various AI models can be integrated into a single communication channel such as Microsoft Teams. This integration empowers business users with insights drawn from SAP backend systems, enterprise documents, and the expansive knowledge of Generative AI. And the best part of it is that it is all managed through our intuitive no-code Action Server interface, requiring no extensive coding knowledge and making the advanced AI accessible to more users.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
5. Definition of Computer Security
Key objectives that are at the heart of computer security:
• Confidentiality: This term covers two related concepts:
• Data confidentiality: Assures that private or confidential information is not made available or disclosed to unauthorized individuals.
• Privacy: Assures that individuals control or influence what information related to them may be collected and stored and by whom
and to whom that information may be disclosed.
• Integrity: This term covers two related concepts:
• Data integrity: Assures that information and programs are changed only in a specified and authorized manner.
• System integrity: Assures that a system performs its intended function in an unimpaired manner, free from deliberate or inadvertent
unauthorized manipulation of the system.
Computer Security: Measures and controls that ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability of
information system assets including hardware, software, firmware, and information being processed,
stored, and communicated.
Pic 1. Essential Network and Computer Security
Requirements
Source : Computer security: principles and practice.
Stallings, W., Brown, & L., Bauer.
6. Definition of Computer Security (cont)
• Availability: Assures that systems work promptly, and service is not denied to authorized users.
• Authenticity: The property of being genuine and being able to be verified and trusted; confidence in the validity of a transmission, a
message, or message originator.
• Accountability: The security goal that generates the requirement for actions of an entity to be traced uniquely to that entity.
Pic 1. Essential Network and Computer Security Requirements
Source : Computer security: principles and practice. Stallings,
W., Brown, & L., Bauer.
7. Definition of Computer Security (cont)
• Three levels of impact on organizations or individuals should there be a breach of security (i.e., a loss of confidentiality, integrity, or
availability)
• These levels are defined in FIPS 199:
Low
The loss could be
expected to have a
limited adverse effect
on organizational
operations,
organizational assets, or
individuals.
Moderate
The loss could be
expected to have a
serious adverse effect
on organizational
operations,
organizational assets, or
individuals.
High
The loss could be
expected to have a
severe or catastrophic
adverse effect on
organizational
operations,
organizational assets, or
individuals.
Security
breach
impact
level
8. The Challenges of Computer Security
Computer security is both fascinating and complex. Some of the reasons are as follows:
1. Computer security is not as simple as it might first appear to the novice.
2. In developing a particular security mechanism or algorithm, one must always consider potential attacks on those security features.
3. the procedures used to provide particular services are often counterintuitive.
4. Having designed various security mechanisms, it is necessary to decide where to use them.
5. Security mechanisms typically involve more than a particular algorithm or protocol.
6. Computer security is essentially a battle of wits between a perpetrator who tries to find holes, and the designer or administrator who
tries to close them.
7. There is a natural tendency on the part of users and system managers to perceive little benefit from security investment until a security
failure occurs.
8. Security requires regular, even constant monitoring, and this is difficult in today’s short-term, overloaded environment.
9. Security is still too often an afterthought to be incorporated into a system after the design is complete, rather than being an integral
part of the design process.
10. Many users and even security administrators view strong security as an impediment to efficient and user-friendly operation of an
information system or use of information.
9. Computer Security Terminology
Adversary (threat
agent)
Individual, group, organization, or government that conducts or has the
intent to conduct detrimental activities.
Attack Any kind of malicious activity that attempts to collect, disrupt, deny,
degrade, or destroy information system resources or the information
itself.
Countermeasure A device or techniques that has as its objective the impairment of the
operational effectiveness of undesirable or adversarial activity, or the
prevention of espionage, sabotage, theft, or unauthorized access to or
use of sensitive information or information systems.
Risk A measure of the extent to which an entity is threatened by a potential
circumstance or event, and typically a function of 1) the adverse impacts
that would arise if the circumstance or event occurs; and 2) the likelihood
of occurrence.
10. Computer Security Terminology (cont)
Security Policy
A set of criteria for the provision of security services. It defines and
constrains the activities of a data processing facility in order to maintain a
condition of security for systems and data.
System Resource
(Asset)
A major application, general support system, high impact program,
physical plant, mission critical system, personnel, equipment, or a
logically related group of systems.
Threat Any circumstance or event with the potential to adversely impact
organizational operations (including mission, functions, image, or
reputation), organizational assets, individuals, other organizations, or the
Nation through an information system via unauthorized access,
destruction, disclosure, modification of information, and/or denial of
service.
Vulnerability Weakness in an information system, system security procedures, internal
controls, or implementation that could be exploited or triggered by a
threat source.
11. Pic 2. Security Concepts and Relationships
Source : Computer security: principles and practice. Stallings,
W., Brown, & L., Bauer.
Security Concepts and Relationships
12. Model for Computer Security
• A system resource or asset, that users and owners wish to protect. The assets of a computer system can be categorized as
follows:
• Hardware
• Software (operating system, system utilities, and applications)
• Data (files and databases, as well as security-related data, such as password files.
• Communication facilities and networks (Local and wide area network communication links, bridges, routers, and so
on)
• Our concern is with the vulnerabilities of system resources. lists the following general categories of vulnerabilities of a
computer system or network asset:
• The system can be corrupted
• The system can become leaky
• The system can become unavailable or very slow
13. Model for Computer Security (cont)
• Corresponding to the various types of vulnerabilities to a system resource are threats that are capable of exploiting those
vulnerabilities.
• An attack is a threat that is carried out (threat action) and, if successful, leads to an undesirable violation of security, or
threat consequence.
• Two types of attacks:
• Active attack: An attempt to alter system resources or affect their operation.
• Passive attack: An attempt to learn or make use of information from the system that does not affect system
resources.
• Classify attacks based on the origin of the attack:
• Inside attack: Initiated by an entity inside the security perimeter (an “insider”).
• Outside attack: Initiated from outside the perimeter, by an unauthorized or illegitimate user of the system (an
“outsider”).
• A countermeasure is any means taken to deal with a security attack.
15. Threats and Attacks
No Threat Consequence Threat Action (Attack)
1 Unauthorized Disclosure
A circumstance or
event whereby an
entity gains access to
data for which the
entity is not
authorized
Exposure: Sensitive data are directly released to an
unauthorized entity.
Interception: An unauthorized entity directly accesses sensitive
data traveling between authorized sources and destinations.
Inference: A threat action whereby an unauthorized entity
indirectly accesses sensitive data (but not necessarily the
data contained in the communication) by reasoning from
characteristics or by-products of communications.
Intrusion: An unauthorized entity gains access to sensitive data
by circumventing a system’s security protections.
2 Deception
A circumstance or
event that
may result in an
authorized entity
receiving false data
and believing it to be
true.
Masquerade: An unauthorized entity gains access to a system
or performs a malicious act by posing as an authorized entity.
Falsification: False data deceive an authorized entity.
Repudiation: An entity deceives another by falsely denying
responsibility for an act.
16. Threats and Attacks (cont)
No Threat Consequence Threat Action (Attack)
3 Disruption
A circumstance or
event that interrupts
or prevents the
correct operation of
system services and
functions.
Incapacitation: Prevents or interrupts system operation by
disabling a system component.
Corruption: Undesirably alters system operation by adversely
modifying system functions or data.
Obstruction: A threat action that interrupts delivery of system
services by hindering system operation.
4 Usurpation
A circumstance or
event that results in
control of system
services or functions
by an unauthorized
entity.
Misappropriation: An entity assumes unauthorized logical or
physical control of a system resource.
Misuse: Causes a system component to perform a function or
service that is detrimental to system security.
17. Threats and Assets
• The assets of a computer system can be categorized as hardware, software, data, and communication lines and networks.
Pic 3. Scope of Computer Security
Source : Computer security: principles and practice. Stallings,
W., Brown, & L., Bauer.
18. Computer and Network Assets, with Examples of Threats
Availability Confidentiality Integrity
Hardware Equipment is stolen or
disabled, thus denying
service.
An unencrypted USB
drive is stolen.
Software Programs are deleted,
denying access to users.
An unauthorized copy
of software is made.
A working program is
modified, either to cause
it to fail during execution
or to cause it to do some
unintended task.
Data Files are deleted, denying
access to users.
An unauthorized read
of data is performed.
An analysis of
statistical data reveals
underlying data.
Existing files are modified,
or new files are fabricated.
Communication
Lines and
Networks
Messages are destroyed
or deleted.
Communication lines or
networks are rendered
unavailable.
Messages are read. The
traffic pattern of
messages is observed.
Messages are modified,
delayed, reordered, or
duplicated. False
messages are fabricated.
20. Security Functional Requirements
No Functional
areas
Including
1 Technical
measures
Access control Limit information system access to authorized users, processes acting on
behalf of authorized users, or devices (including other information systems) and to the
types of transactions and functions that authorized users are permitted to exercise.
Identification and authentication Identify information system users, processes acting on
behalf of users, or devices, and authenticate (or verify) the identities of those users,
processes, or devices, as a prerequisite to allowing access to organizational
information systems.
System and communication protection Monitor, control, and protect organizational
communications (i.e., information transmitted or received by organizational
information systems) at the external boundaries and key internal boundaries of the
information systems; and (ii) employ architectural designs, software development
techniques, and systems engineering principles that promote effective information
security within organizational information systems.
System and information integrity (i) Identify, report, and correct information and
information system flaws in a timely manner; (ii) provide protection from malicious
code at appropriate locations within organizational information systems; and (iii)
monitor information system security alerts and advisories and take appropriate
actions in response.
21. Security Functional Requirements (cont)
No Functional
areas
Including
2 management
controls and
procedures
Awareness and training (i) Ensure that managers and users of organizational information
systems are made aware of the security risks associated with their activities and of the
applicable laws, regulations, and policies related to the security of organizational
information systems; and (ii) ensure that personnel are adequately trained to carry
out their assigned information security-related duties and responsibilities.
Audit and accountability (i) Create, protect, and retain information system audit records
to the extent needed to enable the monitoring, analysis, investigation, and reporting
of unlawful, unauthorized, or inappropriate information system activity; and (ii)
ensure that the actions of individual information system users can be uniquely traced
to those users so they can be held accountable for their actions.
Certification, Accreditation, and security assessments (i) Periodically assess the security
controls in organizational information systems to determine if the controls are
effective in their application; (ii) develop and implement plans of action designed to
correct deficiencies and reduce or eliminate vulnerabilities in organizational
information systems; (iii) authorize the operation of organizational information
systems and any associated information system connections; and (iv) monitor
information system security controls on an ongoing basis to ensure the continued
effectiveness of the controls.
22. Security Functional Requirements (cont)
No Functional
areas
Including
2 management
controls and
procedures
Contingency planning Establish, maintain, and implement plans for emergency
response, backup operations, and postdisaster recovery for organizational
information systems to ensure the availability of critical information resources
and continuity of operations in emergency situations.
Maintenance (i) Perform periodic and timely maintenance on organizational
information systems; and (ii) provide effective controls on the tools, techniques,
mechanisms, and personnel used to conduct information system maintenance.
Physical and environmental protection (i) Limit physical access to information
systems, equipment, and the respective operating environments to authorized
individuals; (ii) protect the physical plant and support infrastructure for
information systems; (iii) provide supporting utilities for information systems;
(iv) protect information systems against environmental hazards; and (v) provide
appropriate environmental controls in facilities containing information systems.
Planning Develop, document, periodically update, and implement security plans for
organizational information systems that describe the security controls in place
or planned for the information systems and the rules of behavior for individuals
accessing the information systems.
23. Security Functional Requirements (cont)
No Functional
areas
Including
2 management
controls and
procedures
Personnel security (i) Ensure that individuals occupying positions of responsibility
within organizations (including third-party service providers) are trustworthy
and meet established security criteria for those positions; (ii) ensure that
organizational information and information systems are protected during and
after personnel actions such as terminations and transfers; and (iii) employ
formal sanctions for personnel failing to comply with organizational security
policies and procedures.
Risk assessment Periodically assess the risk to organizational operations (including
mission, functions, image, or reputation), organizational assets, and individuals,
resulting from the operation of organizational information systems and the
associated processing, storage, or transmission of organizational information.
Systems and services acquisition. (i) Allocate sufficient resources to adequately
protect organizational information systems; (ii) employ system development life
cycle processes that incorporate information security considerations; (iii)
employ software usage and installation restrictions; and (iv) ensure that third-
party providers employ adequate security measures to protect information,
applications, and/or services outsourced from the organization.
24. Security Functional Requirements (cont)
No Functional
areas
Including
3 Overlap
computer
security
technical
measures
and
management
controls
Configuration management (i) Establish and maintain baseline configurations and
inventories of organizational information systems (including hardware,
software, firmware, and documentation) throughout the respective system
development life cycles; and (ii) establish and enforce security configuration
settings for information technology products employed in organizational
information systems.
Incident response (i) Establish an operational incident-handling capability for
organizational information systems that includes adequate preparation,
detection, analysis, containment, recovery, and user-response activities; and (ii)
track, document, and report incidents to appropriate organizational officials
and/or authorities.
Media protection (i) Protect information system media, both paper and digital; (ii)
limit access to information-on-information system media to authorized users;
and (iii) sanitize or destroy information system media before disposal or release
for reuse.
26. Fundamental Security Design Principles
• Develop security design and implementation techniques that systematically exclude security flaws and prevent all
unauthorized actions.
• The National Centers of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance/Cyber Defense list the following as fundamental
security design principles:
• Economy of mechanism, means the design of security measures embodied in both hardware and software should be
as simple and small as possible. The motivation for this principle is that relatively simple, small design is easier to test
and verify thoroughly.
• Fail-safe defaults, means access decisions should be based on permission rather than exclusion. That is, the default
situation is lack of access, and the protection scheme identifies conditions under which access is permitted.
• Complete mediation, means every access must be checked against the access control mechanism. Systems should
not rely on access decisions retrieved from a cache.
• Open design, means the design of a security mechanism should be open rather than secret. For example, although
encryption keys must be secret, encryption algorithms should be open to public scrutiny.
27. Fundamental Security Design Principles (cont)
• Separation of privilege, is defined in [SALT75] as a practice in which multiple privilege attributes are required to achieve access to a
restricted resource. A good example of this is multifactor user authentication, which requires the use of multiple techniques, such as
a password and a smart card, to authorize a user.
• Least privilege, means every process and every user of the system should operate using the least set of privileges necessary to
perform the task. A good example of the use of this principle is role-based access control.
• Least common mechanism, means the design should minimize the functions shared by different users, providing mutual security.
• Psychological acceptability, implies the security mechanisms should not interfere unduly with the work of users, and at the same
time meet the needs of those who authorize access. If security mechanisms hinder the usability or accessibility of resources, users
may opt to turn off those mechanisms.
• Isolation, is a principle that applies in three contexts.
• Public access systems should be isolated from critical resources (data, processes, etc.) to prevent disclosure or tampering.
• The processes and files of individual users should be isolated from one another except where it is explicitly desired.
• Security mechanisms should be isolated in the sense of preventing access to those mechanisms.
28. Fundamental Security Design Principles (cont)
• Encapsulation, can be viewed as a specific form of isolation based on object- oriented functionality. Protection is
provided by encapsulating a collection of procedures and data objects in a domain of its own so that the internal
structure of a data object is accessible only to the procedures of the protected subsystem and the procedures may
be called only at designated domain entry points.
• Modularity, in the context of security refers both to the development of security functions as separate, protected
modules, and to the use of a modular architecture for mechanism design and implementation.
• Layering, refers to the use of multiple, overlapping protection approaches addressing the people, technology, and
operational aspects of information systems. By using multiple, overlapping protection approaches, the failure or
circumvention of any individual protection approach will not leave the system unprotected.
• Least astonishment, means a program or user interface should always respond in the way that is least likely to
astonish the user.
30. Attack Surfaces
• An attack surface consists of the reachable and exploitable vulnerabilities in a system.
• Examples of attack surfaces are the following:
• Open ports on outward facing Web and other servers, and code listening on those ports
• Services available on the inside of a firewall
• Code that processes incoming data, e-mail, XML, office documents, and
• industry-specific custom data exchange formats
• Interfaces, SQL, and web forms
• An employee with access to sensitive information vulnerable to a social engineering attack
31. Attack Surfaces (cont)
• Attack surfaces can be categorized in the following way:
• Network attack surface: This category refers to vulnerabilities over an enterprise network, wide-area network, or
the Internet. Included in this category are network protocol vulnerabilities, such as those used for a denial-of-service
attack, disruption of communications links, and various forms of intruder attacks.
• Software attack surface: This refers to vulnerabilities in application, utility, or operating system code. A particular
focus in this category is Web server software.
• Human attack surface: This category refers to vulnerabilities created by personnel or outsiders, such as social
engineering, human error, and trusted insiders.
32. Attack Trees
• A branching, hierarchical data structure that represents a set of potential techniques for exploiting security vulnerabilities.
• The motivation for the use of attack trees is to effectively exploit the information available on attack patterns.
• Organizations such as CERT publish security advisories that have enabled the development of a body of knowledge
about both general attack strategies and specific attack patterns.
• Security analysts can use the attack tree to document security attacks in a structured form that reveals key
vulnerabilities.
• The attack tree can guide both the design of
systems and applications, and the choice and
strength of countermeasures.
Pic 4. Defense in Depth and Attack Surface
Source : Computer security: principles and practice. Stallings,
W., Brown, & L., Bauer.
33. Attack Trees (cont)
• The analysis used to generate this tree considered the three components involved in authentication:
• User terminal and user (UT/U): These attacks target the user equipment, including the tokens that may be involved,
such as smartcards or other password generators, as well as the actions of the user.
• Communications channel (CC): This type of attack focuses on communication links.
• Internet banking server (IBS): These types of attacks are offline attack against the servers that host the Internet
banking application.
• The root of the tree is the objective of the attacker, which is to compromise a user’s account.
• The shaded boxes on the tree are the leaf nodes, which represent events that comprise the attacks.
• The white boxes are categories which consist of one or more specific attack events (leaf nodes).
34. Attack Trees (cont)
Pic 5. An Attack Tree for Internet
Banking Authentication
Source : Computer security:
principles and practice. Stallings,
W., Brown, & L., Bauer.
36. Security Policy
• The first step in devising security services and mechanisms is to develop a security policy.
• a security policy is a formal statement of rules and practices that specify or regulate how a system or organization
provides security services to protect sensitive and critical system resources.
• In developing a security policy, a security manager needs to consider the following factors:
• The value of the assets being protected
• The vulnerabilities of the system
• Potential threats and the likelihood of attacks
• Further, the manager must consider the following trade-offs:
• Ease of use versus security: Virtually all security measures involve some penalty in the area of ease of use, (Example
: Access control, Firewalls and other network security, Virus-checking software etc..)
• Cost of security versus cost of failure and recovery: In addition to ease of use and performance costs, there are
direct monetary costs in implementing and maintaining security measures.
37. Security Implementation
• Security implementation involves four complementary courses of action:
• Prevention: An ideal security scheme is one in which no attack is successful. Although this is not practical in all cases,
there is a wide range of threats in which prevention is a reasonable goal. For example, consider the transmission of
encrypted data.
• Detection: In a number of cases, absolute protection is not feasible, but it is practical to detect security attacks.
• Response: If security mechanisms detect an ongoing attack, such as a denial-of-service attack, the system may be
able to respond in such a way as to halt the attack and prevent further damage.
• Recovery: An example of recovery is the use of backup systems, so if data integrity is compromised, a prior, correct
copy of the data can be reloaded.
38. Assurance and Evaluation
• Those who are “consumers” of computer security services and mechanisms (e.g., system managers, vendors, customers,
and end users) desire a belief that the security measures in place work as intended.
• Security consumers want to feel that the security infrastructure of their systems meet security requirements and enforce
security policies. These considerations bring us to the concepts of assurance and evaluation.
• Assurance is an attribute of an information system that provides grounds for having confidence that the system operates
such that the system’s security policy is enforced. This encompasses both system design and system implementation.
• Evaluation is the process of examining a computer product or system with respect to certain criteria. Evaluation involves
testing and may also involve formal analytic or mathematical techniques.
40. Standards
• Standards have been developed to cover management practices and the overall architecture of security mechanisms and
services. Various organizations have been involved in the development or promotion of these standards.
• The most important (in the current context) of these organizations are as follows:
• National Institute of Standards and Technology: NIST is a U.S. federal agency that deals with measurement science,
standards, and technology related to U.S.
• Internet Society: ISOC is a professional membership society with worldwide organizational and individual
membership.
• ITU-T: The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is a United Nations agency in which governments and the
private sector coordinate global telecom networks and services.
• ISO: The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
from more than 140 countries. ISO is a nongovernmental organization that promotes the development of
standardization and related activities with a view to facilitating the international exchange of goods and services, and
to developing cooperation in the spheres of intellectual, scientific, technological, and economic activity.