PPT WEEK 1 PHILOSOPHddddY IN GENERAL.pptx

a. Etymological definition
philo meaning “love” or
“friendship” + sophia
meaning “wisdom.”

Love is an urge or a drive of a will
towards a particular object. As a drive, love
always seeks unity with its object and
desires to possess its object.

Philosophy is absolutely
committed to the truth, “the whole
truth and nothing but the truth.”

b. Technical definition
Philosophy is defined as “the science of
beings in their ultimate reasons, causes, and
principles acquired by the aid of human reason
alone (Bittle, 1984).

1) Philosophy is a science
2) Philosophy is a science of beings.
3) Philosophy searches for the ultimate
reasons, causes and principles of beings.
4) Philosophy uses the power or natural light
of reason.

What are the divisions of Philosophy?
1. Practical Divisions of
Philosophy
2. Speculative Division of
Philosophy

a) Logic (the study of the laws of thought or correct reasoning)
b) Ethics (concerned with what is morally good and bad morally right and wrong)
c) Axiology
d) Aesthetics
e) Semantics

a) Logic (Questions related to Reasoning)
b) Ethics (Questions related to Morality).
c) Axiology (Questions related to Values).
d) Aesthetics (Questions related to Beauty and
Taste)
e) Semantics (Questions related to Meaning).

a)Epistemology (Questions related to Truth and
Knowledge).
b) Theodicy (Questions related to God).
c) Cosmology (Questions related to Universe).
d) Psychology (Questions related to Soul).
e) Metaphysics (Questions related to Being and
Existence).

Why the study of Philosophy is important? According to
Zunjic (2011) studying or doing philosophy could be
beneficial in many regards such as:

1. Philosophy enlarges our understanding of the world. It expands our
intellectual horizons and freedom of thought.
2. Philosophy raises public awareness and helps in forming engaged and
responsible citizens.
3. Philosophy can increase our sensitivity for universalistic moral values and
stimulate our readiness to stand up for the principles of justice and fairness.
4. Philosophy can give one self-knowledge, foresight, and a sense of
direction in life.

Why is there a need to philosophize?

1. Men have the tendency to wonder (Plato).
For example: we asked questions about our existence
2. Men also have the tendency to doubt ( Rene de Cartes).
For example: Men have to test and verify information before accepting it.
3. Men do philosophize because of his/her experience ( Karl Jaspers). Our
daily experience challenged our ideas and way of thinking.
For example: Giving money to a beggar, and found out that he uses it for
gambling.
4. Men’s love for wisdom (Socrates). Men’s desire for truth or seeking of
knowledge is not to claim ownership of it but to get the bottom of things.

The most notable ancient Greek
Philosophers

1. Pythagoras (570 BCE
to 495 BCE) – He is a
mathematician and a
scientist, and he was
credited with
formulating the
Pythagorean theorem.

2. Heraclitus (535 BCE
to 475 BCE)- He
proposed that
everything that exist is
based on a higher
order or plan which he
called logos.

3. Democritus (460 BCE to
370 BCE) – He primarily
remembered today for his
formulation of an atomic
theory of the universe. He
was the first to propose
that matter is composed of
tiny particles called atom

4. Diogenes of Sinope (412
BCE to 323 BCE)- He was
known as advocate of
living a simple and virtuous
life. His teachings and
views influenced the
development of several
schools of philosophy such
as Cynicism and Stoicism.

5. Epicurus ( 341 BCE to 270
BCE) – He believed that
philosophy could enable man to
live a life of happiness. His
perspective gave rise to
Epicureanism – a school of
philosophy which believes that
wisdom and simple living will
result in a life free of fear and
pain.

6. Socrates (470 BCE to 399
BCE) – He was considered
the foremost philosopher
of ancient times. He
contributed much to the
field of ethics. He was
known of developing
Socratic Method

7. Plato (427 to 347
BCE) –A student of
Socrates, he wrote
some of his mentor’s
teachings and
incorporated some of
his own ideas.

8. Aristotle (384 BCE to 322
BCE) – He attended the
Academy and was a
prominent student of Plato.
He go against the idea of
Plato’s theory of forms and
took a different stance in
interpreting reality.

Lesson 2:
PHILOSOPHICAL
REFLECTION

“life is not a bed
of roses”

implies that as human beings we live life confronted
with issues, challenges, problems and concerns, big or
small, that affects our way of thinking. It is in this premise
that men are seeking ways on how to deal with life
situations. In this lesson, you will be enlightened with the
ways on how to view the issues, challenges, problems and
concerns that is pressing on you

Activity 1. Let’s Remember!
Complete the table below by writing the Greek
Philosopher’s contributions. How
these contributions applied in your life. Do this
in your activity notebook.

Activity 1: Sense It!
Write down the functions and uses
of the senses below.

1. If one of the senses will malfunctioned,
do you think you will still appreciate the
entire “YOU” as a person? Why or why not?

2. How did you find this
activity?

What is Philosophical
Reflection?

Refers to the careful examination of life
situation. This involves the weighing of
alternatives and using specific standards to
evaluate one’s action. An individual reflects
philosophically when he builds on previous
actions, events and or decisions.

Reflection is vital in ensuring that our
actions and decisions are well thought
out and are done with due regard for
their implications and consequences on
others, our surroundings, and
ourselves.

Partial thinking
A way of thinking that focuses on the specific
aspects of the situation. The partial view is an
important component of analytical thinking,
on certain areas or aspects of the problem in
order to understand it.

People tend to apply an partial perspective when looking at
problems or situation. For instance, doctors often focus on a
specific set of symptoms to determine the cause of the
patient’s illness. Once a particular cause has been identified,
the doctor then prescribe the appropriate medicine and
other treatments to address the illness. In case of a person
who experiences a stomachache, a doctor may prescribe
the appropriate medicine that will address the physical
causes of the problem

Holistic thinking
Refers to a perspective that considers large-
scale patterns in systems. This is often
described as looking at the “big picture”
when describing and analyzing a situation
or a problem.

In this view, the doctor will be able to identify the
underlying causes of the illness by digging into the
patient’s habits and lifestyle, which would lead to the
discovery of fatigue and stress as factors that cause
the illness. Hence, the doctor can advise the patient
to make changes in his or her habits to reduce stress
and eventually improve his or her well-being.

Our ability to engage in philosophical
reflection helps us develop beneficial
skills, which are deemed important in
our daily situations such as:

1. Philosophy enables a person to develop
a critical and analytical mindset in
processing information and addressing
certain issues encountered in life.

2. Philosophy helps us develop problem
solving and decision-making skills.

3. Philosophy trains us to become
precise and clear in presenting our
ideas and thoughts.

4. Philosophy contributes greatly to
the self-development of a person.

Identify the following statements. Write T if the statement is true, write O
if the statement is opinion.
_____1. The spelling of chair is c-h-a-i-r.
_____2. Every person must visit Boracay.
_____3. The reigning president of the Philippines in the year 2019 is
President Rodrigo R. Duterte.
_____4. Jackie is more beautiful than Jade.
_____5. Snakes and crocodiles are examples of reptiles.
_____6. The biggest planet in the solar system is Jupiter.
_____7. Money is the most important thing in the world.
_____8. Bukidnon province is part of the region 10
_____9. Cats are the best pets among all animals.
_____10. Camiguin Island is the most beautiful island in the Philippines.

Lesson 1:
Understanding
Truth and Opinion

Difference between opinion and truth

- is a belief, impression or judgment
about something by not necessarily
based on fact.
- it prevails personal view of a person.

- it is something that has been
proven by facts or sincerity.
- in science, truth is based on facts-
as something that is observable
- in philosophy ,truth is considered
as a kind of quality and value.

Truth is important to clarify knowledge,
since it is through knowing that we are able
to determine what is true

Ways on Determining Truth
1. A belief is true if it can be justified or
proven through the use of one’s senses.

A. Ana is the only beautiful classmate that I have.
Prove that Ana is beautiful by writing it in one sentence below.
__________________________________________________________
B. I am a Filipino.
How will you prove that you are a Filipino? Answer that in just one
sentence.
__________________________________________________________

Lesson 2.
Distinguishing Truth
from Opinion

Conclusion
- is a statement based on a
certain fact.

Beliefs
are statements that express convictions that are
not easily and clearly explained by facts. For
example, if your mother states that “God created
everything that is present in this entire world”,
proving that this statement is considered as truth,
you need other person’s views and experiences.

Explanations
-are statements claiming to be
true and provides reasons to
make the statements true.

1. My sister gave birth to her baby boy at exactly 8:45am on July 04, 2015 through
cesarean delivery. Opinion Truth
Why? ____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
2. My sister delivered her baby boy through caesarean because she believes that
it is a safer way of delivering a baby. Opinion Truth
Why? ____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________

Lesson 3. Difference
Between Fallacy and Bias

Activity 1: I Imagine! Imagine that
you are a part of the conversation
below, how will you react to the
statements given?

Friend 1: Hey have heard about Miguel? He was
with Algen last night, do they boy/girlfriend.
Friend 2: I just saw him last week he was with
Jackilyn and I just asked Miguel if Jackilyn is
his girlfriend. And then he replied “yes”.
Friend 3: I am a friend of Algen, and I know who her
boyfriend is.

You: __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

are series of statements that provide
explanations to convince the listener or a
reader that the opinion is truthful

1. Fallacy or Fake argument (maling
pangangatuwiran)– are group of statements
that appear to be arguments to support the
conclusion.
Example:
There is no hope in the Philippine government,
because it is tropical country.

What makes the statement
fallacious? It is fallacious because
climate has nothing to do with
the hope of Philippine
government.

2. Bias – refers tendencies or influences
which affect the views of the people.
When looking at an opinion you must be
aware of bias so that you can objectively
and critically examined points of view.

1. Argumentum Ad hominem
(Argument against the
Person) Attacking the person
presenting the argument
instead of the argument itself

Example
“Do not listen to
his opinion he is
fool.”

Different types of ad hominem
arguments
1. Abusive ad hominem
2. Circumstantial ad
hominem (or appeal to motive)
3. Tu quoque (“you too”) ad hominem
4. Guilt by association ad hominem
5. Poisoning the well

is a direct attack on the other
person’s character, targeting their
age, character, gender identity,
appearance, etc.

Example
“who is going to vote for a
person looking like this?”

2. Circumstantial ad
hominem (or appeal to motive)
argues that a person’s
circumstances, such as their job,
political affiliation, or other vested
interests, motivate their argument
and thus it must be biased and
false.

Example
a salesperson may tell you that
the pair of jeans you’re trying on
looks good on you, and you may
half-jokingly point out that of
course they think so since they
want to make a sale.

3. Tu quoque (“you too”) ad
hominem
is an attempt to refute an
argument by attacking its
proponent and accusing them of
hypocrisy (i.e , pointing to a
contradiction between their words
and their deeds).

Example
a doctor suggests that a
patient should lose weight, and
the patient dismisses the advice
on the grounds that the doctor
has a few extra pounds too.

4. Guilt by association ad
hominem
is a variant in which
someone is attacked because of
their alleged connection with a
person or group that has an
unfavorable reputation.

Example
“Stalin was evil and
against religion. All people
against religion are evil.”

type of ad hominem where
(irrelevant) negative information is
preemptively presented to an
audience to discredit whatever the
opponent is about to say.

Example
“before you listen to her,
I should remind you that
she has been charged
with embezzlement.”

2. Argumentum ad Baculum
(Appeal to Force) Using
the threat of force or an
undesirable event to
advance an argument

Example
“If this peace agreement will
not be signed by the
government, then we will
have no recourse but go to
war.”

3.Argumentum ad
Misericordiam
(Appeal to Emotion) It is by
using emotions such as pity
or sympathy, one might be
able to convince the person.

Example
“Please, let me in. I was
just late because I have
to attend to my son who
is sick.

4.Argumentum ad Populum
(Appeal to Popular or
Bandwagon) The idea is
presented as acceptable
because a lot of people
accept it

Example
“Every boy your age
already has a girlfriend,
you should go find one!”

1.Correspondence bias or
attribute effect
You judge a person’s
personality based on the
actions, and never mind the
extrinsic (panlabas na
dahilan) factor.

Example
“These rebels who fought
against the government
are all inconsiderate
murderers!”

2.Confirmation bias
Tendency to look for a
readily accept information
which fits one’s own beliefs
or views that go against it

Example
“How can I accept his
view that there is no
God? I am a Christian!”

3. Framing
Judging an incidence
without looking at the
other side.

Example
“In motorcycle accident
yesterday, it is altogether
a fault of the driver for
reckless driving.”

4. Hindsight
The phenomena which
occur has a pattern and can
be predicted, such is
usually based in historical
evidence.

Example
“Let us take an example on
the Magellan’s assault on
Mactan, his defeat was just
due to his looking Filipinos
as people of no knowledge.”

TYPES OF ARGUMENT - BIAS AND FALLACY TOA-BAF
TYPES OF FALLACY TOF
1. Argumentum ad hominem AAH
2. Argumentum ad Baculum AAB
3.Argumentum ad Misericordiam AAM
4.Argumentum ad Populum AAP
TYPES OF BIAS TOB
1.Correspondence bias or attribute effect CBAE
2.Confirmation bias CB
3. Framing F
4. Hindsight H

TOA-BAF
TOF
AAH ( 5 TYPES )
2. Circumstantial ad hominem (or appeal
to motive)
3. Tu quoque (“you too”) ad hominem
4. Guilt by association ad hominem
AAB
AAM
AAP
TOB
CBAE
CB
F
H

“Epistemology is a science
devoted to the discovery of the
proper method of acquiring and
validating knowledge” (Rand
1990).

So how do you acquire knowledge? Miss Rand’s definition
gives us two ways: First, we can acquire knowledge using
our senses: seeing, hearing, tasting, feeling, smelling. How
do you know that the table is brown? Because you see it.
How do you know that fire is hot? Because you feel it. This
method of acquiring knowledge is called empiricism and it
has many adherents in the history of philosophy such as
John Locke, George Berkley, David Hume

The reason is that thinking involves content. To
think is to think of something. You cannot
think about nothing. This is where sense
perception enters the picture by feeding our
minds with data coming from the outside
world so that we can have something to think
about.

ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE
First part of epistemology: the
process of acquiring knowledge

1. Reality
Existence is really all there is
to know. If nothing exists
knowledge is impossible.

2. Perception
Knowledge begins with
perceptual knowledge.

3. Concept
a concept which according to
one dictionary means “an abstract
or generic idea generalized from
particular instances” (Merriam-
Webster Dictionary)

Let us describe the two types of
abstraction from abstractions: wider
generalizations (or simply
widenings) and subdivisions (or
narrowings) (Binswanger 2014):

Wider generalization
is the process of forming wider
and wider concepts.

Subdivisions
consist of identifying finer and
finer distinctions.

4. Proposition
is a statement that expresses
either an assertion or a denial
(Copi, 2002) that an existent
belongs to a class or possess
certain attribute.

An affirmative proposition therefore has
the following structure: “S is P” (where S is
the subject, P is the predicate and “is” is
the copula stating the logical relationship
of S and P) while the negative proposition
has the structure “S is not P” (“is not” is
the copula expressing denial).

5. Inference
To clarify this definition
let’s give an example using
the famous Socratic
argument:

All men are mortals
Socrates is a man.
Therefore Socrates is mortal.

Here we have three related statements
(or propositions). The last statement
beginning with the word “therefore” is what
we call a conclusion. A conclusion is a
statement that we want to prove. The first
two statements are what we call premises
(singular form: premise). A premise provides
justification, evidence, and proof to the
conclusion.

To summarize an opinion has the
following characteristics:
1. Based on emotions
2. Open to interpretation
3. Cannot be confirmed
4. Inherently biased

While truth is:
1. Based on the facts of reality
2. Can be confirmed with other sources
3. Independent of one’s interpretation,
preferences and biases

1. The Correspondence
theory of Truth:

The basic idea of the
correspondence theory is that
what we believe or say is true if
it corresponds to the way things
actually are based on the facts.

For example, if I say, “The sky is blue”
then I looked outside and saw that it is
indeed blue, then my statement is true. On
the other hand, if I say, “Pigs have wings” and
then I checked a pig and it does not have
wings, then my statement is false. In general,
statements of beliefs, propositions, and ideas
are capable being true or false.

It has already been established
that the Correspondence Theory
assumes that a belief is true
when we are able to confirm it
with reality.

2. The Coherence
Theory of Truth:

we establish that the statement “coheres” with
the larger system. In a sense, the Coherence
Theory is similar to the Correspondence Theory
since both evaluates statements based on their
agreement with reality. The difference lies in the
method where the former involves a larger
system while the latter relies on a single
evidence of fact.

For example, if you pick up a ball and
drop it accidentally, the action cannot be
simply explained by our belief in the law
of gravity which can be verified but also
by a host of other factors that may have
something to do with the incident, such
as the accuracy of our visual perception.

Coherence theories represent the ideas of
rationalist philosophers such as Baruch
Spinoza, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Georg
Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and the British
philosopher F.H Bradley. Moreover, this
method had its resurgence in the ideas of
several proponents of logical positivism,
notably Otto Neurath and Carl Hempel.

3. The Pragmatist
Theory of Truth:

states that a belief/statement is true
if it has a useful (pragmatic) application
in the world. If it does not, then it is not
true. In addition, we can know whether
a belief/statement is true by examining
the consequence of holding or accepting
the statement/belief to be true.

For example, there are some people who
think that there are “ghosts” or “vampires”
because they find it useful in explaining
unusual phenomena and in dealing with
fears (Mabaquiao, 2016). So, if we are going
to use the word “truth”, we define it as that
which is most useful to us.

Select the keyword that best
fits the statement in each
item. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Beliefs and statements are true if they are
consistent with actual state of affairs.
A. correspondence
B. coherence
C. pragmatic
D. deflationary

2. Beliefs that lead to the best "payoff", that are the best
justification of our actions that promote success, are
truths.
A. pragmatic theory
B. semantic theory
C. correspondence theory
D. coherence theory

3. Check the headline information fair, objective, and moderate
A. It’s time to consider other means of cash aid distribution
B. Other countries around the world have much better means in cash
aid distribution
C. Government vows to faster distribution of coronavirus aid
D. We can also learn lesson from Vietnam how they distribute their cash
aid

4. Statements are true on the degree to which it "hangs
together" with all the other beliefs in a system of beliefs.
A. pragmatic
B. coherence
C. deflationary
D. correspondence

5. The five senses are useful tools to verify the
truthfulness of propositions.
A. coherence theory
B. pragmatic theory
C. correspondence theory
D. semantic theory

6. Why do we need epistemology?
A. To overcome poverty
B. To acquire and validate knowledge
C. To become geniuses
D. To succeed in life

7. Knowledge is ultimately grounded
on___________.
A. Emotions
B. Convictions
C. Beliefs
D. Sense perception

8. Philosophers who believed that knowledge is
based on sense perception.
A. Idealists
B. Rationalists
C. Empiricists
D. Nominalists

9. Identify which of the following statements is factual?
1. My brother arrived at 11 pm.
2. My brother always come home late because he is a good for nothing
individual.
3. Man is a living organism.
4. Free trade simply promotes the selfish greed of businessmen.
A. 1 and 4
B. 2 and 3
C. 1 and 3
D. 2 and 4

10. Identify which statements above are mere
opinions.
A. 1 and 3
B. 2 and 4
C. 2 and 3
D. 1 and 4

Direction: Identify the different
theories of truth on the following
statements. Write your answer
on the space provided before the
number.

1. There is a water fountain in front of the Cultural Center of the
Philippines.
2. Bachelors are unmarried men.
3. The sun will rise tomorrow.
4. A dream board is necessary for dreams to come true.
5. What is more important to me at this time is my family.
6. A wooden table is a solid object.
7. Ghost and vampires exist.
8. 2+2=4
9. Cats are animals.
10. The Sky is blue.

Module 3:
The Human Person as
an Embodied Spirit

Direction. On the blank spaces,
analyze the concentric circles and
write a short interpretation based
on your understanding.

are defined with classified
origin of species and persons
with birth rights

From the biblical
perspective, we came
from Adam and Eve.

For Science, we came
from an Ape under the
Class: Mamallia.

Two general kinds
to distinguish a
human person

THE WHAT OF A PERSON
which includes human
persons’ belief, desire,
dreams, and intentions.

THE WHO OF A PERSON
which includes his/her
body type, strength and
appearances.

“embodied spirit” that the
body is not separate from the
soul, just as the soul is not
separate from the body.

Views of Christian philosophy
inseparable union
of human body and
soul.

What is Human Person
as Embodied Spirit?

As an embodied spirit
human beings demonstrate
these following qualities
(Abella, 2016):

1. “Self- awareness refers to
person having a clear perception
of oneself, including his or her
thoughts, emotions, identity, and
actions

2. A human person is able
to connect and interact
with another person,

3. We are not determined by
others. Because we have
interiority; we can direct the
course of our own life.

4. Finally a human person
has an inherent value and
importance. This is what
we call dignity.

Ano ang Transcendence:
Ang Transcendence ay isang konsepto
na tumutukoy sa kung ano ang lampas o
higit sa isang tiyak na limitasyon. Sa
kahulugan na ito, ang transcendence
ay nagpapahiwatig ng pagtawid sa isang
hangganan, paglipat mula sa isang lugar
patungo sa isa pa, pagtagumpayan ang
isang hadlang.

Tulad nito, nagmula ito sa Latin
transcendentĭa , isang derivation ng
transcend , re, na siya namang
binubuo ng trans , nangangahulugang
'lampas', at scendere , na isinasalin
ang 'pag-akyat' o 'pag-akyat'.

Transcendence sa Pilosopiya
Sa Pilosopiya, ang transcendence ay
kabaligtaran ng immanence. Tulad nito,
ang konsepto ng transcendence ay
tumutukoy sa kung saan ay lampas sa
kamalayan, higit sa natural na mga
limitasyon nito.

Mula sa pananaw ng metaphysics,
ang transcendence ay tumutukoy sa
kung ano ay hindi bahagi ng
nasasalat na katotohanan at, sa
diwa na ito, ay itinuturing na walang
hanggan na higit na mataas.

Para kay Kant, para sa kanyang
bahagi, ang transcendence ay ang
kapasidad ng dahilan upang ma-
access ang isang mas mataas na
antas ng kaalaman sa mga bagay
ng mundo.

•Name: Thomas Aquinas
•Birth Year: 1225
•Birth City: Roccasecca
•Birth Country: Italy
•Best Known For: Italian Dominican
theologian Saint Thomas Aquinas was one
of the most influential medieval thinkers of
Scholasticism and the father of the
Thomistic school of theology.

•Industries
• Christianity
•Schools
• University of Naples
•Death date: March 7, 1274
•Death City: Fossanova
•Death Country: Italy

a philosopher and one of the greatest
theologian in the Catholic Church in
the 13th century, said that “of all
creatures, human beings have the
unique power to change themselves
and things for the better.”

You are able to transcend
your limit through your
physical and mental
abilities. (Abella, 2016).

LIMITATIONS AND POSSIBILITIES
FOR TRANSCENDENCE
-may not occur to everyone
-does not come at a specified period
-varies across all people
-may coincide with physical limitations of the body
-developing a positive outlook in life
-working towards reaching a goal
-learning from experience

POSSIBILITIES FOR
TRANSCENDENCE
This means that life is lived
from moment to moment in a
carefree and cheerful manner
where concerns for stress are
reserved for the future, and regrets
or guilt feelings are kept in the past

THE HUMAN BODY IN IMPOSING
LIMITS AND POSSIBILITIES
BODILY LIMITATIONS
-mental and emotional disorders (e.g. anxiety,
intellectual disability)
-disabilities (e.g. amputated leg, deafness)
-disease and illnesses (e.g. hypertension, cough)
-failures and experiences (e.g. failing a subject

SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
LIMITATIONS
-socioeconomic status
-location of neighborhood (e.g. armed,
disorganized, or violent neighborhood)
-abusive relationships (e.g. emotional
abuse)
negative influences (e.g. drug use)

OVERCOMING LIMITATIONS
Bodily limits can be tested by trying
on new experiences and working on
challenges with increasing levels of
difficulty. The human body, if given
enough exposure to any situation, can
attain a goal with efficiency.

Social and environmental limitations are
more difficult to overcome than bodily
limitations because they involve the
influence of other people and the external
world. However, with a proper mindset,
clearly defined goals, and motivation to rise
above challenges, one may successfully
overcome his or her limitations.

RECOGNIZE AND EVALUATE OWN
LIMITATIONS AND
POSSIBILITIES FOR TRANSCENDENCE
Transcendence is even more
possible when you begin to
understand that you can go
beyond your limitations if you
set your mind on your goals.

SOME POINT TO REMEMBER WHEN
GOING BEYOND YOUR LIMITS
-you are connected to the external or eternal
world
-challenges are learning opportunities
-your goal is more important than your fears
-think outside the box
-recognize that everyone has fears

Religion and philosophy teaches
human beings to overcome our
limits. In technological parlance,
humans can upgrade themselves.
Take for example, Buddhism.

Buddhism
is one of the world's largest
religions and originated 2,500 years
ago in India. Buddhists believe that
the human life is one of suffering,
and that meditation, spiritual and
physical labor, and good behavior
are the ways to achieve
enlightenment, or nirvana.

The Four Noble Truths and
Eightfold Paths.

1. Right view- a correct
understanding of the
nature of things, specifically
the Four Noble Truths;

2. Right intention,
eliminating thoughts of
attachment, detestation,
and harmful intent,

3. Right speech, abstaining from
verbal offenses such as lying,
divisive speech, unforgiving
speech, and irrational speech,

4. Right action, refraining
from physical offenses such
as murdering, thieving, and
sexual misbehavior,

5. Right livelihood, evading trades
that directly or indirectly damage
others, such as trading slaves,
weapons, animals for butchery,
intoxicants, or poisons,

6. Right effort, forsaking undesirable
states of mind that have already arisen,
preventing undesirable states that have
yet to arise, and sustaining positive
states that have already arisen.

7. Right concentration,
single-mindedness.

8. Right mindfulness,
consciousness of body,
feelings, thought, and
phenomena.

These are the values
what human person
needs to succeed.

These are examples of
the power mentioned by
St. Thomas to change
ourselves.

If you can do the eightfold path
even if you are not a Buddhist, you
can transform yourselves from your
present situation and transcend to
what you desire you would be.

THE HUMAN
PERSON IN THE
ENVIRONMENT

Performance Task
THE HUMAN
PERSON IN THE
ENVIRONMENT

Match column A with
column B. Write the
letter of your answer

Column A
__1. It is the capacity to direct and discipline
one’s
activities and the behavior using reason that is
cautious and, as much as possible, keeps
away from any risks.
__2. It assumes that male-centered view of
nature
is the root cause of ecological problems.
__3. “Development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.”
__4. It refers to conserving our natural resources
so that the future generations will still be able
to use it
__5. This view believes that humans are the
most
important species on the planet and they are
free to transform nature and use its resources.

Column B
__6. It means that any human activities or
economic advances should not unduly disrupt
the environment and human communities
located in the area.
__7. The discipline that studies the moral
relationship of human beings with the
environment and its non-human contents.
__8. It believes that ecological problems can be
traced to social problems.
__9. It is the quality of being thrifty. It is the
careful supervision of one’s resources
__10. A philosophical view that believes in
maintaining order in the environment will
bring out the natural beauty of surroundings
and contribute to the well-being of the people
and other organisms living in it

1. What do you feel when you
read/ hear the lyrics of the song?
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________

2. What do you think is the artist
intention/ inspiration in writing the
song? ___________________________
___________________________
___________________________

3. Do you agree that the world needs healing? Why?
Why not?
____________________________________________
__________________________________
____________________________________________
__________________________________
____________________________________________
_____________

The Human Person in
the Environment

studies the moral relationship of human
beings with the environment and its
non-human contents. Philosophers
believe that the human person has the
ability to change the environment to suit
his purposes.

Three views of philosophical
environment.
1. Anthropocentrism
This view believes that humans are
the most important species on the
planet and they are free to transform
nature and use its resources.

2. Biocentrism
believes that humans are not the only
significant species on the planet, and that all
other organisms have inherent value and should
be protected. This view advocates ethical
treatment of animals.

3. Ecocentrism
places great value on ecosystems and
biological communities. This view believes that
humankind is a part of a greater biological system
or community and that we have a significant role
as stewards or guardians of nature.

Ecosystem
(ecological system) is a
community of organisms and
their physical environment
interacting together. For food ,
shelter, growth and development.

Biotic Factor
are the living components
of an ecosystem and their
activities

Abiotic Factor
is a non-living part of an
ecosystem that shapes its
environment. In a terrestrial
ecosystem, examples might include
temperature , light, and water.

A philosophical view that believes in
maintaining order in the environment
will bring out the natural beauty of
surroundings and contribute to the well-
being of the people and other organisms
living in it (Endriga, 2017).

ANCIENT THINKERS
(Mabaquiao, 2016)

Anaximander
According to his “Creation-Destruction”,
the sketch of the genesis of the world
(cosmology), the evolution of the world begins
with the generation of opposites in a certain
region Nature.

Cosmology
is a branch of astronomy
that involves the origin and
evolution of the universe

Astronomy
is the study of everything in the
universe beyond Earth's atmosphere.
That includes objects we can see with
our naked eyes, like the Sun , the Moon
, the planets, and the stars .

Pythagoras
He described the universe as living
embodiment of nature’s order, harmony,
and beauty. He sees our relationship with
the universe involving biophilia (love of
other living things) and cosmophilia (love of
other living beings)

Immanuel Kant
“The orderliness of nature and
the harmony of nature with our
faculties guide us toward a deeper
religious perspective”

Herbert Marcuse
“Human have power
over nature.”

George Herbert Mead
“Man have duties and
responsibilities in nature”

“Development that meets the
needs of the present without
compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their
own needs.”

Environmental Integrity
means that any human activities or economic
advances should not unduly disrupt the
environment and human communities located in
the area. The environment should not be
drastically impacted by human activities (Abella,
2016).

Economic efficiency
this is to ensure that there is
minimum to zero waste in using our
natural resources (Abella, 2016).

Equity
it refers to conserving our natural
resources so that the future
generations will still be able to
use it (Abella, 2016).

IV. THEORIES IN RADICAL
ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY

Deep ecology
Arne Naess, proponent of Deep ecology,
assumes that all living things possess equal
value and intrinsic worth regardless of
their usefulness or utility to other beings.

Social Ecology
Murray Bookchin, proponent of
Social ecology, believes that
ecological problems can be traced
to social problems.

Ecofeminism
It assumes that male-centered view of nature
is the root cause of ecological problems. To
address environmental problems humanity has
to remove the superior vs. inferior in human
relations.

Prudence
is the capacity to direct and discipline one’s
activities and behavior using reason. It is
the behavior that is cautious and, as much
as possible, keeps away from any risks.

Frugality
is another fundamental value that can help us
develop a sense of right and wrong and attain
whatever we want in life. Moreover, it is a virtue
that can guide us in making choices in life and
receiving the most value out of those decisions.

Activity 1: HEAL THE
ENVIRONMENT

Rubrics Poster Making
CREATIVITY – 30%
CONTENT – 25%
GROUP COOPERATION- 20%
ORIGINALITY- 15%
MASTERY –10%

Direction: Organize the following
images in a more aesthetic way and
environment friendly. Draw your
idea and write your explanation on
the space provided.

I. Directions: Read each statement
carefully and write “KALIKASAN” if
your answer is True and
“KASIRAAN” if it is False.

1. Anthropocentrism focuses on the part of
humankind as a stewards or guardians of nature
in our greater biological system or community.
2. Both ancient and modern thinkers believe that
man will bring out the natural beauty of
environment if they are capable to govern the
nature.
3. Biocentrism advocates ethical treatment of
animals.

4. Deep ecology is a philosophical idea that combines
feminism and ecology concerns, emphasizing that
both suffer from their treatment by a male
dominated society.
5. Environmental Aesthetics is a philosophical view all
life forms have an equal right to exist, and human
needs and desires have no priority over those of
other organisms.

II. Directions: Identify the
correct answer as described in
every item. Write your answer
on the space provided.

1.Bringing your own cup whenever you refill your
coffee in 7-eleven shows what principle of
sustainability?
2. A businessman grabbed and bought a vast land
from the farmers and decided to convert it into a
subdivision. During the construction, farmers left
without jobs and hundreds of trees were uprooted
and streams were covered in cement. What
principle of sustainability was violated?

3.Franciso Moreno, Mayor of Manila, declared Arroceros as a
“permanent forest park” as part of his vision of building a Green
City in Manila’s Lawton area. What principle of sustainability did
he used
4. A factory in a province irresponsibly withdraw their wastes in the
river and hire mostly women because of cheap labor. What theory
in radical ecological philosophy explains this ecological problem?
5. Finishing your meal without leftovers shows what principle of
sustainability?

Activity 2: CONSERVE
AND PRESERVE THE
ENVIRONMENT

Direction: Think of two (2) ways
on how you can apply prudence
and frugality on consuming
each the following item. Fill the
table with your ideas.

ACTIVITY 5: CAMPAIGN
FOR THE ENVIRONMENT

Directions: Inside the box below, write a tweet
or post for an environmental online campaign
encouraging everyone to take care of the
environment. You may create your own hashtag
(#). Be sure to incorporate the principles of
environmental philosophy.

PPT WEEK 1 PHILOSOPHddddY IN GENERAL.pptx

PPT WEEK 1 PHILOSOPHddddY IN GENERAL.pptx

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