Electromagnatic spectrum

1. Electromagnetic Waves &
the Electromagnetic Spectrum

2. Electromagnetic Waves
• Transverse waves without a medium!
• (They can travel through empty space)

3. • They travel as vibrations in
electrical and magnetic fields.
– Have some magnetic and some
electrical properties to them.

4. When an electric field changes, so does the
magnetic field. The changing magnetic field
causes the electric field to change. When one
field vibrates—so does the other.
RESULT-An electromagnetic wave.

5. Electromagnetic waves travel VERY
FAST – around 300,000
kilometres per second (the speed
of light).
At this speed they
can go around the
world 8 times in one
second.

6. Waves or Particles?
• Electromagnetic radiation has properties of
waves but also can be thought of as a stream
of particles.
– Example: Light
• Light as a wave: Light behaves as a transverse
wave which we can filter using polarized lenses.
• Light as particles (photons): When directed at a
substance light can knock electrons off of a
substance (Photoelectric effect)

7. Electromagnetic Spectrum—name for the
range of electromagnetic waves when
placed in order of increasing frequency
RADIO
WAVES
MICROWAVES
INFRARED
RAYS
VISIBLE LIGHT
ULTRAVIOLET
RAYS
X-RAYS
GAMMA
RAYS

8. Notice the wavelength is
long (Radio waves) and gets shorter (Gamma Rays)

11. various frequency bands in the electromagnetic spectrum are defined by the
International Telecommunications Union (ITU). ITU, located in Geneva and a sub
organization of the United Nations, coordinates wired and wireless
telecommunication activities worldwide. There are no official names for the bands
in which the very high-frequency X-rays and Gamma rays fall

12. The low-frequency bands comprised of the radio, microwave,
infrared, and visible light portions of the spectrum can be used
for information transmission by modulating the amplitude,
frequency, or the phase of the waves.
• The high frequency waves such as X-rays and Gamma
rays, though theoretically better for information
propagation, are not used due to practical concerns
such as the difficulty to generate and modulate
these waves, and the harm they could cause to living
things. Also, such high-frequency waves do not
propagate well through buildings.
• Amount of information that can be carried by an
electromagnetic wave is determined by the width of
the wavelength band (the corresponding frequency
band) and the encoding technique (number of bits
encoded/Hz) used.

13. RADIO WAVES
Have the longest
wavelengths and
lowest
frequencies of
all the
electromagnetic
waves.

14. Radio waves are easy to generate and are widely used for both indoor and
outdoor communication due to properties such as their ability to pass through
buildings and ability to travel long distances. Since radio transmission is
omni-directional (when radio waves are generated, they spread out from the
transmitting antenna in all directions) in nature, the need to physically align the
transmitter and receiver also does not arise. The frequency of the radio wave
determines many of the characteristics of the transmission.
At low frequencies the waves can pass through obstacles easily, but their power
falls with an inverse-squared relation with respect to the distance. The higher
frequency waves are more prone to absorption by rain drops, and they
get reflected by obstacles. Due to the long transmission range of the radio
waves, interference between transmissions is a problem that needs to
be addressed.
In the VLF, LF, and MF bands the propagation of waves, also called as ground
waves, follows the curvature of the Earth. The maximum transmission ranges
of these waves are of the order of a few hundred kilometers. They are used for
low bandwidth transmissions such as amplitude modulated (AM) radio
broadcasting.

15. Global Positioning Systems (GPS) measure the
time it takes a radio wave to travel from
several satellites to the receiver, determining
the distance to each satellite.

16. A radio picks up radio waves through an
antenna and converts it to sound waves.
– Each radio station in an area broadcasts at a
different frequency.
• # on radio dial tells frequency.

17. MRI
(MAGNETIC RESONACE IMAGING)
Uses Short wave radio waves with a
magnet to create an image.

18. MICROWAVES
Have the
shortest
wavelengths and
the highest
frequency of
the radio
waves.

19. Used in microwave
ovens.
• Waves transfer
energy to the
water in the food
causing them to
vibrate which in
turn transfers
energy in the
form of heat to
the food.

20. RADAR (Radio
Detection and
Ranging)
• Used to find the
speed of an object
by sending out radio
waves and measuring
the time it takes
them to return.

21. INFRARED RAYS
Infrared= below
red
Shorter
wavelength and
higher
frequency than
microwaves.

22. You can feel the
longest ones as
warmth on your
skin
Warm objects
give off more
heat energy than
cool objects.

23. Thermogram—a picture that shows regions of different
temperatures in the body. Temperatures are calculated by
the amount of infrared radiation given off.
Therefore people give
off infrared rays.
Heat lamps give off
infrared waves.

24. VISIBLE LIGHT
Shorter wavelength and
higher frequency than
infrared rays.
Electromagnetic waves we
can see.
Longest wavelength= red
light
Shortest wavelength=
violet (purple) light

25. When light enters
a new medium it
bends (refracts).
Each wavelength
bends a different
amount allowing
white light to
separate into it’s
various colors
ROYGBIV.

26. ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
Shorter
wavelength and
higher
frequency than
visible light
Carry more
energy than
visible light

27. Used to kill
bacteria.
(Sterilization
of equipment)

28. Too much can cause skin cancer.
Use sun block to protect against
(UV rays)

29. Causes your
skin to
produce
vitamin D
(good for
teeth and
bones)

30. X- RAYS
Shorter
wavelength and
higher
frequency than
UV-rays
Carry a great
amount of
energy
Can penetrate
most matter.

31. Bones and teeth absorb x-rays. (The light part
of an x-ray image indicates a place where the x-
ray was absorbed)

32. Too much exposure
can cause cancer
(lead vest at
dentist protects
organs from
unnecessary
exposure)

33. Used by engineers
to check for tiny
cracks in
structures.
– The rays pass
through the
cracks and the
cracks appear
dark on film.

34. GAMMA RAYS
Shorter wavelength
and higher frequency
than X-rays
Carry the greatest
amount of energy
and penetrate the
most.

35. Used in radiation treatment to kill
cancer cells.
Can be very harmful if not used
correctly.

36. The Incredible
Hulk was the
victim of
gamma
radiation.

37. Exploding
nuclear
weapons emit
gamma rays.

38. Brief SUMMARY
A. All electromagnetic waves travel at the same
speed. (300,000,000 meters/second) in a
vacuum.
B. They all have different wavelengths and
different frequencies.
– Long wavelength-lowest frequency
– Short wavelength highest frequency
– The higher the frequency the higher the
energy.