3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully ,many
people have best owned upon me there blessings and the
heart pledged spot , this time I am utilizing to thanks all the
people to have be concerned with project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this
project with success. then I would like to thank my principal
Ms. Parvinder kaur and biology teacher Mr. Manish kumar
whose value guidance has been the one that helped mw
patch this project and make it full proof success his
suggestions and here instuction has served as the major
contributor to arts the competion of the project.
4. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Divya gautam Student of
class of 12th medical has successfully
completed this project under the guidance of
Mr. Manish kumar (SUBJECT TEACHER).During
the academic year 2020-2021. in partial
fulfillment of biology practical examination
conducted by CBSE .
SIGNATURE OF SUBJECT TEACHER
5.
6.
7. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF
TUMOR?
There are three main types of tumor:
Benign: These are not cancerous. They either
cannot spread or grow, or they do so very
slowly. If a doctor removes them, they do not
generally return.
Premalignant: In these tumors, the cells are not
yet cancerous, but they have the potential to
become malignant.
Malignant: Malignant tumors are cancerous.
The cells can grow and spread to other parts of
the body.
8. CANCER PATTERNS
There are lot of international variations in the
pattern of cancer which are attributed to a
number of factors such as
Environmental factors
Food habits
Lifestyle
Genetic factor
Inadequacy in detection and reporting of
cases
9. MAJOR CATEGORIES OF CANCER
Doctors divide cancer into types based on where it begins. Four
main types of cancer are:
Carcinomas. A carcinoma begins in the skin or the tissue that
covers the surface of internal organs and glands. Carcinomas
usually form solid tumors. They are the most common type of
cancer. Examples of carcinomas include prostate cancer, breast
cancer, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer
Sarcomas. A sarcoma begins in the tissues that support and
connect the body. A sarcoma can develop in fat, muscles, nerves,
tendons, joints, blood vessels, lymph vessels, cartilage, or bone.
Leukemias. Leukemia is a cancer of the blood. Leukemia begins
when healthy blood cells change and grow uncontrollably. The 4
main types of leukemia are acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic
lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic
myeloid leukemia
Lymphomas. Lymphoma is a cancer that begins in the lymphatic
system. The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and glands
that help fight infection. There are 2 main types of
10. INDIA…
The four most common cancer in india are
Male-oropharynx , esophagus , stomach ,and
lower respiratoey track.
Female-breast , cervix , oropharynx and
esophagus.
Tabaco is widely used in india.
91% cases of oropharnyx is due to tabaco
use.
60% cases in females are breast , cervix and
11. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT CAUSE
CANCER
Some of these changes in our cells may be
caused by genetics, while others may be
caused by environmental factors.
Environmental factors can include a wide
range of exposures, such as:
Lifestyle factors (nutrition, tobacco use,
physical activity)
Natural occurring exposures (ultraviolet light,
radon gas, infectious agents)
Medical treatments (radiation and medicine)
12.
13.
14.
15. THE GENETICS OF CANCER
Cancer is a genetic disease—that is, cancer
is caused by certain changes to genes that
control the way our cells function, especially
how they grow and divide.
Genes carry the instructions to
make proteins, which do much of the work in
our cells. Certain gene changes can cause
cells to evade normal growth controls and
become cancer. For example, some cancer-
causing gene changes increase production
of a protein that makes cells grow. Others
16. CANCER CONTROL
1. Don't use tobacco
2. Eat a healthy diet
3. Maintain a healthy weight and be
physically active
4. Protect yourself from the sun
5. Get vaccinated
6. Avoid risky behaviors
7. Get regular medical care
17. RISK FACTORS
General risk factors for cancer include:
Older age
A personal or family history of cancer
Using tobacco
Obesity
Alcohol
Some types of viral infections, such
as human papillomavirus (HPV)
Specific chemicals
18. Risk factors and cancer screening
Understanding your risk for cancer can help your doctor decide
whether you could benefit from:
A cancer screening test, such as
a mammogram or colonoscopy
A screening test at an earlier age and more often than routine
screening
Surgery or medication to lower your cancer risk
For example, a woman whose mother had breast cancer is at
least twice as likely to have breast cancer than a woman who
does not have the same family history. Some women have
strong family histories or genetic mutations linked to breast
cancer. Since they are at a very high risk of breast cancer, they
may choose to remove their breasts to prevent cancer. This
surgery appears to lower the risk of getting breast cancer by at
least 95%. Also, these women may choose to take medicine to
lower the risk of breast cancer.
People with a strong family history of cancer may
