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HR Job Analysis Guide
1.
Human Resource Management: An Asian
Perspective (Second Edition) Chapter 4 Job Analysis Gary Dessler and Chwee Huat Tan © 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.
2.
After studying this
chapter, you should be able to: 1. Discuss the nature of job analysis (what it is and how it is used) 2. Know how to collect job analysis information, including interview, questionnaire, observation and participant’s diary 3. Write job descriptions, job summaries and job specifications 4. Explain what job analysis is, what it means and how it is done in practice 5. Explain what competence-based job analysis is © 2009 Pearson Education South Asia. All rights reserved. 4–2
3.
The Nature of
Job Analysis Job analysis – The procedure for determining the duties and skill requirements of a job and the kind of person who should be hired for it. Job description – A list of a job’s duties, responsibilities, reporting relationships, working conditions, and supervisory responsibilities—one product of a job analysis. Job specifications – A list of a job’s “human requirements,” that is, the requisite education, skills, personality, and so on—another product of a job analysis. © 2009 Pearson Education South Asia. All rights reserved. 4–3
4.
The Nature of
Job Analysis Type of information collected: – Work activities – Human behaviors – Machines, tools, equipment, and work aids – Performance standards – Job context – Human requirements © 2009 Pearson Education South Asia. All rights reserved. 4–4
5.
The Nature of
Job Analysis © 2009 Pearson Education South Figure 4.1 Information Collected by HR Specialists Asia. All rights reserved. 4–5
6.
Uses of Job
Analysis Information © 2009 Pearson Education South Figure 4.2 Uses of Job Analysis Information Asia. All rights reserved. 4–6
7.
Uses of Job
Analysis Information Recruitment and selection – Selection of people to recruit based on job requirements and human characteristics needed to perform these jobs Performance appraisal – Compares employees’ performance with standards which are derived from job analysis © 2009 Pearson Education South Asia. All rights reserved. 4–7
8.
Uses of Job
Analysis Information Job evaluation / compensation – Estimate value of each job and its appropriate compensation based on job’s required skill, education level, safety hazard, level of responsibility etc. – Relative worth of job determined to group jobs into different classes Training requirements – Training requirements based on job and required skills which are listed in the job description © 2009 Pearson Education South Asia. All rights reserved. 4–8
9.
Steps in Job
Analysis Step 1: Decide how you’ll use the information. Step 2: Review relevant background information – organization chart/job description Step 3: Select representative positions. Step 4: Actually analyze the job. Step 5: Verify the job analysis information. Step 6: Develop a job description and job specification. © 2009 Pearson Education South Asia. All rights reserved. 4–9
10.
Steps in Job
Analysis Organization chart – A chart that shows the organization-wide distribution of work, with titles of each position and interconnecting lines that show who reports to and communicates to whom. Job specification – A list of a job’s “human requirements” i.e. the requisite education, skills, personality etc. © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 10
11.
Methods of Collecting
Job Analysis Information © 2009 Pearson Education South Figure 4.3 4– Methods of Collecting Information Asia. All rights reserved. 11
12.
Methods of Collecting
Job Analysis Information: The Interview Information sources Interview formats – Individual employees – Structured – Groups of (Checklist) employees with – Unstructured same job Advantages – Supervisors with – Quick, direct way to knowledge of the job find overlooked information. Disadvantages – Distorted information © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 12
13.
Methods of Collecting
Job Analysis Information: The Interview Interview Guidelines – The job analyst and supervisor should work together to identify the workers who know the job best. – Quickly establish rapport with the interviewee. – Follow a structured guide or checklist, one that lists open- ended questions and provides space for answers. – Ask the worker to list his or her duties in order of importance and frequency of occurrence. – After completing the interview, review and verify the data. © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 13
14.
Methods of Collecting
Job Analysis Information: Questionnaires Information source Advantages – Have employees fill – Quick and efficient out questionnaires to way to gather describe their job- information from related duties and large numbers of responsibilities. employees Questionnaire formats Disadvantages – Structured checklists – Expense and time – Opened-ended consumed in questions preparing and testing the questionnaire © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 14
15.
Methods of Collecting
Job Analysis Information: Observation Information source Advantages – Observing and – Provides first-hand noting the physical information activities of – Reduces distortion of employees as they information go about their jobs Disadvantages – Time consuming – Difficulty in capturing entire job cycle – Of little use if job © 2009 Pearson Education South involves a high level 4– Asia. All rights reserved. of mental activity 15
16.
Methods of Collecting
Job Analysis Information: Participant Diary Information source Advantages – Workers keep a – Produces a more chronological diary/ complete picture of the log of what they do job and the time spent in – Employee participation each activity Disadvantages – Distortion of information – Depends upon employees to accurately recall their © 2009 Pearson Education South activities 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 16
17.
Writing Job Descriptions
A job description – A written statement of what the worker actually does, how he or she does it, and what the job’s working conditions are. © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 17
18.
Writing Job Descriptions
Sections of a typical job description – Job identification – Job summary – Responsibilities and duties – Authority of incumbent – Standards of performance – Working conditions – Job specifications © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 18
19.
Sample Job
Description, Pearson Education Source: Courtesy of HR Department, © 2009 Pearson Education South Pearson Education. 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 19
20.
Sample Job
Description, Pearson Education (cont’d) Source: Courtesy of HR Department, Pearson © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Education. Asia. All rights reserved. 20
21.
The Job Description
Job identification – Job title: name of job – Date: when the description was written – Prepared by: who wrote the description Job summary – Describes the general nature of the job – Lists the major functions or activities © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 21
22.
The Job Description
Relationships (chain of command) – Reports to: employee’s immediate supervisor – Supervises: employees that the job incumbent directly supervises – Works with: others with whom the job holder will be expected to work and come into contact with internally. – Outside the company: others with whom the job holder is expected to work and come into contact with externally. © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 22
23.
The Job Description
Responsibilities and duties – A listing of the job’s major responsibilities and duties (essential functions) – Defines limits of jobholder’s decision-making authority, direct supervision, and budgetary limitations. © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 23
24.
The Job Description
Standards of Performance and Working Conditions – Lists standards the employee is expected to achieve under each of the job description’s main duties – Standards must be specific – Examples: © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 24
25.
Writing Job Specifications
To show what kind of person to recruit and for what qualities that person should be tested on Either listed in a section of job description or in a separate document © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 25
26.
Writing Job Specifications
Specifications Based on Judgment – Self-created judgments (common sense) – Basic question: What does it take in terms of education, intelligence and training to do this job well? Specifications Based on Statistical Analysis – Attempts to determine statistically the relationship between a predictor or human trait and an indicator or criterion of job effectiveness. – Five-step procedure: © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 26
27.
Writing Job Specifications
Analyze the job and decide how to measure job Analyze the job and decide how to measure job performance performance Select personal traits (like finger dexterity) that you Select personal traits (like finger dexterity) that you believe should predict successful performance believe should predict successful performance Test candidates for these traits Test candidates for these traits Measure these candidates’ subsequent job Measure these candidates’ subsequent job performance performance Statistically analyze relationship between the Statistically analyze relationship between the human trait (finger dexterity) and job performance human trait (finger dexterity) and job performance © 2009 Pearson Education South Figure 4.8 4– Determining Job Specifications Through Statistical Analysis Asia. All rights reserved. 27
28.
Job Analysis in
a “Jobless” World Job – Generally defined as “a set of closely related activities carried out for pay.” © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 28
29.
Job Analysis in
a “Jobless” World From Specialized to Enlarged Jobs – Job enlargement • Assigning workers additional same level activities, thus increasing the number of activities they perform. – Job enrichment • Redesigning jobs in a way that increases the opportunities for the worker to experience feelings of responsibility, achievement, growth, and recognition. © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 29
30.
Job Analysis in
a “Jobless” World – Job rotation • Moving a trainee from department to department to broaden his or her experience and identify strong and weak points to prepare the person for an enhanced role with the company • Systematically moving workers from one job to another to enhance work team performance. © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 30
31.
Job Analysis in
a “Jobless” World Why Managers Are Dejobbing Their Companies Dejobbing External factors leading – Broadening the to dejobbing. responsibilities of the – Rapid product and company’s jobs technological change – Encouraging employee – Global competition initiative. – Deregulation, Internal factors leading – Political instability, to dejobbing – Demographic changes – Flatter organizations – Rise of a service economy – Work teams – Re-engineering © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 31
32.
Job Analysis in
a “Jobless” World Competencies – Demonstrable characteristics of a person that enable performance of a job. Competency-based job analysis – Describing a job in terms of the measurable, observable, behavioral competencies (knowledge, skills, and/or behaviors) an employee must exhibit to do a job well. © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 32
33.
Job Analysis in
a “Jobless” World Why Use Competency Analysis? – Support HPWS • Traditional job descriptions (with their lists of specific duties) may actually backfire if a high- performance work system is the goal. • HPWS encourages employees to work in a self- motivated manner. © 2009 Pearson Education South Figure 4.9 4– Encouraging Employees to Work in a Self-Motivated Way Asia. All rights reserved. 33
34.
Job Analysis in
a “Jobless” World Why Use Competency Analysis? (cont’d) – Maintain a strategic focus • Describing the job in terms of the skills, knowledge, and competencies the worker needs is more strategic. – Measure performance • Measurable skills, knowledge, and competencies are the heart of any company’s performance management process. © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 34
35.
Self-Managed Teams (SMT)
in Asia A small group of workers with authority to manage their own work Set their own targets and schedule Inspect their own work Review performance as a group Allows workers to control their work arrangements and job conditions Requires technical and decision-making skills © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 35
36.
The Skills Matrix
for a Job at BP Note: The light blue boxes indicate the minimum level of skill required for the job. © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 36
37.
SMTs at Texas
Instruments (Malaysia & Philippines) – 3 levels 1. Quality steering team – MD & managers 2. Process management team – Heads of department 3. Self-managed team – Operators and technicians © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 37
38.
SMT at Ritz
Carlton (Singapore) Employees are authorized to spend up to a specific amount to please a dissatisfied guest. Credo: – Do everything you can to never lose a guest. SMTs recruit their co-workers, decide on work procedures, and handle their own budget. © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 38
39.
SMT at Becton
Dickinson Medical (Singapore) – 3 levels 1. Steering team – Senior management to provide direction 2. Resource team – Professionals to support process teams 3. Process team – Employees to manufacture products or provide services © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 39
40.
SMT at Becton
Dickinson Medical (Singapore) – 3 levels The process team leader should: – Coordinate activities – Encourage participation – Facilitate team decision-making – Communicate performance targets © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 40
41.
SMT at Becton
Dickinson Medical (Singapore) – 3 levels Role of team members – Understand team goals – Participate to solve problems, make decisions – Perform tasks to achieve standards – Monitor results © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 41
42.
SMT at Becton
Dickinson Medical (Singapore) – 3 levels Process teams are authorized to: – Change methods & procedures – Ensure customer satisfaction & safety – Work overtime (within budget) – Schedule activities – Allocate resources – Prioritize tasks © 2009 Pearson Education South 4– Asia. All rights reserved. 42
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