Postmodernism challenges conventions in media by pushing boundaries and originality. It can apply to media texts in three aspects: challenging dominant ideologies, creating references to other works, and blurring reality. Genres are typically categorized rigidly for commercial purposes but can also be defined more flexibly to reach niche audiences. Postmodern theories like intertextuality encourage mixing genres and styles to engage audiences.

1. POST MODERNISM
RESEARCH

2. POSTMODERNISM
The concept of Postmodernism is a theory which allows producers to challenge
conventions, forms and ideologies within a media production. The phrase
‘Postmodernism’ originates from the postmodernist movement in the 1870’s.
It challenges stereotypical film to push boundaries in stimulating a further creativity &
originality within modern Media texts. However can apply to media text in three different
aspects due to postmodernism’s theoretical origins.

3. POSTMODERNISM THEORIES
• Jean-Francois Lyotard.
- To challenge Meta-Narratives. Lyotard suggested we must challenge
dominant ideologies and values represented through the media within society.
• Frederic Jameson.
- To use Pastiche/Intertextuality. To offer ‘updated ideas, from ‘old’ ideas.
Jameson suggested that as we are over exposed to ‘hyperrealism’ of our Media, leaving no
room for critique. Media texts can create ‘new remixed’ realities by creating references to
others.
• Jean Baudrillard
- To make audiences aware of Hyperreality. The idea that the boundaries of our
reality and the media’s realities are blurred. These media texts represent alternative realities
to make audiences aware and challenge our traditional ideologies.

4. CHALLENGING META-NARRATIVES
• Narratives which questions whether modern progress is for the ‘good’ of society through a critique
of society/mass production are typically postmodern. An example of this is the (1982) futuristic
dystopian-science fiction film Blade Runner, in which genetically engineered human robots, called
Replicants, are banned from Earth after ‘turning’ dangerous. Fugitive Replicants are hunted down
after illegally returning to Earth. A prime example of human technological progression being
questioned after overproduction.
• Narrative themes that challenge conventional film narratives. An example of a ‘Conventional’ film
narrative could be based on two rivalries (good and evil), yet the film structure focuses upon the
‘good guy/hero’ defeating the ‘baddies/rivals’. Yet the aspect of a narrative ‘challenging’ the
conventional may be focusing on the opposing team, so that the Narrator is the criminal opposing
society or the police. An example of which being Pulp Fiction or Public Enemies. Or having a
female playing a traditionally male role - Kill Bill for example.
• Non linear Narratives – Challenge the 3 act conventions by disrupting the chronology of the
narrative sequence. A prime example of the narratives which oppose the chronological sequence
is The Prestige. The film begins with one of the final scenes, and continues to narrate from three
different points of the entire story, and switches from each of these throughout. This being until
ends tie in a psychological-thriller manner at the very end. This style of narrative engages the
audience with the characters more, involving the audience psychologically, making them more
active viewers.

5. • Anti-Narratives – This is a disruption of the narrative. Whether it be a simple
disruption like a freeze frame, which is done for emphasis on the situation. For
example the fighting scenes within Sherlock Holmes or The Matrix. Or more
significantly a disruption as of that in Silent Hill. Where the narrative is paused to re-cap
or explain a past event to the audience.
• Mixing/blurring the genres of Film to create new hybrids/new versions. This can be
done more obviously by taking a few mainstream genres of film to create a new (and
possibly unlikely) combination yet attract a larger audience – Such as Cowboys and
Aliens, in which the title is a huge giveaway and selling point. A more ‘underground’
example of a hybrid mix is Darren Lyn Bousmann’s Repo! The Genetic Opera. The
overall gothic/gory horror theme is mixed with the dystopian genre, and is also a
musical. Creating a seemingly unlikely narrative which is artistically and creatively
perfect. Especially in reaching out to more indie audiences, or audiences with certain
interests which would not normally reach the mainstream cinema.

6. INTERTEXTUALITY
• A Pastiche is a copy of another text such as a remake of an older film – For example the (2010)
remake of Wes Craven’s (1984) The Nightmare On Elm Street. Despite being a modern version, it
was given bad reviews due to the lack of atmosphere and originality that made Wes Craven’s film so
memorable. Another reason to create a remake of an older film is for different languages or
nationalities. For example The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo, personally, I believe the original
(Swedish version) captured the book more accurately. However these remakes can be done to reach
a wider audience and make more money. The most typical aspect of a Pastiche are book adaption's
such as Frankenstein, Jane Eyre, The Hunger Games ect.

7. • A Bricolage ‘steals’ significant or not so significant images or objects from different styles. Usually
within the high art style to create new meanings.
• A Homage is used to show respect for films they have referenced in order to make the audience
react with the text, normally in a positive humorous light. This element is also used within comedy
texts to create a ‘parody’ or ‘satire’ of a certain subject. Examples of this are used in South Park,
in which current social issues, celebrities and other movies are parodied in a light hearted manner
in order to critisise. Another prime example of this are movies like the Scary Movie franchise, Epic
Movie ect. Of which parody ‘horror’ movies, often with ironic and sarcastic humour.

8. HYPER-REALITY
The definition of a hyperreality is to create an artificial world or style which is opposing to reality.
• ‘High-Art’ Styles – film techniques which challenge conventional ideas. As previously used, Repo! The
Genetic Opera is that of a ‘high-art’ style. As well as being set in an other worldly dystopian future, the
unique theatrical style of CGI’s setting and the theatricality of the characters costume and performance
also give it the ‘high art’ aspect. These conventions also apply for films such as Baz Lurhmann’s Moulin
Rouge - in the first duet scene in which the main characters are dancing on the clouds and around the
Eiffel Tower. Similar effects also occur in Tuomas Halopainen’s Imaginaerum.
• Simulacra or Hyperreality – Allows challenging themes and representations to be explored.
• Meta-Reference – When the audience is made aware that they are watching a ‘film’

9. GENRE
DEFINITIONS
The French word ‘Genre’ means ‘type’ or ‘kind’. Yet within the Media it allows certain media product to be
categorised according to their similarities in order for the producer to meet or challenge the audiences
expectations.
• The mainstream ‘Rigid’ genre categories, which cover a wide range of movies for commercial purposes,
are seemingly and overly simplified so as to attract a mass audience due to Cinematic selling purposes
of the mainstream blockbuster Hollywood movies. (Such as; Horror, Comedy, Romance, Fantasy).
• Not so much opposing this, however broadening the genre categories are the Flexible definitions.
Created to reach a more independent or alternative audience. Although these may also be as big as the
mainstream Hollywood movies, cinematically viewed. The genre categories are seemingly more ‘in
depth’ and explorative with a more specifically defined title in order to appeal to niche audiences (For
example Dystopian-Steampunk-Horror).

10. GENRE THEORIES
RIGID DEFINITIONS
‘Genre’ within the entertainment context, was originally used by Aristotle within Greek theatre. This was in order to establish a particular
‘quality control’ over types of play, in which deviation was discouraged.
A further example for which is much later linguist (of the 19th Century) Charles Sanders Pierce. He looked at fixed meanings or Iconic Signs
within a text, Genre therefore follows strict guidelines or conventions in order to clearly establish what an audience is expecting to see.
An example of which is the iconography within the comparison of the original Star Wars, with the contemporary versions. This comparison
can be clearly identified within two film posters(featured below). In the original poster, the characters are clustered together within the centre
and not so much defined. It’s seemingly based more upon the artwork of the movie figures. However the more recent poster portrays the
fixed iconic rivalry between the two sides, which is of main significance to the movie. The poster itself is almost a comparison of the typical
theme of ‘good’ and ‘evil’. Featuring the main characters of each ‘side’ in the centre, stating the names of the two sides (Jedi And Sith), and
additionally featuring more of the significant characters defined to each side of the poster.

11. GENRE THEORIES
FLEXIBLE DEFINITIONS
Two Europeans critics of Hollywood, Adorno and Horkheimer, stated that mass production of film create a repetitive
‘standardisation’ of conventions. These of which being dominated by one ideology – The American Dream for example.
Nick Lacey suggests that genre is a negotiation between the Audience and Producers. A Producers ideology of a Genre attracting
a particular Audience, may differ when released. The same applies when this audience views the particular text, who may
categorise it under a certain or multiple genre categories. Therefore genre has evolved by establishing ‘sub genres’, ‘mixed
genres’ or ‘hybrids’. Tis Postmodern theory allows producers to challenge genre conventions within a text by mixing or using a
range of generic conventions as Hybrid genres.
An example of which is Repo! The Genetic Opera. (Which I’ve previously discussed regarding Hyperreality). The two responsible
for the project are Darren Lynn-Bousman (horror director of the Saw franchise), and Terrance Zdunich (gothic alternative
explorative Actor, Writer, Producer, Composer, Illustrator and Storyboard Artist). The typical reputation of the two and the
combination of their ideas not only categorised Repo under multiple genres of Horror-Goth Opera-Dystopian & Musical. But due
to the artistic approach of the comic/graphic novel elements within certain parts of the movie, combined with the already existing
fan base of the previous musical (as it was adapted from), the movie also gained a typical comic con esc fan base.

12. DYSTOPIAN GENRE
The word Dystopia is an opposition to Utopia. So the general theme of Dystopian Worlds within the genre
is descriptive of an unpleasant or frightening, and typically set in a totalitarian future or an
environmentally degraded theme.
As a result, most Dystopian films also come under the genre of Postmodernism. Most dystopian films
involve a large sense of hyperrealism, uneasily nightmarish and overly futuristic. Due to the wide range
of conventions and themes within the Dystopian atmosphere, it is often seen as having a sub genre or
open to create hybrid genres. For example The Crow, which has elements of horror and fantasy as
well as social issues.

13. DYSTOPIAN CONVENTIONS
(POSSIBLE NARRATIVES)
Many of the dystopian narratives take place in post apocalyptic
atmospheres/settings, generally the aftermath of a form of disastrous
event. For example, Nuclear Holocausts, War, Plague, Alien Invasion
and other disasters. Challenging the Meta-Narrative convention of
questioning modern progress, many dystopian themes involve post-apocalyptic
disasters of a man made cause. Examples of these
elements are I Am Legend, World War Z & 2012.
Despite being future set, many themes are purposefully related to real-time
fears within society. Prime examples are Cold War, technology,
medical advances, economic crash ect.
The possibility of human demise has also been a adapted into the
genre many a time. For example (2013) The Host. In which Human
survivors struggle for existence.

14. DYSTOPIAN FILM EXAMPLES.
• The Host (2013), adapted from the novel by Stephanie Meyer. Is a futuristic dystopian film involving the
typical Dystopian conventions of a post apocalyptic world after an alien invasion. In which rather than
killing the human race into extinction, they take possession of the remaining bodies as ‘hosts’. This
aspect of human demise involves the typical narrative of the remaining survivors struggling for existence.
• Repo! The Genetic Opera (2008) by horror director Darren Lyn Bousemann, as i previously talked
about involving multiple ‘hybrid’ genres, is massively dystopian set. In the conventional aspects
of technology and medical advances, large company Geneco are a company of modern progress
attempting to lengthen the lifespan of humanity by possessing spare body parts and organs in
order for life saving or body repairing surgery. The Geneco craze has the whole population
cosmetic surgery obsessed and majorly in debt. The catch is the theme of reposession, if one
hasn’t paid back their debts they are simply murdered with their body parts becoming a part of
Geneco. The main High Art convention is the theatrical CGI used to create the polluted,
environmentally unhealthy state and atmosphere of the futuristic Dystopian world.
• The Hunger Games franchise (2012-2014) adapted from the novels by Suzanne Collins, is set in a
future post apocalyptic world called Panem. The main convention is the Totalitarian theme, in which the
Capitol (wealthy and powerful) has all control over the poverty stricken 12 divided Districts. While the
Capitol is seemingly Utopian, the 12 remaining Districts are Dystopian.