"Polymers in Cables" takes a close and comprehensive approach to wire and cable material enhancements. Focus areas for this study include curing performance rubber, inorganic mineral dispersion, and flow and processibility optimization.

1. A Comprehensive Approach to Wire &
Cable Material Enhancement
Polymers in Cables

2. Overview
• Curing Performance Rubber
- Coagent Definition
- Performance Measures
- Applications
• Inorganic Mineral Dispersion
- Mineral Dispersion
- NHFR Transition
- Property Balancing
• Flow & Processibility Optimization
- Flow Modification
- Nylon Chain Extension
- TPE Flow Optimization
2 Cray Valley HSC

3. Coagent Function
• Coagents increase the quantity of crosslinks formed by
making more efficient use of radicals
- Minimize beta scission reactions
- Maximize crosslink-forming reactions
• Through the proper choice of coagents, the quality of the
crosslinks can be changed as well
- Alter the bond strength of linkage
- Alter network polarity
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4. Coagent Types
• Type I Coagents: Increase both the rate and state of
cure
- Generate very reactive radicals
- Polar molecules usually of low molecular weight
- Capable of homopolymerization as well as grafting
- Typical structures include acrylate and methacrylate esters,
bismaleimides
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5. Coagent Types
• Type II Coagents: Primarily increase the state of cure
only
- Generate less reactive, more stable radicals
- Higher molecular weight unsaturated molecules, oligomers and
polymers
- Can be used at higher loadings due to increased compatibility
with most elastomer systems
- Contain allylic hydrogens capable of abstraction
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6. Cure Profiles
• The addition of coagents to a compound alters the:
- Cure kinetics (scorch - t2, cure time - t90)
- Ultimate state-of-cure (maximum torque - S)
A – Peroxide cure
torque (dNm)
B S*
C
B – Type I coagent A S
C – Type II coagent
t 2* t2 t90* t90
time (minutes)
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7. Rubber Study
Polymers
• EPDM (72, 6) Evaluation Criteria
• EPM (65)
• EVA (18) • Rheometry Data (ODR)
• Tensile Strength
• EVM (50)
• Elongation
• CPE • Modulus
• Compression Set
• Water Resistance
• Heat Aging Properties
Type II Coagent • Electrical Properties
 Volume Resistivity
High Vinyl  Dielectric Strength
Polybutadiene
(Ricon® 154)
2 phr {3 phr in CPE}
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8. Cure State, ODR Torque
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9. Electrical Properties
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10. Water Resistance
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11. Wire & Cable Applications
Down Hole Oil Well Service Submarine Power
Cables Transmission
- Deep well applications - Large diameter high voltage
cables (>50 kV)
- Temperatures >260oC
- Ricon 153 & 154
- Highly corrosive
- Moisture resistance
- Ricon 154
- Insulation property
- Highly loaded: 25 – 40 phr
- Highly loaded: 25 – 40 phr
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12. Dispersing Methodologies
Pre-treated (2 & 3) ATH tended to aerate less (EH&S Win)
Material process improvements: torque & throughput (Productivity Win)
Reduced dilution of EVA matrix (Formulation Win)
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13. Improved Dispersion
No Dispersant Mechanical Starve Coated
Fewer instances of a large aggregate in coated samples and
relative aggregate size reduction
Dispersion efficiency was comparable between mechanical and
starve coating methods
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14. Impact on Ductility
Mechanical coating and wet coating were equally viable methods
Integration of functional polybutadiene can coincide with mineral
surface treatment
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15. Influence on Flammability
UL94 V-2 UL94 V-0 UL94 V-2
Pre-coating ATH with dispersant not only maintained the
flammability performance, but also improved it
Dispersing augments the ‘self-extinguishing’ nature of the filled
polymer
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16. Heat & Smoke Generation
Heat Release Rate (HRR) improved with the introduction of
dispersant
Rate of Smoke Release (RSR) was lowest in composition prepared
using starve coating
Dispersant coatings in general imparted better HRR and RSR to
EVA/ATH composite
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17. Flow Modification
Increase Flow Flow Control
Nylon chain extension: TPE plasticization:
• Productivity • Softness
• Mechanical properties • Flow
• Thermal properties • Productivity
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18. Thermoplastic Nylon
THHN & THHW Cables
• High/Low Tg chain extension
HIGH LOW
• Melt flow control & optimization
• Hydrophobicity & dielectric • Moisture content
properties
• Dial in MFR
• Recycled content
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19. Thermoplastic Elastomers
Flexible Wire
• Flexibility & softness
• Surface quality
• Relevant to:
- SBCs
- EVA
- Ethylene α-olefins
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20. Cray Valley HSC
• Leading global supplier of hydrocarbon resins, diene-based resins,
and specialty monomers
- Wingtack® and Norsolene® (C5 & C9 tackifiers)
- Poly bd®, KrasolTM, and Ricon® (low molecular weight liquid
polybutadiene resins)
- SMA® (styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer resins)
- DymalinkTM (metal centered monomers)
• Annual sales over $350 million and has more than 340 employees
worldwide
• Company’s more than 250 products are manufactured at 9 sites in 4
countries
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21. Cray Valley HSC
A Division of Total SA
Upstream Downstream Chemicals
• Oil & gas exploration • Trading & shipping • Base chemicals
• Production • Refining & marketing • Industrial & consumer
Focus
• Gas & power • Commodity & specialty market specialty
• Alternative energy fluids chemicals
Sales $24.6 $163.4 $23.2
(billion)
Employees 17,192 32,631 41,658
Total, a partner in your challenges
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22. Cray Valley HSC
Focus Markets
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23. Cray Valley
Global Presence
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Global HQ
v Regional HQ
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v Sales Office
v Research
v Manufacturing
Distribution Network
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24. Cray Valley HSC
•For additional information about Cray Valley, its products
or its work in Hydrocarbon Specialty Chemicals,
visit www.CVPolymerAdditives.com.
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