Water pollution is a significant environmental issue caused by the introduction of harmful contaminants into bodies of water, such as rivers, lakes, oceans, and groundwater. These contaminants can come from various sources, including industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, improper disposal of waste, and urban runoff. Water pollution can have severe consequences for aquatic ecosystems, wildlife, and human health. Here are some common sources and types of water pollution: Industrial Discharge: Factories and industrial facilities often release pollutants such as heavy metals, chemicals, and toxins into nearby water bodies. Agricultural Runoff: Pesticides, fertilizers, and animal waste from agricultural activities can wash into waterways, leading to contamination and eutrophication (excessive nutrient enrichment). Urban Runoff: Stormwater runoff from urban areas can carry pollutants like oil, grease, litter, and chemicals into rivers and oceans. Sewage and Wastewater: Untreated or poorly treated sewage and wastewater from households, businesses, and municipalities can contain pa

2. Water pollution and its
management
By,
Vishwajith
PALB5046
1st Ph.D.

3. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Types
• Causes
• Indicators
• Effects
• Management
• Conclusion

4. Water Pollution
Water Pollution occurs when energy and other
materials are released into the water,
contaminating the quality of it for other users.

5. • Petroleum hydrocarbons
• Plastics
• Paints and arsenics
• Heavy metals
• Sewage
• Radioactive waste
• Thermal effluents detergents
• Chloroform
• Food processing waste, (fats and grease)
• Insecticides and herbicides
• Petroleum hydrocarbons (gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuels and fuel oil)
• Lubricants (motor oil)
• From storm water runoff
Water Pollutants….

6. Types of water pollution
• Point source pollution
• Non point source
pollution

7. Types of water pollution
Surface water pollution
Ground water pollution
i. Microbiological pollution
microorganisms that thrives on water and
fishes that can cause illness to animals
and humans
ii. Oxygen Depletion pollution
microorganisms that in water and feeds on
biodegradable substances

8. Surface water pollution

9. Water Stagnation
• Occurs when water stops flowing
• Malaria and dengue are among the main dangers of stagnant
water.


10. Groundwater Pollution
• Pollutants usually enter groundwater when polluted
surface water percolates down from the Earth’s surface.
• Insecticides, herbicides, chemical fertilizer and petroleum
products are common groundwater pollutants. Other
sources of pollution include septic tanks, unlined landfills,
and industrial wastewater lagoons.

11. The sources of water pollution
Municipal Waste Water
Industrial Waste
Inorganic Pollutants
Organic Pollutants
Agricultural Wastes
Marine Pollution
Thermal pollution
 Radioactive Pollution

12. Bhardwaj, 2012

13. Causes
 Marine Dumping
 Industrial Waste
 Sewage, mainly from households
 Nuclear waste
 Oil pollution
 Underground storage leaks

14. Effects of Water Pollution
 Lower DO may be harmful to animals.
 Eutrophication.
 Bioaccumulation.
 Biomagnification.
 Minimata disease, Blue Baby Syndrome or Methaemoglobinemia
and Fluorosis
 Pesticides are harmful to aquatic life.
 Dyes and inorganic compounds induce colour change in animals

16. Effects on Environment
 Toxic water
 Thermal heating
 Our sources of water

17. Effects on human
 Diseases caused by:
Drinking contaminated
water
Swimming in polluted
water
Contact with
chemically polluted
water

18. Effects on birds and animals

19. Table 1: Range of water quality parameters during the years – 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 in river Ganga
(CPCB, 2013)

20. Fig 1 (a and b) BOD and DO scenario near dam region when different pollution loads were
given at three different zones (Riverine, Transitional and Lacustrine) of the reservoirs
(a) (b)
Prabhakar and Vaidya, 2015

21. Hypoxia
A phenomenon that occurs in aquatic environments as dissolved oxygen
(DO) becomes reduced in concentration to a point detrimental to aquatic
organisms living in the system.

22. Parameter World Health Organization
Fluoride 1.5 mg/l
Arsenic 10μg/l
Benzene 10μg/l
Boron 2.4mg/l
Cadmium 3 μg/l
Selenium 40 μg/l
Tetrachloroethene and Trichloroethene 40μg/l
Nitrate 50 mg/l
Chromium 50μg/l
Mercury 6 μg/l
Barium 700μg/l
Table 2. WHO standards for drinking water

23. Pramanik and Kuity, 2014

25. Table 3. Average chemical characteristics of irrigation water in Ratlam, Nagda,
and Bhopal
(Saha et al., 2014)
Table 4. Average concentration of major cations in wheat leaves
(flag leaf) from farmers' fields of polluted and unpolluted area

26. • 1.4 billion people do not have safe drinking
water
• 9,300 die daily from water-borne diseases
• Cost of $23 billion to bring safe drinking
water and sanitation to everyone over 8-10
years
(WHO, 2013)

27. Indicators
 Temperature
 Dissolved oxygen (O2) content
 pH
 Nitrate & phosphate levels
 Turbidity
 Various bio-indicators

28. What You Can Do

29. How do we prevent water pollution
• Turn off the tap when running water is not
necessary.
• Use environmentally household products.
• Avoid over dosage of pesticides and fertilisers
• Don’t throw the non degradable substances to
rivers, lakes or oceans.
• Pre-treatment of industrial waste water before
leaving to water bodies.

30. Participate in a clean up
Spread awareness

31. Rivers should not be used for
washing clothes or bathing animals in.
Harvesting of Rainwater to meet water
requirements.
Dams & embankments must be
created.
The rivers must not be contaminated.
The dead bodies, plastics and other
non degradable substances shouldn’t be
thrown in sea, lakes and rivers.
Conti…

32. General Methods for water
purification
• Physical Process: Filtration, Sedimentation
• Biological Processes: Slow Sand Filters, Activated
Sludge
• Chemical Processes: Flocculation, Chlorination
• Radiation: Ultraviolet Light
Clean Water Act 1972
Marine protection act, 1972
Safe Water Drinking Act 1974
Oil pollution prevention act 1990

35. Waste water treatment process
Sewage Primary
treatment
Secondary
treatment
Tertiary
treatment
Effluents
By screening using
Grit chambers,
skimming tanks,
sedimentation tanks.
(To remove plastic
and pieces of wood,
grit, grease, oil etc).
To remove 80 – 90%
of settlable solids).
By using Biological
filters, activated
sludge process.
Trickling filters
(To remove 45 – 50%
unstable organic
matter 80 – 90%
BOD5)
Disinfection
chlorination
iodination
Bromination
Ozone treatment
and UV rays
treatment.
Aeration and
used for
irrigation.
Aquaculture etc.
Disposal

36. Pawar et al., 2015
5

37. Desalination process

38. Suggestions to minimize water pollution
Prevent groundwater contamination.
Greatly reduce nonpoint runoff.
Reuse treated wastewater for irrigation.
Afforestration
Find substitutes for toxic pollutants.
Work with nature to treat sewage.
Practice four R's of resource use (refuse, reduce, recycle, reuse).
Reduce resource waste.
Reduce water, air and soil pollution.

39. Conclusion
The bad health effects on humans and animals
Polluted water is not good for irrigation, drink and for
all organisms that need water to survive
We should take steps to stop water pollution to save
our water reservoirs
We must all cooperate with one another to save our
fresh and marine life as much as possible.

40. THANK YOU!!!