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polluted soils - mined soils - characteristics and management.pptx
1. Lecture 19
Polluted soil - mine spoil – Characteristics, reclamation
and management
Ms. Glory K S
AP (SS&AC)
KRISAT
2. Mining industry
• It is next to agriculture industry
• In India an area of 683671 ha is
under mining leases in 19 states.
• Maximum in Rajasthan
• Mining refers to the activities that
extract ores or raw material from
earth both from surface as well as
subsurface.
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3. Types of mining
1. Open cast mining - refers to the deep excavation of earth lithosphere
in order to get the ores and raw materials.
2. Surface mining - refers to the excavation of minerals and ores from
the surface of the earth itself.
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4. Impacting of mining and quarrying
• Extensive damages to the surface land
• Destruction of flora and fauna
• Massive disfiguration of landscape
• Effect on human habitat and ecobalance
• Alteration in land use pattern
• Diversion of forest and agricultural lands
• Left ugly scar
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5. • Shifting of towns, roads, railway lines etc.
• Destruction of ground water table
• Posed danger to mining workers
• Flora and fauna affected
• Air pollution and disease to workers
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6. Rehabilitation procedures
• Preservation of top soil for vegetation
• Selection of proper sites for disposal
• Proper configuration of the disposal dump
• Soil conversation measures- leveling, soil compaction, bunding, furrowing,
trenching and mulching in reducing erosion and restoration of moisture
• Soil amendment- addition of pond slit or clay, organic manures. Inorganic
fertilizer
• Selection of plant material
• Planting techniques
• Water bodies
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7. Management
1. Rebuilding Soil Structure
• Gypsum is normally incorporated into soil at about 5-10 tonnes /ha.
• Application of gypsum results in replacement of sodium with calcium
on the soil exchange surfaces, which can improve the soil structure,
reduce surface crusting and increase water infiltration
• An exchangeable sodium proportion of greater than 6% can indicate
an unstable soil structure.
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8. 2. Management of Soil pH
• Application of lime in acidic soils
• Gravellia robusta, can be planted at acidic dumps (pH 3.6-3.9), which
increases the soil pH.
• Organic amendments such as woodchips, composted green waste or
manure, biosolids etc also increases the soil pH,
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9. 3. Increase Soil Fertility
• Saw dust and sewage sludge have been widely recognized as effective
short-term fertilizers and sources of long term slow release nitrogen,
besides serving as microbial inoculums.
• Organic wastes can increase the water holding capacity of mine spoils.
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10. 4. Afforestation measures
• Over burden of coal mine soil is sodic or
alkaline in nature.
• Vetiver is suitable to stabilize this soil suitably
even to the slope of 20% or more.
• Fresh gold tailing are sodic in nature, poor in
plant nutrients, high in sulphur and sodium.
But old tailing are highly acidic, poor in
nutrients and high in heavy metals.
• Bentonite tailing is sodic with high ESP
(>35%) and hence it is susceptible to erosion.
It is rich in sulphur and poor in nutrients.
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