POLISH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE №74 (74) (2024)

POLISH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
№74 (2024)
VOL. 1
ISSN 3353-2389
Polish journal of science:
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Editor in chief –J an Kamiński, Kozminski University
Secretary – Mateusz Kowalczyk
Agata Żurawska – University of Warsaw, Poland
Jakub Walisiewicz – University of Lodz, Poland
Paula Bronisz – University of Wrocław, Poland
Barbara Lewczuk – Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Andrzej Janowiak – AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
Frankie Imbriano – University of Milan, Italy
Taylor Jonson – Indiana University Bloomington, USA
Remi Tognetti – Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan, France
Bjørn Evertsen – Harstad University College, Norway
Nathalie Westerlund – Umea University, Sweden
Thea Huszti – Aalborg University, Denmark
Aubergine Cloez – Universite de Montpellier, France
Eva Maria Bates – University of Navarra, Spain
Enda Baciu – Vienna University of Technology, Austria
Also in the work of the editorial board are involved independent experts
1000 copies
POLISH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
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CONTENT
CHEMICAL SCIENCES
Obushenko T., Tolstopalova N.,
Sanginova O., Zahurska D., Grushevskyi O.
THE SOLVENT SUBLATION OF BROMPHENOL BLUE
FROM MODEL AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS.........................3
Farzaliyev V., Mammadova P., J
afarov S., Yusifzadeh G.,
Dadashova T., Soltanova Z., Almammadova A.
INVESTIGATION OF N-(2-AMINOETHYL)-2-
PHENOXYACETIC ACID AMIDE AS A BIOSIDE IN BAKU
BASE OILS ..................................................................10
MEDICAL SCIENCES
Afanasiuk O., Shmaliy V., Shushkovska Yu.
FEATURES OF THE COURSE OF INFECTIOUS
ENDOCARDITIS IN PEOPLE OF SENILE AGE (CLINICAL
CASES) .......................................................................15
Aliyeva E., Hasanova V., Abdulazimova G.
IMPROVING THE TECHNIQUE OF OBTAINING A
FUNCTIONAL IMPRESSION FROM THE LOWER JAW .19
Katamadze N., Kandashvili T., Noniashvili M.
INFLUENCE OF DYSBACTERIOSIS ON DYSPEPSIA IN
TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS........................................21
Rakhimova D., Alavi A., Nuritdinova S.
VENTILATION AND PERFUSION CONDITION OF
PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY
DISEASE AND PULMONARY HYPERTENSION .............26
PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Frolov I.
THE SEMANTICS OF SOUND SYMBOLISM IN LITERARY
TEXTS BASED ON THE POEM «THE RAVEN» BY EDGAR
ALLAN POE ................................................................31
Kim S., Khasanova P.
LEXICAL-SEMANTIC CLASSES OF ADJECTIVES IN THE
POEMS OF A.S. PUSHKIN AND THEIR GRAMMATICAL
PROPERTIES...............................................................34
PHYSICAL SCIENCES
Mehrabova M., Gulmemmedov K.,
Kochemirovskaya S., Mokhorov D.,
Novomlinsky M., Kochemirovsky V.
LASER LCLD CATALYSIS AS A METHOD FOR CREATING
NEW NANOMATERIALS FOR ELECTRONIC
TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIC SYNTHESIS. MINI
REVIEW......................................................................39
PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Honchar N.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INTERRELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN WOMEN'S ADAPTATION TO CRISIS
CONDITIONS AND LIFESTYLE.....................................50
TECHNICAL SCIENCES
Abubakar J., Abdullahi M.,
Aguwa J.I., Abbas B.A.
USE OF KUTA GRAVEL AS COARSE AGGREGATE FOR
SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE PRODUCTION ...................53
Suleimenova R., Mussin A.,
Sarkulov А., Shora Zh.
THE FIRST SUCCESSFUL MULTI-STAGE HYDRAULIC
FRACTURING WITH INSTALLATION OF THE ASSEMBLY
IN A CASED HOLE IN A VERTICAL WELL.....................61
Avrunin G., Podrigalo M.,
Podrigalo N., Moroz I.
DETERMINATION OF WORKING FLUID COSTS FOR
SUPPLY FRICTION VAPOR COOLING HYDROMOTOR-
WHEELS .....................................................................68
VETERINARY SCIENCES
Zamanbekov N., Azizov H., Turzhigitova Sh.,
Mukhametkaliev A., Umbetzhanov K.
THE EFFECT OF A COMPLEX PLANT EXTRACT ON THE
INDICATORS OF NONSPECIFIC RESISTANCE OF THE
BODY OF LAMBS WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASES.......74

POLISH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE № 74, 2024 3
CHEMICAL SCIENCES
ФЛОТОЕКСТРАКЦІЯ БРОМФЕНОЛОВОГО СИНЬОГО З МОДЕЛЬНИХ ВОДНИХ РОЗЧИНІВ
Обушенко Т.
старший викладач
Національний технічний університет України
«Київський політехнічний інститут імені Ігоря Сікорського»
Толстопалова Н.
кандидат технічних наук, доцент
доцент
Сангінова О.
кандидат технічних наук, доцент
доцент
Загурська Д.
студентка
Національний технічний університету України
Грушевський О.
студент
Національний технічний університету України
THE SOLVENT SUBLATION OF BROMPHENOL BLUE FROM MODEL AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Obushenko T.,
Senior Lecturer
National Technical University of Ukraine «Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute»
Tolstopalova N.,
PhD, Associate Professor
Sanginova O.,
PhD, Associate Professor
Zahurska D.,
student
Grushevskyi O.
student
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.11195202
Анотація
Досліджено флотоекстракційне видалення барвника бромфенолового синього із модельних розчинів,
що імітують стічні води. Визначено ефективність видалення барвника вивчали в залежності від: тривалості
флотоекстрагування, молярного співвідношення ПАР:Барвник, рН вихідного розчину, вихідної концент-
рації барвника, додавання деяких домішок, температури.
Abstract
Solvent sublations removal of bromophenol blue dye from model solutions simulating wastewater was inves-
tigated. The efficiency of dye removal was determined and studied depending on: duration of float extraction,
molar ratio of surfactant: dye, pH of the initial solution, initial concentration of the dye, addition of some impuri-
ties, temperature.
Ключові слова: флотоекстракція, стічні води, барвники.
Keywords: solvent sublation, wastewater, dyes.

4 POLISH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE № 74, 2024
Вступ. Утилізація та знешкодження стічних
вод становить одну з найважливіших екологічних
проблем сьогодення і в цьому напрямку напрацьо-
вано безліч різноманітних технологічних прийомів,
в основі яких покладено фізико-хімічні або біохімі-
чні процеси знешкодження компонентів стічних
вод.
Наразі, однією з актуальних проблем є очи-
щення стічних вод від органічних барвників, ток-
сичних по відношенню до живих організмів. Су-
часні синтетичні барвники зі складною хімічною
структурою не підлягають біохімічній деструкції у
водних системах. Саме тому, пошук методів, що до-
зволяють проводити ефективне видалення барвни-
ків зі стічних вод та їх подальшу регенерацію, є од-
ним з основних напрямків розвитку технологій очи-
щення.
У поверхневі природні водойми з промисло-
вими стічними водами надходить така велика кіль-
кість барвників, що вони стають істотною перешко-
дою для життєдіяльності мікробіонтів. Присутність
барвників викликає серйозні утруднення при очи-
щенні стічних вод. Значна частина барвників, вико-
ристовуваних у промисловості, може практично в
незмінному виді проходити через установки біохі-
мічного окиснення, викликаючи необхідність до-
очищення. Ситуація забруднення цими полютан-
тами залишається складною, оскільки більшість си-
стем очистки стічних вод знаходяться на низькому
рівні та не відповідають вимогам міжнародних ста-
ндартів.
Отже, недосконалість існуючих технологій зу-
мовлює необхідність пошуку альтернативних мето-
дів, які б забезпечували необхідний ступінь вилу-
чення барвника, його концентрування з можливі-
стю подальшої регенерації та отримання очищеної
води для повторного використання. При такому пі-
дході одним з перспективних методів очищення
стічних вод від барвників є метод флотоекстракції.
Флотоекстракція – технологія, що вперше була
представлена як удосконалений метод йонної фло-
тації, який виключає можливість піноутворення.
Даний метод забезпечує одночасне розділення і
концентрування і є ефективним при очищенні стіч-
них вод від органічних та неорганічних полютантів.
Флотоекстракції має наступні переваги: 1) висока
ефективність розділення; 2) високий концентрацій-
ний коефіцієнт; 3) низька доза органічного розчин-
ника; 4) м’якість процесу сепарації; 5) простота об-
ладнання.
Метою даної роботи є дослідження закономір-
ностей та механізму утворення сублату при процесі
флотоекстракції барвників аніонного типу на прик-
ладі бромфенолового синього (БФС) та визначення
оптимальних умов проведення процесу.
Незважаючи на минулі напрацювання вчених
при вивченні даної технології, і досі залишається
чимало нерозглянутих аспектів, що стосуються
флотоекстракційного вилучення барвників, тому є
доцільним подальше дослідження даної тематики.
Методика проведення дослідження. Опис ла-
бораторної установки, методики проведення експе-
риментальних досліджень надано в наших попере-
дніх роботах [1-3]. Аналіз залишкової концентрації
барвника проводили методом молекулярної абсор-
бційної спектрофотометрії у видимій області, зали-
шкової концентрації ПАР – методом молекулярної
абсорбційної спектрофотометрії в УФ-області.
Результати досліджень та їх аналіз.
Залежність ступеню видалення барвника від
тривалості флотоекстрагування. В ході експери-
менту визначали характер зміни ступеню вилу-
чення бромфенолового синього в часі (рисунок 1).
Досліди проводили в інтервалі від 5 до 30 хв.
Рисунок 1. Зміна ефективності вилучення БФС в часі.
Як видно з наведеної залежності, раціональна
тривалість флотоекстрагування даного барвника
становить 15 хв, що дає змогу вилучити 97,5% по-
лютанту. Зі збільшенням тривалості процесу від 5
до 15 хв різко збільшується ступінь вилучення бар-
вника. При подальшому проведенні процесу ефек-
тивність вилучення припиняє зростати.
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
t, хв
x

Залежність ступеню вилучення барвника від
молярного співвідношення ПАР:Барвник. Як ві-
домо, БФС належить до кислотних барвників і у во-
дних розчинах перебуває переважно в аніонній фо-
рмі. Для зв’язування даної сполуки у іонний асоціат
необхідний протилежно заряджений збирач. Тому у
роботі досліджувався вплив на ефективність вилу-
чення даного полютанту таких катіонних ПАР як
гексадецилпіридиній хлорид (ГПХ) та гексадецил-
триметиламоній бромід (ГТМАБ).
ПАР разом з барвником утворює гідрофобний
комплекс, який взаємодіє з пухирцями газу, підій-
мається до границі розподілу фаз «вода-органічна
сполука» і розчиняється в органічній фазі.
Результати досліджень представлені на рису-
нку 2.
Рисунок 2. Залежність ступеню вилучення бромфенолового синього від співвідношення ПАР:Барвник в
залежності від ПАР.
Як видно з рисунку 2 більш ефективною є дія
ГПХ, оскільки при співвідношеннях з барвником
1:1 та 1,5:1 він забезпечує на 6% вищі ступені вилу-
чення полютанту (97% проти 91%), а при співвід-
ношеннях 2:1 та 2,5:1 ступені вилучення перевищу-
ють відповідні при використанні ГТАБ на 2,5%
(97,5% проти 95%). Це пояснюється більшою спо-
рідненістю ГПХ до бромфенолового синього, у по-
рівнянні з ГТАБ, за рахунок наявності в його стру-
ктурі піридинового кільця.
Встановлено, що при використанні ГПХ опти-
мальним є двохкратний надлишок ПАР у відно-
шенні до БФС, що забезпечує максимальний сту-
пінь вилучення БФС – 97,5%, а, отже, мінімальний
залишковий вміст барвника. В діапазоні нижчих
молярних співвідношень ГПХ:Барвник від 1:1 до
1,5:1 ступінь вилучення бромфенолового синього
не досягає максимуму, ймовірно, за рахунок непов-
ного формування йонного комплексу ПАР-
Барвник. Однак при співвідношенні вищому, ніж
2,5:1 ефективність вилучення також зменшується,
що можна пояснити конкуруванням надлишку ПАР
з комплексом ПАР-Барвник за місце на поверхні
пухирця. Було проведено так званий “холостий” до-
слід, в ході якого встановлено, що ГПХ при відсут-
ності БФС флотоекстрагується з ефективністю
98%, що свідчить про здатність ПАР конкурувати
за адсорбційні центри на газовому пухирці. Надли-
шок ПАР також може призводити до емульгування
ізопентанолу, за рахунок чого комплекс ПАР-
барвник в органічній фазі поступово повертається
назад у водну фазу, повторно забруднюючи її.
При використанні в якості збирача ГТАБ опти-
мальним є співвідношення ГТАБ:БС 2,5:1, ступінь
вилучення при цьому становить 95%. Тенденції до
спаду ефективності вилучення при співвідношен-
нях ГТАБ:БС 1:1…2:1 та 4:1 пояснюються так само,
як і у випадку з ГПХ.
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
0 1 2 3 4
ПАР:барвник (мольне відношення)
x
ГПХ ГТАБ

Залежність процесу флотоекстракції бром-
фенолового синього від рН водної фази. Вивчався
вплив рН водної фази на ступінь вилучення БФС.
Результати наведені на рисунку 3.
Рисунок 3. Вплив рН на ступінь видалення бромфенолового синього.
ПАР–ГПХ, співвідношення ПАР:барвник 2:1, тривалість 15 хв.
Встановлено, що рН водної фази слабко впли-
ває на ступінь вилучення бромфенолового синього,
на противагу літературним даним [4].
Як видно з рисунку 3, найвищий ступінь вида-
лення забруднювача спостерігається при рН 1,1 –
97,5%. Зростання рН водної фази все ж дещо змен-
шує ефективність процесу флотоекстракції і при рН
12 спостерігається мінімальний з поміж усіх отри-
маних для даної серії дослідів ступінь вилучення –
х = 96%. Ймовірно, це є наслідком того, що у луж-
ному середовищі катіонні ПАР перебувають у мо-
лекулярному вигляді та є менш розчинними. До
того ж ОН-іони у певній мірі є конкурентами аніону
барвника утвореного комплексу, що також дещо
погіршує ефективність процесу.
Залежність ефективності очищення від вихі-
дної концентрації барвника. Як відомо, у стічній
воді текстильних виробництв концентрація кислот-
них барвників сягає 10 мг/дм3
[5]. Проте також слід
розглянути закономірності флотоекстракційного
очищення стічних вод і при інших вихідних конце-
нтраціях бромфенолового синього. Результати екс-
перименту наведено на рисунку 4.
Рисунок 4. Залежність ступеню вилучення від вихідної концентрації бромфенолового синього при різних
об’ємах екстрагенту.
0,92
0,93
0,94
0,95
0,96
0,97
0,98
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
pH
x
x=f(pH) x=f(pH) паралельний
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40
C вих., мг/дм
3
х,
%
V (ізопент.)=5 см3 V (ізопент.)=8 см3

Як видно з рисунка 4, при використанні екст-
рагента у об’ємі 5 см3
в діапазоні нижчих вихідних
концентрацій БФС – 8…12 мг/дм3
простежується
тенденція до зниження ступеню вилучення зі змен-
шенням початкової кількості полютанту. Це може
бути пояснене тим, що чим нижча кількість забру-
дненої речовини, тим важче вона видаляється.
Проте при вищих вихідних концентраціях – на про-
міжку 16…35 мг/дм3
простежується протилежна за-
кономірність. Причиною цього є неспроможність
органічного шару в об’ємі 5 см3
повністю вилучити
утворений комплекс ГПХ:БС, що підтверджується
візуальними спостереженнями: прослідковувалось
збереження часткової каламутності розчину після
процесу очищення та однаковий ступінь насичено-
сті за барвником шару ізопентанолу в останніх
трьох зразках.
Надалі перевіряли можливість підвищення
ефективності процесу шляхом збільшення об’єму
екстрагенту до 8 см3
(рисунок 4). Результати пока-
зали, що при цьому ступінь вилучення полютанту
навпаки зменшується. Причиною може слугувати
зміна гідродинамічного режиму у колонці при зро-
станні товщини органічного шару. Як наслідок,
зменшується турбулізація системи, збільшується
опір фаз, який важче подолати пухирцям при тій же
витраті газу, погіршується масоперенесення.
Тому єдиним дієвим варіантом збільшення
ефективності перебігу очищення при вищих вихід-
них концентраціях барвника є застосування багато-
ступеневої флотоекстракції.
Вплив додавання до системи негідрофобної ор-
ганічної речовини. Для більш повного вивчення
процесу флотоекстрагування кислотних барвників
на прикладі етилового спирту досліджувався вплив
введення у систему негідрофобної органічної спо-
луки. Результати досліду показані на рисунку 5.
Рисунок 5. Залежність ступеню вилучення бромфенолового синього від кількості доданого етанолу.
Як видно з графіка, в цілому, додавання етило-
вого спирту не чинить суттєвого впливу на флото-
екстракцію, лише при введенні його у кількості 5
см3
, що відповідає мольній частці 0,086, спостеріга-
ється деяке підвищення ефективності очищення –
98,7% (проти 98% у всіх інших випадках).
Підвищення ступеню вилучення барвника
може бути пояснене тим, що додавання етанолу
значно змінює властивості пухирців, і при введенні
його у систему спостерігається більша кількість
дрібніших пухирців, ніж у разі його відсутності. За
рахунок того, що етанол є слабкою поверхнево-ак-
тивною речовиною, він частково знижує поверхне-
вий натяг води, перешкоджаючи зростанню пухир-
ців до більших розмірів.
Більш дрібні пухирці забезпечують більшу
площу поверхні на одиницю об’єму повітря, що ін-
тенсифікує масоперенесення сублату від рідкої
фази до пухирця. В той же час, як було зазначено
раніше, менші пухирці володіють нижчими швид-
костями підняття, що також позитивно впливає на
процес очищення.
Вплив введення до системи хлориду калію. Для
кращого дослідження механізму процесу і підтвер-
дження процесу утворення сублату слід ввести у
систему електроліт з досить великим і активним ка-
тіоном. Найбільш підходящим є KCl. Отримані ре-
зультати представлені на рисунку 6.
0,9
0,91
0,92
0,93
0,94
0,95
0,96
0,97
0,98
0,99
1
0 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08 0,09 0,1
N (C2H5OH), м.ч.
x

Рисунок 6. Залежність ступеню вилучення БС від концентрації електроліту у розчині.
Графік показує, що зростання концентрації
KCl призводить до поступового зниження ступеню
вилучення бромфенолового синього, що корелює із
результатами попередніх досліджень [1]. Причина
полягає у тому, що йон K+
конкурує з катіоном це-
тилпірилинію і призводить до руйнування сублату,
що описується за рівнянням:
HP В K Cl K B HP Cl
+ − + + + −
− −
⎯⎯
→
⎯
⎯
+ +
де HP В
+ −
- комплекс ГП-БС.
Таким чином, згідно принципу Ле Шательє,
зростання концентрації KCl зсуває рівновагу в бік
зменшення кількості молей комплексу ГП-БФС во-
дної фази за рахунок його розкладання, що і погір-
шує ефективність очищення.
Залежність ступеню вилучення від темпера-
тури. Температура належить до визначальних фак-
торів процесу флотоекстракції. Тому важливим є
дослідження впливу даного параметру на ефектив-
ність флотоекстрагування сублату. Результати екс-
перименту наведені на рисунку 7.
Рисунок 7. Залежність ступеню вилучення БС від температури.
Графік показує, що оптимальною температу-
рою процесу флотоекстракції даного барвника є
283К (10о
С), при цьому ступінь вилучення стано-
вить 97,5 %.
Отриманий характер залежності свідчить, що
зростанні температури до 288К (15о
С) і вище зумо-
влює значене погіршення процесу очищення. Ймо-
вірно, причиною зменшення ступеню вилучення є
нестійкість досить великої за розмірами молекули
сублату до дії вищих від 283К температур. До того
ж, однією з ключових стадій флотоекстракції є ад-
сорбція утвореного комплексу ПАР:барвник на по-
верхні пухирця, що є екзотермічним процесом,
80
85
90
95
100
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6
C(KCl), mg/dm3
х,
%
0,82
0,84
0,86
0,88
0,9
0,92
0,94
0,96
0,98
1
275 280 285 290 295 300 305
T ,K
х

тому підвищення температури несприятливо впли-
ває на даний процес і навпаки сприяє десорбції.
В свою чергу, погіршення ефективності вилу-
чення БФС при нижчих температурах – 278 К (5о
С)
можна пояснити двома чинниками. Першим є зрос-
танням поверхневого натягу водної та органічної
фаз. При збільшенні поверхневого натягу води на
дні колонки генеруються пухирці більшого роз-
міру, що, як було показано вище, негативно впливає
на процес очищення барвника. Зростання ж повер-
хневого натягу органічного шару ускладнює процес
перетину границі поділу фаз пухирцями, що погір-
шує масоперенесення сублату.
Другим фактором є зниження розчинності реа-
ктантів при зменшенні температури, внаслідок чого
відбувається неповне утворення комплексу ГП-
БФС, що погіршує ефективність очищення.
Визначення залишкової концентрації ГПХ вод-
ної фази. Оскільки ГПХ має катіонну природу і ха-
рактеризується підвищеною небезпекою (чинить
сильну дестабілізуючу дію на мембрани клітин та
спричиняє генні мутації), його ГДК у стічних водах
строго лімітується і становить 0,012 мг/дм3
. Для
того, щоб перевірити чи залишкова концентрація
ГПХ водної фази після флотоекстракції не переви-
щує встановлених норм, було приготовано серію
калібрувальних розчинів та знято їх спектри в УФ-
діапазоні. Розрахунки показали, що у вихідній
пробі води концентрація ГПХ при вихідній концен-
трації БФС 0,0149 ммоль/дм3
(10 мг/дм3
) становила
3·10-5
моль/дм3
. Після проведення флотоекстракції
за оптимальних умов при рН 1,1 було знято спектр
очищеної водної фази та за інтенсивністю піків
встановлено, що залишкова концентрація ГПХ вод-
ного зразку дорівнювала 1,75·10-5
моль/дм3
або
0,0063 мг/дм3
, що майже вдвічі менше від ГДК.
Висновки. Встановлено, що процес очищення
від БФС слід проводити при наступних умовах: 1)
поверхнево-активна речовина – гексадецилпіриди-
ній хлорид; 2) екстрагент – ізопентанол в кількості
5 см3
(для колонки діаметру 33 мм та об’єму вихід-
ного розчину 250 см3
); 3) рН 1,1.
Додавання хлориду калію погіршує ефектив-
ність очищення, тоді як при введенні етанолу у кі-
лькості 0,086 мольних часток спостерігається під-
вищення ефективності очищення.
При оптимальних умовах і вихідній концент-
рації бромфенолового синього 10 мг/дм3
в ході екс-
перименту досягались ступені вилучення барвника
97,5%...98,5%, що відповідає його залишковим кон-
центраціям 0,25…0,15 мг/дм3
, які не перевищують
ГДК (0,25 мг/дм3
). Якщо вихідна концентрація бар-
вника сягає 16…35 мг/дм3
необхідно застосовувати
багатоступеневе флотоекстрагування.
Залишкова концентрація ПАР у водній фазі
становить 0,0063 мг/дм3
, що майже вдвічі менше
від його ГДК (0,012 мг/дм3
).
Список літератури
1. Obushenko, T., Tolstopalova, N., Baranuk, N.
(2018). The solvent sublation of bromocresol green
from waters solutions. Technology Audit and Produc-
tion Reserves, 2(3(40), 48–53.
2. Obushenko T., Sanginova O., Tolstopalova
N., Reminna K. (2019). Simulation of solvent sublation
process to forecast the amount of removed dyes, Вода
і водоочисні технології. Науково-технічні вісті,
1(24), 25-33.
3. Obushenko, T., Tolstopalova, N., Sanginova,
O., Yuzupkina, Y. (2022). Determination of the
influence of basic parameters on the solvent sublation
of anionic dye. Technology Audit and Production
Reserves, 2 (3 (64)), 17–24.
4. Lu Y. The Removal of Bromphenol Blue from
Water by Solvent Sublation / Y. Lu, Y. Wang, X. Zhu.
// Separation Science and Technology. – 2001. – №36.
– С. 3763 – 3776.
5. Periyasamy A.P. Recent Advances in the
Remediation of Textile-Dye-Containing Wastewater:
Prioritizing Human Health and Sustainable Wastewater
Treatment //Sustainability. – 2024. – V. 16, P. 495-536.

INVESTIGATION OF N-(2-AMINOETHYL)-2-PHENOXYACETIC ACID AMIDE AS A BIOSIDE IN
BAKU BASE OILS
Farzaliyev V.,
Dr. of Chemical Sciences,
The Institute of Chemistry of Additives
named after Academician A. Guliyev, Baku, Azerbaijan
Mammadova P.,
Dr. of Chemical Sciences
Institute of Chemistry of Additives
Jafarov S.,
junior researcher
Yusifzadeh G.,
Researcher
Dadashova T.,
Researcher
Soltanova Z.,
Researcher
Naghiyeva E.,
Dr. of Chemical Sciences,
Almammadova A.
Researcher
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.11195208
Abstract
In order to prevent the rapid development of microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) that have a negative effect
on the quality of lubricating oils, the synthesis of organic compounds containing various functional groups and
their research as biocides are relevant.
In the article, an organic compound synthesized at the Institute of Additives Chemistry - amide of N-(2-
aminoethyl)-2-phenoxyacetic acid - has been extensively studied as a biocidal additive in Baku base oils. Taking
into account that this compound is soluble in oil, its biocide property was studied in M-8 Eastern oil, and also
comparative physico-chemical parameters were studied in the composition of samples in new lubricant composi-
tions of biocide taken at a concentration of 0.25-0.5% of M-14ГБ motor oil used in marine diesels.
Based on the results obtained, it was established that the addition of N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-phenoxycircic acid
amide as biocide to the composition of oil samples does not adversely affect the indicators of important physico-
chemical and operational properties of the lubricant composition of M-14ГБ motor oil, while protecting them from
the negative effects of bacteria and fungi.
Keywords: synthesis, base oil, biocide, lubricant composition, additive, operational properties, biological
sustainability.
In the operation of modern machines and mecha-
nisms, when they are stored for a long time, when they
are transported, as well as when they are exposed to bi-
ological damage, their protection by means of various
biocides is one of the urgent problems [1].
It should be noted that oil and oil products are sen-
sitive to microbiological effects. When they are stored
for a long time, when they are transported, as well as
during operation, they are exposed to the negative in-
fluence of microorganisms and suffer microbiological
damage. The main microorganisms that cause biologi-
cal damage to lubricating oils are: bacteria of the genera
Pseudomonas, Nicrococcis, Mycobacterium and also
Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Repicillum, Alternaria,
Aerugenosa and Cladosporium fungi.
In order to prevent the rapid development of mi-
croorganisms (bacteria and fungi) that have a negative
effect on the quality of lubricating oils, various chemi-
cal substances are being synthesized, and organic com-
pounds containing new functional groups are being
studied as biocides. Research conducted in the field of

studying the biocidal properties of synthesized organic
compounds confirms the possibility of creating effec-
tive additive compositions against biodamage [2,3].
In the article, extensive studies amide of N-(2-
aminoethyl)-2-phenoxyacetic acid synthesized at the
Institute of Additive Chemistry as a biocide were car-
ried out in Baku and Eastern base oils.
The amide of N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-phenoxyacetic
acid was synthesized from the interaction of phenoxy-
acetic acid with ethylenediamine in a toluene medium
at a temperature of 109-110°C in the presence of a p-
toluenesulfonic acid catalyst.
The chemical reaction and methodology of the
synthesis are given below:
C6H5OCH2COOH + H2NCH2CH2NH2
H O
-
C6
H5
OCH2
CON-CH2
CH2
NH2
H
p-t.s.k
2
where C6H5OCH2COOH - phenoxyacetic acid;
H2NCH2CH2 H2 – ethylenediamine.
The 3-necked flask equipped with a Dino-Stark
stirrer, thermometer, dropping funnel and reflux con-
denser. 7.6 g (0.05 mol) of phenoxyacetic acid, 0.6 g of
catalyst p-toluene sulfonic acid, 120 ml of toluene are
heated in the flask, then 3 g (0.05 mol) of ethylenedia-
mine is added little by little. The reaction is carried out
at a temperature of 109-110 0
C for 5 hours until com-
plete water separation. As a result, 0.9 ml of water is
separated. After the water is removed, the residue has a
crystalline appearance. As a continuation of the pro-
cess, flammable crystals are again boiled in solvent -
benzene, filtered through filter paper and allowed to
crystallize. The crystals are light brown. The yield of
the substance is 8 g (82.5 %). Melting point 110 0
C,
gross formula C10H14O2N2 .
The presence of functional groups in the synthe-
sized compound allows us to make a certain opinion
about the fact that this compound has different func-
tional properties as an additive. In this regard, in order
to study the research areas of the obtained compounds,
their functional properties (effect against microbes,
corrosion, corrosion) in oil and lubricant coolants were
studied.
The anti-biodegradability effect of synthesized
compounds has been tested in M-8 oil, synthetic oil and
lubricating-cooling fluids. Tests were carried out on
ГОСТ 9.052-88, ГОСТ 9.082-77, ГОСТ 9.085-78 in
M-8 and synthetic oil (1-0.25%), for lubricating and
cooling liquids (0.5-0.25%), respectively. The tests
were carried out using pure cultures of microorganisms
widely distributed in petroleum products and aggres-
sively damaging them.
Meat extract B agar was chosen for bacteria, and
malt extract agar was chosen for fungi.
Pseudomanas aerugenosa, Mycobacterium lacti-
colium, and Mycobacterium phlei, Pseudomonas aeru-
genosa, and Staphulococcus aureus bacteria were found
in oil.
Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Pen-
icillium cyclopium were taken in oil for fungi, and As-
pergillus niger, Chaetomium globosum, Cladosporium
gossipicola, Cladosporium resinal were taken for lubri-
cant-cooling liquid
Planting of microorganisms is carried out on the
surface of the nutrient medium. To determine the zone
of destruction of microorganisms, 4-5 holes with a di-
ameter of 10 mm and a depth of 4-5 mm are opened on
the medium surface with a sterilized stick. Oil without
biocide and with biocide and a percentage solution of
lubricating coolant is added to these holes. Petri bowls
are kept in thermostat at a temperature of 28±2°C for
24 hours for bacteria in lubricating-cooling liquids, 5-7
days for fungi, 2-3 days for bacteria in oils, 5-7 days for
fungi.The effectiveness of the antimicrobial property of
the studied compound is determined by the size of the
diameter (in cm) of the zone of destruction of microor-
ganisms (with or without additives). The larger the
zone, the higher the antimicrobial property of the addi-
tive.
The biocide efficacy of the synthesized compound
was tested in lubricating-cooling liquids, M-8, M-14ГБ
and synthetic oil, and its results were given. The amide
of N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-phenoxyacetic acid has fungi-
cidal properties in all 3 indicators.Table 1.
Table 1.
Investigation of antimicrobial properties the Amide of N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-phenoxyacetic acid as a biocide in
different oils
Combinations
Microorganisms destruction zone diameter, sm
Biocide concentration,%
Bacteria
(Meat extract B Agar)
Fugi
(malt extract agar)
C10H14O2N2 + lubricating-cooling liquids
0.5
0.25
+ +
+ +
1, 6-1,7
1, 4-1,5
C10H14O2N2 + Synthetic oil
1.0
0.5
+ +
+ +
1, 4-1,5
1, 2-1,3
C10H14O2N 2 + M-8 East oil
1.0
0.5
+ +
+ +
1, 3-1,4
1, 1-1,2
C10H14O2N 2 + M-14ГБ
1.0
0.5
+ +
+ +
1.2-1.3
1.1-1.2
Сontrol
Lubricating-cooling liquids
M-8 East oil
Synthetic oil
M-14ГБ motor oil
With out biocide
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
++
++
++
*
C10H14O2N2 - N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-phenoxyacetic acid amide, biocide

As can be seen from Table 1, the best result - as a
result of the inclusion of biocide in fuel lubricants (lu-
bricating-cooling liquids) at a concentration of 0.5%
(the diameter of the zone of destruction of fungi is 1.6-
1.7 cm, and the addition of 0.25% - 1, 4-1.5 cm) is ob-
tained. However, increasing the concentration of bio-
cide in synthetic oil and M-8 oil (when adding 1.0%)
makes the diameter of the fungal destruction zone 1.4-
1.5 cm. These results are considered satisfactory and
confirm that phenoxyacetic acid ethylenediamine urea
has fungicidal properties.
Taking into account that the synthesized substance
is soluble in both oils, its effect as a biocide in M-8 East
oil was studied and the main physico-chemical and op-
erational indicators were determined. (Table 2.) As it
can be seen, the main quality indicators of the sample
of M-8 East oil with biocide were not changed. Thus, it
was determined that adding it to the oil at a concentra-
tion of (0.25-0.5%) does not have a negative effect on
the main physico-chemical parameters of the oil.
Table 2.
Amide of N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-phenoxyacetic acid on M-8 East base oilcomparative study
Indicators
Examples
Test method
M-8 East oil
M-8 East oil +
0.25% Biocide *
Kinematic viscosity, mm 2
/s
40 0
C
100 0
C
60,62
7.67
60,61
7.64
GOST 33
ASTM D445
Viscosity index 88 89
GOST 25371
ASTM D2270
Ignition temperature set in open put, 0
C 238 239 ASTM D92
Freezing temperature, 0
C Minus 36 Minus 36
GOST 20502
Method A,
according to option 2
Dynamic viscosity,
mPa/s, 0
C
Minus 15 0
C
Minus 20 0
C
6804
23431
6804
23431
ASTM D 5293
Corrosivity,
in lead plates, g/m 2 212.0 210.0
GOST 11362
ASTM D 7394
Persistence based on sedimentation in-
duction period, 30 hours
0.5 0.5
GOST 20284
ASTM D 1500
Tribological properties:
Scraping index, Si
Crisis load, Pb
Welding load, Pq
Eating diameter Dy
310N
88N
784N
1.00mm
457N
588N
980N
0.46mm
GOST 9490
ASTM D 2266
*
Biocide - amide of N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-phenoxyacetic acid
A new lubricant composition of M-14ГБ oil was
created by adding OLOA-9999 of the foreign multi-
functional additive package to the M-10 base oil ob-
tained from the compound of M-8 East oil and M-13.0
Baku base oil: Viscoplex-2-670 – viscosity additive
(Germany, "Evonik"), OLOA-9999 - multifunctional
additive package (USA, "Oronite"), Lubrizol-6446 -
detergent-dispersant additive (USA, "Lubrizol"), Vis-
coplex-5-309 - low freezing temperature release de-
pressant additive, ПМС-200А (Russia) – polyme-
thylsiloxane, antifoaming additive [4].
The created lubricant composition fully meets the
requirements of GOST 12337-84 for M-14ГБ oil. By
adding biocide in the amount of 0,25% to this lubricant
composition, an effective lubricant composition against
biodamage was prepared and their physico-chemical
and operational indicators were studied. (Table 3.)

Table 3.
Amide of N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-phenoxyacetic acid comparative study of M-14 ГБ lubricant composition
The name of indicators
Base oil M-10
(M-8 East+M-13,0 Baku (45:55)
Test method
Biocide free
With 0.25% Bio-
cide *
0,8%V *
-2-670
2,0%OLOA-9999
0,25%Lz-6446
0.5% V *
-5-309
0.003% ПМС-
200А
0,8%V *
-2-670
2,0%OLOA-9999
0.25% Lz-6446
0.5% V *
-5-309
0.003%ПМС-200А
Kinematic viscosity, mm 2
/s
40 0
C
100 0
C
139,7
14,36
138,8
14,32
GOST 33
ASTM D 445
Viscosity index 101 101
GOST 25371
ASTMD 2270
Corrosion, on GOST 3778 in lead plates of
C1 or C2, g/m2 There is no There is no
GOST 20502
Method A,
according to op-
tion 2
Alkali number, mgKOH/1g oil 6.0 6.4
GOST 11362
ASTMD 7394
Sulfate ash , % , 0.784 0.752
GOST 12417
ASTM D 95
Color, in the colorimeter ЦНТ 4.0 5.0
GOST 20284
ASTMD 1500
*
Biocide - amide of N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-phenoxyacetic acid
*
V- Viscoplex polymethacrylate additives
It was determined that the inclusion of N-(2-ami-
noethyl)-2-phenoxyacetic acid amide as a biocide in the
lubricant composition did not cause any changes in the
physico-chemical and operational properties of the oil,
and all the physico-chemical and operational indicators
of the lubricant composition remained at the same level.
Based on the conducted research, we have devel-
oped a new bio-resistant lubricant composition of the
well-known M-14ГБ engine oil against biodamage.
M-14ГБ motor oil is widely used in marine die-
sels. In 2017, scientists of the institute received an
Azerbaijani patent for this oil .[ 5]This the effectiveness
of motor oil is explained by the additives used in its
composition: detergent-dispersant, multifunctional ad-
ditive against oxidation and corrosion - AKI-130 (car-
bonated calcium salt of the condensation product of al-
kylphenol with formaldehyde and ammonia); dispers-
ing-neutralizing additive C-250 (colloidal dispersion of
calcium carbonate and hydroxide stabilized with cal-
cium sulfonate in И-20А oil); anti-oxidation, corrosion
and corrosion additive -A-22 (dialkyldithiophosphate
solution in mineral oil); polymethacrylate viscosity ad-
ditive - Viscoplex-2-670; polymethacrylate-type addi-
tive, depressant - Viscoplex-5-309; antifoam additive,
polymethylsiloxane – ПМС-200А (sample I) .
M-14ГБ engine oil is used in marine diesels in a
complex operating mode and is more sensitive to bio-
logical damage, which made the creation of its bio-sus-
tainable lubricant composition urgent. Therefore, a new
bio-sustainable lubricant composition was created by
adding the newly synthesized substance as a biocide in
the amount of 0.25% (sample 2).
Sample I. Base oil M-10 (Baku); add-on package:
3.7% AKI-130; 1.4% С-250; 0.9% A-22;
0.8% Viscoplex 2-670; 0.4% Viscoplex 5-309;
0.003% ПМС-200А.
Sample II. Base oil M-10 (Baku); add-on pack-
age:
3.7% AKI-130; 1.4% С-250; 0.9% A-22;
0.8% Viscoplex 2-670; 0.25% Biocide *
, 0.4%
Viscoplex 5-309;
0.003% ПМС-200А.
*
Biocide - amide of N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-phenox-
yacetic acid

Table 4.
Comparative study of М-14ГБ commercial motor oil, known oil and new bio-sustainable lubricant composition
Indicators
М-14ГБ motor
oil
Examples
Example 1 Example 2
Kinematic viscosity , mm 2
/s,
100 0
C
13.5±14.5 13.9 14.0
Viscosity index 90 92 91
Alkaline number , mgKOH/1g oil 5.9-6.6 8.0 8.0
Sulfate ash , % 1.6-1.75 0.81 0.80
Mass quantity of mechanical mixture, % 0.01 0.008 0.01
Ignition temperature in open put
Appointment, 0
C
220 237 23 6
Freezing temperature, 0
C Minus 10 Minus 15 Minus 15
Corrosiveness, in lead plates, g /m2
There is no There is no There is no
Washing property by ПЗВ method, point - 0 0
Durability based on the induction cycle of pre-
cipitate formation, 50 hours
Continue
brings
Continue
brings
Continue brings
Color in ЦНТ colorimeter , ЦНТ unit ( diluted
(15:85)
It is not normal-
ized
4.0 4, 0
Laundry potential , 250 0
C, % - 85 85
As can be seen from the table, the addition of bio-
cide to the M-14ГБ lubricant composition not only en-
sures its anti-biodegradability effect, but also does not
adversely affect the quality indicators of this oil.
References
1. Evdokimov A.Yu., Fuks I.G. Oblashchikova
I.R. Environmental aspects of chemical lubricants M.:
Oil and gas, 2001, c.197.
2. Ermolenko Z.M., Shtuchnaya G.V., Mar-
tovetskaya I.A. // Physiological, ultrastructural and
morpho-population features of Mycobacterium flaves-
ceus bacteria, which utilize oil and petroleum products
/ Biotechnology, 1996, No. 5, p. 17-24.
3. Melnikov V.N. Technology of biocidal pro-
cessing of lubricating oils // Сб. scientist _ tr. /
СПГАУ. 2001.
4. Additives company Rohmax Evonik Industries,
2008, www.rohmax.com
5. Patent of Azerbaijan I 20170015.

MEDICAL SCIENCES
FEATURES OF THE COURSE OF INFECTIOUS ENDOCARDITIS IN PEOPLE OF SENILE AGE
(CLINICAL CASES)
Afanasiuk O.,
Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor of Higher Education
National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya
Shmaliy V.,
Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor of Higher Education
Shushkovska Yu.
Lecturer at the Department of internal medicine №3
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.11195222
Abstract
Clinical cases of infective endocarditis are presented in the article, features of the course in patients of senile
age are considered. The course of this pathology is quite well studied, however, in the elderly there are many
diagnostic features associated with age-related changes in the body, degenerative transformation of the valves,
which significantly complicates the visualization of vegetations and distorts the results of echocardiography and
the presence of comorbid pathology. The presented clinical cases indicate the peculiarities of the course of infec-
tive endocarditis in patients of senile age, both women and men. In the first case, infectious endocarditis was
manifested by decompensation of heart failure, however, a preserved ejection fraction, a febrile temperature with
large fluctuations without inflammatory changes in the blood, and the appearance of a hemorrhagic rash were
noted. The presence of perforation of a chronic ulcer significantly complicated the diagnosis of infectious endo-
carditis. In the second case, infectious endocarditis was manifested by prolonged subfibrillation with inflammatory
changes in the blood, the development of acute coronary syndrome with manifestations of acute heart failure and
acute disruption of cerebral circulation, as a complication of infectious endocarditis. The delayed diagnosis of
infectious endocarditis is due to the presence of comorbid kidney pathology, which in turn could be manifested by
hyperthermia, and abdominal ischemic syndrome, which was probably a manifestation of infectious endocarditis.
Keywords: infectious endocarditis, people of senile age, diagnostic features.
Infective endocarditis (IE) is an infectious disease
of the heart valves, endocardial surface, or implanted
artificial pacemakers or other cardiac devices [1],
which is associated with a high rate of complications
and mortality. In the latest recommendations on the
prevention, diagnosis and treatment of IE [2], it is noted
that mitral valves are more frequently affected in peo-
ple of an older age group than aortic valves [3, 5]. In
general, the risk of IE in the older age group of people
is 4.6 times higher than in patients of the young popu-
lation [4], in addition, it is more common in men [3].
The course of this pathology is quite well studied,
however, in the elderly there are many diagnostic fea-
tures associated with age-related changes in the body,
degenerative transformation of the valves, which sig-
nificantly complicates the visualization of vegetations
and distorts the results of echocardiography, and the
presence of comorbid pathology. Another feature is that
perivalvular abscesses occur more often than direct
damage to the valves [5]. It should be noted that
transesophageal echocardiography can also often not be
performed due to cognitive disorders, excitement, se-
verity of the condition, which in turn slows down the
timely diagnosis of IE. In addition, the following fac-
tors contribute to the occurrence of IE, which become
quite significant especially in patients of the older age
category: diabetes, infected skin ulcers, the presence of
chronic infectious diseases (thrombophlebitis, otitis,
pyelonephritis, prostatitis, dental granulomas), medical
manipulations on the urinary tract and colon, long-term
venous catheters, artificial heart valves, etc. There have
been reports of IE complicating transcatheter aortic
valve implantation (TAVI) [5]. About 20% of cases of
IE in the elderly have a nosocomial genesis. Entero-
cocci and str. Bovis, the source of which is the gastro-
intestinal tract, including both inflammatory and onco-
logical diseases [4, 5]. It is believed that in 80% of cases
the predominant causative agents are streptococci and
staphylococci [3]. It is important that in this cohort of
patients immunopathological manifestations are much
less pronounced, and intoxication syndrome prevails,
which is a consequence of the "exhaustion" of the im-
mune system, which is characterized by the absence of
an adequate temperature curve, unmotivated, in the pa-
tient's view, fatigue, general weakness, increasing
shortness of breath and an erased course. Immunologi-
cal phenomena (Osler nodules, Roth spots, and Jane-
way lesions), which are pathognomonic features of IE,
are also rare [5].
The purpose of the work is to highlight the fea-
tures of the diagnosis of infectious endocarditis in peo-
ple of senile age against the background of comorbid
pathology.
Clinical case 1. A woman G., 79 years old, was
hospitalized in the therapeutic department with com-
plaints of shortness of breath at rest, which worsened
with minimal physical exertion, periodic pain in the
heart of a constricting nature, significant swelling of the
legs, an increase in systolic blood pressure up to 180
mm Hg, provided that its optimal pressure is 130/80

mm Hg. She was also bothered by a cough with the re-
lease of a small amount of mucous sputum, decreased
urine output, pronounced trophic changes in the lower
extremities. Diagnosis at referral: coronary heart dis-
ease (CHD). Stable angina pectoris of voltage IV func-
tional class (FC) by classification of heart failure (HF),
according to the criteria of the New York Heart Asso-
ciation. Diffuse cardiosclerosis. Hypertensive disease
stage III, degree ІІ, cardiovascular risk 4. HF of the
stage D, with a moderately reduced with a moderately
reduced emission fraction (EF). Hydrothorax, ascites.
From the anamnestic data, it became known that about
two months ago, the patient was hospitalized for pneu-
monia with exudative pleurisy. Coronavirus disease
tests were negative. In accordance with the diagnosis,
antibacterial therapy (ceftriaxone, levofloxacin) was
carried out, but even after discharge from the depart-
ment, hyperthermia up to 39.2°С was periodically ob-
served, which was accompanied by chills. The temper-
ature decreased on its own and recurred after a few
days. The patient was additionally examined, including
by an oncologist, but the cause of the temperature rise
was not established. Complaints of shortness of breath,
swelling on the legs of the patient were noted for sev-
eral years. She noticed a significant and sharp worsen-
ing of her condition two days ago, when shortness of
breath increased, cough increased, and bluishness of
the lower extremities increased. According to the rela-
tives, the deterioration of the condition is due to the pro-
gression of pneumonia, because they were discharged
with complaints of an increase in temperature. In addi-
tion, over the past two days, a symmetrical rash ap-
peared on the lower extremities, which did not disap-
pear when pressed and quickly spread from the lower
legs to the thighs.
Objectively: the patient's general condition is se-
vere. Consciousness is clear. On a scale of com glasgow
15 points. The position in bed is forced - orthopnea. The
skin on the lower legs is completely blue with fluid
seepage. Acrocyanosis, yellowness of the skin and
sclera is noted. Lymph nodes are not palpable. Body
temperature is 35.8°C. Blood pressure 110/60 mm Hg.
Pulse 80 bpm, rhythmic, weakened. The borders of the
heart are shifted to the left, up and to the right. The first
tone is weakened at the top, the accent of the second
tone is over a. pulmonales. Above the lungs - vesicular
breathing, sharply weakened to the right of the scapula.
Body temperature is 36.9°C. Breathing frequency - 26
per min. SaO2 - 96%. The tongue is moist, clean. The
abdomen is significantly increased in size due to exces-
sively developed subcutaneous tissue. Fluid in the ab-
dominal cavity is determined. The lower edge of the
liver is percussed 6 cm below the edge of the costal
arch. It is impossible to palpate the spleen. Swelling on
the lower limbs with transition to the front abdominal
wall, hemorrhagic rash on the legs up to the knees. The
patient was immediately examined by a surgeon. The
diagnosis upon referral was supplemented with acute
decompensation of the left ventricle (LV) with the de-
velopment of interstitial pulmonary edema, non-hospi-
tal bilateral lower lobe polysegmental pneumonia of the
IV clinical group, pulmonary insufficiency I stage. Un-
examined gastric dyspepsia, painful variant. It is im-
possible to exclude ascites-peritonitis. Chronic kidney
disease stage IV (glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ac-
cording to CKD-EPI=17 ml/min). Alimentary-constitu-
tional obesity of the III stage (body mass index 43.2),
stable course. Postthrombophlebotic syndrome - deep
veins of the lower extremities, edematous-painful form.
Chronic venous insufficiency III stage. Hemorrhagic
diathesis of uncertain genesis.
During the examination, the following features
were revealed: a decrease in hemoglobin to 11.4 g/dl,
an increase in segmented neutrophils to 74% against the
background of the upper limit of leukocytes and normal
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) indicators (4
mm/h), slight thrombocytopenia (145*109
/l), an in-
crease in creatinine (223 mmol/l), urea (159 mmol/l),
total bilirubin (56.4 mmol/l), fibrinogen (6 g/l). A chest
x-ray revealed bilateral hydrothorax (on the right to the
3rd-4th rib, on the left - to the 6th rib), congestion in
the lungs, signs of pulmonary hypertension. The heart
is significantly expanded in diameter, the waist is
raised. A pleural puncture was performed with an anal-
ysis of the fluid, which turned out to be an exudate. On
echocardiography - sclerosis of the aorta, moderate fi-
bro-sclerotic changes of the aortic valve. Expansion of
both atria. Volume indicators of the LV are unchanged,
the right ventricle is dilated (44 mm), hypokinesis of
the interventricular membrane. Grade II tricuspid re-
gurgitation was determined, mitral and aortic regurgi-
tation were grade I. Signs of pulmonary hypertension
ІІ. Decreased systolic function. (EF - 45%). On the
ECG, the rhythm is sinus, correct. Heart rate - 78 bpm.
Electrical axis of the heart is shifted to the left. Insuffi-
cient growth of the R wave in leads V1-V4 without sig-
nificant repolarization disorders, without changes in
dynamics. Conclusions of ultrasound of the abdominal
cavity: hepatomegaly (154 mm - right lobe, 91 mm -
left lobe, 41 mm - tailed lobe) of a stagnant nature, as-
cites, right-sided hydrothorax - up to 600 ml. Examina-
tion is difficult due to pronounced flatulence.
The following clinical symptom complexes can be
distinguished: pain syndrome in the heart and epigastric
region, decompensated HF syndrome, arterial hyper-
tension, which is not manifested due to decompensation
of HF, hyperthermic syndrome, peritoneal irritation
syndrome, trophic changes in the lower extremities,
hemorrhagic rash. And this is in a patient of senile age
against the background of severe obesity. In addition, it
should be noted the discrepancy between the clinical
data and the results of the examination. Signs of decom-
pensated HF do not correspond to the indicators of EF,
hyperthermic syndrome up to 39.2°С with chills in an
elderly person without signs of an inflammatory blood
reaction that does not respond to standard antibacterial
therapy (levofloxacin, ceftriaxone), lasts about two
months and has sharp changes. Absence of tachycardia
in decompensated heart failure, presence of pain syn-
dromes. During the day, the patient's condition progres-
sively worsened: the body temperature increased 37°C,
blood pressure continued to decrease, shortness of
breath increased, and by the end of the day in the hos-
pital, the patient dies. When forming the final diagno-

sis, taking into account the specified features, a com-
bined diagnosis was made: Non-hospital IE of the aor-
tic valves, active phase. CHD, diffuse cardiosclerosis,
coronary sclerosis.
Complications: HF stage D, FC IV with moder-
ately reduced EF (45%). Hydrothorax, ascites. Hyper-
tensive disease stage III, degree II, cardiovascular risk
4. Acute decompensation of the LV with the develop-
ment of pulmonary edema. Bilateral lower lobe poly-
segmental pneumonia of the IV clinical group, right-
sided exudative pleurisy. Pulmonary insufficiency I.
Peritonitis. Chronic kidney disease stage IV (GFR ac-
cording to CKD-EPI=17 ml/min).
Concomitant diseases: Undiagnosed gastric dys-
pepsia, painful variant. Alimentary-constitutional obe-
sity of the III stage (body mass index 43.2), stable
course. Postthrombophlebotic syndrome - deep veins of
the lower extremities, edematous-painful form.
Chronic venous insufficiency of stage III. Hemorrhagic
diathesis of uncertain genesis.
Pathological-anatomical diagnosis - combined-
competing:
1. Acute polyposis-ulcerative IE of the aortic
valve.
2. Chronic ulcer of the anterior wall of the upper
horizontal part of the duodenum.
Complication: Venous-capillary fullness of inter-
nal organs. Right-sided hydrothorax (500 ml). Left-
sided fibrothorax. Bilateral focal bronchopneumonia.
Perforation of a chronic duodenal ulcer. Spilled puru-
lent-fibrous peritonitis (up to 4000 ml).
3. Concomitant diseases: atherosclerosis of the
aorta (stage of liposclerosis), arteries of the heart. Ath-
erosclerotic cardiosclerosis. Hypertensive disease: LV-
hypertrophy, myocardial thickness -1.6 cm.
In this case, IE had diagnostic difficulties, masked
by clinical manifestations of CHD, aortic valve athero-
sclerosis, and manifested decompensated HF at a late
stage of the course, which is associated with age-related
features, the presence of obesity and comorbid pathol-
ogy. The diagnosis is based on the clinical picture.
Clinical case 2. Patient Sh., 82 years old, was
taken to the hospital by an ambulance team complain-
ing of pain behind the sternum that lasts more than 20
minutes, a burning nature, shortness of breath with min-
imal physical exertion and low back pain with iradia-
tion on the anterior wall of the abdomen. Notes an in-
crease in the frequency of urination, which is accompa-
nied by cuts and pain. An ECG was performed, where
depression of the ST segment in the leads of the V5-V6
was detected. Morphine was administered and the pa-
tient was hospitalized. At the time of arrival at the hos-
pital, the general condition was assessed as moderate,
the position in the bed was active, the temperature was
36.20
C, the saturation was 97%, respiratory rate 18 per
min., pulse 72 bpm, blood pressure 160/80 mm Hg, I
tone is weakened, the emphasis of the second tone over
the pulmonary artery, systolic murmur over the apex.
Auscultation over the lungs weakened vesicular respi-
ration, single dry wheezing over the lower segments of
the lungs. There is pain with palpation in the lower ab-
domen and the course of the ureters. There are no swell-
ings. The patient was diagnosed with CHD. Acute cor-
onary syndrome without ST segment elevation. Diffuse
cardiosclerosis. Acute LV failure, Killip I st. Chronic
kidney disease, urinary stone disease, left-sided renal
colic.
An additional examination revealed that over the
past three months the patient had a fever of 37.50
C. He
was treated on an outpatient basis for pneumonia, pye-
lonephritis, but the fever periodically recurred. He was
also hospitalized for abdominal ischemic syndrome.
During this period, he lost up to 10 kg of body weight.
No surgical intervention was performed. Laboratory
examination revealed: troponin 0.271 ng/ml, with a ref-
erence value of up to 0.1 ng/ml and no significant in-
crease in the dynamics, which made it possible to make
a diagnosis of unstable angina. Hemoglobin 92 g/l, leu-
kocytes – 14.0*109
/l, ESR – 35 mm/h. Urinalysis: leu-
kocytes 6-8 in the field of view, fresh red blood cells
25-30 in the field of view, protein 0.33. The patient was
prescribed treatment according to the diagnosis (dual
antiplatelet therapy, anticoagulants, nitrates, high-dose
statins, diuretics, mineralocorticoid antagonist) and
started antibiotic therapy with third-generation cepha-
losporins, taking into account the history of fever and
leukocytosis. However, on the fifth day after hospitali-
zation, the patient noted he appearance of chills, sweat-
ing in the evening, increased general weakness against
the background of a decrease in pain syndrome behind
the sternum and a decrease in shortness of breath. An
echocardiogram was performed, which visualized mo-
bile vegetations on the pedicle on the anterior and pos-
terior mitral valve leaflet. Mitral regurgitation was
grade III. Aortic sclerosis, fibrotic sclerotic changes in
the aortic and mitral valves. Dilatation of the left atrium
and right atrium. Aortic regurgitation of the first de-
gree. Decreased EF to 38%, bilateral hydrothorax and
hydropericardium. Antibiotic therapy was corrected:
cephalosporin was discontinued and vancomycin in
combination with amikacin was prescribed. Two days
later, the patient developed a speech impairment, weak-
ness in the left limbs, dizziness, and impaired spatial
orientation. He was diagnosed with acute cerebral cir-
culation disorder in the right parietal region, which was
confirmed by a brain CT scan. For further treatment,
the patient was referred to the Heart Institute of the
Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kyiv.
Analyzing the clinical features of IE in this patient,
it should be noted prolonged subfibrillation with in-
flammatory blood changes, the development of acute
coronary syndrome with manifestations of acute HF
and acute cerebral circulation as a complication of IE.
The delayed diagnosis of IE is due to the presence of
comorbid renal disease, which in turn could manifest as
hyperthermia, and abdominal ischemic syndrome,
which was probably a manifestation of IE.
So, to diagnose infectious endocarditis in people
of senile age in most cases is not an easy task. Accord-
ing to our clinical cases, it was the progression of heart
failure. Hyperthermia was disguised as other comorbid
conditions, and degenerative valve changes did not al-
low to detect vegetation in time. In addition, complica-
tions of infectious endocarditis were acute coronary

syndrome, acute cerebrovascular accident and pneumo-
nia. It is possible to suspect infectious endocarditis in
such patients in time only taking into account a care-
fully collected history, analysis of clinical, laboratory
and instrumental research methods.
Conflict of interest. The authors state that there is
no conflict of interest in the preparation of this article.
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коморбідного пацієнта з інфекційним
ендокардитом протезованого клапана: огляд
літератури та клінічне спостереження. Досягнення
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ційний ендокардит. Рекомендації з профілактики,
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Elderly Patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Mar
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ation pour I’Etude et la Pre’vention del’Endocardite in-
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infective endocarditis: results of a 1-year survey in
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5. Emmanuel Forestier, Thibaut Fraisse, Claire
Roubaud-Baudron, Christine Selton-Suty, Leonardo
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cles/PMC5015881/.

IMPROVING THE TECHNIQUE OF OBTAINING A FUNCTIONAL IMPRESSION FROM THE
LOWER JAW
Aliyeva E.,
Doctor of Philosophy in Medicine Associate Professor
Hasanova V.,
Department of Orthopedic Dentistry assistant
Abdulazimova G.
Azerbaijan Medical University,
Department of Orthopedic Dentistry Assistant
Baku, Azerbaijan
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.11195226
Abstract
The functional design of the boundaries of the prosthesis behind the molar area provides for the base to cover
the mucous membrane of the alveolar tubercle, without displacement by the impression material. In the lateral
areas, the base of the prosthesis should ensure free movement of the mylohyoid muscle. In the area of the retro-
maxillary-hyoid line, the functional state of the hyoglossus muscle should be taken into account.
Keywords: edentulous lower jaw, prosthetic bed, functional impressions, orthopedic treatment.
The choice of a rational technique for obtaining a
functional impression is the most important condition
for the effectiveness of orthopedic treatment for com-
plete tooth loss [2]. Using one or another impression
material, designing impression trays in different ways,
taking impressions under greater or less pressure, the
authors pursued one goal: creating a prosthesis of a cer-
tain shape [3]. Purpose of the study: Assessing the qual-
ity of prosthetics for the edentulous lower jaw under
unfavorable anatomical and topographic conditions by
improving functional impressions.
Material and methods
Orthopedic treatment was carried out in 28 pa-
tients (16 men and 12 women) aged from 56 to 74 years
with various degrees of atrophy of the alveolar process
of the edentulous lower jaw, including 5 with II degree,
13 with III degree, 10 with IV degree The degree of at-
rophy was determined according to the Köhler classifi-
cation [1]. The dentures were manufactured using gen-
erally accepted technology with an anatomical impres-
sion taken from the lower jaw using alginate impression
materials. Using plaster models, after determining the
boundaries, we began to directly manufacture an indi-
vidual tray from a standard plate of light-curing poly-
mer from Megadenta. The plate was crimped according
to the model and polymerized in a special stationary
Megalight MINI box for five minutes. After removing
the individual spoon from the model, the sharp edges
were processed. Then we began to fit an individual
spoon, taking into account the functional state of the
muscles of the floor of the mouth, and conducting func-
tional tests. The edge of the spoon overlaps the oblique
and mylohyoid line by 1-1.5 mm. The spoon was again
placed in the oral cavity, and functional tests were per-
formed with moderate movements of the lower jaw and
tongue. The volume of the transitional fold was deter-
mined using thermoplastic or silicone impression ma-
terials. We achieved fixation of an individual tray on
the jaw at rest and during functional diagnostic tests.
The final functional impression was obtained using sil-
icone impression materials. As the impression materi-
als hardened, the edges of the impression were formed
using tongue movements. Moving the tongue forward
until it touches the incisive papilla allows you to fix the
frenulum of the tongue in the anterior position. To fix
the area of the retromaxillary-hyoid muscle in a func-
tional state, the patient was offered 3-4 swallowing
movements with an interval of 10-15 seconds. The fin-
ished impression was removed from the oral cavity, a
plaster model was cast on it, and a complete removable
laminar denture was made from acrylic plastic using the
generally accepted method.
Results and discussion
To evaluate the results obtained, we analyzed the
functional effectiveness of orthopedic treatment in pa-
tients with unfavorable anatomical and topographic
conditions of the prosthetic bed on the edentulous lower
jaw. In 18 (64.2%) patients with atrophy of the alveolar
part of the lower jaw, stability of the dentures was ob-
served during chewing, wide mouth opening, loud
speech, and tongue protrusion. Of these, 5 (27.7%)
were with degree II atrophy, 8 (44.4%) with degree III
and 5 (27.7%) with degree IV. In 7 (26%) patients, the
dentures were stable during chewing, normal mouth
opening, and normal speech. Of these, 4 (57.14%) pa-
tients had grade III atrophy, 3 (17.6%) had grade IV. In
2 (7.1%) patients, the stability of the dentures was rec-
orded when chewing non-solid food, normal mouth
opening, and normal speech. Of these, 1 (50%) with
grade III atrophy, 1 (50%) with grade IV atrophy. In 1
(3.7%) patient with IV degree of atrophy, poor stability
of the dentures was noted during chewing, normal
mouth opening, and normal speech. This patient, after
studying the reasons for unsatisfactory results, under-
went repeated prosthetics. Conclusions 1. To achieve
optimal fixation of dentures on the edentulous lower
jaw, it is necessary to functionally design the space of
the vestibule of the oral cavity, which should be used to
expand the boundaries of the denture base to a large ex-
tent in case of IV degree of atrophy of the alveolar part,
to a lesser extent in its II degree. A positive effect is
observed when the base is expanded taking into account
the anatomical and topographical features of the eden-
tulous lower jaw.
2. It is more expedient to carry out the functional
design of the boundaries of the prostheses in the buccal

area by overlapping the oblique line by 1-1.5 mm. The
alveolar ridge on the lingual side in most patients is
covered with a poorly pliable mucous membrane,
reaching the border with the floor of the oral cavity. In
this area, the mucous membrane of the floor of the
mouth in some cases forms a folded elevation. A gap is
formed between the base of the alveolar process and the
fold of the mucous membrane, which can help to obtain
a closing valve in this area.
3. The functional design of the boundaries of the
prosthesis behind the molar area provides for the base
to cover the mucous membrane of the alveolar tubercle,
without displacement by the impression material. In the
lateral areas, the base of the prosthesis should ensure
free movement of the mylohyoid muscle. In the area of
the retromaxillary-hyoid line, the functional state of the
hyoglossus muscle should be taken into account.
Conclusion.
Thus, our clinical observations allow the proposed
method of obtaining functional impressions of the
edentulous lower jaw to be recommended for use in an
orthopedic dentistry clinic.
References
1. Kolesnikov L.L., Lebedenko I.Ju., Arutjunov
S.D. Anatomija, fiziologija i biomehanika zubochel-
justnoj sistemy: Uchebnik. – M.: GJeOTAR-Media,
2009. – S. 25- 30.
2. Rizaev Zh.A., Abdirimov I.S. Osobennosti
protezirovanija bezzubyh cheljustej: Ucheb.-metod. –
Tashkent, 2016. – 42 s.
3. Sapozhnikov A.L. Artikuljacija i protezirovanie
v stomatologii. – Kiev, 1984. – 99 s.

INFLUENCE OF DYSBACTERIOSIS ON DYSPEPSIA IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS
Katamadze N.,
Kandashvili T.,
Noniashvili M.
Georgia. Tbilisi State Medical University
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.11195231
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is currently considered one of the large organs of the endocrine system. Although
entero-endocrine cells make up only 1% of the total population of epithelial cells, unlike other cells, it produces
more than 20 hormones. It was found that about 80% of the body's immune system is localized in the
gastrointestinal tract. The ecosystem composition of the microbial community is dynamic and its composition
depends on many factors. The intestinal barrier/permeability plays a critical role in the development of obesity and
type 2 diabetes.
The aim of our study was to determine the influence of dysbacteriosis on dyspeptic manifestations in patients
with type 2 diabetes. With results of your investigation we can conclude that the improvement of microflora in
patients with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance has a positive effect on dyspeptic manifestations. In particular,
the long-term (12 weeks) inclusion of probiotics (Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium breve,
Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus
rhamnosus, Lactobacillus lactis ssp. Lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus-20 X109
), in a dose of 6 capsules per day,
is important It has a positive effect on gastro-intestinal complaints, as well as weight regulation.
Keywords: Obesity, Diabetes type 2, Gut microbiome, Probiotics.
The gastrointestinal tract is currently considered
one of the large organs of the endocrine system. Alt-
hough entero-endocrine cells make up only 1% of the
total population of epithelial cells, unlike other cells, it
produces more than 20 hormones [3] By secreting in-
testinal peptides, which can act both locally, peripher-
ally and centrally, entero-endocrine cells with the struc-
tural features of the intestinal mucosa can respond to
changes in the intestinal environment.
It was found that about 80% of the body's immune
system is localized in the gastrointestinal tract [2]
which indicates the great importance of the intestine.
The intestine offers a unique opportunity to regulate the
immune response during the prevention or treatment of
diseases originating in the said organ. Therefore, the
endocrine activity of the gastrointestinal tract has long
been an area of interest. The concept that the intestine
also controls the activity of the pancreatic islets was
supported by experiments showing that administration
of intestinal extracts to animals reduced blood glucose
levels.
The ecosystem composition of the microbial com-
munity is dynamic and its composition depends on
many factors[13] Recent experiments using animal
models indicate that gut microflora is regulated by fac-
tors including genes, medications, and dietary intake. It
is very important to take into account the fact that the
intestinal microflora is easily changed by the influence
of food.
The intestinal barrier/permeability plays a critical
role in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes
[8] The intestinal epithelium is a barrier, its main func-
tion is to limit the interaction of intestinal microflora,
the local immune response and other parts of the body
[10] The integrity of the intestinal barrier maintains the
function of the mucosa, which is very important in the
formation of defense mechanisms. According to animal
studies, lipopolysaccharides are also involved in the
regulation of processes related to diabetes mellitus,
which are characterized by the enhancement of the in-
flammatory response .
The aim of our study was to determine the influ-
ence of dysbacteriosis on dyspeptic manifestations in
patients with type 2 diabetes.
In order to assess the condition of the gastrointes-
tinal tract, patients were surveyed with a questionnaire
developed by us, which included simple questions (eg,
do you suffer from diarrhea, constipation, flatulence,
feeling full quickly, etc.) 132 patients aged 18 to 75
years were interviewed at the initial setup., including
87 women and 45 men. Out of 132 patients, 98 patients
had type 2 diabetes. Patients with type 2 diabetes melli-
tus were selected as first study group according to the
level of glycated hemoglobin (glycated hemoglobin
>6.5%) 12 patients were also selected to form the con-
trol group for first study group.
Also, taking into account the HOMA-index, the
group with prediabetes/insulin resistance with 14 pa-
tient was formed- Second study group. For control
group we choose 6 patients, who had insulin resistance.
Patients in both groups were treated with a set of
probiotics, in which, based on the literature, the main
role was assigned to the use of Lactobacillus rhamno-
sus. We developed a set of the following composition:
Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium breve,
Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus,
Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lacto-
bacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus lactis ssp. Lactis,
Streptococcus thermophilus- 20 X109, which we gave
to patients 2 caps. 3 times a day or 6 caps a day for 12
weeks.
Analyzing the results of the survey, it was found
that out of 98 patients with type 2 diabetes, 76 patients
had 3 or more gastro-intestinal complaints, namely flat-
ulence - 72% of cases, constipation -16%, diarrhea -
12% -Picture N1

Picture N1 - Gastrointestinal complaints in patients with type 2 diabetes - results of a questionnaire
In the study group, the data obtained before and
after the treatment were statistically processed accord-
ing to the following indicators: diarrhea, constipation,
flatulence, heartburn, feeling of nausea. As a result of
the statistical research, it was obtained: diarrhea - de-
creased by 60%, in the control group it increased by
33%; Constipation - decreased by 73.5% in the study
group, unchanged in the control group, bloating - de-
creased by 73.9% in the study group, and decreased by
14.3% in the control group; heartburn - decreased by
60.7% in the study group, unchanged in the control
group; Nausea - decreased by 64% in the study group,
decreased by 33.3% in the control group;
72%
16%
12%
30
49
46
28
35
12
13
12
12
8
DIA RRH E A C ONS T IP A T ION F LA T ULE NC E H E A RT BURN NA US E A
FIRST STUDY GROUP- GASTRO-INTESTINAL
SYMPTOMS BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT

We compared the complaints of the second study
group and its control group. According to the results of
the study: diarrhea in the second study group decreased
by 71.4%, in its control group it increased by 50%;
Constipation - second study group decreased by 57.1%,
its control group did not change; Bloating - second
study group decreased by 57.1%, its control group de-
creased by 14.2%; Heartburn- in second study group
decreased by 66.7%, in its control group it is un-
changed; Nausea - decreased by 66.7% in second study
group, increased by 50% in its control group;
3
5
7
5
3
4
5
6
5
8
DIARRHE A C ONST IP AT ION FLAT ULE NC E HE ART BURN NAUSE A
FIRST CONTROL GROUP- GASTRO-
INTESTINAL SYMPTOMS BEFORE AND AFTER
7
7
7
3
3
2
3
3
1
2
DIA RRH E A C ONS T IP A T ION F LA T ULE NC E H E A RT BURN NA US E A
SECOND STUDY GROUP- GASTRO-
TREATMENT

Also, second study group, HOMA index, weight
and waist circumference were determined before and
after treatment. As a result of the statistical research,
the following results were obtained: the average index
of HOMA in the second study group decreased by
34.42%, and in its control group - by 1.32%, the aver-
age weight in the second study group decreased by
2.2%, and in its control group - by 1.36%; Waist cir-
cumference: second study group decreased by 4.3%, its
control group increased by 1.4%.
After the inclusion of probiotics in the treatment
of our study groups, in contrast to the control group
where no probiotic treatment was performed, a reduc-
tion of some dyspeptic complaints was obtained, which
in our opinion should be due to the correction of pro-
nounced dysbacteriosis (confirmed by bacteriological
examination of feces before treatment), which is also
confirmed by literature data. As for the feeling of nau-
sea, after the treatment, the condition of a certain num-
ber of patients improved from this point of view as well.
As it is known, the feeling of nausea can be connected
with the appearance of ketone bodies in the blood dur-
ing hyperglycemia - ketosis. By regulating glycemia,
this condition may be corrected. Treatment with probi-
otics had relatively little effect on reducing the feeling
of heartburn, which is quite common and may be re-
lated to other anatomical features and pathologies of the
esophagus and stomach.
We evaluated the change in HOMA index as a
marker of insulin resistance before and after treatment
with probiotics. In the study group, insulin resistance
decreased by 34.42% on average. According to the lit-
erature insulin resistance decreases under the influence
of probiotics, which is also confirmed by our work. The
decrease in the index of insulin resistance is also con-
firmed by comparing the main and control groups, in-
sulin resistance in the control group increased by
1.32%, which is probably related to the fact that we did
not use probiotics in the control group.
The reduction in insulin resistance may be is due
to the following: Probiotics affect appetite and energy
expenditure by producing acetate, propionate, and bu-
tyrate, which are short-chain fatty acids SCFA[1] The
use of probiotics regulates the intestinal microbiota by
increasing the number of Bifidobacterium and Lactoba-
cillus, which are responsible for the production of
SCFA. It is believed that some probiotics can inhibit
the absorption of dietary fat, increasing the amount of
fat excreted in the stool[4] appetite regulating hor-
mones are released. Probiotics may promote the release
of appetite-suppressing hormones, namely glucagon-
like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY)[10] In-
creased levels of these hormones cause the burning of
calories and fat increase levels of fat-regulating pro-
teins , which may lead to reduced fat storage[12]
There is a significant relationship between obesity
and inflammation[6] By improving the intestinal mu-
cosa, probiotics reduce the systemic inflammatory pro-
cess, thereby reducing the risk of obesity. Inflammatory
process is considered to be one of the genesis of obe-
sity. Some Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp.
Produces healthy conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). CLA
also affects body weight by improving energy metabo-
lism and lipolysis [7] In addition, probiotics increase
the amount of Akkermansia muciniphila , which has a
positive effect on the thickness of the mucosa and the
integrity of the intestinal barrier. The beneficial effect
is associated with a decrease in serum LPS levels and
an improvement in the metabolic profile (decrease in
plasma total cholesterol, LDL and TG levels and in-
crease in HDL cholesterol). In addition, probiotics have
a beneficial effect on populations of Faecalibacterium
prausnitzii, which has an anti-inflammatory effect. On
the other hand, probiotics produce bacteriocins and in-
organic acids, which create an unfavorable environ-
ment for the growth of opportunistic pathogens and
their metabolites, e.g. LPS and Indole. Increased intes-
tinal permeability leads to increased plasma LPS levels
3
4
5
2
3
2
4
3
2
1
DIARRHE A C ONST IP AT ION FLAT ULE NC E HE ART BURN NAUSE A
SECOND CONTROL GROUP- GASTRO-

and increased expression of proinflammatory cyto-
kines. Cytokines contribute to insulin resistance, oxida-
tive stress, and increased visceral fat deposition. Taking
probiotics strengthens/strengthens the intestinal barrier,
increasing the production of tight junction proteins and
mucins. Probiotics help reduce adipocyte size by reduc-
ing fatty acid uptake and increasing the expression of
genes related to fatty acid oxidation. Lactobacillus
rhamnosus GG (LGG ) inhibits fat accumulation in the
liver by phosphorylating AMPK [5]Lactobacillus stim-
ulates the production of certain cytokines, such as tu-
mor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and therefore may
be effective in regulating leptin gene expression[9]
Leptin and adiponectin are potent anorexigenic hor-
mones that inhibit food intake through receptors in the
central nervous system[11]
The average weight in the second study griup de-
creased by 2.2%, and in its control group - by 1.36%; It
can be explained by the reduction of insulin resistance.
Therefore, we can conclude that the improvement
of microflora in patients with type 2 diabetes and insu-
lin resistance has a positive effect on dyspeptic mani-
festations. In particular, the long-term (12 weeks) in-
clusion of probiotics (Bifidobacterium bifidum,
Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium longum, Lac-
tobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactoba-
cillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactoba-
cillus lactis ssp. Lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus-20
X109
), in a dose of 6 capsules per day, is important It
has a positive effect on gastro-intestinal complaints, as
well as weight regulation.
References
1. A. Everard, P.D. Cani, Diabetes, obesity and
gut microbiota, Best Practice & Research Clinical
Gastroenterology 27 (2013) 73–83.
2. C.N. Lumeng, A.R. Saltiel, Inflammatory
links between obesity and metabolic disease, Journal of
Clinical Investigation 121 (2011) 2111–2117.
3. E. Naito, Y. Yoshida, K. Makino, et al.,
Beneficial effect of oral administration of Lactobacillus
casei strain Shirota on insulin resistance in diet-induced
obesity mice, Journal of Applied Microbiology 110
(2011) 650–657.
4. F. Calcinaro, S. Dionisi, M. Marinaro, et al.,
Oral probiotic administration induces interleukin-10
production and prevents spontaneous autoimmune
diabetes in the non-obese diabetic mouse, Diabetologia
48 (2005) 1565–1575.
5. F.C. Hsieh, C.L. Lee, C.Y. Chai, et al., Oral
administration of Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL-263
improves insulin resistance and ameliorates hepatic
steatosis in high fructose-fed rats, Nutrition &
Metabolism 10 (2013) 35
6. H. Panwar, H.M. Rashmi, V.K. Batish, et al.,
Probiotics as potential biotherapeutics in the
management of type 2 diabetes – prospects and
perspectives, Diabetes/Metabolism Research and
Reviews 29 (2013) 103–112
7. H. Tilg, A. Kaser, Gut microbiome, obesity,
and metabolic dysfunction, Journal of Clinical
Investigation 121 (2011) 2126–2132.
8. J. Amar, C. Chabo, A. Waget, Intestinal
mucosal adherence and translocation of commensal
bacteria at the early onset of type 2 diabetes: molecular
mechanisms
9. J. Qin, Y. Li, Z. Cai, et al., A metagenome-
wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2
diabetes, Nature 490 (2012) 55–60.
10. Katamadze N. Kandashvili T. - „Gut
Microbiota and Diabetes Mellitus“ Cərrahiyya, 2019
№4
11. Katamadze N. Kandashvili T. “THE
INFLUENCE OF MICROBIOTA ON METABOLIC
DISORDERS”- Cərrahiyya, 2020 № 2
12. Katamadze N. Kandashvili T. “The
correlation between type 2 and gut microbiome” -
Znatsvena misel journal N84, 2023
13. Shamanadze A., Tchokhonelidze I.,
Kandashvili T., Khutsishvili L IMPACT OF
MICROBIOME COMPOSITION ON QUALITY OF
LIFE IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS

POLISH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE №74 (74) (2024)

POLISH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE №74 (74) (2024)

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