Introduction in poetry: nature of poetry, tools, history, terms (periods, styles and movements, technical means, tropes, measures of verse, verse forms, national poetry...
Poetry is traditionally a written art form (although there is also an ancient and modern poetry which relies mainly upon oral or pictorial representations) in which human language is used for its aesthetic qualities in addition to, or instead of, its notional and semantic content.
The increased emphasis on the aesthetics of language and the deliberate use of features such as repetition, meter and rhyme, are what are commonly used to distinguish poetry from prose, but debates over such distinctions still persist, while the issue is confounded by such forms as prose poetry and poetic prose.
Some modernists (such as the Surrealists) approach this problem of definition by defining poetry not as a literary genre within a set of genres, but as the very manifestation of human imagination, the substance which all creative acts derive from.
A short introduction about Easter from the perspective of various religions, traditions and cultures, including Easter season, Easter bread, Easter eggs, greetings, etc.
Easter is the most important religious holiday of the Christian liturgical year, observed in March, April, or May to celebrate the resurrection of Jesus, which Christians believe occurred after his death by crucifixion in AD 27-33 (see Good Friday). Easter can also refer to the season of the church year, lasting for fifty days, which follows this holiday and ends at Pentecost. The Easter festival is kept in many different ways among Western Christians. The traditional, liturgical observation of Easter, as practised among Roman Catholics and some Lutherans and Anglicans begins on the night of Holy Saturday with the Easter Vigil. This, the most important liturgy of the year, begins in total darkness with the blessing of the Easter fire, the lighting of the large Paschal candle (symbolic of the Risen Christ) and the chanting of the Exsultet or Easter Proclamation attributed to Saint Ambrose of Milan. A short introduction about Easter from the perspective of various religions, traditions and cultures, including Easter season, Easter bread, Easter eggs, greetings, etc.
A guide for the cat lovers about the cat behavior, cat attractants, cat breeds, cat health and food, type of cats, cats as pets, fictional cats, films about cats, historical cats. A book full with pictures of the most important cat breeds, tips and advice for cat behavior, cat diseases and how to take care of the cats.
The cat, also called the domestic cat or house cat, is a small feline carnivorous mammal of the subspecies Felis silvestris catus. Its most immediate pre-domestication ancestor is the African wild cat, Felis silvestris lybica. The cat has been living in close association with humans for at least 3,500 years; the Ancient Egyptians routinely used cats to keep mice and other rodents (mostly rats) away from their grain (and also believed that cats were sacred to the goddess Bastet). The history of the domestic cat may stretch back even further, as 8,000-year-old bones of humans and cats were found buried together on the island of Cyprus.
An introduction to interpersonal relationship – methods, advice and tips for friendship, dating and online dating, intimate relationship, love and kiss, flirting, seduction, romance, marriage and wedding.
Interpersonal relationships are social associations, connections, or affiliations between two or more people. They vary in differing levels of intimacy and sharing, implying the discovery or establishment of common ground, and may be centered around something(s) shared in common. The study of relationships is of concern to sociology, psychology and anthropology. Dating is a form of courtship consisting of social activities done by two persons with the aim of each assessing the other’s suitability as a partner in an intimate relationship or as a spouse.
Movie is considered to be an important art form; films entertain, educate, enlighten and inspire audiences.
Film is a term that encompasses motion pictures as individual projects, as well as — in metonymy — the field in general. The origin of the name comes from the fact that photographic film (also called filmstock) has historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist — motion pictures (or just pictures or “picture”), the silver screen, photoplays, the cinema, picture shows, flicks — and commonly movies.
An animated cartoon is a short, hand-drawn (or made with computers to look similar to something hand-drawn) moving picture for the cinema, TV or computer screen, featuring some kind of story or plot.
Animation is the optical illusion of motion created by the consecutive display of images of static elements. In film and video production, this refers to techniques by which each frame of a film or movie is produced individually. Computer animation is the art of creating moving images via the use of computers. It is a subfield of computer graphics and animation. Anime is a medium of animation originating in Japan, with distinctive character and background aesthetics that visually set it apart from other forms of animation. An animated cartoon is a short, hand-drawn (or made with computers to look similar to something hand-drawn) moving picture for the cinema, TV or computer screen, featuring some kind of story or plot (even if it is a very short one). Manga is the Japanese word for comics and print cartoons. Outside of Japan, it usually refers specifically to Japanese comics. Special effects (abbreviated SPFX or SFX) are used in the film, television, and entertainment industry to visualize scenes that cannot be achieved by normal means, such as space travel. Stop motion is a generic gereral term for an animation technique which makes static objects appear to move.
Christmas characters and food, Christmas-linked holidays and music, Santa Claus and traditions. Related to Annunciation, Incarnation; Crucifixion; Advent, the four weeks preceding Christmas; and the period between the day after Thanksgiving and the Sunday after New Year”s Day, the American holiday season.
Christmas or Christmas Day is a holiday celebrating the birth of Jesus, the central figure of Christianity. Aspects of celebration may include gift-giving, Christmas trees, display of Nativity sets, church attendance, the Father Christmas/Santa Claus myth, and family gatherings. Users of the Gregorian calendar observe the holiday on December 25. Some Eastern Orthodox Churches celebrate on December 25 by the Julian calendar, which currently corresponds to January 7 on the Gregorian calendar. These dates are merely traditional; the great majority of scholars agree that the actual birthdate of Jesus is unknown. In Western culture, the holiday is characterized by the exchange of gifts among friends and family members, some of the gifts being attributed to Santa Claus (also known as Father Christmas, Saint Nicholas, Saint Basil and Father Frost). However, various local and regional Christmas traditions are still practiced, despite the widespread influence of American, British and Australian Christmas motifs disseminated by film, popular literature, television, and other media.
Insurance terminology and risk management.
Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of potential financial loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a potential loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium and duty of care.
A comprehensive guide of chess: history, famous games and players, rules, strategy, tactics, chess and the computer, documentation and literature, variants.
Chess (the “Game of Kings”) is a board game for two players, which requires 32 chesspieces (or chessmen) and a board demarcated by 64 squares. Gameplay does not involve random luck; consisting solely of strategy, (see also tactics, and theory). Chess is one of humanity’s more popular games; it is has been described not only as a game, but also as both art and science. Chess is sometimes seen as an abstract wargame; as a “mental martial art”.
A short introduction about Easter from the perspective of various religions, traditions and cultures, including Easter season, Easter bread, Easter eggs, greetings, etc.
Easter is the most important religious holiday of the Christian liturgical year, observed in March, April, or May to celebrate the resurrection of Jesus, which Christians believe occurred after his death by crucifixion in AD 27-33 (see Good Friday). Easter can also refer to the season of the church year, lasting for fifty days, which follows this holiday and ends at Pentecost. The Easter festival is kept in many different ways among Western Christians. The traditional, liturgical observation of Easter, as practised among Roman Catholics and some Lutherans and Anglicans begins on the night of Holy Saturday with the Easter Vigil. This, the most important liturgy of the year, begins in total darkness with the blessing of the Easter fire, the lighting of the large Paschal candle (symbolic of the Risen Christ) and the chanting of the Exsultet or Easter Proclamation attributed to Saint Ambrose of Milan. A short introduction about Easter from the perspective of various religions, traditions and cultures, including Easter season, Easter bread, Easter eggs, greetings, etc.
A guide for the cat lovers about the cat behavior, cat attractants, cat breeds, cat health and food, type of cats, cats as pets, fictional cats, films about cats, historical cats. A book full with pictures of the most important cat breeds, tips and advice for cat behavior, cat diseases and how to take care of the cats.
The cat, also called the domestic cat or house cat, is a small feline carnivorous mammal of the subspecies Felis silvestris catus. Its most immediate pre-domestication ancestor is the African wild cat, Felis silvestris lybica. The cat has been living in close association with humans for at least 3,500 years; the Ancient Egyptians routinely used cats to keep mice and other rodents (mostly rats) away from their grain (and also believed that cats were sacred to the goddess Bastet). The history of the domestic cat may stretch back even further, as 8,000-year-old bones of humans and cats were found buried together on the island of Cyprus.
An introduction to interpersonal relationship – methods, advice and tips for friendship, dating and online dating, intimate relationship, love and kiss, flirting, seduction, romance, marriage and wedding.
Interpersonal relationships are social associations, connections, or affiliations between two or more people. They vary in differing levels of intimacy and sharing, implying the discovery or establishment of common ground, and may be centered around something(s) shared in common. The study of relationships is of concern to sociology, psychology and anthropology. Dating is a form of courtship consisting of social activities done by two persons with the aim of each assessing the other’s suitability as a partner in an intimate relationship or as a spouse.
Movie is considered to be an important art form; films entertain, educate, enlighten and inspire audiences.
Film is a term that encompasses motion pictures as individual projects, as well as — in metonymy — the field in general. The origin of the name comes from the fact that photographic film (also called filmstock) has historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist — motion pictures (or just pictures or “picture”), the silver screen, photoplays, the cinema, picture shows, flicks — and commonly movies.
An animated cartoon is a short, hand-drawn (or made with computers to look similar to something hand-drawn) moving picture for the cinema, TV or computer screen, featuring some kind of story or plot.
Animation is the optical illusion of motion created by the consecutive display of images of static elements. In film and video production, this refers to techniques by which each frame of a film or movie is produced individually. Computer animation is the art of creating moving images via the use of computers. It is a subfield of computer graphics and animation. Anime is a medium of animation originating in Japan, with distinctive character and background aesthetics that visually set it apart from other forms of animation. An animated cartoon is a short, hand-drawn (or made with computers to look similar to something hand-drawn) moving picture for the cinema, TV or computer screen, featuring some kind of story or plot (even if it is a very short one). Manga is the Japanese word for comics and print cartoons. Outside of Japan, it usually refers specifically to Japanese comics. Special effects (abbreviated SPFX or SFX) are used in the film, television, and entertainment industry to visualize scenes that cannot be achieved by normal means, such as space travel. Stop motion is a generic gereral term for an animation technique which makes static objects appear to move.
Christmas characters and food, Christmas-linked holidays and music, Santa Claus and traditions. Related to Annunciation, Incarnation; Crucifixion; Advent, the four weeks preceding Christmas; and the period between the day after Thanksgiving and the Sunday after New Year”s Day, the American holiday season.
Christmas or Christmas Day is a holiday celebrating the birth of Jesus, the central figure of Christianity. Aspects of celebration may include gift-giving, Christmas trees, display of Nativity sets, church attendance, the Father Christmas/Santa Claus myth, and family gatherings. Users of the Gregorian calendar observe the holiday on December 25. Some Eastern Orthodox Churches celebrate on December 25 by the Julian calendar, which currently corresponds to January 7 on the Gregorian calendar. These dates are merely traditional; the great majority of scholars agree that the actual birthdate of Jesus is unknown. In Western culture, the holiday is characterized by the exchange of gifts among friends and family members, some of the gifts being attributed to Santa Claus (also known as Father Christmas, Saint Nicholas, Saint Basil and Father Frost). However, various local and regional Christmas traditions are still practiced, despite the widespread influence of American, British and Australian Christmas motifs disseminated by film, popular literature, television, and other media.
Insurance terminology and risk management.
Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of potential financial loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a potential loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium and duty of care.
A comprehensive guide of chess: history, famous games and players, rules, strategy, tactics, chess and the computer, documentation and literature, variants.
Chess (the “Game of Kings”) is a board game for two players, which requires 32 chesspieces (or chessmen) and a board demarcated by 64 squares. Gameplay does not involve random luck; consisting solely of strategy, (see also tactics, and theory). Chess is one of humanity’s more popular games; it is has been described not only as a game, but also as both art and science. Chess is sometimes seen as an abstract wargame; as a “mental martial art”.
A comprehensive guide of chess: history, famous games and players, rules, strategy, tactics, chess and the computer, documentation and literature, variants.
Chess (the “Game of Kings”) is a board game for two players, which requires 32 chesspieces (or chessmen) and a board demarcated by 64 squares. Gameplay does not involve random luck; consisting solely of strategy, (see also tactics, and theory). Chess is one of humanity’s more popular games; it is has been described not only as a game, but also as both art and science. Chess is sometimes seen as an abstract wargame; as a “mental martial art”.
Dance music is music composed, played, or both, specifically to accompany dancing.
It can be either the whole musical piece or part of a larger musical arrangement. Dance music works usually bear the name of the corresponding dance, e.g. waltzes, the tango, the bolero, the can-can, minuets, salsa, various kinds of jigs and the breakdown. Other dance forms include contradance, the merengue, the cha-cha-cha. Often it is difficult to know whether the name of the music came first or the name of the dance. Although dance is often accompanied by music, it can also be presented alone (Postmodern dance) or provide its own accompaniment (tap dance). Dance presented with music may or may not be performed in time to the music depending on the style of dance. Dance performed without music is said to be danced to its own rhythm. An introduction to classical and modern dance including hip hop dance, what is dance, and the dance music (electronic music, rock and roll, disco, house, techno, trance, etc.)
This document provides an overview of American music. It discusses various genres that originated or developed substantially in the United States, including folk, classical, popular music, as well as American Indian music, jazz, blues, and rock. It also examines the music industry and provides historical context on the development of music education and holidays/festivals in America. The document is compiled from various articles on American music genres. It includes chapters on the history and characteristics of specific styles as well as biographies of influential artists.
A detailed guide of everything you want and need to know about fish.
A fish is a water-dwelling vertebrate with gills that doesn”t change form, as amphibians do, during its life. Most are cold-blooded, though some (such as some species of tuna and shark) are warm-blooded. There are over 29,000 species of fish, making them the most diverse group of vertebrates. Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish. Fishing is a very ancient practice that dates back at least to the Mesolithic period which began about 10,000 years ago.
Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish. By extension, the term fishing is also applied to hunting for other aquatic animals such as various types of shellfish as well as squid, octopus, turtles, frogs and some edible marine invertebrates. Fish as a food describes the edible parts of water-dwelling, cold-blooded vertebrates with gills, as well as certain other water-dwelling animals such as mollusks, crustaceans, and shellfish. An aquarium (plural aquariums or aquaria) is a vivarium, usually contained in a clear-sided container (typically constructed of glass or high-strength plastic) in which water-dwelling plants and animals (usually fish, and sometimes invertebrates, as well as amphibians, marine mammals, and reptiles) are kept in captivity, often for public display; or it is an establishment featuring such displays. A detailed guide of everything you want and need to know about fish.
The e-book details the most interesting and important characteristics of the automobiles, car maintenance, styling features, car body style, the standard classification of the cars, an history of the automobiles, introduction in the automotive industry, and the traffic code, rules and signs.
An automobile, usually called a car (an old word for carriage) or a truck, is a wheeled vehicle that carries its own engine. Older terms include horseless carriage and motor car, with “motor” referring to what is now usually called the engine. It has seats for the driver and, almost without exception, for at least one passenger. The automobile was hailed as an environmental improvement over horses when it was first introduced. Before its introduction, in New York City, over 10,000 tons of manure had to be removed from the streets daily. However, in 2006 the automobile is one of the primary sources of worldwide air pollution and cause of substantial noise and health effects.
The book is an overview of the major subfields and concepts in physics, including a brief outline of the history of physics and its subfields.
Physics (from Greek from φυσικός (phusikos): natural, from φύσις (fysis): Nature) is the science of Nature in the broadest sense. Physicists study the behaviour and interactions of matter and radiation. Theories of physics are generally expressed as mathematical relations. Well-established theories are often referred to as physical laws or laws of physics; however, like all scientific theories, they are ultimately provisional. Physics is very closely related to the other natural sciences, particularly chemistry. The book is an overview of the major subfields and concepts in physics, including a brief outline of the history of physics and its subfields.
https://www.telework.ro/en/e-books/physics-help/
Sports betting is the general activity of predicting sports results by making a wager on the outcome of a sporting event.
Aside from simple wagers–betting a friend that one’s favorite baseball team will win its division, for instance, or buying a football “square” for the Super Bowl–sports betting is commonly done through a bookmaker. Bookmakers generally offer two types of wagers on the winner of a sporting event: a straight-up or money line bet, or a point spread wager. Moneylines and straight-up prices are used to set odds on sports such as soccer, baseball and hockey (the scoring nature of which renders point spreads impractical) as well as individual vs. individual matches, like boxing.
Internet casino guide – best gambling on net and casino bonus.
Online casinos, also known as virtual casinos, are the online version of land-based (“brick and mortar”) casinos. They allow you to play casino games through the Internet. Some online casinos provide various games, while others only provide only one type of game. Online poker is also very popular and there are many dedicated companies that provide this activity.
https://www.telework.ro/en/e-books/gaming-online-casinos/
Gambling as a betting action – wagering money or something of material value on an event with an uncertain outcome with the primary intent of winning additional money or material goods.
A guide about what is gambling (with a special section for online gambling), casino games with both beatable casino games (poker , blackjack, video poker with progressive jackpot, pai gow poker, betting, horse racing – parimutuel, slot machines and other gambling machines) and unbeatable casino games (baccarat, craps, roulette, keno, casino war, faro, pachinko, sic bo, let it ride, 3-card poker, 4-card poker, red dog, Caribbean stud poker, etc.), and non-casino gambling games (bingo, lottery, mahjong, backgammon, bridge, etc.).
Fixed-odds gambling in sports is also present in this book with horse racing, greyhound racing, football (particularly association football, American football and rugby), golf, tennis, cricket, baseball, basketball, ice hockey, snooker, motor sports, boxing, darts, cross-country skiing and biathlon. Please, don’t forget to take a look to the legality of the gambling and online gambling, as well as to the articles, warnings and links dedicated to the gambling addiction. Extreme cases of problem gambling may cross over into the realm of mental disorders.
Dog anatomy, breeding, breeds, equipment, health, law, monuments, organizations, related professions and professionals, shows and showing, sports, training and behavior, types, working dogs. Dogs in popular culture, famous dogs, fictional dogs, films.
The dog is a canine mammal of the Order Carnivora. Dogs were first domesticated from wolves at least 12,000 years ago but perhaps as long as 150,000 years ago based on recent genetic fossil evidence and DNA evidence. In this time, the dog has developed into hundreds of breeds with a great degree of variation. This guide details the dog anatomy, breeding, breeds, equipment, health, law, monuments, organizations, related professions and professionals, shows and showing, dog sports, training and behavior, dog types, working dogs, as well as dogs in popular culture, famous dogs, fictional dogs, films about dogs, dogs as pets, and many other related aspects.
Dog anatomy, breeding, breeds, equipment, health, law, monuments, organizations, related professions and professionals, shows and showing, sports, training and behavior, types, working dogs. Dogs in popular culture, famous dogs, fictional dogs, films.
The dog is a canine mammal of the Order Carnivora. Dogs were first domesticated from wolves at least 12,000 years ago but perhaps as long as 150,000 years ago based on recent genetic fossil evidence and DNA evidence. In this time, the dog has developed into hundreds of breeds with a great degree of variation. This guide details the dog anatomy, breeding, breeds, equipment, health, law, monuments, organizations, related professions and professionals, shows and showing, dog sports, training and behavior, dog types, working dogs, as well as dogs in popular culture, famous dogs, fictional dogs, films about dogs, dogs as pets, and many other related aspects.
A short guide about how to play blackjack, blackjack variants, strategies, tournaments, card counting, advantage gambling techniques, terminology.
The rules of casino blackjack are generally determined by law or regulation, which establishes certain rule variations allowed at the discretion of the casino. The rules of any particular game are generally posted on or near the table, failing which there is an expectation that casino staff will provide them on request. Over 100 variations of blackjack have been documented.
Each blackjack game has a basic strategy, which is playing a hand of any total value against any dealer’s up-card, which loses the least money to the house in the long term.
Blackjack can be played in tournament form, where players start with equal numbers of chips and the aim is to finish among the top chip-holders.
This document provides an introduction to the Book of Revelation, covering its authorship, date, relationship to other biblical books, blessings associated with it, overall theme, and purpose. The author argues that John the Apostle wrote Revelation around 65-69 AD before the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD, during Nero's reign. The book's purpose is to give hope and encouragement to early Christians facing persecution by assuring them that Christ is sovereign and will judge enemies of God and the church. It calls believers to remain faithful without compromising in the face of hostility.
Introductiontosociology 120624030900-phpapp02Danica Marie
This document provides an introduction to sociology as a field of study. It discusses how sociology emerged in response to social changes brought about by modernity. Auguste Comte coined the term sociology and hoped to establish it as a unified science. Other founders include Karl Marx, Ferdinand Tonnies, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber. The first sociology department was established at the University of Chicago in 1892. Early sociological studies aimed to apply natural science methods to understand society, though sociology has developed its own methods over time.
Riscuri și provocări în inteligența artificială: Cutii negre și actorii de am...Nicolae Sfetcu
Inteligența artificială a creat oportunități fără precedent, dar și noi riscuri. Creșterea exponențială a capabilităților modelelor de inteligența artificială permite atingerea unor niveluri de valoare și generalizare neatinse până acum. Cu toate acestea, opacitatea acestor modele a crescut, de asemenea, iar natura lor de cutie neagră face dificilă, chiar și pentru experți, explicarea justificării concluziilor lor. Acest lucru poate reprezenta un punct critic din punct de vedere tehnologic și social, deoarece riscul este real, după cum demonstrează episoadele recente, ale sistemelor de antrenament care sunt compromise de părtiniri și prejudecăți de discriminare, care au învățat din datele de instruire. Prin urmare, este posibil ca învățarea din urmele digitale ale deciziilor trecute să poată duce la încorporarea prejudecăților invizibile existente în modelele rezultate, perpetuându-le.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 41-47
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT21269
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/riscuri-si-provocari-in-inteligenta-artificiala-cutii-negre-si-actorii-de-amenintare/
EU Clear English Tips for Translators - eBookNicolae Sfetcu
Here are some tips to help translators avoid copying structure and wording from other languages that would be awkward in English.
They should be useful to non-native speakers, but may serve as handy reminders for native speakers too.
Funcții PHP definite de utilizator în dezvoltarea WordPressNicolae Sfetcu
PHP definește o gamă largă de funcții ca blocuri reutilizabile de instrucțiuni în limbajul de bază, și multe sunt, de asemenea, disponibile în diferite extensii. Aceste funcții sunt bine documentate în documentația online PHP. Funcțiile personalizate pot fi definite de dezvoltator. O funcție nu se va executa automat când se încarcă o pagină, ea poate fi apelată de oriunde și oricând în cadrul programului. PHP acceptă declarații de tip privind parametrii funcției, care sunt aplicate în timpul execuției.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 37-40
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT37237
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/functii-php-definite-de-utilizator-in-dezvoltarea-wordpress/
Practici comune pentru limbajul de programare în CNicolae Sfetcu
Odată cu utilizarea pe scară largă, o serie de practici și convenții comune au evoluat pentru a ajuta la evitarea erorilor în programele C. Acestea sunt simultan o demonstrație a aplicării bunelor principii de inginerie software într-un limbaj, și o indicație a limitărilor C. Deși puține sunt utilizate universal, iar unele sunt controversate, fiecare dintre acestea se bucură de o utilizare largă.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 30-36
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT80750
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/practici-comune-pentru-programarea-in-c/
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 3, Septembrie 2023 - RezumateNicolae Sfetcu
Revista IT & C este o publicație trimestrială din domeniile tehnologiei informației și comunicații, și domenii conexe de studiu și practică.
Cuprins:
EDITORIAL
Provocări în inteligența artificială
TEHNOLOGIA INFORMAȚIEI
Blockchain Design and Modelling
TELECOMUNICAȚII
Arhitectura de bază a rețelelor 5G
INTERNET
Big Data Ethics in Education and Research
SOFTWARE
Tableau Software: Vizualizarea și analiza datelor
PROGRAMARE
Rezumarea automată în inteligența artificială prin învățare nesupravegheată: TextRank
DEZVOLTARE WEB
Argumentele funcțiilor PHP – Transmiterea argumentelor prin referință
SECURITATE CIBERNETICĂ
Criptomonede și criptosecurități – Contracte inteligente
ISSN 2821– 8469 ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT55267
EAN , Cod IT23 , ID 32330
IT & C (PDF, EPUB, MOBI pentru Kindle) https://www.internetmobile.ro/revista/revista-it-c-volumul-2-numarul-3-septembrie-2023/
Vizualizarea datelor cu aplicațiile Tableau SoftwareNicolae Sfetcu
Tableau este un instrument de analiză și vizualizare a datelor care se poate conecta cu multe surse de date, creând tablouri de bord interactive. Tableau utilizează inovații de integrare a aplicațiilor, cum ar fi API-urile JavaScript și aplicația de conectare unică, pentru a include în mod constant analiza Tableau în aplicațiile de afaceri de bază. Tableau interoghează baze de date relaționale, cuburi de procesare analitică online, baze de date în cloud și foi de calcul pentru a genera vizualizări de date de tip grafic. De asemenea, software-ul poate extrage, stoca și prelua date dintr-un motor de date în memorie.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 23-29
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT10117
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/vizualizarea-datelor-cu-aplicatiile-tableau-software/
La revendication de Hooke sur la loi de la gravitéNicolae Sfetcu
Dans une note intitulée « Un état vrai de l'affaire et la controverse entre Sr Isaak Newton et le Dr Robert Hooke comme priorité de cette noble hypothèse du mouvement des planètes autour du Soleil en tant que leurs centres » non publié au cours de sa vie, Hooke a décrit sa théorie de la gravité. Pour soutenir sa « priorité », Hooke cite ses conférences sur les mouvements planétaires du 23 mai 1666, « Une tentative de prouver le mouvement de la Terre à partir d'observations » publiées en 1674 et la correspondance avec Isaac Newton en 1679.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.26375.24485
Procesarea Big Data cu instrumente avansateNicolae Sfetcu
Datele trebuie procesate cu instrumente avansate de colectare și analiză, pe baza unor algoritmi prestabiliți, pentru a putea obține informații relevante. Algoritmii trebuie să ia în considerare și aspecte invizibile pentru percepțiile directe. Big Data în procesele guvernamentale cresc eficiența costurilor, productivitatea și inovația. Registrele civile sunt o sursă pentru Big Data. Datele prelucrate ajută în domenii critice de dezvoltare, cum ar fi îngrijirea sănătății, ocuparea forței de muncă, productivitatea economică, criminalitatea, securitatea și gestionarea dezastrelor naturale și a resurselor.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 18-22
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT91785
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/procesarea-big-data/
A comprehensive guide of chess: history, famous games and players, rules, strategy, tactics, chess and the computer, documentation and literature, variants.
Chess (the “Game of Kings”) is a board game for two players, which requires 32 chesspieces (or chessmen) and a board demarcated by 64 squares. Gameplay does not involve random luck; consisting solely of strategy, (see also tactics, and theory). Chess is one of humanity’s more popular games; it is has been described not only as a game, but also as both art and science. Chess is sometimes seen as an abstract wargame; as a “mental martial art”.
Dance music is music composed, played, or both, specifically to accompany dancing.
It can be either the whole musical piece or part of a larger musical arrangement. Dance music works usually bear the name of the corresponding dance, e.g. waltzes, the tango, the bolero, the can-can, minuets, salsa, various kinds of jigs and the breakdown. Other dance forms include contradance, the merengue, the cha-cha-cha. Often it is difficult to know whether the name of the music came first or the name of the dance. Although dance is often accompanied by music, it can also be presented alone (Postmodern dance) or provide its own accompaniment (tap dance). Dance presented with music may or may not be performed in time to the music depending on the style of dance. Dance performed without music is said to be danced to its own rhythm. An introduction to classical and modern dance including hip hop dance, what is dance, and the dance music (electronic music, rock and roll, disco, house, techno, trance, etc.)
This document provides an overview of American music. It discusses various genres that originated or developed substantially in the United States, including folk, classical, popular music, as well as American Indian music, jazz, blues, and rock. It also examines the music industry and provides historical context on the development of music education and holidays/festivals in America. The document is compiled from various articles on American music genres. It includes chapters on the history and characteristics of specific styles as well as biographies of influential artists.
A detailed guide of everything you want and need to know about fish.
A fish is a water-dwelling vertebrate with gills that doesn”t change form, as amphibians do, during its life. Most are cold-blooded, though some (such as some species of tuna and shark) are warm-blooded. There are over 29,000 species of fish, making them the most diverse group of vertebrates. Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish. Fishing is a very ancient practice that dates back at least to the Mesolithic period which began about 10,000 years ago.
Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish. By extension, the term fishing is also applied to hunting for other aquatic animals such as various types of shellfish as well as squid, octopus, turtles, frogs and some edible marine invertebrates. Fish as a food describes the edible parts of water-dwelling, cold-blooded vertebrates with gills, as well as certain other water-dwelling animals such as mollusks, crustaceans, and shellfish. An aquarium (plural aquariums or aquaria) is a vivarium, usually contained in a clear-sided container (typically constructed of glass or high-strength plastic) in which water-dwelling plants and animals (usually fish, and sometimes invertebrates, as well as amphibians, marine mammals, and reptiles) are kept in captivity, often for public display; or it is an establishment featuring such displays. A detailed guide of everything you want and need to know about fish.
The e-book details the most interesting and important characteristics of the automobiles, car maintenance, styling features, car body style, the standard classification of the cars, an history of the automobiles, introduction in the automotive industry, and the traffic code, rules and signs.
An automobile, usually called a car (an old word for carriage) or a truck, is a wheeled vehicle that carries its own engine. Older terms include horseless carriage and motor car, with “motor” referring to what is now usually called the engine. It has seats for the driver and, almost without exception, for at least one passenger. The automobile was hailed as an environmental improvement over horses when it was first introduced. Before its introduction, in New York City, over 10,000 tons of manure had to be removed from the streets daily. However, in 2006 the automobile is one of the primary sources of worldwide air pollution and cause of substantial noise and health effects.
The book is an overview of the major subfields and concepts in physics, including a brief outline of the history of physics and its subfields.
Physics (from Greek from φυσικός (phusikos): natural, from φύσις (fysis): Nature) is the science of Nature in the broadest sense. Physicists study the behaviour and interactions of matter and radiation. Theories of physics are generally expressed as mathematical relations. Well-established theories are often referred to as physical laws or laws of physics; however, like all scientific theories, they are ultimately provisional. Physics is very closely related to the other natural sciences, particularly chemistry. The book is an overview of the major subfields and concepts in physics, including a brief outline of the history of physics and its subfields.
https://www.telework.ro/en/e-books/physics-help/
Sports betting is the general activity of predicting sports results by making a wager on the outcome of a sporting event.
Aside from simple wagers–betting a friend that one’s favorite baseball team will win its division, for instance, or buying a football “square” for the Super Bowl–sports betting is commonly done through a bookmaker. Bookmakers generally offer two types of wagers on the winner of a sporting event: a straight-up or money line bet, or a point spread wager. Moneylines and straight-up prices are used to set odds on sports such as soccer, baseball and hockey (the scoring nature of which renders point spreads impractical) as well as individual vs. individual matches, like boxing.
Internet casino guide – best gambling on net and casino bonus.
Online casinos, also known as virtual casinos, are the online version of land-based (“brick and mortar”) casinos. They allow you to play casino games through the Internet. Some online casinos provide various games, while others only provide only one type of game. Online poker is also very popular and there are many dedicated companies that provide this activity.
https://www.telework.ro/en/e-books/gaming-online-casinos/
Gambling as a betting action – wagering money or something of material value on an event with an uncertain outcome with the primary intent of winning additional money or material goods.
A guide about what is gambling (with a special section for online gambling), casino games with both beatable casino games (poker , blackjack, video poker with progressive jackpot, pai gow poker, betting, horse racing – parimutuel, slot machines and other gambling machines) and unbeatable casino games (baccarat, craps, roulette, keno, casino war, faro, pachinko, sic bo, let it ride, 3-card poker, 4-card poker, red dog, Caribbean stud poker, etc.), and non-casino gambling games (bingo, lottery, mahjong, backgammon, bridge, etc.).
Fixed-odds gambling in sports is also present in this book with horse racing, greyhound racing, football (particularly association football, American football and rugby), golf, tennis, cricket, baseball, basketball, ice hockey, snooker, motor sports, boxing, darts, cross-country skiing and biathlon. Please, don’t forget to take a look to the legality of the gambling and online gambling, as well as to the articles, warnings and links dedicated to the gambling addiction. Extreme cases of problem gambling may cross over into the realm of mental disorders.
Dog anatomy, breeding, breeds, equipment, health, law, monuments, organizations, related professions and professionals, shows and showing, sports, training and behavior, types, working dogs. Dogs in popular culture, famous dogs, fictional dogs, films.
The dog is a canine mammal of the Order Carnivora. Dogs were first domesticated from wolves at least 12,000 years ago but perhaps as long as 150,000 years ago based on recent genetic fossil evidence and DNA evidence. In this time, the dog has developed into hundreds of breeds with a great degree of variation. This guide details the dog anatomy, breeding, breeds, equipment, health, law, monuments, organizations, related professions and professionals, shows and showing, dog sports, training and behavior, dog types, working dogs, as well as dogs in popular culture, famous dogs, fictional dogs, films about dogs, dogs as pets, and many other related aspects.
Dog anatomy, breeding, breeds, equipment, health, law, monuments, organizations, related professions and professionals, shows and showing, sports, training and behavior, types, working dogs. Dogs in popular culture, famous dogs, fictional dogs, films.
The dog is a canine mammal of the Order Carnivora. Dogs were first domesticated from wolves at least 12,000 years ago but perhaps as long as 150,000 years ago based on recent genetic fossil evidence and DNA evidence. In this time, the dog has developed into hundreds of breeds with a great degree of variation. This guide details the dog anatomy, breeding, breeds, equipment, health, law, monuments, organizations, related professions and professionals, shows and showing, dog sports, training and behavior, dog types, working dogs, as well as dogs in popular culture, famous dogs, fictional dogs, films about dogs, dogs as pets, and many other related aspects.
A short guide about how to play blackjack, blackjack variants, strategies, tournaments, card counting, advantage gambling techniques, terminology.
The rules of casino blackjack are generally determined by law or regulation, which establishes certain rule variations allowed at the discretion of the casino. The rules of any particular game are generally posted on or near the table, failing which there is an expectation that casino staff will provide them on request. Over 100 variations of blackjack have been documented.
Each blackjack game has a basic strategy, which is playing a hand of any total value against any dealer’s up-card, which loses the least money to the house in the long term.
Blackjack can be played in tournament form, where players start with equal numbers of chips and the aim is to finish among the top chip-holders.
This document provides an introduction to the Book of Revelation, covering its authorship, date, relationship to other biblical books, blessings associated with it, overall theme, and purpose. The author argues that John the Apostle wrote Revelation around 65-69 AD before the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD, during Nero's reign. The book's purpose is to give hope and encouragement to early Christians facing persecution by assuring them that Christ is sovereign and will judge enemies of God and the church. It calls believers to remain faithful without compromising in the face of hostility.
Introductiontosociology 120624030900-phpapp02Danica Marie
This document provides an introduction to sociology as a field of study. It discusses how sociology emerged in response to social changes brought about by modernity. Auguste Comte coined the term sociology and hoped to establish it as a unified science. Other founders include Karl Marx, Ferdinand Tonnies, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber. The first sociology department was established at the University of Chicago in 1892. Early sociological studies aimed to apply natural science methods to understand society, though sociology has developed its own methods over time.
Riscuri și provocări în inteligența artificială: Cutii negre și actorii de am...Nicolae Sfetcu
Inteligența artificială a creat oportunități fără precedent, dar și noi riscuri. Creșterea exponențială a capabilităților modelelor de inteligența artificială permite atingerea unor niveluri de valoare și generalizare neatinse până acum. Cu toate acestea, opacitatea acestor modele a crescut, de asemenea, iar natura lor de cutie neagră face dificilă, chiar și pentru experți, explicarea justificării concluziilor lor. Acest lucru poate reprezenta un punct critic din punct de vedere tehnologic și social, deoarece riscul este real, după cum demonstrează episoadele recente, ale sistemelor de antrenament care sunt compromise de părtiniri și prejudecăți de discriminare, care au învățat din datele de instruire. Prin urmare, este posibil ca învățarea din urmele digitale ale deciziilor trecute să poată duce la încorporarea prejudecăților invizibile existente în modelele rezultate, perpetuându-le.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 41-47
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT21269
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/riscuri-si-provocari-in-inteligenta-artificiala-cutii-negre-si-actorii-de-amenintare/
EU Clear English Tips for Translators - eBookNicolae Sfetcu
Here are some tips to help translators avoid copying structure and wording from other languages that would be awkward in English.
They should be useful to non-native speakers, but may serve as handy reminders for native speakers too.
Funcții PHP definite de utilizator în dezvoltarea WordPressNicolae Sfetcu
PHP definește o gamă largă de funcții ca blocuri reutilizabile de instrucțiuni în limbajul de bază, și multe sunt, de asemenea, disponibile în diferite extensii. Aceste funcții sunt bine documentate în documentația online PHP. Funcțiile personalizate pot fi definite de dezvoltator. O funcție nu se va executa automat când se încarcă o pagină, ea poate fi apelată de oriunde și oricând în cadrul programului. PHP acceptă declarații de tip privind parametrii funcției, care sunt aplicate în timpul execuției.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 37-40
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT37237
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/functii-php-definite-de-utilizator-in-dezvoltarea-wordpress/
Practici comune pentru limbajul de programare în CNicolae Sfetcu
Odată cu utilizarea pe scară largă, o serie de practici și convenții comune au evoluat pentru a ajuta la evitarea erorilor în programele C. Acestea sunt simultan o demonstrație a aplicării bunelor principii de inginerie software într-un limbaj, și o indicație a limitărilor C. Deși puține sunt utilizate universal, iar unele sunt controversate, fiecare dintre acestea se bucură de o utilizare largă.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 30-36
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT80750
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/practici-comune-pentru-programarea-in-c/
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 3, Septembrie 2023 - RezumateNicolae Sfetcu
Revista IT & C este o publicație trimestrială din domeniile tehnologiei informației și comunicații, și domenii conexe de studiu și practică.
Cuprins:
EDITORIAL
Provocări în inteligența artificială
TEHNOLOGIA INFORMAȚIEI
Blockchain Design and Modelling
TELECOMUNICAȚII
Arhitectura de bază a rețelelor 5G
INTERNET
Big Data Ethics in Education and Research
SOFTWARE
Tableau Software: Vizualizarea și analiza datelor
PROGRAMARE
Rezumarea automată în inteligența artificială prin învățare nesupravegheată: TextRank
DEZVOLTARE WEB
Argumentele funcțiilor PHP – Transmiterea argumentelor prin referință
SECURITATE CIBERNETICĂ
Criptomonede și criptosecurități – Contracte inteligente
ISSN 2821– 8469 ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT55267
EAN , Cod IT23 , ID 32330
IT & C (PDF, EPUB, MOBI pentru Kindle) https://www.internetmobile.ro/revista/revista-it-c-volumul-2-numarul-3-septembrie-2023/
Vizualizarea datelor cu aplicațiile Tableau SoftwareNicolae Sfetcu
Tableau este un instrument de analiză și vizualizare a datelor care se poate conecta cu multe surse de date, creând tablouri de bord interactive. Tableau utilizează inovații de integrare a aplicațiilor, cum ar fi API-urile JavaScript și aplicația de conectare unică, pentru a include în mod constant analiza Tableau în aplicațiile de afaceri de bază. Tableau interoghează baze de date relaționale, cuburi de procesare analitică online, baze de date în cloud și foi de calcul pentru a genera vizualizări de date de tip grafic. De asemenea, software-ul poate extrage, stoca și prelua date dintr-un motor de date în memorie.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 23-29
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT10117
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/vizualizarea-datelor-cu-aplicatiile-tableau-software/
La revendication de Hooke sur la loi de la gravitéNicolae Sfetcu
Dans une note intitulée « Un état vrai de l'affaire et la controverse entre Sr Isaak Newton et le Dr Robert Hooke comme priorité de cette noble hypothèse du mouvement des planètes autour du Soleil en tant que leurs centres » non publié au cours de sa vie, Hooke a décrit sa théorie de la gravité. Pour soutenir sa « priorité », Hooke cite ses conférences sur les mouvements planétaires du 23 mai 1666, « Une tentative de prouver le mouvement de la Terre à partir d'observations » publiées en 1674 et la correspondance avec Isaac Newton en 1679.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.26375.24485
Procesarea Big Data cu instrumente avansateNicolae Sfetcu
Datele trebuie procesate cu instrumente avansate de colectare și analiză, pe baza unor algoritmi prestabiliți, pentru a putea obține informații relevante. Algoritmii trebuie să ia în considerare și aspecte invizibile pentru percepțiile directe. Big Data în procesele guvernamentale cresc eficiența costurilor, productivitatea și inovația. Registrele civile sunt o sursă pentru Big Data. Datele prelucrate ajută în domenii critice de dezvoltare, cum ar fi îngrijirea sănătății, ocuparea forței de muncă, productivitatea economică, criminalitatea, securitatea și gestionarea dezastrelor naturale și a resurselor.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 18-22
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT91785
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/procesarea-big-data/
Corupţia, Globalizarea și NeocolonialismulNicolae Sfetcu
O introducere în conceptele interdependente despre corupţie, globalizare prin instituţiile financiare internaţionale, şi neocolonialism înţeles ca exploatarea resurselor şi materiilor prime a ţărilor sărace şi în curs de dezvoltare de unele mari corporaţii multinaţionale.
Corupţia este atât o cauză majoră cât şi un rezultat al sărăciei în întreaga lume. Ea apare la toate nivelurile societăţii, de la autorităţile locale şi naţionale, la societatea civilă, sistemul judiciar, întreprinderile mari şi mici, unităţile militare, etc. Corupţie sistemică (sau corupţia endemică) este corupţia, care se datorează în primul rând punctelor slabe ale unei organizaţii sau proces. Aceasta poate fi contrastată la funcţionarii sau agenţii individuali corupţi din cadrul sistemului. Factorii care încurajează corupţia sistemică includ stimulente contradictorii, puteri discreţionare, puteri de monopol, lipsa de transparenţă, salarii mici, şi o cultură a impunităţii. printre actele specifice de corupţie se numără luarea de mită, şantaj, şi deturnarea de fonduri, într-un sistem în care corupţia devine regula mai degrabă decât excepţia.
Neocolonialismului este practica de utilizare a capitalismului, globalizării, şi a forţelor culturale, pentru a controla o ţară, în locul unui control direct militar sau politic. Un astfel de control poate fi economic, cultural, sau lingvistic. Societăţile corporative care aparţin culturii impuse pot pătrunde mult mai uşor pe pieţele din aceste ţări. Astfel, neocolonialismului este rezultatul final al unor interese de afaceri sau geopolitice se obţine prin deformarea culturii ţărilor colonizate.
În urma unei ideologii cunoscut sub numele de neoliberalism, şi răspândită de instituţii financiare similare, cunoscută sub numele de "Consensul de la Washington", au fost impuse politici de ajustare structurală pentru a se asigura de rambursarea datoriilor şi restructurarea economică. Dar, în realitate s-a cerut ţărilor sărace să-şi reducă cheltuielile cu sănătatea, educaţia şi dezvoltarea, făcându-se o prioritate din rambursarea datoriilor şi a altor politici economice favorizante pentru ţările dezvoltate.Practic, FMI şi Banca Mondială au cerut ţărilor sărace să reducă nivelul de trai al populaţiei.
Corupţia, crimele de stat corporativ, şi crima organizată, sunt oricum considerate atât crime internaţionale cât şi crime de stat la nivel naţional. În cele mai multe cazuri crima de stat este considerată ca aplicabilă atunci când statul se implică direct în secretomania excesivă şi acoperirea unor activităţi ilegale, dezinformarea, şi o evidenţă financiară superficială sau chiar incorectă (care încurajează evaziunea fiscală în cazul unora din oficialii guvernamentali), reflectănd adesea interesele doar a anumitor clase sociale şi interese de grup, şi încălcând astfel drepturile omului.
Corupţia presupune cel puţin o persoană care corupe, una coruptă, şi o masă mare de păgubiţi inerţi. Vina este a tuturor!
Performanța și standardele rețelelor de telecomunicații 5GNicolae Sfetcu
Pentru măsurarea precisă a performanței 5G se utilizează simulatoare și teste specifice. Inițial, termenul a fost asociat cu standardul IMT-2020 al Uniunii Internaționale de Telecomunicații, care necesita o viteză maximă teoretică de descărcare de 20 gigabiți pe secundă și 10 gigabiți pe secundă viteza de încărcare, împreună cu alte cerințe. Apoi, grupul de standarde industriale 3GPP a ales standardul 5G NR (New Radio) împreună cu LTE ca propunere pentru transmitere la standardul IMT-2020.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 13-17
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT52354
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/performanta-si-standardele-retelelor-de-telecomunicatii-5g/
Intelligence Info, Volumul 2, Numărul 3, Septembrie 2023Nicolae Sfetcu
Revista Intelligence Info este o publicație trimestrială din domeniile intelligence, geopolitică și securitate, și domenii conexe de studiu și practică.
Cuprins:
EDITORIAL
Rolul serviciilor de informații în război, de Nicolae Sfetcu
INTELLIGENCE
Intelligence Analysis, de Nicolae Sfetcu
ISTORIA
Reformele serviciilor secrete de la Mihail Moruzov la Eugen Cristescu, între inovație și decadență, de Rodica Liseanu
Take Ionescu – O biografie vectorială în istoria partidelor politice și în semantica diplomației, de Rodica Liseanu
GEOPOLITICA
Apusul universalismului european, de Lisa-Maria Achimescu
Chinese Hegemony in the Production of Rare Earths, de Emilian M. Dobrescu
România. Între ‘gura de rai’ geografică şi răspântia geopolitică, de Radu Carp
SECURITATE
Schimbarea paradigmelor în mediul internațional de securitate, de Alexandru Cristian
Adevăr și dezinformare în fenomenul OZN, de Dan D. Farcaș
ȘTIINȚA INFORMAȚIEI
Utilizarea analiticii rețelelor sociale în intelligence, de Nicolae Sfetcu
ISSN 2821-8159 ISSN-L 2821-8159, DOI: 10.58679/II30199
EAN , Cod II23 , ID 22330
Intelligence Info (PDF, EPUB, MOBI pentru Kindle) https://www.intelligenceinfo.org/revista/revista-intelligence-info-volumul-2-numarul-3-septembrie-2023/
Ontologii narative în tehnologia blockchainNicolae Sfetcu
Paul Ricoeur a examinat o serie de forme diferite de discurs extins, începând cu discursul metaforic. Discursul narativ este una din formele investigate, configurând concepte eterogene care identifică acțiunile într-un moment în care un lucru se întâmplă nu numai după altceva, ci și din cauza altui lucru dintr-o poveste sau istorie care poate fi urmată. Reformează evenimentele fizice ca evenimente narative, care au sens deoarece spun ceea ce se întâmplă într-o poveste sau într-o istorie. Narațiunile sunt întotdeauna o sinteză a conceptelor eterogene care configurează episoadele povestirii.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 7-12
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT70323
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/ontologii-narative-in-tehnologia-blockchain/
Philosophy of Blockchain Technology - OntologiesNicolae Sfetcu
About the necessity and usefulness of developing a philosophy specific to the blockchain technology, emphasizing on the ontological aspects. After an Introduction that highlights the main philosophical directions for this emerging technology, in Blockchain Technology I explain the way the blockchain works, discussing ontological development directions of this technology in Designing and Modeling. The next section is dedicated to the main application of blockchain technology, Bitcoin, with the social implications of this cryptocurrency. There follows a section of Philosophy in which I identify the blockchain technology with the concept of heterotopia developed by Michel Foucault and I interpret it in the light of the notational technology developed by Nelson Goodman as a notational system. In the Ontology section, I present two developmental paths that I consider important: Narrative Ontology, based on the idea of order and structure of history transmitted through Paul Ricoeur's narrative history, and the Enterprise Ontology system based on concepts and models of an enterprise, specific to the semantic web, and which I consider to be the most well developed and which will probably become the formal ontological system, at least in terms of the economic and legal aspects of blockchain technology. In Conclusions I am talking about the future directions of developing the blockchain technology philosophy in general as an explanatory and robust theory from a phenomenologically consistent point of view, which allows testability and ontologies in particular, arguing for the need of a global adoption of an ontological system for develop cross-cutting solutions and to make this technology profitable.
Inteligența artificială, o provocare esențialăNicolae Sfetcu
Inteligența artificială a progresat până la punctul în care este o componentă esențială în aproape toate sectoarele economiei moderne actuale, cu un impact semnificativ asupra vieții noastre private, sociale și politice. Ea a fost întemeiată pe presupunerea că inteligența umană poate fi descrisă atât de precis încât să poată fi făcută o mașină să o simuleze. Acest lucru ridică argumente filozofice despre minte și etica creării de ființe artificiale înzestrate cu inteligență asemănătoare omului. Inteligența artificială sunt o sursă a unui set complet nou de probleme de explicabilitate, responsabilitate și încredere.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 3-6
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT30677
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/inteligenta-artificiala-o-provocare-esentiala/
Ghidul de faţă se bazează în general pe ghidul în limba engleză „How to write clearly”, aducând o serie de recomandări specifi ce redactării textelor în limba română.
https://www.telework.ro/ro/e-books/ghid-ue-pentru-traduceri/
Activitatea de intelligence – Ciclul intelligenceNicolae Sfetcu
David Singer afirmă că, în prezent, amenințarea constituie principalul obiectiv al agențiilor de informații. Activitatea de informații poate fi considerată ca fiind procesul prin care anumite tipuri de informații sunt solicitate, colectate, analizate și diseminate, și modul în care sunt concepute și desfășurate anumite tipuri de acțiuni secrete. Ciclul intelligence reprezintă un set de procese utilizate pentru a furniza informații utile în luarea deciziilor. Ciclul constă din mai multe procese. Domeniul conex al contrainformațiilor este însărcinat cu împiedicarea eforturilor informative ale altora.
INTELLIGENCE INFO, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 34-40
ISSN 2821 – 8159, ISSN – L 2821 – 8159, DOI: 10.58679/II18551
URL: https://www.intelligenceinfo.org/activitatea-de-intelligence-ciclul-intelligence/
Cunoașterea Științifică, Volumul 2, Numărul 3, Septembrie 2023Nicolae Sfetcu
Revista Cunoașterea Științifică este o publicație trimestrială din domeniile științei și filosofiei, și domenii conexe de studiu și practică.
Cuprins:
EDITORIAL
Știința schimbărilor climatice, de Nicolae Sfetcu
ȘTIINȚE NATURALE
Interactions between the brain, the biofields, and the physical, de Adrian Klein și Robert Neil Boyd
The Psycho-Neural Connectivity, de Adrian Klein
ȘTIINȚE SOCIALE
School dropout rate in Romania, de Alexandra Mocanu
Ipoteza hipercivilizațiilor, de Dan D. Farcas
The Importance of the Rare Earths for the World Economy, de Emilian M. Dobrescu
Puteri emergente şi noile paradigme în mediul internațional de securitate, de Alexandru Cristian
Models of Emotional Intelligence in Research and Education, de Nicolae Sfetcu
Cultura anime în România, de Alexandra Mocanu
ȘTIINȚE FORMALE
Etica în inteligența artificială: provocări și perspective, de Sebastian Bidașcă
FILOSOFIE
Portretul biblic al unicornilor și paranoia fără fundamente privind seria „My Little Pony”, de Valentina-Andrada Minea
Materialism şi realitatea esteticii: Argumente şi contraargumente la scrisorile lui Friedrich Schiller privind educaţia estetică a omului (1/3), de Petru Ababii
Unele aspecte ale filosofiei lui Albert Einstein și Henri Bergson, timpul şi paradoxul lui Zenon în viziune critică nonsofisticată, de Petru Ababii
RECENZII CĂRȚI
Humanism, Becoming and the Demiurge in The Adventures of Pinocchio, de Nicolae Sfetcu
ISSN 2821-8086 ISSN-L 2821-8086, DOI: 10.58679/CS90773
EAN 725657205492, Cod CS23P , ID 12330
Cunoașterea Științifică (PDF, EPUB, MOBI pentru Kindle) https://www.cunoasterea.ro/revista/revista-cunoasterea-stiintifica-volumul-2-numarul-3-septembrie-2023/
Manual pentru începători pentru întreţinerea şi depanarea calculatoarelor, cu o introducere în noţiuni de calculatoare, hardware, software (inclusiv sisteme de operare) şi securitatea pe Internet.
Un calculator de uz general are patru componente principale: unitatea logică aritmetică (ALU), unitatea de control, memoria, şi dispozitive de intrare şi ieşire (denumite colectiv I/O). Aceste piese sunt interconectate prin bus-uri, de multe ori făcut din grupuri de fire.
Caracteristica definitorie a computerelor moderne, care le distinge de toate celelalte maşini, este că acestea pot fi programate. Asta presupune că un anumit tip de instrucţiuni (program) poate fi implementat în calculator, care le va procesa. Calculatoare moderne, bazate pe arhitectura von Neumann, au adesea codul maşină în forma unui limbaj de programare imperativ.
Drobeta Turnu Severin Heavy Water Plant: ConstructionNicolae Sfetcu
The heavy water plant was established under the name of Combinatul Chimic Drobeta, by Decree 400/16.11.1979, under the Inorganic Products Industrial Center (CIPA) Râmnicu Vâlcea. The thermo-electric plant for supplying the heavy water factory with steam was decided to be located in Halânga village, three kilometers from the factory. The process water required for the factory was brought from the Danube, and the hydrogen sulphide used in the process was produced in the plant, through a specific technology, and then compressed, liquefied and stored in special tanks. The works on the heavy water factory at Drobeta Turnu Severin started in 1979, based on a derogatory HCM. The equipment for the heavy water plant was purchased through the Industrial Center for Chemical and Refinery Equipment (CIUTCR). All equipment and facilities that transported hydrogen sulphide had to meet strict quality assurance conditions.
CUNOAȘTEREA ȘTIINȚIFICĂ, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 39-44
ISSN 2821 – 8086, ISSN – L 2821 – 8086, DOI: 10.58679/CS96723
URL: https://www.cunoasterea.ro/drobeta-turnu-severin-heavy-water-plant-construction/
Din punct de vedere metodologic, atât Newton cât și Einstein, și ulterior Dirac, au susținut fără rezerve principiul simplității matematice în descoperirea noilor legi fizice ale naturii. Lor li s-au alăturat și Poincaré și Weyl. Eduard Prugovecki afirmă că gravitația cuantică a impus luarea în considerare a unor întrebări epistemologice fundamentale, care pot fi identificate în filosofie cu problema minții-corp și cu problema liberului arbitru. Aceste întrebări au influențat epistemologia mecanicii cuantice sub forma “paralelismului psiho-fizic” al lui von Neumann și analiza ulterioară a tezei de către Wigner că “colapsul pachetului de unde” are loc în mintea “observatorului”.
CUNOAȘTEREA ȘTIINȚIFICĂ, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 20-38
ISSN 2821 – 8086, ISSN – L 2821 – 8086, DOI: 10.58679/CS96800
URL: https://www.cunoasterea.ro/epistemologia-gravitatiei-cuantice/
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3. NICOLAE SFETCU: POETRY KALEIDOSCOPE
2
Published by: MultiMedia Publishing
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4. NICOLAE SFETCU: POETRY KALEIDOSCOPE
3
Contents
Poetry Kaleidoscope ............................................................................................................................................1
1 Poetry.................................................................................................................................................................. 28
Nature of poetry........................................................................................................................................ 28
Tools.............................................................................................................................................................. 29
History .......................................................................................................................................................... 30
1.1 Nature of Poetry..................................................................................................................................... 31
1.1.1 Prose Poetry .................................................................................................................................... 31
1.1.2 Poem and Song ............................................................................................................................... 32
1.1.2.1 Poesybeat...................................................................................................................................... 32
1.2 End-stopping ........................................................................................................................................... 32
1.3 Groups and Movements....................................................................................................................... 33
1.3.1 Confessionalism ............................................................................................................................. 33
1.3.2 Black Mountain Poets .................................................................................................................. 34
Background................................................................................................................................................. 34
Projective Verse ........................................................................................................................................ 34
The Main Black Mountain Poets ......................................................................................................... 34
Legacy of the Black Mountain Poets.................................................................................................. 35
1.3.3 Deep Image....................................................................................................................................... 35
1.4 Poetic closure .......................................................................................................................................... 35
1.5 Poetic diction........................................................................................................................................... 35
Greece and Rome...................................................................................................................................... 36
Germanic languages................................................................................................................................. 36
5. NICOLAE SFETCU: POETRY KALEIDOSCOPE
4
Asia................................................................................................................................................................. 37
Poetic diction in English ........................................................................................................................ 37
1.6 Action Poetry........................................................................................................................................... 39
1.7 Ethnopoetics............................................................................................................................................ 39
1.8 Poets............................................................................................................................................................ 39
1.8.1 Poetaster........................................................................................................................................... 41
1.8.2 Poetess............................................................................................................................................... 42
1.8.3 National Poets................................................................................................................................. 43
List of national poets............................................................................................................................... 43
Sobriquets ................................................................................................................................................... 44
1.8.4 War Poets.......................................................................................................................................... 45
World War I ................................................................................................................................................ 45
Spanish Civil War...................................................................................................................................... 46
World War II............................................................................................................................................... 46
Later wars.................................................................................................................................................... 46
1.8.5 Poète maudit ................................................................................................................................... 46
1.9 Poetry Analysis ....................................................................................................................................... 47
Overview...................................................................................................................................................... 47
Tools for poetry analysis ....................................................................................................................... 52
Approaches to poetry analysis............................................................................................................ 59
1.10 Poetry Prizes and Awards................................................................................................................ 60
Lists of poetry prizes and awards...................................................................................................... 61
1.10.1 Poet Laureat.................................................................................................................................. 64
Origin of the term..................................................................................................................................... 64
6. NICOLAE SFETCU: POETRY KALEIDOSCOPE
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History .......................................................................................................................................................... 64
List of Poets Laureate.............................................................................................................................. 66
Poets Laureate in other countries...................................................................................................... 67
1.11 Poetry Reading..................................................................................................................................... 68
1.12 World Poetry Day................................................................................................................................ 68
2 National Poetry ............................................................................................................................................... 69
2.1 American Poetry..................................................................................................................................... 69
Poetry in the colonies ............................................................................................................................. 69
Postcolonial poetry.................................................................................................................................. 70
An American idiom .................................................................................................................................. 71
Modernism and after............................................................................................................................... 71
World War II and after ........................................................................................................................... 72
American poetry now ............................................................................................................................. 73
2.1.1 Cowboy Poetry................................................................................................................................ 74
Prominent cowboy poets....................................................................................................................... 76
2.2 Arabic Poetry........................................................................................................................................... 76
Pre-Islamic poetry.................................................................................................................................... 76
Poetry under Islam .................................................................................................................................. 77
Court poets.................................................................................................................................................. 78
Modern poetry........................................................................................................................................... 79
Poetic forms................................................................................................................................................ 79
2.2.1 Ghazal................................................................................................................................................. 80
Details of the form.................................................................................................................................... 81
The theme.................................................................................................................................................... 82
7. NICOLAE SFETCU: POETRY KALEIDOSCOPE
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Ghazal singers............................................................................................................................................ 83
2.2.2 Muwashshah.................................................................................................................................... 84
2.3 Australian Poetry................................................................................................................................... 84
2.4 Bengali Poetry......................................................................................................................................... 85
2.5 British Poetry .......................................................................................................................................... 85
2.5.1 Anglo-Welsh Poetry...................................................................................................................... 85
2.5.2 English Poetry................................................................................................................................. 85
The earliest English poetry................................................................................................................... 86
The Anglo-Norman period and the Later Middle Ages.............................................................. 87
The Renaissance in England................................................................................................................. 88
The Restoration and 18th century..................................................................................................... 91
The Romantic movement ...................................................................................................................... 92
Victorian poetry........................................................................................................................................ 92
The 20th century ...................................................................................................................................... 94
English poetry now.................................................................................................................................. 98
2.5.2.1 Heroic Couplets........................................................................................................................... 98
2.5.2.1.1 Heroic Verse...........................................................................................................................100
2.5.2.2 Old English Poetry ...................................................................................................................101
2.5.3 Irish Poetry ....................................................................................................................................107
Early Irish poetry....................................................................................................................................107
Medieval/Early modern.......................................................................................................................108
Gaelic poetry in the 17th century.....................................................................................................109
The 18th century ....................................................................................................................................109
The 19th century ....................................................................................................................................111
8. NICOLAE SFETCU: POETRY KALEIDOSCOPE
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The 20th century ....................................................................................................................................113
Irish poetry now .....................................................................................................................................116
2.5.3.1 Aisling...........................................................................................................................................117
2.5.4 Welsh Poetry .................................................................................................................................117
History ........................................................................................................................................................117
Forms ..........................................................................................................................................................118
2.5.4.1 Awdl ..............................................................................................................................................118
2.5.4.2 Cynghanedd................................................................................................................................118
Forms of cynghanedd............................................................................................................................118
2.5.4.3 Englyn...........................................................................................................................................119
The Eight Types.......................................................................................................................................120
Examples....................................................................................................................................................121
2.5.5 Hudibrastic.....................................................................................................................................122
2.5.6 Mock-heroic...................................................................................................................................123
2.6 Burmese Poetry....................................................................................................................................124
2.6.1 Than-Bauk......................................................................................................................................124
2.6.2 Ya-Du................................................................................................................................................124
2.7 Cambodian - Pathya vat.....................................................................................................................125
2.8 Canadian Poetry ...................................................................................................................................125
English-Canadian Poetry .....................................................................................................................125
French-Canadian Poetry......................................................................................................................128
2.9 Chinese Poetry ......................................................................................................................................128
Early poetry..............................................................................................................................................129
Classical poetry .......................................................................................................................................129
9. NICOLAE SFETCU: POETRY KALEIDOSCOPE
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Later classical poetry............................................................................................................................129
Modern poetry.........................................................................................................................................130
2.9.1 Ci.........................................................................................................................................................130
Famous Ci Poets......................................................................................................................................131
2.9.2 Shi......................................................................................................................................................131
Origins.........................................................................................................................................................131
Gushi............................................................................................................................................................131
Jintishi.........................................................................................................................................................131
Examples of Tang poetry.....................................................................................................................132
2.9.3 Yue fu................................................................................................................................................133
2.10 Filipino - Tanaga................................................................................................................................133
History of the Tanaga............................................................................................................................134
The Modern Tanaga...............................................................................................................................134
Tanaga in other Languages.................................................................................................................134
2.11 French Poetry .....................................................................................................................................134
Important French poets.......................................................................................................................135
2.11.1 Ballade...........................................................................................................................................136
2.11.2 Chansons de Geste....................................................................................................................136
Subjects ......................................................................................................................................................136
Origins.........................................................................................................................................................137
Performance.............................................................................................................................................137
The poems themselves.........................................................................................................................138
Legacy .........................................................................................................................................................139
2.11.3 Reverdie........................................................................................................................................139
10. NICOLAE SFETCU: POETRY KALEIDOSCOPE
9
2.11.4 Rondeau........................................................................................................................................139
2.11.5 Rondelet........................................................................................................................................140
Other uses..................................................................................................................................................140
2.11.6 Vers de Société...........................................................................................................................140
2.11.7 Virelai ............................................................................................................................................142
Example......................................................................................................................................................142
2.11.7.1 Virelai ancien ..........................................................................................................................143
2.11.7.2 Virelai nouveau ......................................................................................................................143
An Example...............................................................................................................................................144
2.11.8 Virelay ...........................................................................................................................................145
2.12 Hebrew and Jewish Epic Poetry ..................................................................................................145
2.13 Indian Epic Poetry.............................................................................................................................146
2.14 Italian Poetry.......................................................................................................................................147
2.14.1 Ballata............................................................................................................................................147
2.14.2 Dodecasyllable ...........................................................................................................................147
2.14.3 Fescennine Verses ....................................................................................................................147
2.14.4 Hendecasyllable.........................................................................................................................148
2.14.5 Sicilian octave.............................................................................................................................148
2.15 Japanese Poetry..................................................................................................................................150
Ancient........................................................................................................................................................150
From the late ancient to Middle........................................................................................................154
Important Poets (premodern)...........................................................................................................158
Important poets (Modern)..................................................................................................................158
Important collections and works .....................................................................................................158
11. NICOLAE SFETCU: POETRY KALEIDOSCOPE
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2.15.1 Dodoitsu .......................................................................................................................................158
2.15.2 Haiku..............................................................................................................................................159
Origin and evolution..............................................................................................................................160
Modern haiku...........................................................................................................................................162
Haiku in the West ...................................................................................................................................162
Contemporary English-language haiku .........................................................................................164
Internet and television.........................................................................................................................165
2.15.2.1 Kimo ...........................................................................................................................................165
2.15.2.2 SciFaiku.....................................................................................................................................165
2.15.3 Renga .............................................................................................................................................166
History ........................................................................................................................................................167
How to Make a Renga............................................................................................................................167
Terms of Renga........................................................................................................................................168
2.15.4 Senryu............................................................................................................................................170
2.15.5 Shichigon-zekku ........................................................................................................................171
Composition..............................................................................................................................................171
2.15.6 Waka ..............................................................................................................................................172
Forms of Waka.........................................................................................................................................172
Poetic culture ...........................................................................................................................................175
History of Waka development...........................................................................................................175
Tanka written in English .....................................................................................................................178
2.16 Kannada Poetry..................................................................................................................................179
Pre-history ................................................................................................................................................179
Haiku before Haiku!...............................................................................................................................179
12. NICOLAE SFETCU: POETRY KALEIDOSCOPE
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Bhakti..........................................................................................................................................................179
Navodaya (New birth)..........................................................................................................................180
Navya (New).............................................................................................................................................180
Other genres.............................................................................................................................................180
Awards........................................................................................................................................................180
Reaching people......................................................................................................................................181
2.17 Korean Poetry.....................................................................................................................................181
2.17.1 Sijo ..................................................................................................................................................181
2.18 Lao - Glawn ..........................................................................................................................................183
2.19 Malay - Pantun....................................................................................................................................183
2.20 Old Norse Poetry ...............................................................................................................................184
Metrical Forms ........................................................................................................................................185
Eddaic poetry...........................................................................................................................................185
Skaldic poetry ..........................................................................................................................................185
2.20.1 Edda................................................................................................................................................186
Etymology..................................................................................................................................................186
The Poetic Edda.......................................................................................................................................187
The Younger Edda..................................................................................................................................187
2.21 Provençal - Alba.................................................................................................................................187
2.22 Rune Poems.........................................................................................................................................188
Fe...................................................................................................................................................................188
Ur ..................................................................................................................................................................188
Þurs..............................................................................................................................................................189
As ..................................................................................................................................................................189
13. NICOLAE SFETCU: POETRY KALEIDOSCOPE
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Reidh............................................................................................................................................................189
Kaun.............................................................................................................................................................189
Hagall...........................................................................................................................................................189
Naud.............................................................................................................................................................190
Is....................................................................................................................................................................190
Ar ..................................................................................................................................................................190
Sol.................................................................................................................................................................190
Tyr ................................................................................................................................................................190
Bjarken .......................................................................................................................................................190
Madr.............................................................................................................................................................190
Logr..............................................................................................................................................................190
Yr...................................................................................................................................................................191
Anglo-Saxon only runes .......................................................................................................................191
Abecedarium Nordmannicum ...........................................................................................................193
2.23 Russian Poetry....................................................................................................................................194
2.23.1 Bylina.............................................................................................................................................194
2.23.2 Chastushka ..................................................................................................................................194
Examples....................................................................................................................................................195
2.24 Serbian Epic Poetry ..........................................................................................................................197
Structure ....................................................................................................................................................197
Corpus.........................................................................................................................................................197
Modern Serbian Epic Poetry ..............................................................................................................198
Excerpts......................................................................................................................................................198
Quotes.........................................................................................................................................................199
14. NICOLAE SFETCU: POETRY KALEIDOSCOPE
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2.25 Spanish Poetry....................................................................................................................................199
2.26 Spanish American Poetry...............................................................................................................199
Flor y Canto...............................................................................................................................................200
From the Preconquest to the beginning of Colonialization....................................................200
2.26.1 Décima...........................................................................................................................................201
2.27 Tamil - Kural........................................................................................................................................201
2.28 Ukrainian - Duma ..............................................................................................................................201
2.29 Urdu Poetry .........................................................................................................................................202
Genres.........................................................................................................................................................202
Pen names (Takhallus).........................................................................................................................202
2.29.1 Beher..............................................................................................................................................203
2.29.2 Maqta.............................................................................................................................................204
2.29.3 Qaafiyaa ........................................................................................................................................204
2.29.4 Radif...............................................................................................................................................205
2.30 Vietnamese - Luc Bat........................................................................................................................206
Example......................................................................................................................................................206
2.30.1 Song Thất Lục Bát .....................................................................................................................207
3 Periods..............................................................................................................................................................208
3.1 Ancient Poetry.......................................................................................................................................208
3.1.1 Augustan Poetry...........................................................................................................................208
Overview....................................................................................................................................................208
Alexander Pope, the Scribblerans, and poetry as social act...................................................209
Translation and adaptation as statement .....................................................................................211
Sentiment and the poetry of the individual..................................................................................212
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3.1.2 Choliambic Verse.........................................................................................................................213
3.1.3 Glyconic ...........................................................................................................................................213
3.1.4 Saturnian.........................................................................................................................................214
The Saturnian as quantitative............................................................................................................215
The Saturnian as accentual.................................................................................................................217
The Saturnian in non-Latin Italic......................................................................................................218
3.1.5 Tristubh...........................................................................................................................................220
3.2 Medieval Poetry....................................................................................................................................220
Medieval vernacular literature .........................................................................................................220
4 Styles .................................................................................................................................................................222
4.1 Acrostic ....................................................................................................................................................222
4.2 Concrete Poetry....................................................................................................................................222
4.3 Christian Poetry....................................................................................................................................223
Overview of Christian poetry.............................................................................................................223
Examples of Christian Poems.............................................................................................................225
4.3.1 Biblical Poetry...............................................................................................................................225
Characteristics of Ancient Hebrew Poetry....................................................................................226
Division of the poetical portions of the Hebrew Bible.............................................................232
Extent of Poetry in the Old Testament...........................................................................................233
4.4 Death Poem ............................................................................................................................................234
4.5 Digital Poetry.........................................................................................................................................235
4.6 Dramatic poetry....................................................................................................................................235
Dramatic verse.........................................................................................................................................236
The closet drama ....................................................................................................................................236
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Dramatic poetry in general.................................................................................................................236
4.6.1 Aubade.............................................................................................................................................237
4.7 Eclogue.....................................................................................................................................................237
Ancient Eclogues.....................................................................................................................................238
Modern Eclogues ....................................................................................................................................238
4.8 Epigram....................................................................................................................................................238
Ancient Greek...........................................................................................................................................238
Ancient Roman ........................................................................................................................................239
Poetic epigrams.......................................................................................................................................240
Non-poetic epigrams.............................................................................................................................241
4.9 Epitah........................................................................................................................................................242
Famous Epitaphs ....................................................................................................................................242
Other Epitaphs.........................................................................................................................................243
4.10 Epithalamium .....................................................................................................................................244
History ........................................................................................................................................................244
Development as a Literary Form......................................................................................................244
4.11 Erasure Poetry....................................................................................................................................245
4.12 Found Poetry.......................................................................................................................................245
4.13 Gnomic Poetry....................................................................................................................................247
4.14 Ideogramme ........................................................................................................................................248
4.14.1 Ideogrammic method..............................................................................................................248
4.15 Idyll.........................................................................................................................................................249
4.16 Jazz Poetry............................................................................................................................................249
The Harlem Renaissance .....................................................................................................................249
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Bebop and the Beat Generation........................................................................................................250
Modern Jazz Poetry................................................................................................................................250
4.17 Kyrielle ..................................................................................................................................................251
Name and form........................................................................................................................................251
An example................................................................................................................................................251
4.18 Lament...................................................................................................................................................252
4.19 Light Poetry.........................................................................................................................................252
4.19.1 Doggerel........................................................................................................................................253
4.19.2 McWhirtle ....................................................................................................................................254
4.20 Limerick Poetry..................................................................................................................................255
Structure ....................................................................................................................................................255
History ........................................................................................................................................................255
Well-known authors..............................................................................................................................257
Recurring themes ...................................................................................................................................258
Spelling.......................................................................................................................................................259
Limericks in other languages than English ..................................................................................262
4.21 Lyric poetry .........................................................................................................................................264
History ........................................................................................................................................................264
Themes .......................................................................................................................................................265
Forms ..........................................................................................................................................................265
Metrics........................................................................................................................................................266
Rhyme and alliteration.........................................................................................................................266
4.21.1 Anacreontics ...............................................................................................................................266
4.21.2 Cantiga de Amigo ......................................................................................................................267
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4.21.3 Ode..................................................................................................................................................268
Greek origins............................................................................................................................................268
Ode in Continental Europe..................................................................................................................268
English ode................................................................................................................................................269
Ode in music.............................................................................................................................................270
4.21.3.1 Antistrophe..............................................................................................................................270
4.21.3.2 Epode .........................................................................................................................................270
Epodes of Horace....................................................................................................................................271
4.21.3.3 Palinode ....................................................................................................................................271
Examples....................................................................................................................................................271
4.22 Narrative Poetry................................................................................................................................272
4.22.1 Ballad.............................................................................................................................................273
Origin and form.......................................................................................................................................273
Characteristics.........................................................................................................................................273
Broadsheet ballads.................................................................................................................................274
Border ballads..........................................................................................................................................275
Literary ballads .......................................................................................................................................276
Ballad opera..............................................................................................................................................276
Jazz ballad..................................................................................................................................................276
4.22.1.1 Ballad Meter ............................................................................................................................276
4.22.2 Epic.................................................................................................................................................276
Oral epics or world folk epics............................................................................................................277
Epics in literate societies.....................................................................................................................277
4.22.2.1 National Epic...........................................................................................................................277
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Western......................................................................................................................................................277
Oriental.......................................................................................................................................................278
4.22.2.2 World Folk-epics....................................................................................................................279
4.22.3 Epyllion.........................................................................................................................................279
4.23 Pantoum................................................................................................................................................279
4.24 Paradelle...............................................................................................................................................283
Derivation..................................................................................................................................................283
Form ............................................................................................................................................................283
The Paradelle Now.................................................................................................................................284
4.25 Partimen ...............................................................................................................................................284
4.26 Performance Poetry .........................................................................................................................284
Poetry in Oral Cultures.........................................................................................................................285
The Advent of Printing .........................................................................................................................285
The 20th Century....................................................................................................................................286
The 1970s and After..............................................................................................................................286
4.26.1 Dub Poetry...................................................................................................................................288
4.26.2 Slam Poetry .................................................................................................................................288
Slam and academia ................................................................................................................................289
History ........................................................................................................................................................290
Competition..............................................................................................................................................290
Competition types..................................................................................................................................291
4.27 Roses are red.......................................................................................................................................292
4.28 Scrypt.....................................................................................................................................................293
Technique..................................................................................................................................................293
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History ........................................................................................................................................................295
4.29 Sound Poetry.......................................................................................................................................296
4.30 Schools of Poetry...............................................................................................................................297
4.30.1 Martian Poetry...........................................................................................................................300
4.30.2 Modernist Poetry ......................................................................................................................300
4.30.3 Romantic Poetry........................................................................................................................301
Usage ...........................................................................................................................................................301
Pioneers of romantic poetry ..............................................................................................................301
The flowering of romantic poetry in England .............................................................................301
4.30.4 Symbolist Poetry.......................................................................................................................301
5 Technical means ...........................................................................................................................................302
5.1 Accent.......................................................................................................................................................302
5.2 Anacrusis.................................................................................................................................................302
5.3 Assonance ...............................................................................................................................................302
Examples....................................................................................................................................................303
5.4 Cæsura......................................................................................................................................................303
Examples....................................................................................................................................................303
Classification ............................................................................................................................................304
5.5 Dissonance..............................................................................................................................................305
5.6 Kennings..................................................................................................................................................305
Modern kennings....................................................................................................................................306
5.7 Meter.........................................................................................................................................................307
Fundamentals ..........................................................................................................................................307
Technical Terms......................................................................................................................................307
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An Example...............................................................................................................................................362
5.10.4.4 Habbie Stanza .........................................................................................................................363
5.10.4.5 Onegin Stanza .........................................................................................................................364
5.10.4.6 Ottava Rima .............................................................................................................................365
Form ............................................................................................................................................................365
History ........................................................................................................................................................365
Some examples........................................................................................................................................365
5.10.4.7 Quatrain ....................................................................................................................................366
Basic Forms...............................................................................................................................................366
Other forms...............................................................................................................................................368
5.10.4.8 Rhyme Royal ...........................................................................................................................368
Form ............................................................................................................................................................368
History ........................................................................................................................................................369
Some Examples........................................................................................................................................369
Ballade Royal............................................................................................................................................370
5.10.4.9 Sapphics....................................................................................................................................370
5.10.4.10 Spenserian Stanza ..............................................................................................................370
5.10.4.11 Terza rima .............................................................................................................................371
Form ............................................................................................................................................................371
History ........................................................................................................................................................371
Some Examples........................................................................................................................................372
5.10.4.12 Verse Paragraph..................................................................................................................374
6 Verse..................................................................................................................................................................375
6.1 Accentual Verse ....................................................................................................................................375
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6.2 Alliterative verse..................................................................................................................................375
Common Germanic origins and features.......................................................................................376
Old English poetic forms......................................................................................................................377
Old Norse poetic forms.........................................................................................................................380
German forms ..........................................................................................................................................383
6.2.1 Anglo-Saxon...................................................................................................................................383
6.3 Blank verse.............................................................................................................................................384
History of English blank verse...........................................................................................................385
6.4 Clerihew...................................................................................................................................................389
Examples....................................................................................................................................................389
6.5 Free verse................................................................................................................................................392
Some types of Free Verse ....................................................................................................................392
History ........................................................................................................................................................392
Precursors.................................................................................................................................................393
6.6 Grook ........................................................................................................................................................393
6.7 Libel...........................................................................................................................................................394
Classical roots ..........................................................................................................................................394
Renaissance English examples..........................................................................................................395
6.8 Monostich................................................................................................................................................396
6.9 Nonet.........................................................................................................................................................396
6.10 Nonsense Verse..................................................................................................................................396
6.11 Octave ....................................................................................................................................................401
6.12 Roundelay ............................................................................................................................................402
6.13 Sestina....................................................................................................................................................402
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Example......................................................................................................................................................402
How to.........................................................................................................................................................403
6.14 Solage.....................................................................................................................................................403
Examples....................................................................................................................................................404
6.15 Sonnet....................................................................................................................................................404
The Italian Sonnet ..................................................................................................................................404
The English Sonnet ................................................................................................................................406
The Modern Sonnet ...............................................................................................................................409
6.15.1 Caudate sonnet ..........................................................................................................................409
6.15.2 Crown of sonnets ......................................................................................................................410
6.15.3 Curtal sonnet ..............................................................................................................................410
6.15.4 Petrarchan sonnet ....................................................................................................................411
6.15.5 Quatorzain ...................................................................................................................................412
6.15.6 Sestet..............................................................................................................................................413
6.15.7 Shakespearean sonnet ............................................................................................................414
6.15.8 Sonnet cycle ................................................................................................................................414
6.15.9 Spenserian sonnet ....................................................................................................................414
6.16 Syllabic Verse......................................................................................................................................414
6.17 Tercet.....................................................................................................................................................415
6.18 Terzanelle.............................................................................................................................................415
6.19 Villanelle ...............................................................................................................................................416
Derivation..................................................................................................................................................416
Form ............................................................................................................................................................416
The villanelle in English.......................................................................................................................417
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Example......................................................................................................................................................418
About the author ..............................................................................................................................................419
Nicolae Sfetcu................................................................................................................................................419
Contact........................................................................................................................................................419
Publishing House..............................................................................................................................................420
MultiMedia Publishing ..............................................................................................................................420
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1 Poetry
Poetry (ancient Greek: ποιεω (poieo) = I create) is traditionally a written art form
(although there is also an ancient and modern poetry which relies mainly upon oral or
pictorial representations) in which human language is used for its aesthetic qualities in
addition to, or instead of, its notional and semantic content. The increased emphasis on the
aesthetics of language and the deliberate use of features such as repetition, meter and
rhyme, are what are commonly used to distinguish poetry from prose, but debates over
such distinctions still persist, while the issue is confounded by such forms as prose poetry
and poetic prose. Some modernists (such as the Surrealists) approach this problem of
definition by defining poetry not as a literary genre within a set of genres, but as the very
manifestation of human imagination, the substance which all creative acts derive from.
Poetry often uses condensed form to convey an emotion or idea to the reader or listener, as
well as using devices such as assonance, alliteration and repetition to achieve musical or
incantatory effects. Furthermore, poems often make heavy use of imagery, word
association, and musical qualities. Because of its reliance on "accidental" features of
language and connotational meaning, poetry is notoriously difficult to translate. Similarly,
poetry's use of nuance and symbolism can make it difficult to interpret a poem or can leave
a poem open to multiple interpretations.
It is difficult to define poetry definitively, especially when one considers that poetry
encompasses forms as different as epic narratives and haiku. Needless to say, many poets
have given their own definitions. Carl Sandburg said that, "poetry is the synthesis of
hyacinths and biscuits." Robert Frost once said "Poetry is the first thing lost in translation."
Nature of poetry
Poetry can be differentiated from prose, which is language meant to convey meaning in a
less condensed way, using more logical or narrative structures. This does not imply poetry
is illogical. Poetry is often created from the desire to escape the logical, as well as
expressing feelings and other expressions in a tight, condensed manner. English Romantic
poet John Keats termed this escape from logic Negative Capability.
Prose poetry combines the characteristics of poetry with the superficial appearance of
prose. Other forms include narrative poetry and dramatic poetry, used to tell stories and so
resemble novels and plays.
The Greek verb ποιέω [poiéō (= I make or create)], gave rise to three words: ποιητής
[poiētḗs (= the one who creates)], ποίησις [poíēsis (= the act of creation)] and ποίημα
[poíēma (= the thing created)]. From these we get three English words: poet (the creator),
poesy (the creation) and poem (the created). A poet is therefore one who creates and
poetry is what the poet creates. The underlying concept of the poet as creator is not
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uncommon. For example, in Anglo-Saxon a poet is a scop (shaper or maker) and in Scots
makar.
Tools
Sound
Perhaps the most vital element of sound in poetry is rhythm. Often the rhythm of each line
is arranged in a particular meter. Different types of meter played key roles in Classical,
Early European, Eastern and Modern poetry. In the case of free verse, the rhythm of lines is
often organized into looser units of cadence. Robinson Jeffers, Marianne Moore, and
William Carlos Williams were three notable poets who rejected the idea that meter was a
critical element of poetry, claiming it was an unnatural imposition into poetry.
Poetry in English and other modern European languages often uses rhyme. Rhyme at the
end of lines is the basis of a number of common poetic forms, such as ballads, sonnets and
rhyming couplets. However, the use of rhyme is not universal. Much modern poetry avoids
traditional rhyme schemes. Classical Greek and Latin poetry did not use rhyme. Rhyme did
not enter European poetry until the High Middle Ages, when adopted from the Arabic
language. Arabs have always used rhymes extensively, most notably in their long, rhyming
qasidas. Some classical poetry forms, such as Venpa of the Tamil language, had rigid
grammars (to the point that they could be expressed as a context-free grammar), which
ensured a rhythm. Alliteration played a key role in structuring early Germanic and English
forms of poetry, alliterative verse. The alliterative patterns of early Germanic poetry and
the rhyme schemes of Modern European poetry include meter as a key part of their
structure, which determines when the listener expects instances of rhyme or alliteration to
occur. Alliteration and rhyme, when used in poetic structures, help emphasise and define a
rhythmic pattern. By contrast, the chief device of Biblical poetry in ancient Hebrew was
parallelism, a rhetorical structure in which successive lines reflected each other in
grammatical structure, sound structure, notional content, or all three; which lent itself to
antiphonal or call-and-response performance.
Sound plays a more subtle role in free verse poetry by creating pleasing, varied patterns
and emphasizing or illustrating semantic elements of the poem. Alliteration, assonance,
consonance, dissonance and internal rhyme are among the ways poets use sound. Euphony
refers to the musical, flowing quality of words arranged in an aesthetically pleasing way.
Form
Poetry depends less on linguistic units of sentences and paragraphs. The structural
elements are the line, couplet, strophe, stanza, and verse paragraph.
Lines may be self-contained units of sense, as in the well-known lines from William
Shakespeare's Hamlet:
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To be, or not to be: that is the question.
Alternatively a line may end in mid-phrase or sentence:
Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
this linguistic unit is completed in the next line,
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune.
This technique is called enjambment, and is used to create expectation, adding dynamic
tension to the verse.
In many instances, the effectiveness of a poem derives from the tension between the use of
linguistic and formal units. With the advent of printing, poets gained greater control over
the visual presentation of their work. As a result, the use of these formal elements, and of
the white space they help create, became an important part of the poet's toolbox.
Modernist poetry tends to take this to an extreme, with the placement of individual lines or
groups of lines on the page forming an integral part of the poem's composition. In its most
extreme form, this leads to concrete poetry.
Rhetoric
Rhetorical devices such as simile and metaphor are frequently used in poetry. Aristotle
wrote in his Poetics that "the greatest thing by far is to be a master of metaphor". Since the
rise of Modernism, some poets have opted for reduced use of these devices, attempting the
direct presentation of things and experiences. Surrealists have pushed rhetorical devices to
their limits, making frequent use of catachresis.
History
Poetry as an art form predates literacy. Poetry was employed as a means of recording oral
history, storytelling (epic poetry), genealogy, and law. Poetry is often closely identified with
liturgy in pre-literate societies. Many of the scriptures currently held to be sacred by
contemporary religious traditions with their roots in antiquity were composed as poetry
rather than prose to aid memorization and help guarantee the accuracy of oral
transmission in pre-literate societies. As a result many of the poems surviving from the
ancient world are a form of recorded cultural information about the people of the past, and
their poems are prayers or stories about religious subject matter, histories about their
politics and wars, and the important organizing myths of their societies.
The use of verse to transmit cultural information continues today. Many English-speaking
Americans know that "in 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue". An alphabet song teaches
the names and order of the letters of the alphabet; another jingle states the lengths and
names of the months in the Gregorian calendar. Some writers believe poetry has its origins