The Art of Movies
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Movie is considered to be an important art form; films entertain, educate, enlighten and inspire audiences. Film is a term that encompasses motion pictures as individual projects, as well as — in metonymy — the field in general. The origin of the name comes from the fact that photographic film (also called filmstock) has historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist — motion pictures (or just pictures or “picture”), the silver screen, photoplays, the cinema, picture shows, flicks — and commonly movies.
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The Art of Movies
- 2. The Art of Movies Nicolae Sfetcu Published by Nicolae Sfetcu © 2021 Nicolae Sfetcu
- 3. NICOLAE SFETCU: THE ART OF MOVIES 2 The book is made by organizing Telework articles (main sources: my own articles, Wikipedia under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license adapted by Nicolae Sfetcu, and other sources). Text license: CC BY-SA 3.0 The information in this book (licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License) is from 2006 and has not been updated. DISCLAIMER: The author and publisher are providing this book and its contents on an “as is” basis and make no representations or warranties of any kind with respect to this book or its contents. The author and publisher disclaim all such representations and warranties for a particular purpose. In addition, the author and publisher do not represent or warrant that the information accessible via this book is accurate, complete or current. Except as specifically stated in this book, neither the author or publisher, nor any authors, contributors, or other representatives will be liable for damages arising out of or in connection with the use of this book. This is a comprehensive limitation of liability that applies to all damages of any kind, including (without limitation) compensatory; direct, indirect or consequential damages, including for third parties. You understand that this book is not intended as a substitute for consultation with a licensed, educational, legal or finance professional. Before you use it in any way, you will consult a licensed professional to ensure that you are doing what’s best for your situation. This book provides content related to educational topics. As such, use of this book implies your acceptance of this disclaimer.
- 4. NICOLAE SFETCU: THE ART OF MOVIES 3 Table of Contents The Art of Movies..................................................................................1 The Art of Movies................................................................................45 Film......................................................................................................46 History of film.......................................................................................................................................... 46 Film theory ............................................................................................................................................... 47 Film criticism........................................................................................................................................... 48 The motion picture industry.............................................................................................................. 48 Stages of filmmaking............................................................................................................................. 49 Film crew................................................................................................................................................... 50 Independent filmmaking..................................................................................................................... 50 Animation.................................................................................................................................................. 51 Film venues .............................................................................................................................................. 51 Development of film technology ...................................................................................................... 52 Endurance of films................................................................................................................................. 53 See also....................................................................................................................................................... 53 References................................................................................................................................................. 54 Films by genre.............................................................................................................................................. 57 Movies genres............................................................................................................................................... 57 Setting films .................................................................................................................................................. 57 Crime film ...................................................................................................................................................... 57 Film noir......................................................................................................................................................... 59 Precursors................................................................................................................................................. 60 The classic period................................................................................................................................... 60 Film noir outside the United States................................................................................................. 62 Neo-noir and the influence of film noir ......................................................................................... 62 Characteristics......................................................................................................................................... 63 Further reading....................................................................................................................................... 66 See also....................................................................................................................................................... 67 Reference................................................................................................................................................... 67
- 5. NICOLAE SFETCU: THE ART OF MOVIES 4 Bad girl movies ............................................................................................................................................ 67 Neo-noir.......................................................................................................................................................... 69 Pulp noir......................................................................................................................................................... 69 References................................................................................................................................................. 70 Historical film............................................................................................................................................... 70 Science fiction film...................................................................................................................................... 71 History........................................................................................................................................................ 72 Definition................................................................................................................................................... 72 Themes....................................................................................................................................................... 73 Film versus literature........................................................................................................................... 78 Science fiction as social commentary............................................................................................. 78 Influence of classic sci-fi authors..................................................................................................... 79 References................................................................................................................................................. 80 Science fiction Western............................................................................................................................ 80 Differences in Science Fiction genres............................................................................................. 81 Examples ................................................................................................................................................... 81 Space western .............................................................................................................................................. 82 "The Final Frontier" as a backdrop................................................................................................. 82 Differences in Science Fiction genres............................................................................................. 83 Examples ................................................................................................................................................... 83 Sports film...................................................................................................................................................... 84 American Football.................................................................................................................................. 84 Auto racing................................................................................................................................................ 85 Basketball.................................................................................................................................................. 85 Boxing......................................................................................................................................................... 85 Curling........................................................................................................................................................ 86 Cycling ........................................................................................................................................................ 86 Football (soccer)..................................................................................................................................... 86 Golf............................................................................................................................................................... 87 Hockey........................................................................................................................................................ 87 Horse racing............................................................................................................................................. 87 Martial arts ............................................................................................................................................... 87 Skateboarding.......................................................................................................................................... 88
- 6. NICOLAE SFETCU: THE ART OF MOVIES 5 Track ........................................................................................................................................................... 88 Wrestling................................................................................................................................................... 88 Other ........................................................................................................................................................... 88 War film.......................................................................................................................................................... 89 History........................................................................................................................................................ 89 The military and the movie industry.............................................................................................. 92 See also....................................................................................................................................................... 92 Anti-war film................................................................................................................................................. 93 Western film ................................................................................................................................................. 94 Definition................................................................................................................................................... 94 Common themes..................................................................................................................................... 95 Western movies...................................................................................................................................... 95 Westerns in other Media..................................................................................................................... 98 Influences on and of the Western.................................................................................................... 99 Notable Western movies...................................................................................................................100 Quote.........................................................................................................................................................100 Spaghetti Western ....................................................................................................................................100 Other "Food Westerns"......................................................................................................................101 References...............................................................................................................................................101 Mood films...................................................................................................................................................102 Action movie...............................................................................................................................................102 Rise of the action movie.....................................................................................................................102 Current trends.......................................................................................................................................103 Feminist theory.....................................................................................................................................103 See also.....................................................................................................................................................104 Sub-genres..............................................................................................................................................104 Adventure film...........................................................................................................................................105 Popular adventure films....................................................................................................................105 Popular adventure film filmmakers..............................................................................................106 Comedy film................................................................................................................................................106 History......................................................................................................................................................108 References...............................................................................................................................................112 Drama film...................................................................................................................................................112
- 7. NICOLAE SFETCU: THE ART OF MOVIES 6 Fantasy film.................................................................................................................................................113 Genre definition....................................................................................................................................113 Subgenres................................................................................................................................................114 Fantasy movies and the film industry..........................................................................................115 History......................................................................................................................................................116 Additional examples ...........................................................................................................................120 See also.....................................................................................................................................................120 Horror film...................................................................................................................................................120 History......................................................................................................................................................121 Bibliography...........................................................................................................................................127 See also.....................................................................................................................................................127 Slasher film..................................................................................................................................................128 Origins ......................................................................................................................................................128 "Golden age"...........................................................................................................................................128 Revival......................................................................................................................................................129 Critical analysis.....................................................................................................................................129 Notable slasher movies......................................................................................................................129 See also.....................................................................................................................................................130 Splatter film.................................................................................................................................................130 Mystery film................................................................................................................................................131 History......................................................................................................................................................132 Mystery films .........................................................................................................................................132 References...............................................................................................................................................134 See also.....................................................................................................................................................134 Romance film..............................................................................................................................................134 Examples .................................................................................................................................................134 See also.....................................................................................................................................................134 Thriller film.................................................................................................................................................135 Sub-genres..............................................................................................................................................135 Examples .................................................................................................................................................136 See also.....................................................................................................................................................137 Format films................................................................................................................................................138 Biographical film.......................................................................................................................................138
- 8. NICOLAE SFETCU: THE ART OF MOVIES 7 Controversies over truthfulness ....................................................................................................138 Experimental film.....................................................................................................................................139 History......................................................................................................................................................140 Prominent experimental films and filmmakers .......................................................................142 Distribution ............................................................................................................................................142 Exhibition................................................................................................................................................142 Influences on commercial media...................................................................................................143 See also.....................................................................................................................................................143 Key Critical Texts..................................................................................................................................143 Musical film.................................................................................................................................................144 History of the musical.........................................................................................................................145 Musicals of the classical sound era................................................................................................145 The post-classical musical ................................................................................................................146 Narrative film .............................................................................................................................................147 See also.....................................................................................................................................................147 Short film......................................................................................................................................................148 History......................................................................................................................................................148 Categories................................................................................................................................................150 Age films.......................................................................................................................................................151 Children's film............................................................................................................................................151 Family film...................................................................................................................................................151 Adult film......................................................................................................................................................152 Overview..................................................................................................................................................153 Sub-genres..............................................................................................................................................154 Clichés.......................................................................................................................................................155 AIDS and the industry ........................................................................................................................156 Sex cinema ..............................................................................................................................................156 Famous pornographic movies.........................................................................................................156 Sources.....................................................................................................................................................157 Buddy film....................................................................................................................................................157 Disaster movie ...........................................................................................................................................158 See also.....................................................................................................................................................159 Doomsday film...........................................................................................................................................159
- 9. NICOLAE SFETCU: THE ART OF MOVIES 8 List of noteworthy doomsday films in chronological order................................................159 See also.....................................................................................................................................................160 Exploitation film........................................................................................................................................160 Grindhouse cinema..............................................................................................................................161 Early exploitation films......................................................................................................................162 Subgenres................................................................................................................................................162 Film genres influenced by exploitation film..............................................................................164 See also.....................................................................................................................................................165 References...............................................................................................................................................165 Fictional documentaries.........................................................................................................................165 See also.....................................................................................................................................................166 Heist film......................................................................................................................................................166 Etymology ...............................................................................................................................................167 The archetypal plot .............................................................................................................................167 History......................................................................................................................................................168 Notable examples.................................................................................................................................168 Jidaigeki film...............................................................................................................................................169 Kinds of Jidaigeki..................................................................................................................................170 Roles in Jidaigeki ..................................................................................................................................170 Conventions............................................................................................................................................172 Famous Jidaigeki ..................................................................................................................................173 Famous Directors.................................................................................................................................174 Famous Actors and Actresses..........................................................................................................175 Trivia.........................................................................................................................................................176 Propaganda film........................................................................................................................................176 Road movie..................................................................................................................................................177 References...............................................................................................................................................178 Filmography...........................................................................................................................................178 Bibliography...........................................................................................................................................178 Romantic comedy film ............................................................................................................................178 Meet cute......................................................................................................................................................179 Examples .................................................................................................................................................180 Teen film.......................................................................................................................................................180
- 10. NICOLAE SFETCU: THE ART OF MOVIES 9 List of popular teen films ..................................................................................................................180 See also.....................................................................................................................................................182 Television movie.......................................................................................................................................182 Origins and history..............................................................................................................................182 Notable examples.................................................................................................................................183 Production and quality ......................................................................................................................183 See also.....................................................................................................................................................184 Tokusatsu.....................................................................................................................................................184 Tokushu Satsuei (or Tokushu Gijutsu)........................................................................................185 The Legacy of Eiji Tsuburaya...........................................................................................................185 Suitmation technology .......................................................................................................................185 Famous Tokusatsu Monsters and Superheroes .......................................................................188 Beyond The Norm................................................................................................................................188 Japanese Fan Films..............................................................................................................................189 Tokusatsu Around the World..........................................................................................................190 Confusion of the term outside Japan ............................................................................................190 Perception of Tokusatsu in America.............................................................................................191 References...............................................................................................................................................196 Zen movies...................................................................................................................................................197 Film clichés..................................................................................................................................................197 American movies..................................................................................................................................198 Bollywood ...............................................................................................................................................201 Disaster movies.....................................................................................................................................202 Historical fiction movies....................................................................................................................204 Musicals ...................................................................................................................................................205 Road movies...........................................................................................................................................206 Romance..................................................................................................................................................208 Superhero films.....................................................................................................................................209 Sequels .....................................................................................................................................................212 Films by technology.................................................................................................................................213 3-D film .........................................................................................................................................................213 Techniques..............................................................................................................................................213 History......................................................................................................................................................214
- 11. NICOLAE SFETCU: THE ART OF MOVIES 10 The World 3-D Exposition ................................................................................................................222 New developments (2006)...............................................................................................................222 Notes .........................................................................................................................................................223 Films shot digitally...................................................................................................................................223 Technology .............................................................................................................................................224 Culture......................................................................................................................................................225 Technical challenges...........................................................................................................................226 Cameras ...................................................................................................................................................228 Digital video vs. film............................................................................................................................230 See also.....................................................................................................................................................233 Digital cinema.............................................................................................................................................233 Technology .............................................................................................................................................234 Current Developments.......................................................................................................................237 Economics...............................................................................................................................................237 History......................................................................................................................................................238 Digital cinema companies.................................................................................................................239 See also.....................................................................................................................................................240 Films by type...............................................................................................................................................240 Anthology film............................................................................................................................................240 See also.....................................................................................................................................................241 Direct-to-video...........................................................................................................................................241 Reasons for releasing direct-to-video..........................................................................................241 Television spin-offs.............................................................................................................................242 The direct-to-DVD market................................................................................................................242 The V-Cinema and OVA markets in Japan...................................................................................243 See also.....................................................................................................................................................243 Fan film.........................................................................................................................................................243 History......................................................................................................................................................244 Authorized fan films............................................................................................................................244 Further reading.....................................................................................................................................245 Feature film.................................................................................................................................................245 Independent film.......................................................................................................................................246 History......................................................................................................................................................246
- 12. NICOLAE SFETCU: THE ART OF MOVIES 11 Technology .............................................................................................................................................247 Indie versus major...............................................................................................................................247 Indie-producing studios ....................................................................................................................248 List of some significant independent films ................................................................................249 Further reading.....................................................................................................................................250 See also.....................................................................................................................................................250 Actor...............................................................................................................................................................251 Etymology ...............................................................................................................................................251 History......................................................................................................................................................251 Techniques of acting...........................................................................................................................253 Actors playing the opposite sex......................................................................................................254 Acting awards........................................................................................................................................254 See also.....................................................................................................................................................254 Suggested reading................................................................................................................................255 Film adaptation..........................................................................................................................................255 Novel adaptations and fidelity........................................................................................................256 Theatrical adaptation .........................................................................................................................257 Television and other theatrical adaptation................................................................................257 Comic book adaptation......................................................................................................................258 Adaptations from other sources.....................................................................................................259 Reverse adaptation..............................................................................................................................259 Other adaptative processes..............................................................................................................260 References...............................................................................................................................................260 Examples of adaptations ...................................................................................................................260 Dance in film...............................................................................................................................................260 Purpose of the list ................................................................................................................................261 Movies with plot based on dance...................................................................................................261 Movies with memorable dance scenes ........................................................................................263 Edited movie...............................................................................................................................................264 Types of editing.....................................................................................................................................264 History......................................................................................................................................................265 Editing techniques...............................................................................................................................265 History of Mechanical Editing.........................................................................................................265
- 13. NICOLAE SFETCU: THE ART OF MOVIES 12 History of Digital Editing...................................................................................................................266 Future of the Industry........................................................................................................................266 See also.....................................................................................................................................................266 Greatest films..............................................................................................................................................267 Films acclaimed by critics and filmmakers................................................................................268 Films acclaimed in audience polls.................................................................................................268 Biggest box office successes.............................................................................................................269 Films that have received the most Academy Awards............................................................271 Films that are considered the greatest in their particular genre ......................................271 In particular countries .......................................................................................................................278 Movie star ....................................................................................................................................................283 Origin ........................................................................................................................................................283 Perks..........................................................................................................................................................283 Downsides...............................................................................................................................................284 Treatment outside the West ............................................................................................................284 Political cinema..........................................................................................................................................284 The notion of political cinema.........................................................................................................285 Cinema, World War I and its aftermath.......................................................................................285 Film and National Socialism.............................................................................................................286 Political function of dominant cinema.........................................................................................286 Forms of Political Cinema.................................................................................................................286 Against Hollywood...............................................................................................................................286 Remembering ........................................................................................................................................287 Current topics........................................................................................................................................287 Films (selection)...................................................................................................................................287 See also.....................................................................................................................................................290 Bibliography...........................................................................................................................................290 Remake .........................................................................................................................................................292 Underground film .....................................................................................................................................293 Underground versus cult ..................................................................................................................293 See also.....................................................................................................................................................294
- 14. NICOLAE SFETCU: THE ART OF MOVIES 13 Film actors.........................................................................................295 Film advertising material...................................................................298 Trailer............................................................................................................................................................298 Parts of a trailer....................................................................................................................................299 Creation of a trailer .............................................................................................................................300 Commercial considerations .............................................................................................................300 Criticism of trailers..............................................................................................................................301 Re-cut trailers........................................................................................................................................301 Trailers that break form....................................................................................................................302 Teaser trailer..............................................................................................................................................302 Trailervision................................................................................................................................................303 Movie poster...............................................................................................................................................304 Billing.............................................................................................................................................................305 Film taglines................................................................................................................................................307 Selective list of film taglines.............................................................................................................307 Animation..........................................................................................317 Animation techniques ........................................................................................................................317 History......................................................................................................................................................318 Animation studios................................................................................................................................319 Styles and techniques of animation ..............................................................................................319 See also.....................................................................................................................................................320 Further reading.....................................................................................................................................320 History of animation................................................................................................................................321 See also.....................................................................................................................................................325 Adult animation.........................................................................................................................................326 Animated cartoon.....................................................................................................................................327 History......................................................................................................................................................328 Technologies..........................................................................................................................................328 Feature films..........................................................................................................................................329 Notable artists and producers.........................................................................................................329 Television................................................................................................................................................330 Commercial animation.......................................................................................................................330
- 15. NICOLAE SFETCU: THE ART OF MOVIES 14 Genres of animated cartoons...........................................................................................................331 See also.....................................................................................................................................................332 Animated series.........................................................................................................................................332 Cartoon physics .........................................................................................................................................333 Why is it funny? ....................................................................................................................................334 Examples .................................................................................................................................................334 Anvilology ...............................................................................................................................................335 Cartoon collision physics ..................................................................................................................336 Laws of Cartoon Thermodynamics ...............................................................................................336 Anime physics........................................................................................................................................337 Notes .........................................................................................................................................................338 Superhero ....................................................................................................................................................338 Common traits.......................................................................................................................................339 Character subtypes..............................................................................................................................343 Divergent character examples ........................................................................................................344 Trademark status.................................................................................................................................345 Growth in diversity..............................................................................................................................346 Treatment in other media.................................................................................................................348 Real-life superheroes..........................................................................................................................349 See also.....................................................................................................................................................349 Magical girl..................................................................................................................................................349 General types of "magical girls"......................................................................................................350 Common themes and features ........................................................................................................350 Famous examples.................................................................................................................................351 Outside of Japan....................................................................................................................................351 MahM ShMjo in Japan.........................................................................................................................352 External link...........................................................................................................................................353 Superheroes in animation .....................................................................................................................353 History......................................................................................................................................................353 Supervillains...............................................................................................................................................354 Common Traits......................................................................................................................................355 Personality Types.................................................................................................................................356 Supervillains as Foils..........................................................................................................................357
- 16. NICOLAE SFETCU: THE ART OF MOVIES 15 Origins ......................................................................................................................................................357 Well-known supervillains.................................................................................................................357 Well-known parodies of supervillains.........................................................................................358 Other uses ...............................................................................................................................................359 Amerime.......................................................................................................................................................360 History......................................................................................................................................................360 Examples of Amerime.........................................................................................................................361 See also.....................................................................................................................................................361 Animation camera ....................................................................................................................................362 Animation stand........................................................................................................................................363 Anime.............................................................................................................................................................364 History......................................................................................................................................................364 Terminology...........................................................................................................................................365 Characteristics.......................................................................................................................................366 Animation process...............................................................................................................................368 Production types of anime................................................................................................................370 Western distribution ..........................................................................................................................371 See also.....................................................................................................................................................372 History of anime........................................................................................................................................373 Toei Animation and Mushi Productions......................................................................................375 The 70s.....................................................................................................................................................376 The 80s.....................................................................................................................................................377 The 90s to the present .......................................................................................................................378 References...............................................................................................................................................381 See also.....................................................................................................................................................381 Anime genres..............................................................................................................................................382 Harem anime ..............................................................................................................................................382 Design and criticism............................................................................................................................383 Male characters.....................................................................................................................................383 Female characters................................................................................................................................383 Examples often cited by fans...........................................................................................................387 Gender variants.....................................................................................................................................388 Josei................................................................................................................................................................388
- 17. NICOLAE SFETCU: THE ART OF MOVIES 16 Examples .................................................................................................................................................389 Mecha anime...............................................................................................................................................389 East and West........................................................................................................................................390 The mecha genre of anime................................................................................................................391 Games .......................................................................................................................................................393 Scale Models...........................................................................................................................................393 Grammar..................................................................................................................................................393 Word origins and usage.....................................................................................................................394 Mecha as practical war machines..................................................................................................394 Notes .........................................................................................................................................................397 Super Robot.................................................................................................................................................397 Basic characteristics ...........................................................................................................................398 Merchandise...........................................................................................................................................400 Seinen............................................................................................................................................................400 Shojo ..............................................................................................................................................................401 Meaning and spelling..........................................................................................................................402 History......................................................................................................................................................403 Western adoption ................................................................................................................................403 ShMjo Magazines in Japan ................................................................................................................404 See also.....................................................................................................................................................404 Shonen...........................................................................................................................................................405 See also.....................................................................................................................................................405 Anime composer .......................................................................................................................................406 Anime convention.....................................................................................................................................407 Anatomy of a typical anime convention......................................................................................407 Dojin...............................................................................................................................................................409 Perception...............................................................................................................................................409 Dojin Categories....................................................................................................................................410 See also.....................................................................................................................................................410 Dojin soft......................................................................................................................................................410 DMjin soft companies.........................................................................................................................411 Dojinshi.........................................................................................................................................................411 Perception...............................................................................................................................................412
- 18. NICOLAE SFETCU: THE ART OF MOVIES 17 Categories of dMjinshi........................................................................................................................412 Famous dMjinshi authors .................................................................................................................413 See also.....................................................................................................................................................413 H dojinshi.....................................................................................................................................................413 Derivative works of H dMjinshi......................................................................................................414 See also.....................................................................................................................................................414 Hentai ............................................................................................................................................................414 Background ............................................................................................................................................414 Meaning of the word...........................................................................................................................416 Hentai classification............................................................................................................................416 Hentai media..........................................................................................................................................417 See also.....................................................................................................................................................418 Yaoi.................................................................................................................................................................419 Overview..................................................................................................................................................419 Yuri.................................................................................................................................................................422 Definition and semantic drift...........................................................................................................423 Yuri as story ...........................................................................................................................................424 Famous yuri pairings..........................................................................................................................425 Reference.................................................................................................................................................427 Original Video Animation ......................................................................................................................427 The OVA format ....................................................................................................................................427 History......................................................................................................................................................428 Otaku..............................................................................................................................................................429 In Japan ....................................................................................................................................................429 In English/Internationally................................................................................................................431 Fictional works about otaku............................................................................................................431 Anime and manga terminology ...........................................................................................................432 A..................................................................................................................................................................433 B..................................................................................................................................................................433 C ..................................................................................................................................................................433 D..................................................................................................................................................................434 E ..................................................................................................................................................................434 F ..................................................................................................................................................................434
- 19. NICOLAE SFETCU: THE ART OF MOVIES 18 G..................................................................................................................................................................434 H..................................................................................................................................................................435 I....................................................................................................................................................................435 L ..................................................................................................................................................................435 K..................................................................................................................................................................435 O..................................................................................................................................................................435 P ..................................................................................................................................................................436 N..................................................................................................................................................................436 R..................................................................................................................................................................436 S...................................................................................................................................................................436 V..................................................................................................................................................................437 W.................................................................................................................................................................437 Y ..................................................................................................................................................................437 Z ..................................................................................................................................................................437 Alternative manga ....................................................................................................................................437 References...............................................................................................................................................438 Amerimanga................................................................................................................................................439 Notable Examples of Amerimanga................................................................................................440 See also.....................................................................................................................................................440 Bishojo...........................................................................................................................................................440 BishMjo in manga and anime ..........................................................................................................441 Moé style..................................................................................................................................................441 BishMjo contests ..................................................................................................................................441 See also.....................................................................................................................................................442 Bishonen.......................................................................................................................................................442 Origin ........................................................................................................................................................442 Usage.........................................................................................................................................................443 Examples .................................................................................................................................................443 See also.....................................................................................................................................................444 Catgirl ............................................................................................................................................................444 List of catgirl characters....................................................................................................................445 Face fault......................................................................................................................................................447 List of common face faults................................................................................................................447
- 20. NICOLAE SFETCU: THE ART OF MOVIES 19 Effects accompanying a face fault..................................................................................................449 Gekiga............................................................................................................................................................451 A few Examples of Mangaka who Draw in Gekiga Style........................................................451 References...............................................................................................................................................452 Hammerspace.............................................................................................................................................452 Origins ......................................................................................................................................................453 Hammerspace in games.....................................................................................................................453 Analogies .................................................................................................................................................453 Properties................................................................................................................................................454 Notes .........................................................................................................................................................454 See also.....................................................................................................................................................455 Henshin.........................................................................................................................................................455 In series outside of Japan..................................................................................................................456 Trivia.........................................................................................................................................................457 Kemonomimi ..............................................................................................................................................457 List of kemonomimi characters by animal.................................................................................457 See also.....................................................................................................................................................459 Progressive anime....................................................................................................................................459 Examples .................................................................................................................................................459 Super deformed.........................................................................................................................................460 Examples .................................................................................................................................................461 Appearances in other media............................................................................................................461 Anime industry..........................................................................................................................................462 Licensors .................................................................................................................................................462 Bootlegs, fansubs, and legal issues................................................................................................463 Current state of the industry ...........................................................................................................463 Manga ............................................................................................................................................................464 Origins ......................................................................................................................................................465 Tezuka Osamu.......................................................................................................................................465 Gekiga .......................................................................................................................................................466 A wealth of topics.................................................................................................................................467 Cultural importance............................................................................................................................467 The manga style....................................................................................................................................468
- 21. NICOLAE SFETCU: THE ART OF MOVIES 20 Manga format.........................................................................................................................................470 Types of manga.....................................................................................................................................471 International influence ......................................................................................................................471 Manga outside Japan...........................................................................................................................472 Language notes .....................................................................................................................................472 See also.....................................................................................................................................................473 References...............................................................................................................................................473 Avar................................................................................................................................................................473 See also.....................................................................................................................................................473 Background artist .....................................................................................................................................474 Brickmation.................................................................................................................................................475 Brick Tableux.........................................................................................................................................475 Cartoon pornography..............................................................................................................................476 Styles of cartoon pornography........................................................................................................476 See also.....................................................................................................................................................476 Cel....................................................................................................................................................................477 See also.....................................................................................................................................................477 Animation software .................................................................................................................................478 Two Dimensional (2D) animation.................................................................................................478 Three dimensional (3D) animation...............................................................................................478 Computer facial animation....................................................................................................................479 History......................................................................................................................................................479 Techniques..............................................................................................................................................480 Face Animation Languages...............................................................................................................482 See also.....................................................................................................................................................482 Computer-generated imagery..............................................................................................................483 History......................................................................................................................................................483 Creating characters and objects on a computer.......................................................................485 Digital Grading ......................................................................................................................................485 Free CGI Tools Available Online for Download ........................................................................485 See also.....................................................................................................................................................485 Flash cartoon..............................................................................................................................................486 Head swap ...................................................................................................................................................486
- 22. NICOLAE SFETCU: THE ART OF MOVIES 21 Light synthesizer.......................................................................................................................................487 Morph target animation.........................................................................................................................488 See also.....................................................................................................................................................488 Skeletal animation....................................................................................................................................489 Strengths and weaknesses ...............................................................................................................489 Applications............................................................................................................................................490 See also.....................................................................................................................................................490 Crowd simulation......................................................................................................................................490 Cutout animation ......................................................................................................................................491 Animated shows using cutout animation ...................................................................................491 Drawn on film animation.......................................................................................................................492 Flip book.......................................................................................................................................................492 Functionality..........................................................................................................................................493 History and cultural uses ..................................................................................................................493 Full motion video......................................................................................................................................494 Funny animal..............................................................................................................................................495 Go motion.....................................................................................................................................................496 Technical Explanation........................................................................................................................497 Methods for creating motion blur .................................................................................................497 Go motion today ...................................................................................................................................498 Independent animation..........................................................................................................................498 Leica reel......................................................................................................................................................499 Limited animation ....................................................................................................................................501 See also.....................................................................................................................................................502 Machinima ...................................................................................................................................................502 History......................................................................................................................................................503 Advantages and disadvantages.......................................................................................................505 Notable examples.................................................................................................................................506 Notable production teams................................................................................................................510 Notable anime............................................................................................................................................511 Contemporary classics.......................................................................................................................512 Comedy anime.......................................................................................................................................512 Drama anime..........................................................................................................................................512