PPT Plant syst

1. Plant Taxonomy (Systematics)
 Naming
 Classifying
 Identifying

2. Plant Systematics
 Naming
– give an organism a precise scientific name
– Homo sapiens L.
– ICZN, ICBN, ICMN

3. Plant Systematics
 Classifying
– organize into groups
– Primata
• Hominidae
– Homo sapiens

4. Plant Systematics
 Identifying
– finding the name
of an organism
that has already
been named and
classified

5. Dichotomous Keys
 A series of paired choices that leads to
the correct name of an organism

6. Collecting, Preparing and
Preserving Plants

7. Collecting, Preparing and
Preserving Plants

8. Polynomial Nomenclature
 Ranunculus calycibus, retroflexus,
pedulculis falcatis, caule erecto, folis
comopositis

9. Polynomial Nomenclature
 Ranunculus calycibus, retroflexus, pedulculis
falcatis, caule erecto, folis comopositis
 “The buttercup with bent-back sepals, curved
flower stalks, erect stems and compound
leaves”
 descriptive, precise

10. Binomial Nomenclature
 - Began 1753, Species Plantarum
– Carolus Linnaeus 18thC Sweden
 Ranunculus calycibus
 Genus species

11. Binomial Nomenclature
 - Began 1753, Species Plantarum
– Carolus linnaeus 18thC Sweden
 Genus species
 same species name
– Cercis canadensis L.
– Solidago canadensis L. Authority
 Rules: International Code of
Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)
– ICZN, ICMN

12. ICBN Rules
 Genus treated a noun; species as adjective
 suffixes usually agree in gender
 Male female neuter
 us a um
 is is re
 er ris
 o
 Lactuca hirsut_
 Lathyrus hirsut_
 Vaccinium hirsut_

13. Binomials
 Often describe some feature
 Incorporate the name of a person or
place
 perpetuate a classical name

15. Binomials
– Quercus alba “white oak”
– Quercus macrocarpa “burr oak”
– All tree genera are treated as female!
– Veronica noveboracensis (L.) Michx.
• CHANGE OF CLASSIFICATION

16. Linnaeus’ Kingdoms
Plants
Aristotle
Animals
Aristotle

17. Kingdoms
Plants
Aristotle Gr 4thC BC
Animals
Aristotle Gr
Protista
E. Haeckel Ger 19th
C
Fungi
R H Whitaker USA 20thC
Archebacteria
(Archaea)
C. Woese USA 20th
C
Eubacteria
(Bacteria)
C. Woese USA 20th
C

18. Domains

19. Species
 A distinct types of organism capable of
breeding with other members of its own
kind - but not with other species….
 Basic category in biological
nomenclature

20. Varieties (subspecies)
 Sargent
 Quercus alba L. var. alba
 Quercus alba L. var. latiloba Sarg.
 If Q. latiloba was a new species?
– Quercus latiloba Sarg.

21. hybridization
 Q. velutina X Q. rubra X Q. palustris
 Echinacea pallida
 Echinacea paradoxa
 Echinacea pallida X paradoxa

22. Relationship between Genus and Species
 Genus - a group of related species
 Quercus (oaks) Carya (hickories)
– rubra - ovata
– velutina - cordiformes
– alba

23. Related
 1. Have similar characteristics (may
hybridize)
 2. Have a common ancestor back in
evolutionary time
 velutina rubra alba

24. Related
 1. Have similar characteristics (may
hybridize)
 2. Have a common ancestor back in
evolutionary time
 ovata cordiformes

25. Evolution (implied by classification)
 Organisms that are
placed in the same
genus are believed
to be more closely
related than
organisms from
other genera.

26. Phylogenetic Hierarchy
 Kingdom
– Division (Phylum)
• Class
– Order
» Family
» Genus
» species

27. Natural System
 Our present system attempts to group
organisms in accordance with natural
(evolutionary) relationships.
– Homology

29. Natural System
 Our present system attempts to group
organisms in accordance with natural
(evolutionary) relationships.
– Homology
• internal structures, embryology, DNA, proteins
– Analogy
• based on superficial characteristics
• outward form and function

30. Standard Endings (ICBN)
 Division: phyta
 Class: opsida
 Order: ales
 family: aceae
 Genus:
 species:

31. Taxa
 Division: Anthophyta Coniferophyta Pterophyta
 “flowering “pines,spruces, “ferns”
plants” firs”
» Magnoliopsida
» Liliopsida

32. Classes of Flowering Plants
 Magnoliopsida
– dicots - 2 embryonic
leaves
– taproot
– branching leaf veins
– flower parts:2s, 4s,
5s
 Liliopsida
– monocots - 1
embryonic leaf
– adventitious roots,
branching
– parallel leaf veins
– flower parts: 3s

33. Classification of Burr Oak:
 Kingdom: Plantae
 Division: Anthophyta
 Class: Magnoliopsida
 Order: Fagales
 family: Fagaceae
 Genus: Quercus
 species: macrocarpa
 binomial: Quercus macrocarpa