Namasthe. These are my powerpoint slides at the just concluded ESICON 2018 in Bhubaneshwar. I thought of sharing my effort to my medical colleagues.
Topic: Place of Mineralocorticoid replacement in CAH
Alternate Link : https://uploadfiles.io/ba0cw
Valid till Jan 4, 2019
Hope you find it useful for clinical purpose.
Regards
Mohan Shenoy
* Case presentation: hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
Mortality attributed to hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is considerably higher than that attributed to DKA, with recent mortality rates of 5–20%.
* Agenda:
Historical perspectives and diagnosis.
Pathophysiology.
Treatment issues.
Rhabdomyolysis: an overlooked complication.
Final bottom line and take home message.
Steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome in children: Clinical presentation, rena...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
* Case presentation: hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
Mortality attributed to hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is considerably higher than that attributed to DKA, with recent mortality rates of 5–20%.
* Agenda:
Historical perspectives and diagnosis.
Pathophysiology.
Treatment issues.
Rhabdomyolysis: an overlooked complication.
Final bottom line and take home message.
Steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome in children: Clinical presentation, rena...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
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This handbook covers the four types of parenteral fluid therapy, namely resuscitation fluid therapy, repair fluid therapy, maintenance fluid therapy and parenteral nutrition therapy. Although we have tried to discuss many aspects of parenteral fluid therapy which have been compiled by medical advisors of the Leader in Infusion Therapy with many years of experience in the related scientific activities and medical writing, this handbook is still far from completeness and perfection and we look forward to receiving your feedback and criticism.
Professor Rinaldo Bellomo is an Intensivist at the Austin Hospital in Melbourne. He is Professor of Medicine at Melbourne University, and Honorary Professor of Medicine at Monash University, Melbourne and The University of Sydney.
He is one of the most eminent researchers in Intensive Care Medicine today and has been named one of the most influential scientific minds of our time.
In this thought-provoking talk Professor Bellomo discusses glycemic control of critically ill diabetic patients in the ICU.
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Empagliflozin, What EMPA-REG has NOT learnt us.
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Aspirin in primary prevention; Friend or Foe.
Monalisa Smile, endocrine issue?
Inpatient Diabetes Management - How to Control Hyperglycemia inhsopitalUsama Ragab
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Place of Mineralocorticoid replacement in CAH : ESICON2018: Mohan T Shenoy MD DM
1. Dr MOHAN T SHENOY MD DM
CONSULTANT ENDOCRINOLOGIST
SREE GOKULAM MEDICAL COLLEGE & RESEARCH
FOUNDATION VENJARAMOODU,TRIVANDRUM
PLACE OF
MINERALOCORTICOID REPLACEMENT
IN CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
drmohanshenoy@gmail.com
2. CAH : Case capsule01
Mineralocorticoid principles02
Indications and Implications03
Literature : Basic and Advanced
04
07
CONTENTS
Endocrine Society guidelines (2018)
05
Transition Care Issues
06
Positioning of Fludrocortisone
3. 1
CASE CAPSULE
45 days baby
3rd born of non-consanguinous parents
FTLSCS, Ind: Previous LSCS
Birthweight: 2.85 kg
Found to have hyponatremia and hyperkalaemia
Na: 121.3 mEQ/L K: 8.1mEq/L
Cortisol: 3.4
17-OHP: 9040 ng/ml stimulated
Testo: 1.08ng/ml
Karyotype: 46 XX
Admitted and evaluated
Child active and alert
Weight: 3.8 kg Length 50 cm BSA: 0.2297 m2 (Mosteller)
Absent gonads; No inguinal swelling
Phallus 2 cm; Urethral opening in phallus base
Posterior labial fusion (Prader Stage 2)
NIBP: 74/62 mmHg and 84/74 mm Hg
Current meds
Hydrocortisone 1 mg -1mg- 1mg
Fludrocortisone 100 mcg 1-0-1/2
Salt 2.5 gm/day
4.
5. 5
Approx 75%–80% of CAH fail to
synthesize sufficient aldosterone
to maintain salt balance
6. Treatment and health outcomes in adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia Han, T. S. et al. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 10, 115–124 (2014;
3
Adrenal Crisis
Salt-Wasters
DSD
Failure to thrive
Hot – Humid regions
INDICATIONS
Salt loss crises classically manifest
at the end of the first week of life
7. A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Øksnes M, et al., Optimal glucocorticoid replacement in adrenal insufficiency, Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
(2014)
Novel glucocorticoid
preparations
Wilkins L, Lewis RA, Klein R, et al: Treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia with cortisone. JCEM 1951; 11:1–25
10. REPLACEMENT REGIMENS
5
Don’t forget salt (first 6months)
2 to 5g/day
Post-weaning: may lose their
salt-wasting tendencies and usually
scavenge adequate salt for their needs
20 mg Hydrocortisone has Mineralocorticoid potency 50 μg of 9α-fludrocortisone
100 µg of Fludrocortisone 1.2 mg Hydrocortisone equivalent
Thrice daily
11. FLUDROCORTISONE ACETATE
Renal tubule – promote Na+ retention: exchange for K+ or H+ ion
Neonatal Accumulation of Anti-Aldosterone metabolites => intravascular & extracellular volume
9-α fludrocortisone : Longer duration of action – once daily:
Highest Requirement : neonatal period and childhood ; begin declining adolescence & early adulthood
With age, Improved renal sensitivity to MCs ; Usual dose varied between 50μg and 300μg per day
Median fludrocortisone doses : 200 μg at 0-6 months, 150 μg at 7-18 mo and 125 μg at 19-24 months
Clinical : edema, blood pressure
Biochemical : electrolytes, PRA
Hypertension :indication to reduce/stop
Susceptibility to oedema increases with age
Minimal drug interactions at usual dose.
Drugs via RAAS pathway: Sympathomimetics - Beta2 agonist; Theophylline
Max Upto 400ug for salt wasters ; FLUDRO dose may be reduced or stopped
Generally, lower dose fludrocortisone in those treated with Hydrocort than Pred or Dexa
12. 12
Cortisol + aldosterone def : hyponatremic dehydration and shock
Exacerbated by deficiency of catecholamines
Additional MC replacement during stress & elective surgery
unclear
9α-fludrocortisone should be given If oral intake possible
Stress regimen of double/triple dose IV hydrocort is sufficient
ADRENAL CRISIS
15. Sodium /potassium values
PRA values (treatment goal: <18 ng/ml/h until 6 months of age
<5.5 ng/ml/h above the age of 6 months)
17-OH P just prior to 1st dose 7:30-8:30am( 1-10ng/ml)(target 18 nmol/l): 3-4monthly in growing years
Testosterone /androstenedione
Plasma ACTH concentrations are of little help in adjusting doses
Cohen et al. suggested PRA is of value in determining MC underreplacement
Plasma ANP is a more sensitive index of Fludro overreplacement
Regular monitoring of blood pressure and measurement of plasma electrolytes and renin activity are
required to prevent complications of under or over dosage
7
FOLLOWUP PARAMETERS
17. AS TIME PROGRESSES . . .
Merke DP, Chrousos GP, Esenhofer G et al. Adrenomedullary
dysplasia and hypofunction in patients with classic 21-
hydroxylase deficiency. N Eng J Med 2000; 343: 1362–1368
8
Hypertension is
frequent . May need
antihypertensives
Mineralocorticoids:
may not be needed
(esp Simple Virilising)
Insulin resistance and
DM, Increased intima
media thickness
(Sartorato et al)
Vulnerable to all
other diseases that
an adult encountersAdrenal medullary
dysfunction?
Timing of diagnosis
Age at onset of therapy
Adequacy of metabolic control
Quality of therapy
Patient compliance
Experience of the treating physician
INFLUENCE ON GROWTH
19. Issues
• Salt wasting
• Adrenal crisis
• Gender
• Linear growth
• Pubertal issues
Issues
•Adrenal insufficiency
•Androgen excess
•Ectopic adrenal rests
•Steroid adverse effects
•Psychosocial issues
•Infertility
•Care during pregnancy
10
Insulin resistance and DM, Increased intima media thickness (Sartorato et al)
20. 6
• LINEAR GROWTH: Der Kamp and Jansen et al. (Archives of Disease in Childhood 2002;87:139-144)
Benefit of reducing mean dose of hydrocortisone from 26 mg/m2/day to 17.6 mg/m2/day by institution of
mineralocorticoid in 60 Dutch CAH patients. Authors added that due consideration should be given to treating
both SW and SV forms of CAH with 9α-fludrocortisone
• META-ANALYSIS FROM MAYO CLINIC USA : To aid The Endocrine Society’s expert task force
Kalpana Muthusamy et al (JCEM Sept 2010) : 1088 publications and 35 eligible studies with sufficient data:
treatment outcomes (P =0.02) in CAH who received long-term treatment with mineralocorticoids achieved
significantly better adult heights compared with those who were prescribed glucocorticoids alone.
LITERATURE
BASIC AND ADVANCED
Shrikant Tamhane et al (JCEM November 2018) :14 studies (12 longitudinal, two cross-sectional):
Cardiovascular and Metabolic Outcomes for 437 patients (300 children/adolescents and 137 adults, aged 14
21. MINERALOCORTICOIDS AND HYPERTENSION
Children with classic CAH : higher prevalence of
raised systolic blood pressure than general
population.
US cohort aged 8–17 years : 2/3rd with
salt-wasting CAH were hypertensive, as compared
to the 3% estimate in general population
33 CAH patients followed from birth to 4 years of age
No association was found between hypertension and raised BMI or fludrocortisone dose
Hypertension was associated with suppressed plasma renin activity
Clinical Endocrinology (2014) 81, 871–875
Bajpai et al. noted a positive effect of laboratory monitoring (0.91; 95% CI 0.41–1.41; P 0.001) and
simple virilizing form (1.07; 95% CI 0.54–1.61; P 0.001) on age specific height SDS.
Indian Pediatrics 2007; 44:771–773
CaHASE study : UK cohort: 203 total - 138 women, 65 men - median age 34 yrs (range 18–69).
Increased blood pressure in women with CAH: raised plasma renin in more than 50% of all patients
Insufficiently treated with mineralocorticoids and and suggestion of glucocorticoid overtreatment
Reassessment of requirement for mineralocorticoid replacement during early adulthood
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Nov;95(11):5110-21
22. ENDOCRINE SOCIETY GUIDELINES
(UPDATED 2018)
11
• Genotyping is fraught with error complexity of gene duplications, deletions, rearrangements chromosome 6p21.3
• Aim of Newborn screening (NBS) for 21-OHD : avoid early salt-wasting crises, allow early diagnosis of simple-
virilizing CAH in males, and reduce delay in sex assignment in severely virilized females
• Sensitivity to MC varies: Some recover timely from salt-wasting, probably 2o to extra-adrenal 21-hydroxylation
• Psychiatric support should be encouraged for patients with adjustment problems
• Biochemical control only achieved in approx. one-third of patients despite variety in personalized regimens
• Still many existing controversies in diagnosis, management, and treatment
23. ·
01
03 04
02 IMPEDIMENTS =>DISCONTINUATION
Acute consequences of mineralocorticoid excess
volume overload and congestive heart failure
Chronic consequences: Growth impairment caused
by its glucocorticoid properties
EXISTING LITERATURE & GUIDELINES
12
POSITIONING
• Early infancy with salt loss
• Can be fatal if unidentified and treated early
• Dose traditionally calculated based on BSA
• Higher req in neonates and infants
Current recommendation for mineralocorticoid replacement in SW-21OHD is based on expert opinions
An initial dose of 100-200 μg/day of 9-α-fludrocortisone, regular dose reassessment & individualized adjustment
ALDOSTERONE DEFICIENCY
24. • Carlson, A.D., et al. “Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Update on prenatal diagnosis and treatment.
” The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Vol. 69, No. 1–6 (1999): 19–29.
• Merke, D.P., et al. “NIH Conference. Future directions in the study and management of congenital
adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency.” Annuals of Internal Medicine Vol. 136, No
. 4 (2002): 320–334.
• Trapp, C.M. and S.E. Oberfield. “Recommendations for treatment of nonclassic congenital adrenal
hyperplasia (NCCAH): An update.” Steroids Vol. 77, No. 4 (2012): 342–346.
• Eldar-Geva, T., et al. “Secondary biosynthetic defects in women with late-onset congenital adrenal
hyperplasia.” The New England Journal of Medicine Vol. 323, No. 13 (1990): 855–863.
• Arnaout, M.A. “Late-onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia in women with hirustism.” European Jo
urnal of Clinical Investigation Vol. 22, No. 10 (1992): 651–658.
• Witchel, S.F. and R. Azziz. “Nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia.” International Jounal of Pedi
atric Endocrinology Vol. 2010 (2010): 1–11
• Fanta, M., D. Cibula, and J. Vrbíková. “Prevalence of nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia (NCAH) in hyp
erandrogenic women.” Gynecological Endocrinology Vol. 24, No. 3 (2008): 154–157.
References :
27. IMPORTANCE OF CAH IN PREGNANCY
1. High rate of spontaneous miscarriage
2. Risk of having a fetus with CAH (Cuhaci N. et al. Case Reports in Endocrinology.2015)
In Mother with Classic CAH
Chance of having a child with Classic-CAH is 1 : 120
In Mother with Non-Classic CAH
Chance of having a child with NonClassic-CAH is ~15% & C-CAH ~2.5%
3. Controversies in treatment
As recommended for the management of other forms of adrenal insufficiency, the glucocorticoid dose might
need to be increased by 25–40% during the last trimester. Mineralocorticoid requirements during pregnancy
cannot be monitored with plasma levels of renin, as it is physiologically increased during gestation. However,
serum and urinary levels of sodium and postural hypotension can be monitored. 27
Editor's Notes
Normal milestones; Social smile attained ; Feeding well
ng/ml
It has long been known that there is a spectrum of salt loss in those with CAH, including those who clinically have the simple virilizing form. These individuals may have elevated levels of plasma renin activity despite normal electrolyte concentrations, indicating subclinical hypovolemia. Positive sodium balance that enables adequate body growth and brain development. Studies evaluating the late effect of neonatal sodium deficiency in neurological performance, such as motor function, intelligence (IQ), memory, language and behavior, have shown poor neurodevelopment outcomes in the second decade of life
Fludrocortisone acts on renal tubule to promote sodium retention in exchange for potassium or hydrogen ion and thus maintain intravascular and extracellular volume.
The protocols for glucocorticoid replacement in children with salt wasting 21-hydroxylase deficiency are well established; however, the current recommendation for mineralocorticoid replacement is general and suggests individualized dose adjustments.
Sodium chloride supplements are often needed in infancy at 1-3gm/d(17-51mEq/d), distributed in several feedings
Fludrocortisone : 12‑fold greater glucocorticoid potency compared to cortisol. One mg of prednisone is equal to 4 mg of hydrocortisone. One mg of prednisolone is equal to 5 mg of hydrocortisone. One mg of dexamethasone is equal to 50 mg of hydrocortisone.
. Aim of therapy : maintain levels of renin within the upper reference range for age and to monitor BP; DRC/ PRA in upper normal range ( up to 1.5). Most accept a slightly raised level of renin in adult patients with hypertension as long as they are asymptomatic and have no postural hypotension
Fludrocortisone acetate (Florinef)
Synthetic steroid with predominantly mineralocorticoid activity.
Acts on renal tubule to promote sodium retention in exchange for potassium or hydrogen ion and thus maintain intravascular and extracellular volume. Aldosterone T1/2 is relatively short ; But 9-α fludrocortisone : longer duration of action – once daily enough.
With increasing age, and therefore increasing prevalence of hypertension, it remains unclear whether or how to adjust mineralocorticoid replacement therapy
In normotensive patients, some specialists prefer to titrate the fludrocortisone dose to maintain renin levels at the high end of normal or slightly above the normal range, as suppression of renin might do more harm than mild mineralocorticoid deficiency, and susceptibility to oedema increases with age.
Intensity and complexity of treatment regimen is individualized and changed over time to meet the needs of the patient and to optimize the risk/benefit ratio.
Compared with normal individuals, even patients with the mild form of 21 OHD CAH require a greater degree of renin activity to stimulate an adequate level of aldosterone to maintain normal sodium conservation.
Adrenomedullary dysfunction : Absence of inhibition of Beta 3 mediated catecholamine effect on insulin secretion ; Hyperleptinemia ; Impaired thermogenesis and lipolysis ;
Nonogaki K. New insights into sympathetic regulation of glucose and fat metabolism. Diabetologia 2000; 43: 533–549.
Priorities change with increasing age typically focusing on fertility in early adult life and prevention of metabolic syndrome and osteoporosis in middle and older age, respectively
In most developed nations, the sodium content of the adult diet is high, and salt craving in adults with 21-OHD is uncommon
(1088 publications and 35 eligible studies with sufficient data)
Routine lab monitoring and maintenance of renin levels within reference range for children is paramount J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Nov;95(11):5110-21
increased blood pressure in women with classic CAH, whereas hypertension was most common in men with classic CAH in the adult cohort from the USA
UK collaborative study on CAH in adults : formed in 2003 : (199: 21-hydroxylase deficiency):, as indicated by raised plasma levels of renin in more than 50% of all patients and even in 1/3 rd of the patients receiving mineralocorticoid replacement therapy.
recruited a cohort of 203 adult patients and gathered information on medical treatment, fertility, genetic analysis and quality of life (QoL). The CaHASE study found that adult patients are prescribed a variety of glucocorticoids including hydrocortisone, prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone, and combinations taken in either a circadian or reverse circadian regimen. Despite this variety in personalized treatment regimens biochemical control of CAH is only achieved in approximately a third of patients. There is evidence for poor health status in some patients with an increased incidence of obesity and osteoporosis, and impaired fertility and quality of life. The evidence suggests that these poor health outcomes relate to treatment rather than genotype
Growth, metabolic, reproductive, and neuropsychiatric endpoints
Abiraterone acetate use in CAH may be limited to prepubertal children and to adults taking gonadal replacement. A phase 1/2 trial of abiraterone acetate in prepubertal children with CAH is in progress (NCT 02574910). Implicit in these new treatment approaches is the goal of normalizing growth and development in children with CAH by reducing GC exposure. adrenal androgen excess is to reduce ACTH production. A singleblind, placebo-controlled, fixed-sequence, single-dose trial of eight women with classic CAH explored the addition of a selective corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1 antagonist, NBI-77860, to conventional therapy (325). The study drug reduced the mean morning increase in ACTH by .40% and that of 17OHP by up to 27% with variable reductions of androstenedione and testosterone
Chronic consequences of disease and treatment Need for multidisciplinary care Limited training of practitioners individual drug adjustments during this period should be assessed weekly rather than monthly.
Poor understanding of the disease ; Less vulnerability to adrenal crisis ; Limited training of practitioners