A Split Euro is the solution for Europe's single currency
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The document discusses issues with the eurozone and proposes a split euro as a solution. It argues that the euro undermines the European project by spreading divisiveness rather than solidarity. A split into a "strong Northern Euro and softer southern euro" would allow a smooth transition out of the current euro system and deal with legacy debt issues from different currencies. Exiting the single currency would not mean exiting the larger European project, as other EU institutions would remain in place.
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This document discusses disagreements between northern and southern eurozone countries on reforms to the eurozone. There is general agreement that reforms are needed, but divergence remains. The narrative of the crisis and its management is divisive, with northern countries emphasizing responsibility of southern countries and vice versa. Two models for reform are proposed - Maastricht 2.0 favored in the north focuses on enforcement of fiscal rules, while a confederal, cooperative model may have more acceptance across countries. Genuine reform will require compromises disliked by both north and south.
1. Secondary Source Article Your Textbook Author, Dr. C. Brooks.docx
1. Secondary Source Article: Your Textbook Author, Dr. C. Brooks on The European Union, pp 265-267
The European Union. As of this writing, Britain is poised to exit the EU in the near future.
At the start of the postwar boom, most of the nations of western Europe entered into various international groups that sought to improve economic relations and trade between the member nations. Those culminated in the creation of the European Community (EC) in 1967, essentially an economic alliance and trade zone between most of the nations of non-communist Europe. Despite various setbacks, not the least the enmity between French and British politicians that achieved almost comic levels at times, the EC steadily added new members into the 1980s. Its leadership also began to discuss the possibility of moving toward an even more
inclusive model for Europe, one in which not just trade but currency, law, and policy might be more closely aligned between countries. That vision of a united Europe was originally conceived in large part in hopes of creating a power-bloc to rival the two superpowers of the Cold War, but it also encompassed a moral vision of an advanced, rational economic and political system, in contrast to the conflicts that had so often characterized Europe in the past.
The EC officially became the European Union in 1993, and various member nations of the former EC voted (sometimes barely) to join in the following years. Over time, passport controls at borders between the member states of the EU were eliminated entirely. The member nations agreed to policies meant to ensure civil rights throughout the Union, as well as economic stipulations (e.g. limitations on national debt) meant to foster overall prosperity. Most spectacularly, at the start of 2002, the Euro became the official currency of the entire EU except for Great Britain, which clung tenaciously to the venerable British Pound.
The period between 2002 and 2008 was one of relative success for the architects of the EU. The economies of Eastern European countries in particular accelerated, along with a few unexpected western countries like Ireland (called the “Celtic Tiger” at the time for its success in bringing in outside investment by slashing corporate tax rates). Loans from wealthier members to poorer ones, the latter generally clustered along the Mediterranean, meant that none of the countries of the “Eurozone” lagged too far behind. While the end of passport controls at borders worried some, there was no general immigration crisis to speak of.
Unfortunately, especially since the financial crisis of 2008, the EU has been fraught with economic problems. The major issue is that the member nations cannot control their own economies past a certain point – they cannot devalue currency to deal with inflation, they are nominally prevented from allowing their own national debts to exceed a certain level of their Gross Domestic Product (3%, at least in theory), and ...
Economics pres
This document summarizes key points about the formation of the Eurozone. It discusses why the Eurozone was initially deemed a non-optimal currency area due to issues like poor labor mobility and lack of fiscal transfers. It then explains that the euro was introduced despite economic risks due to political motivations to further integrate Europe. The document also briefly describes the European Exchange Rate Mechanism of the 1980s and the convergence criteria of the 1990s that helped pave the way for the euro. Finally, it discusses advantages of the euro like reduced trade costs and having the European Central Bank promote low inflation.
Economics pres
This document discusses the formation of the Eurozone and the single European currency. It addresses why the Eurozone was initially deemed a non-optimal currency area due to issues like poor labor mobility and lack of fiscal transfers. However, the euro was introduced anyway for political reasons of further European integration. The document also briefly describes the precursors to the euro, including the European Exchange Rate Mechanism of the 1980s and the convergence criteria of the 1990s. Finally, it discusses advantages of the euro like encouraging trade by reducing transaction costs and currency risk, as well as having the European Central Bank which has helped reduce inflation.
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Lessons from 2000s
The 21st century has proven to be as economically tumultuous as the two preceding centuries. Between a pandemic, wars, technological developments, progress in civil rights, and breakthroughs in science and medicine, the old order has been swept away, sometimes giving way to freer forms of governing and sometimes not. This period has seen multiple financial crises striking nations, regions, and—in the case of the Great Recession—the entire global economy. All financial crises share certain characteristics, but each tells its own unique story with its own unique lessons for the future. Due to these lessons we were able to experience a smoothened run of economy during the covid-19 syndemic that halted the logistics industry at once and created bottle-necks, hurdles and even complete shut-downs in other sectors while creating a need of overtime for front-line workers who are fighting against the virus on the forefront.
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How does the strategic trade-offs and fits in addition to the strategic positioning facilitate a firm to sustain its competitive advantage?
Cpec will galvanize industrailization and employment in pakistan
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is a framework of regional
connectivity. Through CPEC China aims to connect its eastern side through
Kashgar to the warm waters of Arabian Sea through Pakistan as it will be
shorter and safer for china to transport goods via this route than through the
china sea to the Arabian Peninsula and surrounding areas. CPEC will not only
benefit China and Pakistan but will have positive impact on Iran, Afghanistan,
India, Central Asian Republics, and the region. Through the enhancement of
geographical linkages having improved road, rail and air transportation system
with frequent and free exchanges of growth and people to people contact,
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Infrastructural issues being addressed in the energy sector of pakistan
Pakistan is facing key challenges and issues in
the development of social sector mainly in
education, health, energy, security and the
environment due to lack of policy framework,
lack of governance, lack of technological
advancement, unstable strategies, lack of
leadership, poor project management, lack of
innovation and inefficient utilization of
resources. Pakistan’s world ranking as per GCI
is as follows infrastructure (121st)—particularly
for electricity (135th)—remains in a dire state.
Moreover, the country displays some of the
lowest education enrolment rates in the world
and basic education is poor (137th).
An overview of Mercantile Law in Pakistan
This overview of business laws of Pakistan is a very brief description of common forms of businesses adopted by private and public sector investors in Pakistan. An attempt has also been made to outline general requirements and regulatory regimes for each of these forms of businesses in Pakistan.
Microfinance service in pakistan over the decade
Pakistan has made considerable developments in Microfinance though a late starter in this
industry. The sector formally started to develop from 1999 although; semiformal sectors since the 1980s
are providing micro-credit in Pakistan. Including Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) and Rural
Support Programs (RSPs). Subsidies have played an important role in the growth and promotion of the
microfinance sector’s growth phase. Now the sector is in its maturity phase. MFBs funding structure
suggests lack of own-resource base through deposits mobilization. For long-term sustainability, Financial
Self Sufficiency is vitally important for microfinance institutions.
Presentation: Philip Morris (Pakistan) Limited: Business Strategy
Phillip Morris international is one of the leading cigarette manufacturing companies in the world
with the current share price of $73.78 (Philip Morris International). The organization is known
for the making of cigarettes, other tobacco products and nicotine-containing products in
countries outside of the United States. Its portfolio comprises of both global and local brands.
Philip Morris (Pakistan) Limited (“PMPKL”), is a public limited company and is listed on the
Pakistan Stock Exchange. PMPKL is affiliated with Philip Morris International (“PMI”), which
is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and has operational Headquarters in Lausanne and
Corporate Headquarters in New York. The company is one of the largest manufacturers of
cigarettes in Pakistan and contributes in many charitable projects where they source and
manufacture their tobacco. Some of these projects are provision of economic opportunities,
women empowerment and making education available. It currently has 739 employees in 15
offices with 1 cigarette factory and 1 tobacco leaf plant in Pakistan (PMI - Pakistan). Philip Morris Pakistan follows the business model of Profit Pyramid Model.
Philip Morris (Pakistan) Limited: Business Strategy
Phillip Morris international is one of the leading cigarette manufacturing companies in the world
with the current share price of $73.78 (Philip Morris International). The organization is known
for the making of cigarettes, other tobacco products and nicotine-containing products in
countries outside of the United States. Its portfolio comprises of both global and local brands.
Philip Morris (Pakistan) Limited (“PMPKL”), is a public limited company and is listed on the
Pakistan Stock Exchange. PMPKL is affiliated with Philip Morris International (“PMI”), which
is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and has operational Headquarters in Lausanne and
Corporate Headquarters in New York. The company is one of the largest manufacturers of
cigarettes in Pakistan and contributes in many charitable projects where they source and
manufacture their tobacco. Some of these projects are provision of economic opportunities,
women empowerment and making education available. It currently has 739 employees in 15
offices with 1 cigarette factory and 1 tobacco leaf plant in Pakistan (PMI - Pakistan). Philip Morris Pakistan follows the business model of Profit Pyramid Model.
Phillip Morris Pakistan Supply Chain Analysis
Philip Morris Pakistan (PMPKL) is a subsidiary of Philip Morris International that manufactures and sells tobacco products in Pakistan. It has two factories and distributes products through a network of warehouses, distributors, and over 256,000 retailers. PMPKL uses a push strategy to sell all produced cigarettes and focuses on existing smokers rather than acquiring new customers. It aims to meet retailer demand through a sales force structure that moves products from the factory to distributors to retailers on a daily basis. PMPKL also works to optimize its supply chain costs and distribution incentives to motivate partners while ensuring product availability.
Apple INC.: Managing a Global Supply Chain
As part of her analysis of Apple’s stock, she wanted to look at the company’s supply chain to see if she could gain some insight into the pros and cons of Apple as a key holding in BXE’s fund. When. Apple Computer was founded on April 1, 1976, by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Mike Markkula to manufacture and distribute desktop computers.
Pakistan's supply chain resileince
While claiming to learn from the Chinese way of handling the crisis, there is no on-ground action in Pakistan that supports the claim. The Prime Minister denies national lock down despite the fact that without proper lock-down the virus spread trajectory can be rapid resulting in collapse of national health facilities which can bring the national economy to a halt.
Blue Economy of Pakistan
Pakistan is an important maritime state in the Indian Ocean blessed with approximately 1,050 km long coastline and the Exclusive Economic Zone covering about 240,000 sq. The vast coastline of Pakistan naturally offers the option of deep sea water ports which means a much bigger volume of ship could be stationed along the coastline.
Factors Affecting Consumer Purchase Intention When Buying Toyota Corolla in P...
The economy of Pakistan and the consistent increase in dollar rates has taken a huge toll on the sales of the multinational manufacturer. Focus group analysis show that majority of the people preferred Honda over Toyota due to several reasons including near to none change in the designs of Toyota Corolla’s variants. Another factor was that Toyota was seen more as a car for the rural areas which was best suited for a rugged terrain. Although the general perception is that Toyota has better car suspension and fuel efficiency, people would still prefer Honda and other Japanese cars. Respondents said that advertisements played a crucial role but they do not compel the customer to buy a product like a car, there are other factors that are taken under consideration. Pakwheels and olx were the first two online platforms that they mentioned when asked about their go to online source. Family and friends advice played a major role in deciding which car to buy. According to the research conducted by our group through questionnaire, a regression was done and seen that the general perception that a reduction in prices will increase sales was not true because people usually associate low prices with low quality products. According to the regression, only advertisement and product have a significant result. All the variables are positively correlated with each other and less than one and positive indicating a formative relationship to the dependent variable. Branding has an insignificant positive relationship with purchase intention because consumers are only considering three competitors; Honda, Suzuki and Japanese cars.
Factors Affecting Consumer's Purchase Intention When Buying Toyota Corolla in...
Toyota is a name almost everyone is familiar with. It has been the market leader in automobiles specially hybrid and electric automobiles. It has been operational in Pakistan since 1989.
Toyota is a one of a kind Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer. As of September 2018, it was the sixth largest company in the world in terms of revenue. The economic conditions however have not been very favorable for the automotive industry. The economy of Pakistan and the consistent increase in dollar rates has taken a huge toll on the
sales of the multinational manufacturer. Focus group analysis show that majority of the people preferred Honda over Toyota due to several reasons including near to none change in the designs of Toyota Corolla’s variants.
Another factor was that Toyota was seen more as a car for the rural areas which was best suited for a rugged terrain. Although the general perception is that Toyota has better car suspension
and fuel efficiency, people would still prefer Honda and other Japanese cars. Respondents said that advertisements played a crucial role but they do not compel the customer to buy a product like a car, there are other factors that are taken under consideration. Pakwheels and olx were the first two online platforms that they mentioned when asked about their go to online source. Family and friends advice played a major role in deciding which car to buy. According to the research conducted by our group through questionnaire, a regression was done
and seen that the general perception that a reduction in prices will increase sales was not true because people usually associate low prices with low quality products. According to the regression, only advertisement and product have a significant result. All the variables are positively correlated with each other and less than one and positive indicating a formative relationship to the dependent variable. Branding has an insignificant positive relationship with purchase intention because consumers are only considering three competitors; Honda, Suzuki and Japanese cars.
Corn Sillage
This document discusses K3 Agro Solutions' corn silage product. It describes the manufacturing process which involves harvesting corn from fields, cutting and compressing it into a final packaged product. It provides details on packaging, pricing, sales terms, competitors and customers. The document appears to be a sales presentation for K3 Agro Solutions' corn silage product.
Romantic Comedy in Netflix
Netflix was founded in 1997 by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph. It initially started as a DVD rental service called Kibble and was launched in 1998. In 2007, Netflix introduced streaming services and is now available in over 190 countries with over 148 million paid subscribers. Netflix competes in the online streaming market against competitors like HBO, Amazon Prime, Disney+, and Hulu. It has experienced exponential growth and relies on original content and a global customer base as strengths, but also faces challenges like increasing costs and competitive pressures.
The British Rule's lasting sway on lives of Pakistanis
The British rule still has a sway on us and we still unconsciously see them as our masters/ or a better race than us in terms of looks, language, traditions clothing style and hobbies. Though the Britishers only enforced their norms through law and schooling but its impact was long-lasting and deep-rooted amongst the young natives.the current architectural format of Pakistani buildings is inspired from British architecture as opposed to local designs and aesthetics specially regarding room aeration and lightening. Many of the botanical flowers and ferns that we see in Pakistan were introduced by Britishers which were than made part of the gardening aesthetics by the then influential Pakistanis to show-off their civilised family background.
Reko-Diq and Saindaq Reserves Similarities and Differences
The Reko-Diq and Saindak mines are both located in Baluchistan, Pakistan and contain significant copper and gold reserves. Reko-Diq has estimated reserves of 5.9 billion tons of ore grading 0.41% copper and 41.5 million ounces of gold. Saindak had estimated reserves of 412 million tons averaging 0.5 grams of gold and 1.5 grams of silver per ton. While Saindak has been mined by MCC since 2002, development of Reko-Diq was halted in 2011 when the Baluchistan government denied Tethyan Copper Company a mining license, leading to a $5.8 billion international arbitration award against Pakistan in 2019.
Cyber Laws in Pakistan
The document discusses cyber crimes and related laws in Pakistan. It provides definitions of cyber crimes and examples. It summarizes the Electronic Transactions Ordinance of 2002, which recognized electronic records and transactions. It also discusses the Electronic/Cyber Crime Bill of 2007 and Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act of 2016, which defined additional cyber crimes and penalties. Key sections from these laws are outlined dealing with issues like data damage, electronic fraud, and cyber terrorism.
Liquidity Risk as under Basel III
The Basel III regulations are devised to mitigate damage to the economy caused by banks that take on excess risk. This third instalment of the Basel Accords was developed in response to the deficiencies in financial regulation revealed by the financial crisis of 2007–08. It is aimed at improving the banking sector's ability to deal with financial stress, improve risk management, and strengthen the banks' transparency. It is part of the continuous effort to enhance the banking regulatory framework and builds on the Basel I and Basel II documents.
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- 1. A split euro is the solution for Europe’s single currency Joseph Stiglitz: Financial Times: August 17, 2016 4:32 am
- 2. The problems with the structure of the eurozone may be insurmountable,writes Joseph Stiglitz ★ According to the author the time has come for a more comprehensive rethinking of the single currency, even if that means unwinding it. ★ He discusses the many aspects of integration that can keep the European Union together, and shares his thoughts on whether there are other countries within the EU that are heading towards a Brexit.
- 3. Why is that so? ★ Euro had flaws since its birth ★ The single currency was supposed to be a means to an end. It has become an end in itself — ★ One that undermines more fundamental aspects of the European project, as it spreads divisiveness rather than solidarity. ★ The main reason was adjustment mechanisms, the interest and exchange rates, without putting anything else in their place, which made macro adjustment difficult. ★ Apart from adjusting nominal exchange rates there was no way to adjust real exchange rates as well
- 4. Conclusion ★ An end to the single currency would not be the end of the European project. The other institutions of the EU would remain: there would still be free trade and migration. ★ It is important that there can be a smooth transition out of the euro, with an amicable divorce, possibly moving to a “flexible euro” system, with say a strong Northern Euro and softer southern euro. ★ The hardest problem will be dealing with the legacy of debt. The easiest way of doing that is to redenominate all euro debts as “southern euro” debts ★ The reform will also allow integration of digital economy.