Contemporary art is a vast, dynamic, and continually evolving field that reflects the complexities, contradictions, and possibilities of life in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Emerging roughly from the 1960s onward—after the decline of modernist movements—contemporary art is less a unified style and more a diverse set of approaches, philosophies, and practices. It encompasses a wide range of media, including painting, sculpture, performance, installation, digital art, video, conceptual practices, socially engaged art, and forms that defy easy categorization. What makes contemporary art “contemporary” is not simply its chronology, but its engagement with present-day issues, technologies, and cultural conditions. It asks viewers to reflect, question, and participate, making the art of our time deeply interconnected with global society. A defining characteristic of contemporary art is its plurality. Unlike the modernist period, which often pursued singular narratives of progress or stylistic purity—such as abstraction or minimalism—contemporary art embraces multiplicity. Artists work across borders, mix genres, and borrow from a wide range of cultural traditions. This pluralism reflects a world shaped by globalization, migration, digital networks, and shifting identities. Because of this, contemporary art tends to resist fixed meanings or rigid interpretations. Instead, it invites dialogue, ambiguity, and the coexistence of multiple perspectives. Viewers are encouraged to engage with artworks in ways that are not simply visual, but intellectual, emotional, political, and sometimes participatory. One of the most influential developments in contemporary art is the rise of conceptual art, which emerged in the 1960s and asserted that the idea behind an artwork could be more important than its physical form. This shift opened a path for artists to explore questions about language, systems, communication, and the nature of art itself. While conceptual art originally challenged traditional aesthetics and art markets, its legacy today is seen in how many contemporary artists foreground concepts, processes, and critical inquiry in their practice. This emphasis on ideas over objects is particularly evident in installation art, performance, socially engaged art, and multimedia works that prioritize experience rather than commodity. Technology has played an equally transformative role. Contemporary artists increasingly incorporate digital tools, algorithms, VR, AR, AI, interactive systems, and internet-based platforms. These technologies allow artists to question the boundaries between human and machine creativity, examine the impact of digital culture, and explore new modes of collaboration and spectatorship. Webcam performances, data-driven sculptures, generative art, and immersive simulations are just a few examples of how contemporary art navigates a world where the digital and physical continuously intersect. For some artists, technology become

1. PHILIPPINECULTURAL
• Definition
• Dimentionofheritage
• Tangibleheritage
• Intangibaleheritage

2. What is Cultural Heritage?
Cultural Heritage is an expression of the
ways of living developed by a community
and passed on from generation to
generation, including customs, practices,
places, objects, artistic expressions and
values. Cultural Heritage is often expressed
as either intangible or tangible cultural
heritage(ICOMOS, 2002).

3. Cultural Heritage?
As part of human activity Cultural Heritage
produces tangible representations of the value
systems, beliefs, traditions and lifestyles. As an
essential part of culture as a whole, Cultural
Heritage, contains these visible and tangible
traces form antiquity to the recent past.

4. PHILIPPINES
Located in the continent of Asia, the Philippines is the second largest
archipelago in the world after Indonesia. There are more than 7,100
individual islands counted within the Philippines borders, of which
only about 2,000 are inhabited. The islands are clustered into the
three major island groups of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao while a
further 5,000 islands are yet to be named. The Philippines covers
115.124 square miles of land and 706 square miles of water, making it
the 73rd largest nation in the world with a total area of 115,830
square miles.

5. Man-made Built Heritage
-Cultural Landscape
-Archaeological Sites
-Historic Urban Sites /
Heritage
Groups
-Monuments, Buildings or
Structures
TANGIBLE HERITAGE
•Natural Heritage
-Environment
•Natural Landscape
•Landforms
•Coastal and Inland Water Sources
-Flora and Fauna
•Terrestrial
•Marine

6. Tangible Heritage
Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Heritage Park, 2015 United
Nations Sesemific, and Culturel World Princesa, Palavan Location: Middle of the
Sulu Sea, 181 kilometers set of Perta Tubbataha is every diver's heaven. It is, after
all, right smack in the center of the Coral Triangle, the global center of marine
biodiversity, Housed in almost 100,000 hectares of the reef ecosystem are over 350
species of coral, almost 500 species of fish, and various kinds of whales, dolphins,
sharks, and turtles. It also protects one of the few remaining colonies of breeding
seabirds. It was the first-ever national marine park to be declared in the country
after it was established in 1988 by former President Corazon Aquino

7. Tangible Heritage
Mayon Volcano
Location: province of Albay in Bicol Region, Philippines
Beautifully symmetrical Mayon volcano, which rises to 2462 m above the Albay Gulf, is the
Philippines' most active volcano. The structurally simple volcano has steep upper slopes
averaging 35-40 degrees that are capped by a small summit crater. The historical longer term
eruptions of this basaltic-andesitic volcano date back to 1616 and range from strombolian to
Eruptions occur basaltic plinian, with cyclical activity beginning with basaltic eruptions,
followed by longer term andesitic lava flows. Eruptions occurs predominately from the central
conduit and have also produced lava flows that travel far down the flanks. Pyroclastic flows
and mudflows have commonly swept down many of the approximately 40 ravines that
radiate from re than 1200 people and the summit and have often devastated populated areas
Mayon's most violent cruption, killed more lowland are in 1814, kill devastated several towns

8. Tangible Heritage
Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park
inscribed the UNESCO World Heritage Site 1999. Location: Saint paul mountain
range on the northern coast of palawan The Puerto Princesa Subterranean River
National Park features a spectacular limestone karst landscape with its
underground river. The river is unique because it flows directly into the sea, and
its lower portion is subject to tidal influences The area also represents a
significant habitat for biodiversity conservation. The site contains a whole
ecosystem from mountain to the sea and protects forests, which are among the
most significant in Asia.

9. Tangible Heritage
Chocolate Hills
Location: Bohol, Philippines
The Chocolate Hills form a rolling terrain of haycock-shaped hills mounds of a
generally conical and almost symmetrical shape. Estimated to be from 1.268
to about 1,776 individual mounds, these cone-shaped or dome shaped hills
are actually made of grass-covered limestone. The domes vary in sizes from
30 to 50 metres (98 to 164 ft) high with the largest being 120 metres (390 ft)
in height Bobol's "main attraction", these unique mound-shaped hills are
scattered by the hundreds. The seemingly endless During the dry season, the
grass- covered hills dry up and turs chocolate brown, This transforms the
area into see rows of Hershey's "chocolate kisses branded confection is the
inspiration behind the name, Chocolate Hill.

10. -
Tangible Heritage
Baroque Churches of the Philippines
Inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1993 These four churches,
the first of which was built by the Spanish in the late 16th century, are
located in Manila, Santa Maria. Paoay and Miag-ao. Their unique
architectural style is a reinterpretation of European Baroque by Chinese
and Philippine craftsmen.
1. Church of the Immaculate Conception of San Agustin (Manila)
2. Church of La Nuestra Senora de la Asuncion
3. Church of San Agustin (Paoay)
4. Church of Santo Tomas de Villanueva

11. -
Tangible Heritage
San Agustin Church
Location: Intramuros, Manila, Philippines Built in 1587, the San Agustin Church is the oldest
stone church in the Philippines, the only one that remains as the original evidence of the 16th
century Spanish architecture. It has defied several earthquakes and theheavy shelling of both
Japanese and American forces in 1945 and now stands as a reminder of the grandeur of the
past. The structural design of the church is door extraordinary. It boasts of the only examplein
the of columns the lowest pair in The main de of St country of a barrel vault, dome and arched
vestibules, et pair in Corinthian tepped by a San Agustin supporting its choir loft, all madeof
stone. Its façadeis notable for its two pairs of's Doric style, the upper pediment surmounted by
Cross mother
, Santa Monica, San carved out of Philippine molave, has a bowtelict of and
technology of Spanish. Augustine and his m Church represents the art an Chinese, and native
culturehuman ures tused together to suit human sentiments and faiths that found expression
in customs and traditions that were evolved through the centuries.

12. -
Tangible Heritage
Nuestra Señora de la Asuncion Church
Location: Santa Maria, locos Sur The Church of Nuestra Senora de la Asuncion in Santa
Maria is unique for its utter buildings grouped disregard for the traditional Spanish
urban plan of constructing the church toface the plaza, and less imposing religious
and official around. It alsohas a citadel appearance as the church, with its convent and
bell tower
, stands alone on the crown of a solitary hill encircled by a stonewall, with
stone stairways leading tothe church. It is the only church in the Philippines at built
parallel tothe church facade exuding the ambience of a Mediterrancan hill town with
its convent and its bell wwwer detached fromthe main church Evoking a Chinese
pagoda, the bell tower of octagonal shapes of decreasing diameter is crowned by a
small dome, tapering tothe sky with an oriental grace.

13. -
Tangible Heritage
Church of San Agustin
Location: Paoay, locos Norte. Philippines Paoay's San Agustin Church, built in 1604, is
one of the most outstanding variants of "earthquake baroque" in the Philippines,
where the primary consideration was to design the structure for earthquake
protection. The façade of San Agustin Church is astounding but its most prominent
feature is the phalanx of buttresses that juts out perpendicularly from the sidewalls,
purposely to strengthen the walls against and the entire structure earthquake
damage. Fourteen massive S-shaped buttresses rise in rhythmic cadence from the
ground to the roofline. The church is an eye-catcher as it merges from a beautiful open
space, unlike many other churches located within urban settings.

14. -
Tangible Heritage
Miag-ao Church or Church of SantoTomas de Villanueva
Locationflotto, Philippines Builtin yellow-orange sandstone, the large fortress-church of
Miag-ao was completedin 1797hservedas a fortress againstraids of maraudingMoro
pirates. Façades The churchis amazingly beauntul because of its two asymmetric pyramidal
towers andisfinelyhom. The central sculptured, yellowsandstone façade Itsfaca all
restraints to interpret Western carvingis the pinnacle ofFilipino naive art, inwhichcraftsmen
abandonalldecorative stylesinthe localfolkidiom. The the façade is SaintChristophet, clad
like elementinFilipo farther withrolledtrousers. He carries the christ child onhis backwhile
holdingonto a lushcoconut tree forsupportBeside him are guava andpapaya trees,
flankedby urnamentalurns. the scene merges Western Catholic iconography with afolk
interpretationofcoastaliloilo countryside.

15. -
Tangible Heritage
Historic Town of Vigan
Jocribed in the UNESCO World Borouge Sites in1999 Location: Vigan. Hoone Sur
Philippines The 16th century town of Vigan is "an exceptionally intact and well-
preserved example of a Europeantrading town in East and East As Asia. " Its
architecture reflects the fusion of cultural elements from the Philippines, China and
Europe, resulting in a culture and townscape that has no parallel anywhere in East
and Southeast Asia. Seemingly impervious to time, spared from rebellion and the
ravages of war
, Vigan has remained unchanged and its many preserved bustoric
sites more than 180 edificesme look like a piece of Spam Vigan is a place cathedral,
massive mansions with red-tile roofs and spacious balconies, narrow cobblestone
streets, horse drawn carriages, and friendly faces peering out of large windows,

16. -
Rice Terraces
Inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1995 Location Hogan Pravines, Condillera
Region, Philippines . The 2,000-year old Banaue Rice Terraces the most extensive
anywhere in the world were carved The terraces are located into the mountains of Ifugao
by ancestors of the Batad indigenous people. approxunately 1,500 meters (5,000feet)
above sea level and cover 10.360 square kilometers (about 4.000 square miles) of the
mountainside. Known as the "eight wonder wone of the world" the terraces were carved
with only sample tools and hare an ancient ystem, an and canals cient irrigation systen
hands. They are fed by an ingenious complex of bamboo pipes drawing water ter from
streams created by bubbling springs located in the mountain rainforests. Considered as a
monument to man's genius in turning a rugged and forbidding terrain into a source of
sustenance, the rice terraces stand to be the most awe-inspiring man-made landscape in
the cordilleras. They are also invariably called “The Stairway to the Sky”

17. -
Magellan's Cross
Location: Cebu City, Philippines
Magellan's Cross holds a very big partof the history of Cebu. Itis believed to
be a Christian cross planted by the Portuguese and Spanish explorers
headed by Ferdinand Magellan. It was planted upon their arrival in Cebu on
March 15, 1521. That day also marked the birth of Christianity in the land.

18. -
Batanes
Location: Batanes, Philippines
Characterized by a complex of terrestrial, wetland and marine ecosystem, the Batanes
group of islands consist of 10 small islands bounded by the Eashi Channel on the north,
by the Pacific Ocean on the east, by the South China Sea on the west and the Balintang
Channel on the south. It is one of the last remaining areas in the Philippines having
unique natural physiographic features (wave-cut cliffs, cave- like outcrops, secluded
white sand beaches) resulting from its position where strong winds and fast currents
have etched out its distinct morphology. It is an important flyaway for many migratory
bird species, and the deper portions of the marine environment are the few remaining
sites where pink and red corals (Corallum sp.) are found. The site is the only area m the
Philippines where traditional architecture is of stone in response to the wind and
monsoon stresses rather than of the more typical, tropical, impervanent materials
(wood, bamboo, thatch) commonly us village architecture. Due to its isolation from the

19. -
Rizal Park
Location: Batanes, Philippines
Stillwidely knownas 'Luneta'(its name untilthe 1950s), Manila's iconic central parkis spread
out over some 60 hectares of openlawns, ornamentalgardens, ponds, pavedwalks and
woodedareas, dottedwithmonuments toa whole pantheon of Filipino heroes. As the place
where José Rizal was executedby the Spanish colonialauthorities. it's also of greathistorical
significance. The RizalParkVisitors Centre provides a map detailing some 40sights within the
park. RizalParkanatmospheric place totake a stroll, particularlylate afternoon, earlyevening
andon weekends. Here you'llfind the RizalMonument, frontedby a46m flagpole and
guardedby sentriesin fullregalia, whichcontains the hero's mortalremains andstands as a
symbol ofFilipino nationhood.

20. -
Intangible Heritage
Culture
-Traditions (Oral and
Written)
- Customs
- Values
-Trade and Skills

21. -
Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao
Inscribed in 2008 (3.COM) on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage ofHumanity
foriginallyproclaimed in 2001) The Hudhud consists of narrative chants traditionally performed by
the Ifugao community, which is well known for its rice terraces extendingover the highlands ofthe
northern island ofthe Philippine archipelago. It is practised during the rice sowing season, at harvest
time and at funeral wakes and rituals. Thought to have originated before the seventh century, the
Hudhud comprises more than 200 chants, each divided into 40 episodes. A complete recitation may
last several days. Since the Ifugao's culture is matrilineal, the wife generallytakes the main part in the
chants, and her brother occupies a higher position than her husband. The language of the stories
abounds in figurative expressions and repetitions and employs metonymy, metaphor and
onomatopoeia, rendering transcription very difficult. Thus, there are very fewwritten expressions of
this tradition. The chant tells about ancestral heroes, customarylaw, religious beliefs andtraditional
practices. and reflects the importance of rice cultivation. The narrators, mainlyelderly women, hold a
keyposition inthe community, both as historians and preachers. The Hudhud epic is chanted
alternately by the first narrator and a choir
, employing a single melody for all the verses.

22. -
Darangen epic of the Maranao people of Lake Lanao
Inscribed in 2008 (3.COM) on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage
of Humanity foriginally proclaimed in 2005) The Darangen is an ancient epic song that
encompasses a wealth of knowledge of the Maranao people who live in the Lake Lanao
region of Mindanao. This southernmost island of the Philippine archipelago is the
traditional homeland of the Maranao, one of the country's three main Muslim groups.
Comprising 17 cycles and a total of 72,000 lines, the Darangen celebrates episodes from
Maranao history and the tribulations of mythical heroes. In addition to having a
compelling narrative content, the epic explores the underlying themes of life and death,
courtship, love and politics through symbol, metaphor
, irony and satire. The Darangen
also encodes customary law, standards of social and ethical behaviour
, notions of
aesthetic beauty, and social values specific to the Maranao.

23. -
To this day, elders refer to this time- honoured text in the
administration of customary law. Meaning literally "to narrate in
song", the wider epic culture Darangen existed before the
Islamization of the Philippines it Sanskrit traditions extending
through most the fourteenth century and is part of a w epic have
been reconded in connected to carly Sar of Mindanao. Though the
Darangen has been largely tent writing system based on the
transmitted orally, parts of the epi script. Specialized female and
male performers sing manuscripts using an ancient Arabic sc the
Datangen during wesiding celebrations that typically last several

24. -
Tugging rituals and games
Inscribed in 2015 (10.COM) on the Representative List of the
Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Tugging rituals and
games in the rice-farming provide cultures of East Asia and
Southeast Asia are enacted among communities to ensure
abundant harvests and prosperity. They promote social
solidarity, pr entertainment and mark the start of a new
agricultural cycle. Many tugging rituals and games also have
profound religious significance. Most variations include two
teams, each of which pulls one end of a rope attempting to tug it

25. -
The intentionally uncompetitive nature of the event removes the
emphasis on winning or losing, affirming that these traditions are
performed to promote the well-being of the community. and reminding
members of the importance of cooperation. Many tugging games bear
the traces of agricultural rituals, symbolizing the strength of natural
forces, such as the sun and rain while also incorporating mythological
elements or purification rites. Tugging rituals and games are often
organized in front of a village's communal house of shrine, preceded by
commemorative rites to local protective deities. Village elders play active
roles in leading and organizing younger in playing the game and holding
accompanying es also serve to stre strengthen people in rituals. Tugging
rituals and games unity and solidarity and sense of belonging and

26. -
Buklog, thanksgiving ritual system of the Subanen
Inscribed in 2019 (14.COM) ontheList of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of
Urgent Safeguarding National Commission for Culture and the Arts ofthe
Philippines, 2018Buklog is an elaborate thanksgiving ritualsystem of the
Subanen, an indigenous people in the southern Philippines. The head of a host
family, usually a villagechief called "timuay', plans the ritualsystem to express
gratitudeto the spirits. The rituals ensure harmony among family, clan and
community members, as well as among the human, natural and spiritualworlds.
They include askingthespirits for permission to gather materials from the forest,
presentingcoin offerings, inviting the spirits of thedeparted to feast, invoking
spirits ofwater and land, and music and dance.

27. -
Afterwards, participants dance on an elevated wooden structure called
the Buklog a sacred and socialspace- which resonates with a sound
believed to please the spirits This is followed by a community dance
marking the renewal political and economic of spiritual and social
relationships within the community. Though the ritual systemremains
the community's strongest unifying force, there are several social, politi
the Subanen's traditional homeland. threats that compromise its
viability, notably the influx of other cultures into the ensure their culture
survives, the changes in family dynamics and economic constraints
Therefore, although the Subanen have developed highly adaptive
mechanisms to ensure Buklog is now regarded as highly vulnerable,

28. -
Ati-Atihan Festival
The Ati-Atihan festival is celebrated every January, culminating on the
month's third Sunday. 800 years old, the festival is known as the oldest
festival in the country and the precursor to both Cebu's famous Sinulog
festival and Iloilo's Dinagyang- all of which are held today in honor of the
Santo Niño (a statue of The Child Jesus). But despite its Catholic affiliations
today, the roots of this festival had nothing to do with religion at all.

29. -
Sinulog Festival
The Sinulog festival is one of the grandestand most colorful festivals in the Philippines
with a very rich history. The main festivalis held each year on the third Sunday of January
in Cebu City to honor the Santo Niño, or the child Jesus,who used to be the patron saintof
the whole province ofCebu (since in the Catholic faith Jesus is nota saint, butGod). Itis
essentially a dance ritual which remembers the Filipino people's pagan pastand their
acceptance ofChristianity. The festival features some the country's mostcolorful displays
ofpomp and pageantry:participants garbed in bright-colored costumes dance to the
rhythm of drums,trumpets,and native gongs. The streets are usually lined with vendors
and pedestrians allwanting to witness the street-dancing. Smaller versions of the festival
are also held in various parts of the province, also to celebrate and honor the Santo Niño.
There isalso a Sinulog sa Kabataan, whichis performed by the youths ofCebu a week
before the Grand Parade.Aside from the colorful and festive dancing.there is also the
SME trade fair where Sinulog features Cebu exportquality products and people around

30. -
DEVELOPMENT OF VISUAL ART IN THE
PHILIPPINES

31. -
Painting in the philippines
Pre-Spanish Colonial Period
Early Filipino's painting can be manifested today among the arts
and architecture of the Maranao who are well known for the
Nāga Dragons and the Sarimanok carved and painted in the
beautiful Panolong of their Torogan or King's House.

32. -
Pre-Spanish Colonial Period
Early Filipino painting can be found in red slip (clay mixed with water)
designs embellished on theritual pottery of the Philippines such as
theacclaimed Manunggul Jar
. The Manunggul Jar is a secondary
burial jar excavated from a Neolithicburial site in Manunggul cave of
Tabon Caves at Lipuun Point at Palawan dating from 890-710 B.C
Painting are also manifested in thetattoo tradition ofearly Filipinos,
whom the Portuguese explorer referred to as Pintados or the
'PaintedPeople' ofthe Visayas.

33. -
Spanish ColonialPeriod
Artistic paintings wereintroduced to theFilipinosin the16th century
when the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines. Supaniards used
paintings as religiouspropaganda to spread Catholicismthroughout
the Philippines.Paintingsappeared mostly on church walls,featured
religious figuresappearing inCatholicteachings.

34. -
Spanish ColonialPeriod
Filipinos began creating paintings in the European tradition
during the17th-centurySpanish period.Most of the
paintings and sculptures between the 19th,and 20th century
produced a mixture of religious,political,and landscapeart
works, with qualities of sweetness, dark, and light.

35. -
Post-Spanish Colonial Period
(Modern)
.Early modernist painterssuchasDamián Domingo wasassociated
with religious and secular paintings.Theart of Juan Luna andFélix
Hidalgo showeda trend for politicalstatement.Artist such as
Fernando Amorsolo usedpost- modernismto producepaintingsthat
illustrated

36. -
SCULPTURE IN THE
PHILIPPINES

37. -
Rizal Monument (Bantayog ni Jose Rizal)
Basic information:
Location:Rizal Park (Luneta), Manila
Designer:Richard Kissling
Date of inauguration: December 30, 1913
Dedicated to: To the memory of José Rizal, patriot
and martyr
. The monument of Rizal in Rizal Park
(Luneta) is considered by many as the most popular
,
most visited and most photographed monument in

38. -
Bonifacio Monument
Basic information:
Location: Grace Park, Caloocan City, Metro Manila
Designer: Guillermo Tolentino
Date of inauguration: November 30, 1933
Dedicated to: To the memory of Andrés Bonifacio, the founder
and Supremo of the Katipunan
Andres Bonifacio is popularly known as the father of the
Philippine Revolution, and the founder and Supremo of the
Katipunan or the Samahang Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK).

39. -
Balangiga Encounter Monument
Location: Balangiga, Eastern Samar
Designer: Napoleon Abueva
Date built: September 28, 2003
Dedicated to: The heroism ofthe local freedom fighters in Samar
TheBalangiga Encounter Monument reminds us that Filipinos will
not back down to fight for freedom against any foreign invader -
even against the mighty American forces

40. -
Lapu-Lapu Shrine
Location: Liberty Shrine, Punta Engaño, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu
Dedicated to: Lapu-Lapu, a native chieftain of Mactan who
defeated Magellan in the battle of Mactan in 1521.
Date built: Sometime in 1969
through Lapu Lapu is considered the first national hero who
successfully defended the Philippines from the Spanish
invasion. He's asymbol of courage and success in defeating

41. -
Magellan Shrine
Location: Liberty Shrine (Mactan Shrine), Punta Engaño, Lapu- Lapu
City, Cebu Dedicated to: Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan
Date built: 1866
The monument of Magellan is the oldest in this list. It was built in
1866-that makes the monument almost 150 years old now.

42. -
Leyte Landing Monument
Location: MacArthur Landing Memorial Park, Palo, Leyte
Designer: Anastacio Caedo
Date of inauguration: October 20 1981
MacArthur Landing Memorial Park in Palo beach was the
site where the Allied Forces led by General Douglas
MacArthur landed in Leyte on October 20, 1944

43. -
People Power Monument
Location: Corner of EDSA and White Plains Avenue in Barangay
Camp Aguinaldo, Quezon City
Designer: Eduardo Castrillo Date built: 1993
The monument is about 0.89 kilometers from the EDSA Shrine. I
think it's a great monument to represent the People Power
Revolution or EDSA Revolution in 1986