Measuring with your senses
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Physical properties can be observed without changing the substance's composition and include characteristics like color, texture, conductivity, magnetism, and state of matter. Color, texture, and other tactile qualities can be observed through our senses of sight and touch, while conductivity, solubility, and other behavior-based properties require tools to measure. Common examples are that metals like copper and iron can conduct heat well while plastics and wood do not, and substances like sugar and salt readily dissolve in water whereas sand does not.
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Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Measuring with your senses
- 1. Physical Properties of Matter
- 2. Physical Properties of Matter • A physical property is a feature that you can observe with your senses or measure with a tool. • You can observe physical properties without changing it into a different kind of matter.
- 3. Observing with your senses • Color – you use your sense of sight to observe color • Iron & copper are both metals. • Iron is dark gray, copper is orangish brown. • Color helps tell them apart
- 4. Observing with your senses • Texture – the way a surface feels, smooth vs. rough, using your sense of touch. • Some surfaces are smooth, waxy, grainy, soft, powdery, grea sy.
- 5. Observing with your senses • You can also use senses of hearing, smell, and taste to observe physical properties. (Don’t use taste unless safe to do so) • Sugar and salt look similar, taste helps tell them apart.
- 6. Observing with your senses • Some properties describe how a substance acts. • Conductor – conducts or transfers heat • A good conductor lets heat pass through it easily.
- 7. Observing with your senses • Metals such as copper, silver, and iron conduct heat well • Plastic, wood, rubber, and glass are not good conductors. • Many substances that conduct heat also conduct electricity well.
- 8. Observing with your senses • Magnetism is another observable act. • You can also observe whether a substance dissolves in water. • To dissolve means to mix evenly into a liquid, when it dissolves it breaks into tiny pieces and seems to dissappear
- 9. Observing with your senses • Sugar and salt dissolve well. • If you stir sand in water it does not dissolve well.
- 10. Observing with your senses • A substances state of matter can also be observed. • Heating or cooling can cause it to change from one state to another • ice – water – water vapor