Evaluation of drug means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality and purity and detection of nature of adulteration.Evaluation of herbal drug is an important tool in the formulation of high quality herbal products. Quality of herb is
depends upon on many factors like cultivation, collection, drying, storage, processing for market etc. Now a day’s
substitution and adulteration of herb is very common due to scarcity of drug and its high price prevailing in the
market. Owing to medicinal properties attributed to an herb, it is necessary to maintain its quality and purity in the
commercial market. A present overview covering various tool like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical
and biological employed for evaluation of herbal drugs.
This document discusses the classification of crude drugs. Crude drugs are plant, animal, or mineral materials that are used as medicines in their unpurified or natural forms. They can be classified in several ways, including alphabetically by name, morphologically by plant or animal part, taxonomically by biological classification, chemically by active constituents, pharmacologically by therapeutic effects, and chemo-taxonomically by both chemical constituents and taxonomy. The morphological classification divides crude drugs into organized (cellular) materials like leaves, roots, and seeds versus unorganized (acellular) materials like resins, oils, and minerals. The document provides examples to illustrate each classification method.
This document provides information on the PHARMACOGNOSY-IV course module for 5th semester B.Pharmacy students. The 45-lecture course aims to teach modern herbal drug research and the application of pharmacognosy knowledge in herbal pharmaceutical industry. Lectures will cover topics like plant enzymes, bitters, sweeteners, biosynthetic pathways, and the systematic study of alkaloid-containing drugs. Assessment includes assignments, presentations, exams. Recommended textbooks and topics for projects are also listed. The 15-session practical component involves experiments like alkaloid introduction, powder microscopy, TLC, and tissue slide preparation of select plants.
This document provides details on the macroscopic and microscopic characterization of several plants used in pharmacognosy experiments. It describes the aim, references, theory, macroscopic characters, chemical constituents, uses and cautions for each of the following plants: datura, withania, vinca, rauwolfia, nuxvomica. It also gives the transverse section and powder microscopy of rauwolfia, noting features like cork, phloederrm, xylem, medullary rays, calcium oxalate crystals, and starch grains. The aim is to study the physical properties of these medicinal plants.
This document discusses various methods for evaluating drugs, including organoleptic (sensory), microscopic, physical, chemical, and biological methods. Organoleptic evaluation examines visual characteristics like color, texture, and morphology. Microscopic evaluation analyzes histological features under a microscope. Physical evaluation measures properties such as moisture content, melting point, and viscosity. Chemical evaluation identifies active constituents through tests, constants, and instrumentation. Biological evaluation is used when other methods cannot fully assess a drug's activity, instead examining its effects on living systems.
This document discusses analytical evaluation and quality control of herbal drugs. It notes that while herbal medicines have been used for thousands of years, they lack modern scientific evaluation and standardization. Adulteration of herbal drugs is a major problem for the herbal industry. Adulteration can occur intentionally by substituting inferior materials, or unintentionally due to issues in the collection, preparation, or storage of herbal materials. Proper standardization and quality control methods are needed to ensure herbal drugs are reliable, effective, and safe.
Adulteration of food is a serious problem that can cause health issues. Common adulterants include things like chemicals, cheaper substitutes, or removal of valuable ingredients from foods like milk, spices, cereals and more. This deceives consumers and can lead to diseases. The government has established agencies and passed laws like the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act to set food standards, conduct testing, and regulate the food industry to protect consumers from unsafe adulterated foods. It is important for consumers to be aware of adulterants and check food labels, sources and visual signs of contamination.
This document discusses adulteration of crude drugs. It describes adulteration as the substitution or addition of inferior substances to crude drugs, either intentionally or unintentionally, to increase profits. Common types of adulteration include deterioration, admixture, sophistication, substitution, inferiority, and spoilage. Adulteration can occur directly through intentional means or indirectly through unintentional factors like improper storage. Common intentional adulteration practices involve substituting authentic drugs with exhausted drugs, substandard varieties, or artificially manufactured substances. Evaluation of crude drugs helps identify authentic drugs and detect nature of adulteration using organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological analyses.
Evaluation of drug means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality and purity and detection of nature of adulteration.Evaluation of herbal drug is an important tool in the formulation of high quality herbal products. Quality of herb is
depends upon on many factors like cultivation, collection, drying, storage, processing for market etc. Now a day’s
substitution and adulteration of herb is very common due to scarcity of drug and its high price prevailing in the
market. Owing to medicinal properties attributed to an herb, it is necessary to maintain its quality and purity in the
commercial market. A present overview covering various tool like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical
and biological employed for evaluation of herbal drugs.
This document discusses the classification of crude drugs. Crude drugs are plant, animal, or mineral materials that are used as medicines in their unpurified or natural forms. They can be classified in several ways, including alphabetically by name, morphologically by plant or animal part, taxonomically by biological classification, chemically by active constituents, pharmacologically by therapeutic effects, and chemo-taxonomically by both chemical constituents and taxonomy. The morphological classification divides crude drugs into organized (cellular) materials like leaves, roots, and seeds versus unorganized (acellular) materials like resins, oils, and minerals. The document provides examples to illustrate each classification method.
This document provides information on the PHARMACOGNOSY-IV course module for 5th semester B.Pharmacy students. The 45-lecture course aims to teach modern herbal drug research and the application of pharmacognosy knowledge in herbal pharmaceutical industry. Lectures will cover topics like plant enzymes, bitters, sweeteners, biosynthetic pathways, and the systematic study of alkaloid-containing drugs. Assessment includes assignments, presentations, exams. Recommended textbooks and topics for projects are also listed. The 15-session practical component involves experiments like alkaloid introduction, powder microscopy, TLC, and tissue slide preparation of select plants.
This document provides details on the macroscopic and microscopic characterization of several plants used in pharmacognosy experiments. It describes the aim, references, theory, macroscopic characters, chemical constituents, uses and cautions for each of the following plants: datura, withania, vinca, rauwolfia, nuxvomica. It also gives the transverse section and powder microscopy of rauwolfia, noting features like cork, phloederrm, xylem, medullary rays, calcium oxalate crystals, and starch grains. The aim is to study the physical properties of these medicinal plants.
This document discusses various methods for evaluating drugs, including organoleptic (sensory), microscopic, physical, chemical, and biological methods. Organoleptic evaluation examines visual characteristics like color, texture, and morphology. Microscopic evaluation analyzes histological features under a microscope. Physical evaluation measures properties such as moisture content, melting point, and viscosity. Chemical evaluation identifies active constituents through tests, constants, and instrumentation. Biological evaluation is used when other methods cannot fully assess a drug's activity, instead examining its effects on living systems.
This document discusses analytical evaluation and quality control of herbal drugs. It notes that while herbal medicines have been used for thousands of years, they lack modern scientific evaluation and standardization. Adulteration of herbal drugs is a major problem for the herbal industry. Adulteration can occur intentionally by substituting inferior materials, or unintentionally due to issues in the collection, preparation, or storage of herbal materials. Proper standardization and quality control methods are needed to ensure herbal drugs are reliable, effective, and safe.
Adulteration of food is a serious problem that can cause health issues. Common adulterants include things like chemicals, cheaper substitutes, or removal of valuable ingredients from foods like milk, spices, cereals and more. This deceives consumers and can lead to diseases. The government has established agencies and passed laws like the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act to set food standards, conduct testing, and regulate the food industry to protect consumers from unsafe adulterated foods. It is important for consumers to be aware of adulterants and check food labels, sources and visual signs of contamination.
This document discusses adulteration of crude drugs. It describes adulteration as the substitution or addition of inferior substances to crude drugs, either intentionally or unintentionally, to increase profits. Common types of adulteration include deterioration, admixture, sophistication, substitution, inferiority, and spoilage. Adulteration can occur directly through intentional means or indirectly through unintentional factors like improper storage. Common intentional adulteration practices involve substituting authentic drugs with exhausted drugs, substandard varieties, or artificially manufactured substances. Evaluation of crude drugs helps identify authentic drugs and detect nature of adulteration using organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological analyses.
Adulteration it is a practice of substituting the original crude drug partially or fully with other substances which is either free from or inferior in therapeutic and chemical properties or addition of low grade or spoiled drugs or entirely different drug similar to that of original drug substituted with an intention of enhancement of profits.
adulteration may be defined as mixing or substituting the original drug material with other spurious, inferior, defective, spoiled, useless other parts of same or different plant or harmful substances or drug which do not confirm with the official standards
Cultivation, collection and processing of crude drugsodikig
This document provides information on the cultivation and processing of medicinal plants. It discusses topics such as advantages and disadvantages of cultivation, methods of propagation (sexual and asexual), nursery preparation, factors affecting cultivation, pest control, collection and processing of crude drugs. The processing involves harvesting, drying methods, packing and storage/preservation of crude drugs. Asexual propagation techniques like cutting, layering and grafting are also explained.
Physical and biological method of drug evaluation by Dr.U.Srinivasaummanabadsrinivas
This document discusses various physical parameters and methods used to evaluate crude drugs, including ash values, swelling factor, extractive values, and bioassay. It describes determining total ash value, acid insoluble ash value, sulphated ash value, and water soluble ash value. Methods are provided for measuring swelling factor and water soluble, alcohol soluble, and ether soluble extractive values. Finally, it outlines using bioassay to evaluate drug activity through tests on living organisms.
The document discusses several plant-derived fixed oils, including their biological sources, methods of preparation, descriptions, chemical constituents, and uses. Arachis (peanut), castor, olive, linseed, sesame, safflower and neem oils are summarized. Arachis oil is expressed from peanut kernels and used as an edible oil, lubricant and in cosmetics and injections. Castor oil from castor seeds is used orally and in soaps, hair oils and lubricants. Olive oil from olive fruits is used topically as an emollient and in ear wax. Linseed oil from flax seeds is used in paints, varnishes and skin treatments. Sesame oil from
The document presents information about 10 different shark species, ranking them based on their threat level to humans. It finds that the Bull Shark is the most dangerous to humans, having attacked over 250 people, of which over 100 were fatal. The Great White Shark, ranked second, has attacked 116 people with 67 fatalities. Meanwhile, sharks like the Lemon Shark and Oceanic Whitetip Shark have not been responsible for any recorded human deaths.
The document discusses different types of sharks and some of their characteristics. It mentions several shark species, including the great white shark, hammerhead shark, dogfish shark, and sixgill saw shark. It also provides details on shark senses, feeding behaviors, reproduction, and habitats. Sharks have the ability to smell blood from far away, see colors, hear low frequencies, and have a highly developed sense of touch and electromagnetic field detection.
Medicinal plants have been identified and used throughout human history. Plants make many chemical compounds that are for biological functions, including defence against insects, fungi and herbivorous mammals. At least 12,000 such compounds have been isolated so far; a number estimated to be less than 10% of the total.Chemical compounds in plants mediate their effect on the human body through processes identical to those already well understood for the chemical compounds in conventional drugs; thus herbal medicines do not differ greatly from conventional drugs in terms of how they work. it is important to know various factors that affects medicinal plant cultivation.
This document discusses taste and the gustatory system. It describes the five primary tastes: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami. Taste buds located on papillae in the tongue contain receptor cells that detect these tastes. The taste pathway involves nerves carrying signals from taste buds to the brain. Different regions of the tongue are more sensitive to certain tastes. Factors like adaptation can influence taste perception. Taste works closely with smell, and disorders can impact taste sensation. The document provides details on taste receptors, pathways, thresholds, influences on taste, and taste disorders.
Abhi ppt for herbal drug standarizationpharma_abhi
This document discusses standardization and quality control of herbal drugs. It notes that herbal medicines account for a large portion of the global pharmaceutical market and health expenditures in many countries. However, herbal drugs can vary in chemical composition due to environmental and genetic factors, making quality control an important challenge. The document outlines methods for identification, quality control, extraction and analysis of herbal drugs including chromatography techniques like HPLC and TLC. Standardization of herbal medicines is necessary to ensure consistent potency, efficacy and safety.
Mutations are permanent changes to an organism's DNA sequence that can arise due to mistakes during DNA replication or damage from environmental factors. There are two main types of mutations - chromosomal mutations, which involve changes in chromosome structure like deletions, duplications, inversions or translocations, and gene mutations, such as point mutations or frameshift mutations. Point mutations include substitutions, insertions or deletions of single nucleotide bases, while frameshift mutations are caused by insertions or deletions of multiple nucleotides. Chromosomal mutations can lead to conditions like Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, or duplication syndromes.
Rheology is the study of deformation and flow of matter. It involves measuring the viscosity and viscoelastic properties of materials under different conditions like temperature, pressure and shear rates. Various types of instruments called rheometers are used to measure rheological properties including rotational viscometers, capillary rheometers and other moving body viscometers. The document discusses different types of viscometers and rheometers used for measuring rheological properties of polymers and other materials.
important methods employed in quality control of ayurvedic drugsDhanya Renjith
the different methods employed these days to test the quality of ayurvedic drugs is summarised in the presentation. the presentation aims to give an awareness about basic procedures in quality control of ayurvedic drugs.
Mutations and genetic engineering can alter genes. There are different types of mutations like point mutations, frameshift mutations, and chromosomal inversions that can cause genetic disorders. The Human Genome Project mapped gene sequences to aid in diagnosing and treating diseases. Genetic engineering techniques allow manipulating genes and include gene therapy, transgenic organisms, cloning, and other applications that could help cure diseases but also raise safety concerns if not properly addressed.
The World Health Organization (WHO) provides guidelines for herbal drugs and formulations. Herbal drugs include crude plant materials, finished products containing plant parts, and herbal formulations made by extracting or processing plants. Standardization of herbal drugs involves identification, quality control, and determining purity using morphological, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological methods. Key steps include macroscopic and microscopic examination of plant materials, measurement of ash values, extractive values, water content, volatile oils, bitterness, and other chemical analyses.
The document discusses parameters for evaluating crude drugs and herbal formulations. It outlines physical, chemical, botanical, and biological/toxicological parameters to assess, including foreign matter, pesticides, and other contaminants. Methods are provided for determining pesticide residues using extraction, column chromatography, and thin-layer chromatography. Maximum residue limits for pesticides in herbal drugs are calculated based on acceptable daily intake limits.
The document discusses materia medica, which is the study of crude drugs obtained from plants, animals, and minerals. It covers the history and etymology of the term, describes crude drugs and their preparation and storage, and discusses various systems for classifying crude drugs based on their morphology, taxonomy, therapeutic use, and chemical constituents. The key classification systems covered are morphological, taxonomic, therapeutic, and based on active chemical constituents.
The document discusses flowers and their morphology. It defines flowers and their essential parts including the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. It describes how flowers can be classified based on their arrangement of floral parts, number of whorls, symmetry, presence of sexual organs, and more. The summary provides high-level information about the topic and structure of the document in 3 sentences:
The document defines flowers and their morphology, discussing their essential parts and how they can be classified based on characteristics like arrangement of parts, number of whorls, and presence of sexual organs. It provides details on the calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) mediates plant adaptation to stress by inducing stomatal closure to reduce water loss, inhibiting cell growth and seed germination to promote dormancy, and regulating bud formation and abscission. ABA is produced in response to stresses like drought, cold temperatures, and soil compaction and translocates from roots to leaves to trigger closing of stomata and reduce transpiration. It plays important roles in enforcing bud and seed dormancy, inhibiting seedling growth, and preventing premature sprouting or germination until conditions are suitable.
This document is a laboratory manual for the pharmacognosy course containing instructions and information about plant identification. It includes the scientific name, description, origin, plant parts used medicinally, chemical constituents, medical and non-medical uses of various plants. Students will learn to identify plant tissues microscopically and conduct chemical tests to identify plants and substances like starch. The manual contains details on 24 plants and substances including sage leaves, thyme leaves, peppermint leaves, senna leaves, and starch from various sources. Students will study physical properties and do microscopic examination of starches from different plants.
Adulteration it is a practice of substituting the original crude drug partially or fully with other substances which is either free from or inferior in therapeutic and chemical properties or addition of low grade or spoiled drugs or entirely different drug similar to that of original drug substituted with an intention of enhancement of profits.
adulteration may be defined as mixing or substituting the original drug material with other spurious, inferior, defective, spoiled, useless other parts of same or different plant or harmful substances or drug which do not confirm with the official standards
Cultivation, collection and processing of crude drugsodikig
This document provides information on the cultivation and processing of medicinal plants. It discusses topics such as advantages and disadvantages of cultivation, methods of propagation (sexual and asexual), nursery preparation, factors affecting cultivation, pest control, collection and processing of crude drugs. The processing involves harvesting, drying methods, packing and storage/preservation of crude drugs. Asexual propagation techniques like cutting, layering and grafting are also explained.
Physical and biological method of drug evaluation by Dr.U.Srinivasaummanabadsrinivas
This document discusses various physical parameters and methods used to evaluate crude drugs, including ash values, swelling factor, extractive values, and bioassay. It describes determining total ash value, acid insoluble ash value, sulphated ash value, and water soluble ash value. Methods are provided for measuring swelling factor and water soluble, alcohol soluble, and ether soluble extractive values. Finally, it outlines using bioassay to evaluate drug activity through tests on living organisms.
The document discusses several plant-derived fixed oils, including their biological sources, methods of preparation, descriptions, chemical constituents, and uses. Arachis (peanut), castor, olive, linseed, sesame, safflower and neem oils are summarized. Arachis oil is expressed from peanut kernels and used as an edible oil, lubricant and in cosmetics and injections. Castor oil from castor seeds is used orally and in soaps, hair oils and lubricants. Olive oil from olive fruits is used topically as an emollient and in ear wax. Linseed oil from flax seeds is used in paints, varnishes and skin treatments. Sesame oil from
The document presents information about 10 different shark species, ranking them based on their threat level to humans. It finds that the Bull Shark is the most dangerous to humans, having attacked over 250 people, of which over 100 were fatal. The Great White Shark, ranked second, has attacked 116 people with 67 fatalities. Meanwhile, sharks like the Lemon Shark and Oceanic Whitetip Shark have not been responsible for any recorded human deaths.
The document discusses different types of sharks and some of their characteristics. It mentions several shark species, including the great white shark, hammerhead shark, dogfish shark, and sixgill saw shark. It also provides details on shark senses, feeding behaviors, reproduction, and habitats. Sharks have the ability to smell blood from far away, see colors, hear low frequencies, and have a highly developed sense of touch and electromagnetic field detection.
Medicinal plants have been identified and used throughout human history. Plants make many chemical compounds that are for biological functions, including defence against insects, fungi and herbivorous mammals. At least 12,000 such compounds have been isolated so far; a number estimated to be less than 10% of the total.Chemical compounds in plants mediate their effect on the human body through processes identical to those already well understood for the chemical compounds in conventional drugs; thus herbal medicines do not differ greatly from conventional drugs in terms of how they work. it is important to know various factors that affects medicinal plant cultivation.
This document discusses taste and the gustatory system. It describes the five primary tastes: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami. Taste buds located on papillae in the tongue contain receptor cells that detect these tastes. The taste pathway involves nerves carrying signals from taste buds to the brain. Different regions of the tongue are more sensitive to certain tastes. Factors like adaptation can influence taste perception. Taste works closely with smell, and disorders can impact taste sensation. The document provides details on taste receptors, pathways, thresholds, influences on taste, and taste disorders.
Abhi ppt for herbal drug standarizationpharma_abhi
This document discusses standardization and quality control of herbal drugs. It notes that herbal medicines account for a large portion of the global pharmaceutical market and health expenditures in many countries. However, herbal drugs can vary in chemical composition due to environmental and genetic factors, making quality control an important challenge. The document outlines methods for identification, quality control, extraction and analysis of herbal drugs including chromatography techniques like HPLC and TLC. Standardization of herbal medicines is necessary to ensure consistent potency, efficacy and safety.
Mutations are permanent changes to an organism's DNA sequence that can arise due to mistakes during DNA replication or damage from environmental factors. There are two main types of mutations - chromosomal mutations, which involve changes in chromosome structure like deletions, duplications, inversions or translocations, and gene mutations, such as point mutations or frameshift mutations. Point mutations include substitutions, insertions or deletions of single nucleotide bases, while frameshift mutations are caused by insertions or deletions of multiple nucleotides. Chromosomal mutations can lead to conditions like Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, or duplication syndromes.
Rheology is the study of deformation and flow of matter. It involves measuring the viscosity and viscoelastic properties of materials under different conditions like temperature, pressure and shear rates. Various types of instruments called rheometers are used to measure rheological properties including rotational viscometers, capillary rheometers and other moving body viscometers. The document discusses different types of viscometers and rheometers used for measuring rheological properties of polymers and other materials.
important methods employed in quality control of ayurvedic drugsDhanya Renjith
the different methods employed these days to test the quality of ayurvedic drugs is summarised in the presentation. the presentation aims to give an awareness about basic procedures in quality control of ayurvedic drugs.
Mutations and genetic engineering can alter genes. There are different types of mutations like point mutations, frameshift mutations, and chromosomal inversions that can cause genetic disorders. The Human Genome Project mapped gene sequences to aid in diagnosing and treating diseases. Genetic engineering techniques allow manipulating genes and include gene therapy, transgenic organisms, cloning, and other applications that could help cure diseases but also raise safety concerns if not properly addressed.
The World Health Organization (WHO) provides guidelines for herbal drugs and formulations. Herbal drugs include crude plant materials, finished products containing plant parts, and herbal formulations made by extracting or processing plants. Standardization of herbal drugs involves identification, quality control, and determining purity using morphological, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological methods. Key steps include macroscopic and microscopic examination of plant materials, measurement of ash values, extractive values, water content, volatile oils, bitterness, and other chemical analyses.
The document discusses parameters for evaluating crude drugs and herbal formulations. It outlines physical, chemical, botanical, and biological/toxicological parameters to assess, including foreign matter, pesticides, and other contaminants. Methods are provided for determining pesticide residues using extraction, column chromatography, and thin-layer chromatography. Maximum residue limits for pesticides in herbal drugs are calculated based on acceptable daily intake limits.
The document discusses materia medica, which is the study of crude drugs obtained from plants, animals, and minerals. It covers the history and etymology of the term, describes crude drugs and their preparation and storage, and discusses various systems for classifying crude drugs based on their morphology, taxonomy, therapeutic use, and chemical constituents. The key classification systems covered are morphological, taxonomic, therapeutic, and based on active chemical constituents.
The document discusses flowers and their morphology. It defines flowers and their essential parts including the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. It describes how flowers can be classified based on their arrangement of floral parts, number of whorls, symmetry, presence of sexual organs, and more. The summary provides high-level information about the topic and structure of the document in 3 sentences:
The document defines flowers and their morphology, discussing their essential parts and how they can be classified based on characteristics like arrangement of parts, number of whorls, and presence of sexual organs. It provides details on the calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) mediates plant adaptation to stress by inducing stomatal closure to reduce water loss, inhibiting cell growth and seed germination to promote dormancy, and regulating bud formation and abscission. ABA is produced in response to stresses like drought, cold temperatures, and soil compaction and translocates from roots to leaves to trigger closing of stomata and reduce transpiration. It plays important roles in enforcing bud and seed dormancy, inhibiting seedling growth, and preventing premature sprouting or germination until conditions are suitable.
This document is a laboratory manual for the pharmacognosy course containing instructions and information about plant identification. It includes the scientific name, description, origin, plant parts used medicinally, chemical constituents, medical and non-medical uses of various plants. Students will learn to identify plant tissues microscopically and conduct chemical tests to identify plants and substances like starch. The manual contains details on 24 plants and substances including sage leaves, thyme leaves, peppermint leaves, senna leaves, and starch from various sources. Students will study physical properties and do microscopic examination of starches from different plants.
1. FACULTY OF PHARMACY
Course Module
Subject: PHARMACOGNOSY-I Subject Code: PHM 1.1.3
Class: B.Pharmacy Semester -I Total Lectures: 45
Theory: 4 hr/week Practical: 4 hr/week
Lecturer: Mr. Neeraj Choudhary Phone: 09417590856
E-mail: Neeraj_pharm2008@rediffmail.com
Objectives:
The major objective of this subject to study the modern and advancement in Herbal Drug Resarch. The
knowledge and deep understanding of Pharmacognosy helps a student to apply the knowledge in herbal
pharmaceutical industry.
Teaching Methods:
Lectures, Tests, Assignments, Presentations and activities
Module Outline:
Lectures Topics
1. Definition, history, scope and development of Pharmacognosy
2. Classification of drugs: e.g. Alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, chemical and
pharmacological
3. Sources of drugs: Biological, marine, mineral and plant tissue cultures as sources of
drugs.
4. Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal plants. Types of soils and fertilizers of
common use
5. Pest management and natural pest control agents. Plant hormones and their applications
6. Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants.
7. Quality control of crude drugs: Adulteration of crude drugs and their detection by
organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological methods of evaluation
8. -do-
9. Add.”Introduction to crude drug monograph and its importance in registration of herbal
products.
10. An introduction to active constituents of drugs: Their isolation classification and
properties – alkaloid,glycosides, terpines, steroids and flavonoids
11. -do-
12. -do-
13. a) Carbohydrates and derived products: Agar, Guar gum, Acacia, Honey, Isabgol,
Pectin, Starch, Sterculia and Tragacanth
14. -do-
15. -do-
16. -do-
17. Lipids: Bees wax, Castor oil, Cocoa butter, Cod-liver oil, Hydnocarpus oil, Kokum
2. butter, Lard, Linseed oil, Rice-bran oil, shark liver oil and wool fat
18. -do-
19. -do-
20. -do-
21. -do-
22. Apocynacae
23. Solanaceae
24. Rutaceae
25. Umbelliferae
26. Leguminosae
27. Rubiaceae
28. Liliaceae
29. Graminae
30. Libiatae
31. Cruciferae, Papaveraceae
32. Plant Cell: Its structure and non-living inclusions; mitosis and meiosis; different types
of plant tissues and their functions. Morphology and histology of root, stem, bark,
wood, leaf, flower, fruit and seed. Modification of root and stem.
33. -do-
34. -do-
35. -do-
Modes of Assessment:
Modes of Assessment Score
Assignment 10
Presentation 10
Mid semester exam 40
st
1 Hourly test 20
2nd Hourly test 20
Total marks 100
Books Recommended
1. Trease, G. E. and Evans, W.C. Pharmacognosy, Published by Elsevier, a Division of Reed Elsevier India
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Kokate, C.K., Purohit, A.P. and Gokhale, S.B Pharmacognosy, Nirali Prakashan, Pune.
3. Handa, S.S and Kapoor, V.K. Textbook of Pharmacognosy, Vallabh Prashan, New Delhi.
4. Medicinal Plants of India. ICMR, New Delhi.
5. Wallis, T.E. Textbook of Pharmacognosy, Fifth Edition, CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.
6. Tyler, V.C., Brady, L.R. and Robers, J.E. Pharmacognosy. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
3. Topics for Presentation & Assignments
Classification of drugs: e.g. Alphabetical, Lipids: Bees wax, Castor oil, Cocoa butter,
morphological, taxonomical, chemical and Cod-liver oil, Hydnocarpus oil, Kokum butter,
pharmacological Lard, Linseed oil, Rice-bran oil, shark liver oil
and wool fat
Sources of drugs: Biological, marine, Quality control of crude drugs: Adulteration
mineral and plant tissue cultures as sources of crude drugs and their detection by
of drugs. organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical
and biological methods of evaluation
Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal Solanaceae
plants. Types of soils and fertilizers of
common use
Pest management and natural pest control Rutaceae
agents. Plant hormones and their
applications
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with Umbelliferae
reference to medicinal plants.
Plant Cell: Its structure and non-living Leguminosae
inclusions; mitosis and meiosis; different
types of plant tissues and their functions.
Morphology and histology of root, stem,
bark, wood, leaf, flower, fruit and seed.
Modification of root and stem
Carbohydrates and derived products: Rubiaceae
Agar, Guar gum, Acacia, Honey, Isabgol,
Pectin, Starch, Sterculia and Tragacanth
Graminae Liliaceae
4. Pharmacognosy Practical
S.No. Name of experiment
1 To discuss introductory aspects of Pharmacognosy.
2 To study and discuss various parts of simple and compound microscope.
3 To perform various identification tests for carbohydrate.
4 To perform various identification test for oils and fats.
5 To perform various identification tests for given carbohydrate.
i Starch
ii Acacia
6 To perform various identification tests for lipids
(castor oil and shark liver oil)
7 To perform chemical identification tests for given sample of lipids.
i Honey
ii Yellow Bees-wax
8 To identify physically and chemically the given sample of Agar and gelatin.
9 To study the morphological characters of the given sample of Isabgol.
10 To study the macroscopic characters of olive oil and castor oil.
Instruction for students:
1. Assignment must neatly presented
2. Late submission is not permissible and will attract minimum awards.
3. Presentation is compulsory
4. Each group is assigned different subject for the presentation day.
5. The presentation day attendance is equivalent to 4 lectures.
6. The synopsis must be submitted one week before the presentation.
7. 75% attendance is mandatory, below this percentage; student will not be allowed to appear in the
examination.
8. The student will record the details of practicals in the practical note book and get it checked every
time from the instructor after the experiment has been completed.