This presentation deals with the beta blockers commonly used in day-to-day practice alongwith some interesting mnemonics to remember their names & site of action
Running Head GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT1GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT3.docxjeanettehully
Running Head: GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 1
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 3
GastroIntestinal Tract
Name
Institution
Course
Date
GastroIntestinal Disorders
Introduction
Normally, gastric acids are produced and stimulated so that the body can break down consumed foods and digest them easily. The major component of gastric juice is hydrochloric acid, which is produced by oxyntic cells. The secretion of these acids takes place in three phases namely: the cephalic phase, the gastric phase and the intestinal phase. The cephalic phase starts when someone has an urge to eat or smells food. The brain signals the parietal cells to secrete gastric acids and the ECL to secrete histamine. The gastric phase is when someone has eaten and the amino acids present in the food stimulates the production of these acids. The last phase is stimulated by the distention in the small intestines and the amino acids too and the secretion takes place when chime enters the small intestines (Testani et al., 1996).
Gastroesophageal Reflex Disease (GERD)
There are gastrointestinal orders that exist, such as Gastroesophageal Reflex Disease (GERD), Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) and Gastritis disorders. Patients suffering from GERD have a complex gastric acid secretion caused by frequent acid reflux. There are cases where HCL frequently flows back to the esophagus and when this happens, the lining of the esophagus becomes irritated. The age factor is visible in this disorder. Older people are more likely to experience this disease than young. However, symptoms are less visible in the elderly. The fact that there is no serious warning symptom of GERD among the elderly makes the disorder more complicated in them. GERD can be diagnosed by a probe test, upper endoscopy or x-ray of the upper digestive system. For the elderly, adequate doses of medication that do not harm the digestive system are effective. Medical therapeautic agents, including PPIs such as pantoprazole and Omeprazole, can also cure GERD.
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
PUD is caused by an imbalance between the secretion of gastric acid and duodenal mucous defence. When the balance between the two is disrupted, there is a consequence of mucousal injury and hence peptic ulcers. PUD among the elderly is associated by complications and when administering medication, special attention should be given to the elderly since they respond negatively to medications and surgery. PUD can be diagnosed by carrying out both physical and diagnostic tests (Okello, et. al, 2016) . Once it has been diagnosed, laboratory tests can then be undertaken such as breath tests, stool and blood tests. There are two main factors that contribute to the high rate of PUD among the elderly are the high rates of H. Pylori and prescription of drugs that increase damage in the gastroduodenal drugs. Elderly patients receive medical treatment of PUD
Gastritis Disorders
Gastritis disorders basically results from mucous injury that may have been caused by ...
Advances in current medication and new therapeutic approaches in epilepsySelf-employed researcher
Epilepsy is one of the most complicated neurological disorders associated with a brain disorder in which, after an initial
physiological insult, the networks of neurons regroup and communicate abnormally that can be defined as the neuronal hyper -
synchronizayion. The affected part of brain defines the patient’s abnormality behavior. Unlike the younger patients, who can
become seizure free after the age of 16-18, older patients are hardly able to overcome the seizures, especially once the type of
seizure developed to generalize tonic-clonic phase. Globally, epilepsy is considered as a disease which is originated from the
disorder of electrical function of the brain and estimated to effect approximately 50 million people worldwide.
Pharmacoresistance, drug interactions, drug tolerability, and various adverse effects are among the common problems
associated with the treatments of epilepsy with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Although, approximately 70% of the patient's
exhibit seizures that can be controlled with most AEDs, the remaining 30% of the patients fail to respond to treatment with
AEDs. Thus, looking for alternatives such as traditional treatment methods like utilizing medicinal plants, ketogenic diet, and
the Atkins diet as well as self-physical therapy like relaxation and yoga, are all positive options that can be considered as
a replacement and supportive therapy methods for the medications which are used in seizure control of epilepsy. Medicinal
plants are more commonly used by folk for making infusions administered as herbal teas for the pain relief and maintaining
good health. Investigating the active components of a plant extract, isolating and identifying their structure and
pharmacological effects, and finally utilizing them as a new agent from nature with fewer side effects and high economic value
is a widely interesting topic in the field of ethnopharmacology. In addition to AEDs, which are currently used, the suggested
alternative therapies are also able minimize the seizures of epilepsy but the surgical intervention still remains as the last option
in the treatment of epilepsy.
This presentation deals with the beta blockers commonly used in day-to-day practice alongwith some interesting mnemonics to remember their names & site of action
Running Head GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT1GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT3.docxjeanettehully
Running Head: GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 1
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 3
GastroIntestinal Tract
Name
Institution
Course
Date
GastroIntestinal Disorders
Introduction
Normally, gastric acids are produced and stimulated so that the body can break down consumed foods and digest them easily. The major component of gastric juice is hydrochloric acid, which is produced by oxyntic cells. The secretion of these acids takes place in three phases namely: the cephalic phase, the gastric phase and the intestinal phase. The cephalic phase starts when someone has an urge to eat or smells food. The brain signals the parietal cells to secrete gastric acids and the ECL to secrete histamine. The gastric phase is when someone has eaten and the amino acids present in the food stimulates the production of these acids. The last phase is stimulated by the distention in the small intestines and the amino acids too and the secretion takes place when chime enters the small intestines (Testani et al., 1996).
Gastroesophageal Reflex Disease (GERD)
There are gastrointestinal orders that exist, such as Gastroesophageal Reflex Disease (GERD), Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) and Gastritis disorders. Patients suffering from GERD have a complex gastric acid secretion caused by frequent acid reflux. There are cases where HCL frequently flows back to the esophagus and when this happens, the lining of the esophagus becomes irritated. The age factor is visible in this disorder. Older people are more likely to experience this disease than young. However, symptoms are less visible in the elderly. The fact that there is no serious warning symptom of GERD among the elderly makes the disorder more complicated in them. GERD can be diagnosed by a probe test, upper endoscopy or x-ray of the upper digestive system. For the elderly, adequate doses of medication that do not harm the digestive system are effective. Medical therapeautic agents, including PPIs such as pantoprazole and Omeprazole, can also cure GERD.
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
PUD is caused by an imbalance between the secretion of gastric acid and duodenal mucous defence. When the balance between the two is disrupted, there is a consequence of mucousal injury and hence peptic ulcers. PUD among the elderly is associated by complications and when administering medication, special attention should be given to the elderly since they respond negatively to medications and surgery. PUD can be diagnosed by carrying out both physical and diagnostic tests (Okello, et. al, 2016) . Once it has been diagnosed, laboratory tests can then be undertaken such as breath tests, stool and blood tests. There are two main factors that contribute to the high rate of PUD among the elderly are the high rates of H. Pylori and prescription of drugs that increase damage in the gastroduodenal drugs. Elderly patients receive medical treatment of PUD
Gastritis Disorders
Gastritis disorders basically results from mucous injury that may have been caused by ...
Advances in current medication and new therapeutic approaches in epilepsySelf-employed researcher
Epilepsy is one of the most complicated neurological disorders associated with a brain disorder in which, after an initial
physiological insult, the networks of neurons regroup and communicate abnormally that can be defined as the neuronal hyper -
synchronizayion. The affected part of brain defines the patient’s abnormality behavior. Unlike the younger patients, who can
become seizure free after the age of 16-18, older patients are hardly able to overcome the seizures, especially once the type of
seizure developed to generalize tonic-clonic phase. Globally, epilepsy is considered as a disease which is originated from the
disorder of electrical function of the brain and estimated to effect approximately 50 million people worldwide.
Pharmacoresistance, drug interactions, drug tolerability, and various adverse effects are among the common problems
associated with the treatments of epilepsy with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Although, approximately 70% of the patient's
exhibit seizures that can be controlled with most AEDs, the remaining 30% of the patients fail to respond to treatment with
AEDs. Thus, looking for alternatives such as traditional treatment methods like utilizing medicinal plants, ketogenic diet, and
the Atkins diet as well as self-physical therapy like relaxation and yoga, are all positive options that can be considered as
a replacement and supportive therapy methods for the medications which are used in seizure control of epilepsy. Medicinal
plants are more commonly used by folk for making infusions administered as herbal teas for the pain relief and maintaining
good health. Investigating the active components of a plant extract, isolating and identifying their structure and
pharmacological effects, and finally utilizing them as a new agent from nature with fewer side effects and high economic value
is a widely interesting topic in the field of ethnopharmacology. In addition to AEDs, which are currently used, the suggested
alternative therapies are also able minimize the seizures of epilepsy but the surgical intervention still remains as the last option
in the treatment of epilepsy.
Probation and Parole 1Running head Probation and Parole.docxsleeperharwell
Probation and Parole 1
Running head: Probation and Parole
Probation and Parole
Student Name
Allied American University
Author Note
This paper was prepared for Probation and Parole, Module 8 Homework Assignment taught by [INSERT INSTRUCTOR’S NAME].
Directions: Write a response that is at least one page in length for each of the following questions.
1. Describe the impact of substance abuse on probation and parole. What is usually the case with ex-offenders?
2. State the issues that are associated with offenders who have tuberculosis, Hepatitis C, and HIV/AIDS.
3. Explain how sex offenders need to be treated and supervised differently than other offenders.
4. Describe how DWI/DUI offenders strain the corrections system.
5. Explain how mentally handicapped offenders present supervision problems.
Writing an excellent case Study
Human Anatomy and Physiology
March 2, 2016
In order to write an excellent case study, you must carefully address a number of sections in a specific order with specific information contained in each. The guideline below outlines each of those sections.
Section
Information to Include
Introduction (patient and problem)
· Explain who the patient is (Age, gender, etc.)
· Explain what the problem is (What was he/she diagnosed with, or what happened?)
· Introduce your main argument (What should you as a nurse focus on or do?)
Pathophysiology
· Explain the disease (What are the symptoms? What causes it?)
History
· Explain what health problems the patient has (Has she/he been diagnosed with other diseases?)
· Detail any and all previous treatments (Has she/he had any prior surgeries or is he/she on medication?)
Nursing Physical Assessment
· List all the patient’s health stats in sentences with specific numbers/levels (Blood pressure, bowel sounds, ambulation, etc.)
Related Treatments
· Explain what treatments the patient is receiving because of his/her disease
Nursing Care Plan
Nursing Diagnosis & Patient Goal
· Explain what your nursing diagnosis is (What is the main problem for this patient? What need to be addressed?)
· Explain what your goal is for helping the patient recover (What do you want to change for the patient?)
Nursing Interventions
· Explain how you will accomplish your nursing goals, and support this with citations (Reference the literature)
Evaluation
· Explain how effective the nursing intervention was (What happened after your nursing intervention? Did the patient get better?)
Recommendations
· Explain what the patient or nurse should do in the future to continue recovery/improvement
Case Study Evaluation
February 29, 2016
CASE HISTORY:
An 11-year-old female with no significant past medical history presented with symptoms suggestive of hyperthyroidism (weight loss, heat intolerance). She has also experienced a decline in grades at .
Chemical Compounds used in Medicines and their Impact on Humanijtsrd
Chemicals are used to create medicines. Chemical analysis and the synthesis of novel chemicals are used to create new medications. This topic is so wide that it has spawned a new branch of chemistry known as -‘Medicinal Chemistry’ of -‘Chemicals in Medicines’. Medicinal chemistry is a branch of chemistry concerned with the design, analysis, development, and synthesis of drugs as medicine. Medicines are chemical compounds that help living creatures in the treatment of diseases or the relief of suffering. This discipline necessitates knowledge in synthetic organic chemistry, pharmacology, and biological sciences. Medicines include numerous compounds. Medicines have an important role in the treatment and prevention of disease in both humans and animals. But it is because of the very nature of medicines that they may also have unintended effects on animals and microorganisms in the environment. Although the side effects on human and animal health are usually investigated in thorough safety and toxicology studies, the potential environmental impacts of the manufacture and use of medicines are less well understood and have only recently become a topic of research interest. More than 10 million women in the USA alone use oral contraceptives, which eventually find their way into the environment. A wide range of human medicines, including antibiotics, statins or cytotoxins used in cancer treatment, are produced and used, some in the range of thousands of tons per year. It is hard to obtain information on the amount of human medicines used, but recent data from Canada indicates that high use drugs include acetominophen, acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen, naproxen and carbamazepine. Dr. Ashutosh Tripathi | Neeraj Pandey "Chemical Compounds used in Medicines and their Impact on Human" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52116.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/52116/chemical-compounds-used-in-medicines-and-their-impact-on-human/dr-ashutosh-tripathi
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
MECHANISM OF ACTION
INDICATION OF ECT
TYPES OF ECT
ELECTRIC STIMULUS
DURATION OF THERAPY
PRE TREATMENT EVALUATION
CONTRAINDICATION
SIDE EFFECT
ELECTROD REPLACEMENT
ROLE OF NURSES
DOCUMENTATION
SUMMARY
1. Running head: ATENOLOL 1
Atenolol
Caitlyn Cloy
Hardin-Simmons University
Pharmacology
NURSE 3423
Lisa Van Cleave, MSN, RN
December 6, 2013
2. ATENOLOL 2
Introduction
“Atenolol (Tenormin), a selective beta1-blocker, is one of the most frequently prescribed
drugs in the United States…” (Kee, J.L., Hayes, E.R., & McCuistion, L.E., 2012, p. 265).
In an attempt to expand my study of pharmacology, I will provide an assessment of the
drug atenolol. I will specify the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, adverse/side
effects, and the nursing implications associated with atenolol in hopes to better my
understanding of atenolol and pharmacology as a whole.
3. ATENOLOL 3
Atenolol
Atenolol has the brand name of Tenormin and belongs to the beta1-adrenergic
blocker class. Typically, atenolol is prescribed to patients with hypertension to lower
blood pressure by decreasing heart rate. Other uses for atenolol can be to treat angina
pectoris or to decrease the risk of myocardial infarction. The typical dosage of atenolol
for an adult patient is 50-100 mg per day, and 25-50 mg per day for older adults. The
route of administration is by mouth or intravenously. Simply stated, atenolol selectively
blocks beta1-receptor sites by inhibiting catecholamine binding and decreasing the renin-
angiotensin-aldosterone system. As a result, heart rate drops, followed by a decrease in
blood pressure. Once ingested orally, atenolol is 50% absorbed in the gastrointestinal
tract, and is excreted in the urine and feces. Atenolol reaches its onset of action within 1
hour, and reaches its peak action in 2-4 hours. It is important to be aware of the drug
interactions with atenolol, such as with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that result
in decreased hypotensive effects. Also, side effects associated with atenolol could
include dizziness, drowsiness, depression, nausea, diarrhea, leg pain, decreased libido,
and cool extremities. Adverse reactions could include, hypotension, hypoglycemia,
bradycardia, headache, and bronchospasm (Kee, J.L., Hayes, E.R., & McCuistion, L.E.,
2012, p. 266). As a nurse, it is essential to be educated in many aspects of pharmacology.
Through my study of atenolol I will strive to gain more knowledge about this drug and
use the obtained information to guide me as I encounter other medications in the future.
Pharmacodynamics
Like other beta1-adrenergic blockers, atenolol blocks neurotransmitter receptor
sites, causing a result of decreased peripheral vascular resistance, stroke volume, heart
4. ATENOLOL 4
rate, and blood pressure (Kee, J.L., Hayes, E.R., & McCuistion, L.E., 2012, p. 265). In
order to achieve these effects, atenolol must first be absorbed either orally or
intravenously. When taking atenolol by mouth, onset of action will begin in
approximately 1 hour and will reach its peak blood plasma concentration in 2 to 4 hours
(Deglin, Vallerand, & Sanoski, 2010, p. 189). The Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and
Clinical Research (2013) states that “conventional tablets of atenolol have been reported
to exhibit fluctuation in the plasma drug levels, resulting either in manifestations of side
effects or reduction in drug concentration at the receptor site” (Kumare, Marathe,
Kawade, Ghante, & Shendarkar, 2013, p. 83). If taken intravenously, atenolol will reach
its peak in 5 minutes, although its onset of action is unknown. Both routes will allow the
medication to remain in the body for 24 hours (Kee, J.L., Hayes, E.R., & McCuistion,
L.E., 2012, p. 266). It is important to be aware of the pharmacodynamics of atenolol, as
well as other medications, in order to prevent drug toxicity as well as ensure the drug is
within its therapeutic window of effectiveness.
Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetics of atenolol are important for the patient and the provider to
be aware of. Pharmacokinetics is “the process of drug movement to achieve drug
action.” The first step in the pharmacokinetic process is absorption, the process where
the drug is moved from one area to another (Kee, J.L., Hayes, E.R., & McCuistion, L.E.,
2012, p. 4). Atenolol is absorbed by passive diffusion in the gastrointestinal tract (p.
265). Passive absorption means that in order for the drug to be absorbed no energy is
required (p. 4). Atenolol is also hydrophilic meaning that is follows water and tends to be
dissolved in water. During the absorption stage, it is also important to be aware of the
5. ATENOLOL 5
bioavailability of atenolol, which is 50% (p. 265). This means that the body will use 50%
of the drug administered. Next, in the distribution phase, the drug becomes available to
be used by body tissues (p. 5). In this stage, 6-16% of atenolol binds to proteins, leaving
the rest free to be utilized, creating a pharmacologic response (p. 266). Once the free
drug begins to deplete, the protein-bounded drug is released allowing for more “free
drug” to be effective in the body (p. 5). Following distribution is the metabolism phase.
Drugs are transformed and cause changes in the body during this stage. An important
aspect of the metabolism phase is a drug’s half-life, or the “time it takes for one half of
the drug concentration to be eliminated” (p. 6). Atenolol has a half-life of six to seven
hours (p. 266). Finally, the last stage of the pharmacokinetic process is excretion. In
order for a drug to be effective, it must be taken in, used, and then eliminated. The main
route of excretion is typically through the kidneys and GI tract (p. 6). This is true with
atenolol; the drug waste products are eliminated through the urine and feces (p. 266).
Side Effects and Adverse Effects
All beta-adrenergic blockers have similar side effects and adverse effects because
of their mechanism of action. Beta-adrenergic blockers block the effects of the
adrenergic neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine (Kee, J.L., Hayes, E.R., &
McCuistion, L.E., 2012, p. 265). Specifically, atenolol antagonizes the adrenergic
neurotransmitters by “inhibiting catecholamine binding with beta-adrenergic receptor
sites” (p. 265). This blocking allows for the parasympathetic nervous system to take
over, creating a cholinergic response. These responses correlate with the side effects of
adrenergic blockers. The most common side effects of atenolol are drowsiness,
dizziness, fainting, depression, weakness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cool extremities,
6. ATENOLOL 6
and leg pain (p. 266). Dizziness and headache may occur in about 5% of atenolol-taking
patients. Patients should be cautioned to avoid driving or other activities requiring
alertness until response to the medication in known. Dizziness and fainting can also be
associated with orthostatic hypotension. Patients taking atenolol should be warned to
taking caution when changing positions. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are common
side effects for many medications because of the possibility of gastrointestinal upset
caused by the chemical makeup of the medication (Casco, 2010). Since atenolol
decreases blood pressure, there is a possibility that blood flow to the extremities could be
compromised. This results in cold extremities. Weakness and leg pain are symptoms
that are also related to the amount of blood flow reaching the tissues. Along with side
effects, there are also serious adverse reactions that can result from the use of atenolol.
Adverse effects of atenolol are hypotension, bradycardia, heart failure, and the masking
of hypoglycemia. Also life-threatening adverse effects of atenolol are bronchospasm,
pulmonary edema, and dysrhythmias (Kee, J.L., Hayes, E.R., & McCuistion, L.E., 2012,
p. 266). Because atenolol decreases heart rate and blood pressure there is a risk for
hypotension, or blood pressure that is too low. Livestrong.com (2010) says that 10% of
people taking atenolol may experience hypotension. Like hypotension, bradycardia can
also occur as a result of a decrease in heart rate. Atenolol can mask the effects of
hypoglycemia, so diabetics should take caution and check blood sugar frequently when
taking atenolol (Casco, 2010). These adverse reactions are not desired and it is crucial
that health care providers and nurses be aware of the potential for the following life-
threatening reactions caused by atenolol. First, bronchospasms can constrict the airways
and prevent adequate inspiration and expiration, resulting in hypoxia. Because of the risk
7. ATENOLOL 7
of bronchospasm, atenolol should be used carefully in COPD patients (Cochrane, Quinn,
Walters, Young, 2012). Also, dysrhythmias can be deadly because of altered heart
rhythm, resulting in poor cardiac output (Kee, J.L., Hayes, E.R., & McCuistion, L.E.,
2012, p. 266). It is important to recognize when side effects or adverse effects are
occurring, especially when they have the potential to be life-threatening.
Nursing Considerations
It is important that nurses are aware of the special considerations that accompany
certain drugs in order to maintain patient safety and medication effectiveness. This can
include assessment techniques, implementation, awareness of contraindications and
precautions, and client teaching. When administering atenolol there are specific
assessments that should be performed. Because of the nature of atenolol it is important to
monitor blood pressure, EKG, pulse, input & output, and weight before and during
therapy. Be cautious of changes in weight, edema, dyspnea, and jugular distention
because these signs can indicate heart failure. If atenolol is being given for angina, assess
for frequency and severity of chest pain. Always assess for indications of adverse side
effects during therapy (Deglin, Vallerand, & Sanoski, 2010, p. 190). Nurses should be
aware that beta-blockers like atenolol can cause, “transient increases in serum lipid and
glucose levels.” In relation, beta-blockers can mask hypoglycemic symptoms, so special
consideration should be made for diabetic patients. Finally, assess patients with chronic
lung disease or asthma for exacerbation of symptoms during therapy (Dumont &
Hardware, 2009). Nurses should be aware of changes in lung sounds, dyspnea, or other
signs of difficulty breathing that could indicate bronchospasm, which can be seen in
patients with COPD (Cochrane, Quinn, Walters, Young, 2012). When implementing
8. ATENOLOL 8
atenolol therapy, nurses should take an apical pulse before administration. If the pulse is
less than 50 beats per minute, the medication should be withheld and the health care
provider should be notified. Nurses should be alerted when a contraindication is
observed and should know what other comorbidities raise caution when combined with
atenolol. Atenolol therapy is contraindicated in patients with heart failure, pulmonary
edema, and in patients in cardiogenic shock, or who have bradycardia. Use atenolol
cautiously in patients with pulmonary disease, hepatic impairment, renal impairment,
diabetes, thyrotoxicosis, and in geriatric or pregnant patients. When providing patient
teaching, there are important considerations that the patient should be aware of. First,
patients should be guided to always follow the directions given by the physician and to
never skip a dose. Skipping a dose or abrupt withdrawal can result in life-threatening
arrhythmias and heart attack. Patients should be advised to carry identification stating the
medication and disease process, and to always make sure enough mediation is on hand.
It is also important that patients are taught how to monitor their own blood pressure and
pulse. Nurses should go over the side effects of atenolol and provide warnings like not
changing positions too quickly, or to avoid driving until medication response is known.
Also nurses should reinforce the need to adhere to medication therapy as well as other
therapies to lower blood pressure like exercise and diet restrictions (Deglin, Vallerand, &
Sanoski, 2010, p. 190). Finally, nurses, alongside doctors, should acknowledge research
on the use of beta-blockers, for example, in cases where atenolol is used in stable patients
with coronary artery disease (Steg, Ferrari, Ford, Greenlaw, Tardif, Tendera, Abergel &
Fox, 2012). Acknowledging research and implementing evidence based practice is key in
providing high quality of care for patients in any circumstance. Nurses should be aware
9. ATENOLOL 9
of the specific considerations of atenolol in order to provide safe, knowledgeable
administration and correct patient teaching.
Conclusion
Tenormin, better known as atenolol, is indicated in patients with hypertension,
angina pectoris, and to manage definite or suspected myocardial ischemia. This drug is
commonly used in the United States and it is important that nurses be familiar with
atenolol in order to administer it safely and effectively. After studying the
pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, side effects, adverse effects, and nursing
considerations, I feel much more knowledgeable about this drug. Not only does this
information help me understand atenolol, it also helps me recognize the importance of
being educated in pharmacology. When you realize all the information that is associated
with atenolol you see that all other medications have a great deal of information that
should be addressed. I believe this study of atenolol will help me in my career as a future
nurse as it has set a foundation and standard for the type of educated care I will strive to
provide.
10. ATENOLOL 10
References
Casco, K. (2010, March 23). Atenolol beta-blocker side effects. Retrieved from
http://www.livestrong.com/article/92609-atenolol-beta-blocker-side-effects/
Cochrane, B. B., Quinn, S. S., Walters, H. H., & Young, I. I. (2012). Investigating the
adverse respiratory effects of beta-blocker treatment: six years of prospective
longitudinal data in a cohort with cardiac disease. Internal Medicine Journal,
42(7), 786-793. doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.2011.02563.x Retrieved from
http://hsuezproxy.alc.org:2595/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=193b7d54-4b28-
4876-a39c-80454cf072b1%40sessionmgr110&vid=4&hid=4203
Deglin, J., Vallerand, A. & Sanoski, C. (2010). Davis’s Drug Guide for Nurses (11th ed.).
Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.
Dumont , C., & Hardware, J. (2009). Teaching patients to tame their hypertension.
American Nurse Today, (July/August), Retrieved from
http://www.americannursetoday.com/Article.aspx?id=5816
Kee, J.L., Hayes, E.R., & McCuistion, L.E. (2012). Pharmacology: A nursing process
approach. (7h ed.). St Louis: Saunders.
Kumare, M. M., Marthathe, R. P., Kawade, R. M., Ghante, M. H., & Shendarkar, G. R.
(2013). Design of fast dissolving tablet of atenolol using novel co-processed
superdisintegrant. Asian Journal Of Pharmaceutical & Clinical Research, 6(3),
81-85. Retrieved from
http://hsuezproxy.alc.org:2595/eds/detail?vid=7&sid=193b7d54-4b28-4876-a39c-
80454cf072b1%40sessionmgr110&hid=102&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdm
Umc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&AN=90118930
11. ATENOLOL 11
Steg, G., Ferrari, R., Ford, I., Greenlaw, N., Tardif, J., Tendera, M., Abergel, H., & Fox,
K. M. (2012). Heart rate and use of beta-blockers in stable outpatients with
coronary artery disease. PLOS One, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036284
Retrieved from
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.003628
4