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The document discusses key aspects of good research. It states that good research must possess validity, reliability, sensitivity, ethics, and be conducted in an unbiased manner. It then contrasts qualitative and quantitative research designs. Qualitative research uses small, non-representative samples to gain understanding, while quantitative research uses large, random samples to quantify data and generalize results. Key differences between the two approaches are discussed. The document also outlines qualities of a good hypothesis and some common attitude scaling techniques. Finally, it provides an overview of the typical research process.
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This document discusses research methodology and defines research. It provides definitions from Merriam-Webster for research as a careful search or investigation aimed at discovering facts and revising theories. Research is described as an organized, systematic, and data-driven process of identifying a problem, gathering relevant information to analyze, and making conclusions to find answers or solutions. The document also discusses the purpose of research as creating new knowledge or adding to existing literature through basic and applied research approaches.
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This document discusses explanatory research and provides examples. Explanatory research aims to explain why events occur and test theories. It allows testing of specific theories and amendments to previous theories. One example tests a theory about reducing campus crime by limiting library access. Another analyzes the correlation between a region's migrant population share and support for anti-immigration initiatives in a Swiss referendum to see if attitudes towards migration relate to exposure to migrants. The research questions examine relationships between variables to help explain phenomena.
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The document provides an overview of the research process for writing a research paper. It discusses what research is and is not, how to choose a topic, where to begin the research process, evaluating sources, and examples of credible sources. Some key points covered include:
- A research paper requires investigating and evaluating sources to offer interpretations rather than just summarizing sources.
- Initial research topics may change as research is conducted.
- There is no single template for writing a research paper; it is a process of practice, experience, and organization.
- Students need to pay attention to the assignment, topic, audience, and skills like outlining and revising.
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The document discusses the research process and provides details about a case study on a department store patronage project. The purpose of the project was to evaluate a major department store, Sears, and its competitors. A survey was conducted through in-home interviews of 271 households to understand customer preferences, perceptions, and factors influencing their choice of department stores. The findings helped identify Sears' weaknesses and develop appropriate marketing strategies to improve its image and sales.
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This document provides an overview of common research methodology used in business and management studies. It discusses key aspects of research design including objectives, data collection sources, and constraints. It also describes different types of research designs such as exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory studies. Additionally, it outlines qualitative and quantitative research methodological choices and reasons for using mixed methods designs. The document also discusses various research strategies like experiments, surveys, case studies, action research, and ethnography. Finally, it covers considerations for ensuring credibility of research findings such as reliability, validity, and generalizability.
Researchmethodologynotes 130324234037-phpapp01
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key concepts such as defining the research problem, conducting a literature review to understand previous related work, developing a hypothesis, designing the research including determining the sample and data collection methods, collecting data, and executing the research plan. The document emphasizes that research should be systematic, rigorous, valid, and verifiable. It also outlines different types of research such as pure vs applied research and quantitative vs qualitative research.
Researchmethodologynotes 130324234037-phpapp01
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key concepts like defining the research problem, conducting a literature review to understand previous related work, developing a hypothesis, designing the research including determining the sample, collecting data, and executing the project. The document outlines different types of research based on objectives, applications, and inquiry mode. It also discusses important qualities of a good researcher like being analytical, curious, and able to think critically.
Researchmethodologynotes 130324234037-phpapp01
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key concepts such as defining the research problem, conducting a literature review to understand previous related work, developing a hypothesis, designing the research including determining the sample, collecting data, and executing the project. The summary discusses each of these main steps in the research process at a high level to provide the essential information about how to structure and conduct a study.
Researchmethodologynotes
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key concepts such as defining the research problem, conducting a literature review to understand previous related work, developing a hypothesis, designing the research including determining the sample, collecting data, and executing the project. The document also covers different types of research methods such as quantitative vs. qualitative research, and different sampling techniques including probability and non-probability sampling.
Researchmethodologynotes 130324234037-phpapp01
This document discusses research methodology and provides definitions and types of research. It begins by defining research as a systematic investigation to establish new knowledge. The document then discusses different types of research including pure vs applied research, descriptive vs analytical research, and quantitative vs qualitative research. It also outlines important steps in the research process like defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting data, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions. Finally, it discusses desirable qualities of researchers and the importance of research for decision making.
Research notes
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key concepts such as defining the research problem, conducting a literature review to understand previous related work, developing a hypothesis, designing the research including determining the sample, collecting data, and executing the project. The summary discusses each of the main steps in research methodology at a high level.
Business research methods 1
The document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology. It discusses definitions of research, objectives of research such as gaining new insights or testing hypotheses. It covers research design principles like defining variables and controlling for extraneous factors. It also outlines different research designs for exploratory, descriptive and experimental studies. Sample design concepts involving probability and non-probability sampling are presented. Methods of primary data collection like observation, interviews and questionnaires are explained. Finally, it provides guidance on constructing questionnaires and successful interviewing techniques.
Principal steps in a Statistical Enquiry
The document outlines the principal steps in a statistical enquiry. It discusses 14 key steps: 1) defining objectives, 2) determining population and data collection needs, 3) designing questionnaires, 4) determining data collection methods, 5) selecting sampling techniques, 6) determining minimum sample size, 7) organizing fieldwork, 8) addressing errors and non-response, 9) pre-testing instruments, 10) conducting pilot studies, 11) processing and analyzing data, 12) reporting results and drawing conclusions, 13) learning from completed studies, and 14) referencing information sources. The goal is to provide trainees with an understanding of how to systematically plan, execute, analyze, and learn from empirical research studies
Chapter 2 SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
The document discusses scientific research and the hypothetico-deductive method. It defines research as a systematic, objective inquiry to solve problems. Scientific research focuses on gathering data through logical steps to analyze problems and draw valid conclusions. The key aspects of scientific research are that it is purposeful, rigorous, testable, replicable, precise, objective, generalizable, and parsimonious. The seven steps of the hypothetico-deductive method are to identify a problem, define hypotheses, determine measures, collect data, analyze data, and interpret results. Other research methods include case studies and action research.
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Common Research Methodology in Your Field (Business and Management Studies)
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Pgdbm brm
- 1. What is a good Research? • The good research must posses the following characteristics: 1. Validity 2. Reliability 3. Sensitivity 4. Ethics in Research 5. Unbiased, objective and Neutral Manner • Validity- is the ability of the measure to measure what it is supposed to measure • Reliability- is the ability to get consistent results when same measure is repeated. • Sensitivity- is the ability of the measure to measure variability in responses. • Ethics in Research- a) Intention should not be other than research b) No deliberate attempt to manipulate research method, data and findings • Unbiased, objective and Neutral Manner -The researchers own judgments and biases should not be revealed at any cost. Q-2 Qualitative Vs Quantitative Research ? Sr No 1 Items Objective / purpose 2 Sample 3 Data collection 4 Characteristics Qualitative Research Design Quantitative Research Design To gain an understanding of underlying reasons and motivations To provide insights into the setting of a problem, generating ideas and/or hypotheses for later quantitative research To uncover prevalent trends in thought and opinion Usually a small number of nonrepresentative cases. Respondents selected to fulfill a given quota. Unstructured or semi-structured techniques e.g. individual depth interviews or group discussions. Objective Research questions: How many? Strength of association? Hard" science Literature review must be done early in study Test theory One reality: focus is concise and narrow Facts are value-free and unbiased To quantify data and generalize results from a sample to the population of interest To measure the incidence of various views and opinions in a chosen sample Sometimes followed by qualitative research which is used to explore some findings further Usually a large number of cases representing the population of interest. Randomly selected respondents. Structured techniques such as online questionnaires, onstreet or telephone interviews. Subjective. Research questions: What? Why? "Soft" science Literature review may be done as study progresses or afterwards Develops theory Multiple realities: focus is complex and broad Facts are value-laden and biased
- 2. Qualities of a Good Hypothesis • (i) It should be based on known facts and must have roots in the existing theories of knowledge. • (ii) The hypothesis should be testable. (This is the most important requirement).- The means for manipulating the variables and/or measuring the outcome variable must potentially exist. • Iii) Clearly states the relationship between the defined variables . It should not be vague. • Iv) Testable in a reasonable amount of time- Do not plan a test that will take longer than your class project. • V) Sound reasoning-Your hypothesis should be based on previous research. And The hypothesis should follow the most likely outcome, not the exceptional outcome. • Vi) Should be stated in simplest adequate form. 3.2 Attitude Scaling Techniques: • Likert Scales, • Semantic Differential Scales, • Constant Sum Scales, • Graphic Rating Scales – • • Ranking Scales - Paired Comparison & Forced Ranking • Concept and Application.
- 3. 1.3 RESEARCH PROCESS Management Dilemma (Problem) Defining the Research Problem Formulating the Research Hypothesis Developing the research Proposal Research Design Data Collection Plan Sampling Plan Instrument /Questionnaire Design Pilot Testing Data Collection Data Analysis and Interpretation Research Reporting