The document describes an experiment testing the effects of adding potassium alum to kerosene. Potassium alum was added in amounts of 5 grams, 10 grams, and 15 grams to 250 ml samples of kerosene. Gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy tests were performed on the original kerosene sample and samples with added potassium alum. The GC report showed the original kerosene had 1 component, while the samples with 5g, 10g, and 15g of alum had 71, 64, and 83 components, respectively, indicating the alum caused the kerosene to separate into more components. Infrared spectroscopy also showed differences in the spectra between the original kerosene and kerosene samples with added al
Synthesis and Characterization of Atmospheric Residue Hydrodemetalization (Ar...IOSR Journals
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of an atmospheric residue hydrodemetalization (ARDHM) catalyst for crude oil processing using Indonesian natural zeolite. The zeolite was treated with HCl to increase acidity and then loaded with nickel and molybdenum metals via impregnation. Characterization showed the metals did not block pores or degrade crystallinity and increased acidity. Testing on model compounds like nickel porphyrin, thiophene and pyridine showed the catalyst effectively removed metals and sulfur at temperatures of 360-390°C. The spent catalyst was deactivated by coke deposition but could be regenerated through burning off the coke.
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) is a colourless gas that smells like rotten eggs (from the sulphur). Often referred to as "sewer gas," hydrogen sulphide is highly poisonous as well as corrosive. Small concentrations in air may be fatal in minutes. Hydrogen sulphide can be found as a component of formation gases, dissolved in water, hydrocarbons, or even liquid sulphur (King, 1974). Thermal degradation of organic materials and sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) can create hydrogen sulphide along with other gases. Although hydrogen sulphide can have adverse effects on viscosity, fluid loss, and fluid chemistry.
Towards environmental – friendly additives for sulphide scavenging in oil and...Mutiu K. Amosa, Ph.D.
Two environmentally safe iron compounds (synthetic magnetite and ferrous gluconate) have been evaluated as sulphide scavengers at temperature conditions of 25 °C, 35 °C, 45 °C and 55 °C at pH of 12 in a sulphide-contaminated drilling mud. The ferrous complex was found to be a better scavenger than synthetic magnetite. It exhibited 100 % scavenging efficiency within the first 40 minutes of agitation. The same concentration of the reagents, which is 700 mg/l scavenger vs. 700 mg/l sulphide, was employed (i.e. sulphide concentration to scavenger concentration ratio was 1:1). Whereas, the synthetic magnetite’s scavenging efficiency was only about 30% even after 2 hours of agitation. Addition of the ferrous complex to the drilling mud was not found to be detrimental to the rheological properties of the mud. Its inclusion brought about the stabilization of mud’s rheological properties.
Modification & Application of Borate Zirconia CatalystRanjeet Kumar
Solid catalysts are of great advantages in alkylation reaction due to heterogenous reaction which makes separation of catalysts very easy and environment friendly. Here, sulfated and borate zirconia catalysts are used to search for ortho-xylene with Toluene & methanol. To find a new path to get o-xylene, catalysts surface was studied and a new mesoporous borate zirconia catalyst was prepared. Mesoporous Borate Zirconia had showed a very efficient path to manufature o-xylene.
This document describes a method for discriminating between inorganic and organic mercury species using cloud point extraction with polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEG alone forms a cloud at a high temperature, but adding sodium sulfate lowers the cloud point to 35°C. Inorganic mercury (Hg2+) is fully extracted into the PEG-rich phase at low pH, while organic mercury (CH3Hg+) shows no extraction. The method provides selective extraction and preconcentration of Hg2+ from water samples containing up to 200 mg/L inorganic mercury. Spectrophotometric detection using 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-napthol allows quantification of Hg2+ in the range of 10-100 mg/L with good
Activation of hydrogen peroxide by chemical reagent to reduce cod in petroche...MOHAMED SAAD BALA
This document discusses reducing COD levels in petrochemical wastewater using hydrogen peroxide activated by two reagents - iron-catalyzed H2O2 (Fenton's reagent) and Al2(SO4)3-catalyzed H2O2. The objective is to compare COD removal efficiency of the two reagents. The methodology involves treating wastewater samples with varying dosages of the reagents and hydrogen peroxide and measuring reductions in COD, pH, and TSS. Results found Fenton's reagent achieved 68-88% removal of COD and TSS, while aluminum reagent showed little to no COD removal.
Revised hydrolysis of complex hydrides for hydrogen generationDebesh Samanta
This document summarizes Debesh Samanta's research project on hydrolysis of complex hydrides for hydrogen generation. It discusses various solid-state hydrogen storage methods and their advantages. Complex hydrides like NaBH4, NH3BH3, and LiBH4 are promising due to their high gravimetric hydrogen densities. NaBH4 hydrolysis is exothermic and produces over 10 wt% hydrogen. Transition metals like cobalt are effective catalysts for this reaction. Further research aims to improve catalyst stability and recyclability while managing heat release during hydrolysis.
Synthesis and Characterization of Atmospheric Residue Hydrodemetalization (Ar...IOSR Journals
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of an atmospheric residue hydrodemetalization (ARDHM) catalyst for crude oil processing using Indonesian natural zeolite. The zeolite was treated with HCl to increase acidity and then loaded with nickel and molybdenum metals via impregnation. Characterization showed the metals did not block pores or degrade crystallinity and increased acidity. Testing on model compounds like nickel porphyrin, thiophene and pyridine showed the catalyst effectively removed metals and sulfur at temperatures of 360-390°C. The spent catalyst was deactivated by coke deposition but could be regenerated through burning off the coke.
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) is a colourless gas that smells like rotten eggs (from the sulphur). Often referred to as "sewer gas," hydrogen sulphide is highly poisonous as well as corrosive. Small concentrations in air may be fatal in minutes. Hydrogen sulphide can be found as a component of formation gases, dissolved in water, hydrocarbons, or even liquid sulphur (King, 1974). Thermal degradation of organic materials and sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) can create hydrogen sulphide along with other gases. Although hydrogen sulphide can have adverse effects on viscosity, fluid loss, and fluid chemistry.
Towards environmental – friendly additives for sulphide scavenging in oil and...Mutiu K. Amosa, Ph.D.
Two environmentally safe iron compounds (synthetic magnetite and ferrous gluconate) have been evaluated as sulphide scavengers at temperature conditions of 25 °C, 35 °C, 45 °C and 55 °C at pH of 12 in a sulphide-contaminated drilling mud. The ferrous complex was found to be a better scavenger than synthetic magnetite. It exhibited 100 % scavenging efficiency within the first 40 minutes of agitation. The same concentration of the reagents, which is 700 mg/l scavenger vs. 700 mg/l sulphide, was employed (i.e. sulphide concentration to scavenger concentration ratio was 1:1). Whereas, the synthetic magnetite’s scavenging efficiency was only about 30% even after 2 hours of agitation. Addition of the ferrous complex to the drilling mud was not found to be detrimental to the rheological properties of the mud. Its inclusion brought about the stabilization of mud’s rheological properties.
Modification & Application of Borate Zirconia CatalystRanjeet Kumar
Solid catalysts are of great advantages in alkylation reaction due to heterogenous reaction which makes separation of catalysts very easy and environment friendly. Here, sulfated and borate zirconia catalysts are used to search for ortho-xylene with Toluene & methanol. To find a new path to get o-xylene, catalysts surface was studied and a new mesoporous borate zirconia catalyst was prepared. Mesoporous Borate Zirconia had showed a very efficient path to manufature o-xylene.
This document describes a method for discriminating between inorganic and organic mercury species using cloud point extraction with polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEG alone forms a cloud at a high temperature, but adding sodium sulfate lowers the cloud point to 35°C. Inorganic mercury (Hg2+) is fully extracted into the PEG-rich phase at low pH, while organic mercury (CH3Hg+) shows no extraction. The method provides selective extraction and preconcentration of Hg2+ from water samples containing up to 200 mg/L inorganic mercury. Spectrophotometric detection using 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-napthol allows quantification of Hg2+ in the range of 10-100 mg/L with good
Activation of hydrogen peroxide by chemical reagent to reduce cod in petroche...MOHAMED SAAD BALA
This document discusses reducing COD levels in petrochemical wastewater using hydrogen peroxide activated by two reagents - iron-catalyzed H2O2 (Fenton's reagent) and Al2(SO4)3-catalyzed H2O2. The objective is to compare COD removal efficiency of the two reagents. The methodology involves treating wastewater samples with varying dosages of the reagents and hydrogen peroxide and measuring reductions in COD, pH, and TSS. Results found Fenton's reagent achieved 68-88% removal of COD and TSS, while aluminum reagent showed little to no COD removal.
Revised hydrolysis of complex hydrides for hydrogen generationDebesh Samanta
This document summarizes Debesh Samanta's research project on hydrolysis of complex hydrides for hydrogen generation. It discusses various solid-state hydrogen storage methods and their advantages. Complex hydrides like NaBH4, NH3BH3, and LiBH4 are promising due to their high gravimetric hydrogen densities. NaBH4 hydrolysis is exothermic and produces over 10 wt% hydrogen. Transition metals like cobalt are effective catalysts for this reaction. Further research aims to improve catalyst stability and recyclability while managing heat release during hydrolysis.
It comprises the study of Hydrogen Chemistry and their applications.
Apart from these, It contains The stoarge, transportation of hydrogen along with the preparation of hydrogen.
Hydrolysis of complex hydrides for hydrogen generationDebesh Samanta
The document discusses hydrolysis of complex hydrides for hydrogen generation. It summarizes different solid hydrides used for hydrolysis including metal hydrides like MgH2 and light metal complex hydrides like NaBH4, NH3BH3, and LiBH4. NaBH4 hydrolysis produces the highest gravimetric hydrogen density of 10.8 wt%. The document also discusses various catalysts used for hydrolysis including transition metals and noble metals. Key issues discussed are water handling during the reaction, maintaining catalytic activity over multiple cycles, and managing the heat generated by the exothermic hydrolysis reactions.
Isotherm Modeling and Thermodynamic Study of the Adsorption of Toxic Metal by...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Isotherm Modeling and Thermodynamic Study of the Adsorption of Toxic Metal by the Apricot Stone by Moussa Abbas*, Tounsia Aksil and Mohamed Trari in Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies
The document discusses various chemical and thermal treatment methods for hazardous wastes, including chemical oxidation/reduction, acid-base neutralization, precipitation, hydrolysis, ion exchange, incineration, and biological treatment. It provides examples of how these processes chemically treat or destroy hazardous constituents in wastes, such as oxidizing cyanide waste and reducing hexavalent chromium. The selection of a treatment method depends on the waste characteristics and desired output. Thermal incineration destroys organic matter through combustion and can achieve over 99% destruction removal efficiency when operated properly.
This chapter examines the use of metal ion-exchanged zeolites as solid acid catalysts for the Prins reaction to synthesize nopol. Various zeolites were prepared by ion exchanging them with metals like Zn2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Sr2+. The ion-exchanged zeolites were then tested as catalysts for the Prins condensation reaction of β-pinene and paraformaldehyde to produce nopol. This is the first study examining zeolites and their ion-exchanged forms as catalysts for the Prins reaction. The goal is to understand the effect of different metal ion exchanges on the activity and selectivity of zeolite catalysts for this reaction
Recovery of silver from x ray film processing effluents by hydrogen peroxide ...Muhammad Adeel Shakoor
This document summarizes a study on recovering silver from X-ray film processing effluents using hydrogen peroxide precipitation. Key findings include:
- Hydrogen peroxide treatment is highly exothermic and rapidly precipitates over 95% of silver from effluents containing 1.1 g/L silver and 113 g/L thiosulfate when at least 37.6 g/L hydrogen peroxide is used.
- Increasing pH and adding ethylene glycol enhances silver recovery, likely by stabilizing hydrogen peroxide.
- Characterization of precipitates found silver is mainly present as fine silver sulfide.
- Hydrogen peroxide consumption oxidizes thiosulfate, increasing sulfate
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document summarizes a study on using red mud, a waste byproduct from aluminum production, as a low-cost adsorbent for removing zinc ions from aqueous solutions. The authors characterized the red mud using SEM, FTIR, and XRF analyses. They conducted batch adsorption experiments to understand the effect of parameters like initial zinc ion concentration, temperature, pH, and particle size on zinc ion removal. Kinetic and equilibrium studies were performed, and the data was modeled using the Lagergren first-order equation, pseudo-second order equation, Langmuir isotherm, and Freundlich isotherm. The results showed that zinc ion adsorption increased with temperature, pH, and smaller red mud
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
REMOVAL OF IRON FROM WATER USING HYDROGEN PEROXIDEAhmed Hasham
The presence of iron is probably the most common water problem facing by consumers. So, the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to remove iron (Fe2+) from water. Water with high content of Fe2+ (20 ppm of iron II) was prepared in the laboratory using Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O), then treated with 0, 0.1, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 20 ppm of hydrogen peroxide as the final concentration in the solution for contact time 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60-minute. Results showed that the average of removal ratio of Fe2+ was 85%-96% at the normal pH range of drinking water. The recommended dose of hydrogen peroxide was 0.1 ppm as a final concentration for 20-minute contact time. The study proved that hydrogen peroxide successfully used for Iron II removal and consider as economic and eco-friendly solution.
1. The document discusses the general principles and processes involved in isolating elements from minerals, including concentration/purification of ores, isolation of metals from concentrated ores, and purification of metals.
2. Key steps in concentration/purification of ores include hand picking, hydraulic washing, electromagnetic separation, and froth flotation. Isolation of metals involves converting ores to metal oxides through roasting or calcination, then reducing metal oxides to metals using thermal or electrolytic processes.
3. Thermal reduction relies on coupling reduction reactions using an appropriate reducing agent based on Gibbs free energy values from Ellingham diagrams, which predict feasibility of reductions at different temperatures. Common extraction methods are also summarized for iron and
This document describes a study that aims to reduce CO and CO2 emissions from retorting Huadian oil shale by controlling the combustion temperature. The researchers tested how varying the quantity of fixed carbon and amount of carbonates in the combustion medium impacts the temperature. Increasing carbonates only lowered the temperature to 830°C, still allowing decarbonation. However, reducing fixed carbon lowered the temperature enough to avoid decarbonation by completely oxidizing the carbon. The researchers demonstrate a new approach of precisely controlling the combustion temperature to prevent decarbonation of mineral carbonates, which is the main source of CO2 emissions during oil shale retorting.
Future towards renewable hydrogen storage and powered applicationsVijayalakshmi Ganesan
Future renewable hydrogen storage and applications rely on metal hydrides and nanomaterials. Metal hydrides can store hydrogen at low pressures and ambient temperatures, making them suitable for portable consumer products. Nanocrystalline metal hydrides exhibit faster hydrogen absorption/desorption kinetics and altered thermodynamic stability compared to bulk materials. Catalysts also help accelerate hydrogen sorption reactions in metal hydrides. Sodium borohydride is a commonly used complex hydride for hydrogen storage but requires a catalyst and produces waste that limits recyclability.
The document summarizes the composition of dry air as 79% nitrogen, 20% oxygen, with the remainder being noble gases like argon and carbon dioxide. It also describes the fractional distillation process used to produce liquid oxygen and other gases from liquid air based on their different boiling points.
The document summarizes experiments on upgrading combined froth using the water gas shift reaction (WGSR) with different reaction conditions. Key findings include:
1) Adding more water increased system pressure and product quality but did little for sulfur removal.
2) Hydrogen performed slightly better than carbon monoxide for sulfur removal and product quality due to its higher concentration.
3) Nickel promoted molybdenum catalyst the most for upgrading, while vanadium inhibited the WGSR when added to Mo/Ni catalyst.
4) Blank experiments without catalyst still showed WGSR and upgrading, confirming metals in the raw froth catalyzed the reactions.
This document summarizes research on using activated Strychnos Nux-Vomica L Nano Carbon to remove Chromium (VI) ions from aqueous solution. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the effect of parameters such as contact time, initial metal concentration, adsorbent dose, pH, interfering ions, and temperature on the adsorption process. The results showed that adsorption capacity increased with temperature, reached equilibrium within 40 minutes, and was most effective at low pH between 2-7. Kinetic and thermodynamic models indicated the adsorption was physical and endothermic in nature. Overall, the study demonstrated activated Strychnos Nux-Vomica L Nano Carbon to be an effective ad
This document describes a study that used ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization (UAOD) and mixing-assisted oxidative desulfurization (MAOD) to remove sulfur from synthetic oil. Different polyoxometalate catalysts were tested in the oxidation of benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. Results showed that sodium phosphotungstate was the most effective catalyst. Both UAOD and MAOD achieved high oxidation rates that correlated well with pseudo-first order kinetics and the Arrhenius equation. MAOD performed comparably to UAOD with lower energy requirements, indicating potential for scale-up.
Fabio scatiggio understanding and management of sulphur corrosion form insu...sarah7887
The document discusses sulfur corrosion in insulating oil used in transformers. It describes how certain sulfur compounds like mercaptans and dibenzyl disulfide (DBDS) can be corrosive and cause failures. It outlines various test methods to detect corrosive sulfur and explains how DBDS was identified as a problematic contaminant found in some oils. Retrofilling transformers with fresh DBDS-free oil is discussed as an effective mitigation technique.
IRJET- Classification of Crude Oil and its CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses the classification and characteristics of crude oil. It begins by defining crude oil as a natural mixture of hydrocarbons that may also contain compounds of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and metals. Crude oil is classified based on factors like density, chemical composition, and geographic origin. The composition of crude oil can vary significantly between different fields and production depths. Crude oil consists mainly of hydrocarbon compounds like paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics, along with small amounts of non-hydrocarbon compounds. Key characteristics of crude oil discussed include color, odor, water content, and density. Distillation characteristics and pour point are also evaluated to classify crude oils.
Comparison Of Corrossion Resistance Of Copper For SamplesIRJESJOURNAL
This document compares the corrosion resistance of copper samples exposed to different petroleum products, including diesel, superior kerosene oil (SKO), and aviation turbine fuel (ATF). Copper strips were submerged in each product and heated to 90°C for 24 hours. The strips were then weighed to determine mass loss, an indicator of corrosion. Observations found that diesel produced the least corrosion of copper, with a mass loss of 13.5%, while SKO and ATF resulted in higher losses of 38.8% and 35.7%, respectively. The document concludes that diesel is the least corrosive of the fuels tested for copper.
This document summarizes an optimization study of an existing crude oil distillation system. The study used genetic algorithms to optimize operating conditions like temperatures, pressures, and flows. The goal was to maximize product yields while respecting the physical limits of the equipment. Mathematical models of the distillation column were developed and simulated using HYSYS software. Results showed good agreement between optimized and simulated product flow rates. Overall, the study demonstrated an optimization approach for existing distillation units to improve yields without major equipment modifications.
Done by ABJ_ platinum8, Ali Bin Jassim Secondary Independent School for Boys.
Environmental Catalysis Module: Students examines different types of catalytic systems, including heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. Depending on the knowledge they gained during activities, the students are then asked to design their projects.
Our Project: using Cheap Catalyst in car exhaust: Using cheap converter for most of the cars in place of that high price converters to get clean environment.
It comprises the study of Hydrogen Chemistry and their applications.
Apart from these, It contains The stoarge, transportation of hydrogen along with the preparation of hydrogen.
Hydrolysis of complex hydrides for hydrogen generationDebesh Samanta
The document discusses hydrolysis of complex hydrides for hydrogen generation. It summarizes different solid hydrides used for hydrolysis including metal hydrides like MgH2 and light metal complex hydrides like NaBH4, NH3BH3, and LiBH4. NaBH4 hydrolysis produces the highest gravimetric hydrogen density of 10.8 wt%. The document also discusses various catalysts used for hydrolysis including transition metals and noble metals. Key issues discussed are water handling during the reaction, maintaining catalytic activity over multiple cycles, and managing the heat generated by the exothermic hydrolysis reactions.
Isotherm Modeling and Thermodynamic Study of the Adsorption of Toxic Metal by...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Isotherm Modeling and Thermodynamic Study of the Adsorption of Toxic Metal by the Apricot Stone by Moussa Abbas*, Tounsia Aksil and Mohamed Trari in Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies
The document discusses various chemical and thermal treatment methods for hazardous wastes, including chemical oxidation/reduction, acid-base neutralization, precipitation, hydrolysis, ion exchange, incineration, and biological treatment. It provides examples of how these processes chemically treat or destroy hazardous constituents in wastes, such as oxidizing cyanide waste and reducing hexavalent chromium. The selection of a treatment method depends on the waste characteristics and desired output. Thermal incineration destroys organic matter through combustion and can achieve over 99% destruction removal efficiency when operated properly.
This chapter examines the use of metal ion-exchanged zeolites as solid acid catalysts for the Prins reaction to synthesize nopol. Various zeolites were prepared by ion exchanging them with metals like Zn2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Sr2+. The ion-exchanged zeolites were then tested as catalysts for the Prins condensation reaction of β-pinene and paraformaldehyde to produce nopol. This is the first study examining zeolites and their ion-exchanged forms as catalysts for the Prins reaction. The goal is to understand the effect of different metal ion exchanges on the activity and selectivity of zeolite catalysts for this reaction
Recovery of silver from x ray film processing effluents by hydrogen peroxide ...Muhammad Adeel Shakoor
This document summarizes a study on recovering silver from X-ray film processing effluents using hydrogen peroxide precipitation. Key findings include:
- Hydrogen peroxide treatment is highly exothermic and rapidly precipitates over 95% of silver from effluents containing 1.1 g/L silver and 113 g/L thiosulfate when at least 37.6 g/L hydrogen peroxide is used.
- Increasing pH and adding ethylene glycol enhances silver recovery, likely by stabilizing hydrogen peroxide.
- Characterization of precipitates found silver is mainly present as fine silver sulfide.
- Hydrogen peroxide consumption oxidizes thiosulfate, increasing sulfate
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document summarizes a study on using red mud, a waste byproduct from aluminum production, as a low-cost adsorbent for removing zinc ions from aqueous solutions. The authors characterized the red mud using SEM, FTIR, and XRF analyses. They conducted batch adsorption experiments to understand the effect of parameters like initial zinc ion concentration, temperature, pH, and particle size on zinc ion removal. Kinetic and equilibrium studies were performed, and the data was modeled using the Lagergren first-order equation, pseudo-second order equation, Langmuir isotherm, and Freundlich isotherm. The results showed that zinc ion adsorption increased with temperature, pH, and smaller red mud
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
REMOVAL OF IRON FROM WATER USING HYDROGEN PEROXIDEAhmed Hasham
The presence of iron is probably the most common water problem facing by consumers. So, the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to remove iron (Fe2+) from water. Water with high content of Fe2+ (20 ppm of iron II) was prepared in the laboratory using Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O), then treated with 0, 0.1, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 20 ppm of hydrogen peroxide as the final concentration in the solution for contact time 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60-minute. Results showed that the average of removal ratio of Fe2+ was 85%-96% at the normal pH range of drinking water. The recommended dose of hydrogen peroxide was 0.1 ppm as a final concentration for 20-minute contact time. The study proved that hydrogen peroxide successfully used for Iron II removal and consider as economic and eco-friendly solution.
1. The document discusses the general principles and processes involved in isolating elements from minerals, including concentration/purification of ores, isolation of metals from concentrated ores, and purification of metals.
2. Key steps in concentration/purification of ores include hand picking, hydraulic washing, electromagnetic separation, and froth flotation. Isolation of metals involves converting ores to metal oxides through roasting or calcination, then reducing metal oxides to metals using thermal or electrolytic processes.
3. Thermal reduction relies on coupling reduction reactions using an appropriate reducing agent based on Gibbs free energy values from Ellingham diagrams, which predict feasibility of reductions at different temperatures. Common extraction methods are also summarized for iron and
This document describes a study that aims to reduce CO and CO2 emissions from retorting Huadian oil shale by controlling the combustion temperature. The researchers tested how varying the quantity of fixed carbon and amount of carbonates in the combustion medium impacts the temperature. Increasing carbonates only lowered the temperature to 830°C, still allowing decarbonation. However, reducing fixed carbon lowered the temperature enough to avoid decarbonation by completely oxidizing the carbon. The researchers demonstrate a new approach of precisely controlling the combustion temperature to prevent decarbonation of mineral carbonates, which is the main source of CO2 emissions during oil shale retorting.
Future towards renewable hydrogen storage and powered applicationsVijayalakshmi Ganesan
Future renewable hydrogen storage and applications rely on metal hydrides and nanomaterials. Metal hydrides can store hydrogen at low pressures and ambient temperatures, making them suitable for portable consumer products. Nanocrystalline metal hydrides exhibit faster hydrogen absorption/desorption kinetics and altered thermodynamic stability compared to bulk materials. Catalysts also help accelerate hydrogen sorption reactions in metal hydrides. Sodium borohydride is a commonly used complex hydride for hydrogen storage but requires a catalyst and produces waste that limits recyclability.
The document summarizes the composition of dry air as 79% nitrogen, 20% oxygen, with the remainder being noble gases like argon and carbon dioxide. It also describes the fractional distillation process used to produce liquid oxygen and other gases from liquid air based on their different boiling points.
The document summarizes experiments on upgrading combined froth using the water gas shift reaction (WGSR) with different reaction conditions. Key findings include:
1) Adding more water increased system pressure and product quality but did little for sulfur removal.
2) Hydrogen performed slightly better than carbon monoxide for sulfur removal and product quality due to its higher concentration.
3) Nickel promoted molybdenum catalyst the most for upgrading, while vanadium inhibited the WGSR when added to Mo/Ni catalyst.
4) Blank experiments without catalyst still showed WGSR and upgrading, confirming metals in the raw froth catalyzed the reactions.
This document summarizes research on using activated Strychnos Nux-Vomica L Nano Carbon to remove Chromium (VI) ions from aqueous solution. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the effect of parameters such as contact time, initial metal concentration, adsorbent dose, pH, interfering ions, and temperature on the adsorption process. The results showed that adsorption capacity increased with temperature, reached equilibrium within 40 minutes, and was most effective at low pH between 2-7. Kinetic and thermodynamic models indicated the adsorption was physical and endothermic in nature. Overall, the study demonstrated activated Strychnos Nux-Vomica L Nano Carbon to be an effective ad
This document describes a study that used ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization (UAOD) and mixing-assisted oxidative desulfurization (MAOD) to remove sulfur from synthetic oil. Different polyoxometalate catalysts were tested in the oxidation of benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. Results showed that sodium phosphotungstate was the most effective catalyst. Both UAOD and MAOD achieved high oxidation rates that correlated well with pseudo-first order kinetics and the Arrhenius equation. MAOD performed comparably to UAOD with lower energy requirements, indicating potential for scale-up.
Fabio scatiggio understanding and management of sulphur corrosion form insu...sarah7887
The document discusses sulfur corrosion in insulating oil used in transformers. It describes how certain sulfur compounds like mercaptans and dibenzyl disulfide (DBDS) can be corrosive and cause failures. It outlines various test methods to detect corrosive sulfur and explains how DBDS was identified as a problematic contaminant found in some oils. Retrofilling transformers with fresh DBDS-free oil is discussed as an effective mitigation technique.
IRJET- Classification of Crude Oil and its CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses the classification and characteristics of crude oil. It begins by defining crude oil as a natural mixture of hydrocarbons that may also contain compounds of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and metals. Crude oil is classified based on factors like density, chemical composition, and geographic origin. The composition of crude oil can vary significantly between different fields and production depths. Crude oil consists mainly of hydrocarbon compounds like paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics, along with small amounts of non-hydrocarbon compounds. Key characteristics of crude oil discussed include color, odor, water content, and density. Distillation characteristics and pour point are also evaluated to classify crude oils.
Comparison Of Corrossion Resistance Of Copper For SamplesIRJESJOURNAL
This document compares the corrosion resistance of copper samples exposed to different petroleum products, including diesel, superior kerosene oil (SKO), and aviation turbine fuel (ATF). Copper strips were submerged in each product and heated to 90°C for 24 hours. The strips were then weighed to determine mass loss, an indicator of corrosion. Observations found that diesel produced the least corrosion of copper, with a mass loss of 13.5%, while SKO and ATF resulted in higher losses of 38.8% and 35.7%, respectively. The document concludes that diesel is the least corrosive of the fuels tested for copper.
This document summarizes an optimization study of an existing crude oil distillation system. The study used genetic algorithms to optimize operating conditions like temperatures, pressures, and flows. The goal was to maximize product yields while respecting the physical limits of the equipment. Mathematical models of the distillation column were developed and simulated using HYSYS software. Results showed good agreement between optimized and simulated product flow rates. Overall, the study demonstrated an optimization approach for existing distillation units to improve yields without major equipment modifications.
Done by ABJ_ platinum8, Ali Bin Jassim Secondary Independent School for Boys.
Environmental Catalysis Module: Students examines different types of catalytic systems, including heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. Depending on the knowledge they gained during activities, the students are then asked to design their projects.
Our Project: using Cheap Catalyst in car exhaust: Using cheap converter for most of the cars in place of that high price converters to get clean environment.
The document provides an overview of catalysis. It defines a catalyst as a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not consumed by the reaction. It discusses different types of catalysis including homogeneous catalysis where the catalyst is in the same phase as the reactants, and heterogeneous catalysis where the catalyst is in a different phase. The document also covers catalyst characterization techniques, factors that can lead to catalyst deactivation, and methods for catalyst regeneration. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate catalysis concepts and applications.
This document discusses the analysis and characterization of petroleum and petroleum products. It begins with an introduction to the constituents of petroleum and the fractional distillation process used to separate petroleum into fractions. It then describes several key tests used to analyze petroleum products, including tests to determine specific gravity, viscosity, aniline point, color, cloud point, pour point, and tests to detect water, acid/base content, ash, and metals. The document provides details on the principles and procedures for each test method. It concludes with discussions of petroleum fractionation and the typical composition of crude petroleum.
Copper Strip Corrosion Test for Different Fluid SamplesIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- Current research work is done in order to determine the corrosiveness test using different fluid samples in state of Telengana (India). The puropse of this experiment is to determine the the corrosiveness test of fuels. This determination will be accomplished by using copper strip corrosion test. By using the copper strip experiment we can find the corrosive propertyof the fuel and hence the efficiency of fluid samples collected. This project covers the importance of knowing the corrosive property of different fluid samples collected.
SYNGAS PRODUCTION BY DRY REFORMING OF METHANE OVER CO-PRECIPITATED CATALYSTSIAEME Publication
The syngas manufacturing from the reforming of methane with carbon dioxide is tempting because of output in terms of extra pure synthesis gas and lower H2 to CO ratio than other synthesis gas production methods like either partial oxidation or steam reforming. For production of long-chain hydrocarbons though the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, lower H2 to CO ratio is required and important, as it is a most likely feedstock. In recent decades, CO2 utilization has become more and more important in view of the emergent global warming phenomenon. On the environmental point of view, methane reforming is tantalizing due to the reduction of carbon dioxide and methane emissions as both are consider as dangerous greenhouse gases. Commercially, as cost effectively, nickel is used for methane reforming reactions due to its availability and lower cost compared to noble metals. Number of catalysts endures rigorous deactivation because of carbon deposition. Mainly carbon formation is because of methane decomposition and CO disproportionate. It is important and required to recognize essential steps of activation and conversion of CH4 and CO2 to design catalysts that minimize deactivation. Effect of promoters on activity and stability were studied in the detail. In order to develop the highly active with minimum coke formation the alkali metal oxides and ceria/zirconia/magnesia promoters were incorporated in the catalysts. The influence of ZrO2, CeO2 and MgO, in the performance of Ni-Al2O3 catalyst, prepare by co-precipitation method was studied in detailed. The XRD, FTIR, and BET and reactivity test for different promoted and unprompted catalyst was carried out.
This document discusses non-hydrocarbon components found in crude oil, including sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and some metals. It provides details on the types of each component and their disadvantages. For example, nitrogen must be removed because it poisons catalysts, while sulfur causes corrosion and pollution. The document also summarizes processes for removing these components, such as hydrodesulfurization and solvent extraction. Overall, it reviews the major non-hydrocarbon components in crude oil and why they must be extracted during the refining process.
Recovery of Platinum and Rejuvenation of Alumina From Spent Reforming Catalys...Waqas Tariq
Abstract Recovery of platinum from spent naphtha reforming catalyst (Pt/γ-Al2O3) which contain 0.30 wt % of Pt was conducted using two methods, the first one was treatment of the spent catalyst with aqua regia whereas the second one involved chlorination of the spent catalyst. The results show that the chlorination method is more efficient than the acid treatment one as 93 % platinum can be recovered, in addition to reserving the γ-Al2O3 skeletal structure from serous changes. The recovered platinum was converted to hexachlorplatinic acid, a material that can be used to prepare the catalyst again by impregnation method using either new alumina or certain proportion of it and recovered one.
Compensation Effect in Transesterification Kinetics of Croton Megalocarpus Oi...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study of the reaction kinetics of transesterification of croton megalocarpus oil with methanol to produce fatty acid methyl esters, using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts with both conventional heating and microwave irradiation. Kinetic parameters including the rate constant (k), pre-exponential factor (A), and activation energy (E) were estimated based on the overall reaction for various alkaline earth metal oxide catalysts (BaO, SrO, CaO, MgO, BeO) and sodium hydroxide as a homogeneous catalyst. While NaOH showed the highest rate constant, no clear order was observed for the estimated A and E values among the heterogeneous catalysts. This was attributed to the complex nature of the
The document summarizes research on developing platinum catalysts supported on zirconia for the liquid phase decomposition of hydriodic acid as part of the sulfur-iodine thermochemical cycle for hydrogen production. Platinum loadings of 0.5%, 1%, and 2% were tested and the 2% catalyst showed the highest activity at 18.5% conversion. Characterization with XRD, SEM, and nitrogen adsorption showed the catalysts had zirconia support with platinum nanoparticles. The platinum zirconia catalyst exhibited stability under reaction conditions and outperformed some platinum carbon catalysts. The research aims to further optimize catalysts for the important hydriodic acid decomposition step in hydrogen production through therm
Effect of alumina support on the performance ofNan Wu
This document describes a study that investigated the effect of different alumina supports on the performance of Pt-Sn-K/γ-Al2O3 catalysts in isobutane dehydrogenation. Alumina supports were synthesized by hydrochloric acid reflux and ammonia precipitation methods. Pt-Sn-K/γ-Al2O3 catalysts were prepared using these different alumina supports. Testing found that the catalyst supported on alumina from ammonia precipitation had smaller Pt particle sizes, weaker acidity, higher activity, and better selectivity and stability for isobutene production compared to the catalyst supported on alumina from hydrochloric acid reflux.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Removal of Toxic Metals from Leachate using ...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes an experimental study on using rice husk and fly ash to remove toxic metals from landfill leachate. Leachate from landfills contains large amounts of organic matter and heavy metals that threaten water sources. The study investigated using low-cost rice husk and fly ash as adsorbents for removing chromium, copper, nickel, and other metals from leachate. Results showed that treating rice husk with potassium hydroxide to produce granular activated carbon (GAC) improved adsorption capacity. Testing found GAC most effectively removed metals from leachate, with removal rates of over 80% at pH 6. The study demonstrated that low-cost rice husk and fly ash can effectively
The document provides information on various topics in general chemistry including:
- Functional groups in organic chemistry such as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and others.
- Different ways to draw chemical structures including molecular formula, empirical formula, structural formula, skeletal formula.
- Atomic orbitals including s, p, d, and f orbitals.
- The periodic table of elements organized by proton number and group.
- Hydrogen as the first element, its properties, uses, and compounds.
- Helium as the second element, its properties, uses as a lifting gas, and inability to form compounds.
An Investigational Research on Heat Resisting Roof System by Using Silicon Ae...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an investigation into using silicon aerogel in roofing systems to provide heat resistance. Silicon aerogel has excellent insulating properties due to its extremely low density and porous structure, with over 97% of its volume consisting of small air pockets. The study measured temperatures on roofs with and without silicon aerogel. It found that the aerogel significantly reduced temperatures on the top side of the roof compared to conventional materials by inhibiting heat transfer through conduction and convection within the aerogel's structure. The document discusses production and properties of silicon aerogel and its potential to improve heat resistance in roofing applications.
A Review On Recent Patents In Corrosion InhibitorsLisa Riley
This document summarizes recent patents related to corrosion inhibitors from 2008-2009. It discusses patents for corrosion inhibitors in cooling water systems, oil and gas fields, and paints/coatings. For cooling water systems, recent patents focused on inhibitor packages for circulating and closed cooling systems. For oil and gas, patents addressed inhibitors for refineries, wells, and pipelines to address corrosion from gases like H2S and CO2. Recent paint patents utilized nanotechnology to incorporate corrosion inhibitors into coatings.
Similar to PETROLEUM HYDRATION WITH ALUM DEHYDRATION (20)