Personal Bias and Objectivity
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This document discusses how personal bias cannot be fully avoided in sociological research, but maximum objectivity should be striven for. It notes that factors like a researcher's culture, environment, and personal characteristics can influence their perspectives and choices in ways that impact objectivity. While complete objectivity is impossible, acknowledging one's biases and seeking alternative viewpoints through research partners can help limit biases and produce more credible results. The document emphasizes that objectivity should remain the goal in sociological work to ensure results are seen as valuable.
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SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF BEHAVIOR CHP. 1LEARNING OBJECTIVES.docx
SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF BEHAVIOR CHP. 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
· Describe why an understanding of research methods is important.
· Describe the scientific approach to learning about behavior and contrast it with pseudoscientific research.
· Define and give examples of the four goals of scientific research: description, prediction, determination of cause, and explanation of behavior.
· Discuss the three elements for inferring causation: temporal order, covariation of cause and effect, and elimination of alternative explanations.
· Define, describe, compare, and contrast basic and applied research.
Page 2DO SOCIAL MEDIA SITES LIKE FACEBOOK AND INSTAGRAM IMPACT OUR RELATIONSHIPS? What causes alcoholism? How do our early childhood experiences affect our later lives? How do we remember things, what causes us to forget, and how can memory be improved? Why do we procrastinate? Why do some people experience anxiety so extreme that it disrupts their lives while others—facing the same situation—seem to be unaffected? How can we help people who suffer from depression? Why do we like certain people and dislike others?
Curiosity about questions like these is probably the most important reason that many students decide to take courses in the behavioral sciences. Science is the best way to explore and answer these sorts of questions. In this book, we will examine the methods of scientific research in the behavioral sciences. In this introductory chapter, we will focus on ways in which knowledge of research methods can be useful in understanding the world around us. Further, we will review the characteristics of a scientific approach to the study of behavior and the general types of research questions that concern behavioral scientists.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH METHODS
We are continuously bombarded with research results: “Happiness Wards Off Heart Disease,” “Recession Causes Increase in Teen Dating Violence,” “Breast-Fed Children Found Smarter,” “Facebook Users Get Worse Grades in College.” Articles and books make claims about the beneficial or harmful effects of particular diets or vitamins on one's sex life, personality, or health. Survey results are frequently reported that draw conclusions about our beliefs concerning a variety of topics. The key question is, how do you evaluate such reports? Do you simply accept the findings because they are supposed to be scientific? A background in research methods will help you read these reports critically, evaluate the methods employed, and decide whether the conclusions are reasonable.
Many occupations require the use of research findings. For example, mental health professionals must make decisions about treatment methods, assignment of clients to different types of facilities, medications, and testing procedures. Such decisions are made on the basis of research; to make good decisions, mental health professionals must be able to read the research literature in the field and apply it to their professional lives. .
4-1 LL (200 words and one reference)Cognitive processes store in
4-1 LL (200 words and one reference)
Cognitive processes store information into the memory affects their judgement and behavior towards others from different backgrounds. When an individual is raised with different perspectives poured into them, they take on these perspectives and incorporate them into how they view life. According to Amodio (2014), prejudice stems from a mechanism of survival, built on cognitive systems that ‘structure’ the physical world, its function in modern society is complex and its effects are often causes damage. Many of these instances are not intentional, its more that it was how their brain was wired. The impact of culture on prejudice makes it common for individuals to normalize prejudice, because it was approved or promoted in their culture. According to Uhlmann (2013), Prejudices are often a way for a group of higher social status to explain and rationalize their privilege position in society. This is a main stance to consider with the gap of benefits and opportunities that are available to those of the minority (Or as they labeled). Once stereotypes and prejudice are formed, they become self perpetuating because they grow stronger inside the mind, similarly to the information we choose to study and gain insight on. The roots of prejudice can be found in the cognitive and emotional processes (Branscombe, 2016). By rewiring these processes, the root can be diminished.
4-1 KG (200 words and one reference)
A person's beliefs and expectations regarding a particular group constitute the cognitive component of the prejudicial attitude. The cognitive approach, (cognitive theory of prejudice), suggests that prejudice is a function of cognitive processes where stereotypic information about social groups, stored in memory, is automatically activated and affects people’s judgments and behavior toward target group members. An example of this is believing that a product marketed by a celebrity is more valuable. While people like to believe that they are rational and logical, the fact is that people are continually under the influence of cognitive biases. These biases distort thinking, influence beliefs, and sway the decisions and judgments people make daily. These biases happen because we can't evaluate every detail and event when forming thoughts and opinions. Because of this, we often rely on mental shortcuts that speed up our ability to make judgments, but sometimes lead to bias ( Saposnik, Redelmeier, Ruff & Tobler 2016). The psychological bases for prejudice are people's values, the ways they see themselves and others, their sense of social identity, and social norms that define who is included in or excluded from social groups. The cognitive dimensions of prejudice relate to issues such as stereotypes and beliefs about outgroup members. Stereotype measures involve the endorsement of negative stereotypes about members of the outgroup. The source of prejudices comes from social differences, conformity, frustration-aggr ...
MARY REVIEW1.Chan, G. & Yanos, P. T. (2018). Media depictions .docx
MARY REVIEW
1.Chan, G. & Yanos, P. T. (2018). Media depictions and the priming of mental illness stigma. Stigma and Health, 3(3), 253-264. http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=8&sid=66026bf7-aa09-4bcd-a73a-7b9d3e35bcc7%40pdc-v-sessmgr01&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPXNoaWImc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=2017-15491-001&db=pdh (Links to an external site.)
2. Neuman, W. L. (2017). Understanding Research (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.
3. The topic discussed in the article I chose is mental illness. The article discusses the question of the affect the media plays in regards to one's perception of mental illness. The study designed involves the random assignment of individuals to descriptions of a violent accident. Some descriptions were left unaltered while others were manipulated to mention the term and concept of mental illness. Chan and Yanos (2018) state "we also examined the potential moderating impact of cognitive styles and preexisting attitudes and beliefs."
4. I would say this research is descriptive
5. Experimental
6. Results found that participants are likely to associate mental illness with violent outbursts when stated throughout media. I think this was used for applied social research. Chan and Yanos (2018) state "roughly, 43% of the participants in the experimental condition reported the cause of the incident as related to mental illness, in contrast with only 2% of participants in the control condition." When asked to provide a recount of the article 42% of participants mentioned mental illness while none of the participants of the control group did (Chan & Yanos, 2018).
7. In an unscientific method one can simply ask the question of does mental illness make one violent? Asking a question such as this doesn't entail proper research but a simple yes or no question. Research isn't completed to discover why individuals may have these particular beliefs.
8. Do you think or know of research that discovered why individuals may have these beliefs?
Kenneth Review
1. Article citation.
Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., & Mols, F. (2018). Our Followers Are Lions, Theirs Are Sheep: How Social Identity Shapes Theories About Followership and Social Influence. Political Psychology, 39(1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12387
2. Book citation.
Neuman, W. L. (2017). Understanding research. Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.
3. Title and topic.
Our Followers Are Lions, Theirs Are Sheep: How Social Identity Shapes Theories About Followership and Social Influence.
This article is fascinating to say the least. It speaks on the idea that people see followers of other groups as being less of an ideal follower, see them as not being an effective follower, and see members of their own group as being “better” overall. This non effective follower is seen as more conformist, blindly following what they are told, and unable to be think for themselves. Conversely, they see their own group as dynamic free thinkers, active, thoug.
8Some Implications for Research and Practice[C]ultural meanings,.docx
8
Some Implications for Research and Practice
[C]ultural meanings, practices, norms, and social institutions … constitute the matrix in which are embedded the intentions, rules, practices, and activities through which people live their lives (Fiske, Kitayama, Markus & Nisbett, 1998, p. 917).
What goals or objectives must our profession and society adopt to become truly multicultural in vision, values, and practice? (Sue, Bingham, Porche-Burke & Vasquez, 1999, p. 1067).
This final chapter is the most difficult one to write. The quotations above suggest the complexity of understanding individual behavior within a cultural matrix. With the broad definition of culture proposed in this book, applicable to all significant groups that meet the criteria, complexity increases. To take seriously the multicultural nature of persons is to raise theoretical and empirical questions that are very difficult to answer. As a science and profession, we are not accustomed to thinking routinely and easily of individuals in this way. Our discipline will be enriched, however, if we can design creative new research strategies to address these questions.
The implications for practice may be least problematic because, whether in counseling, therapy, or education, theoretical emphasis has long been on taking into account “the whole person.” And in these areas, there is typically one-on-one interaction between persons – between client and mental health worker, or between student and teacher. An individual’s unique social identities or cultural memberships will be evident in behavior – overt or subtle. Whether they are recognized, acknowledged, respected and used positively in the actual practice of counseling, therapy, or education (beyond statements of theory) is a central concern. In research, a multicultural perspective presents a different set of interrelated problems pertaining to sampling, study design, methods, data analysis and interpretation.Research
Each participant or respondent in an investigation brings to it unique experiences and beliefs, perceptions, and response potentials that reflect far greater individual complexity and far more cultural memberships than most researchers are prepared to identify. We agree with Shields (2008, p. 304) that “[t]he facts of our lives reveal that there is no single identity category that satisfactorily describes how we respond to our social environment or are responded to by others.” We also agree with Mann and Kelley (1997, p. 392) that “knowledge is and should be situated in people’s diverse social locations.… [and] grounded in the social biography of … the observed.” Such agreement, however, does not lead easily or directly to researchable empirical questions that can be investigated in a practical way. Multiple issues and problems face the researcher who is accustomed to obtaining demographic descriptions of participants that are usually limited to age, ethnicity, and gender, or to the single-identity or group-members.
Running head research proposal1research proposal8.docx
Running head: research proposal 1
research proposal 8
Impact of Personality on Individuals’ Self-Esteem
LaTonya Bethune
PSYCH 665
Professor Teresa Neal
December 16, 2019
Impact of Personality on Individuals’ Self-Esteem
There are various definitions of self-esteem as described by different authors in the field of psychological research. It can also be defined as the general or typical feeling that an individual has about himself in a certain context and time (Heimpel et al., 2006). Andreassen et al. (2017), stated that self-esteem is an individual’s sense of worth or the level at which an individual likes or values himself. Self-esteem is individuals’ personal evaluation regarding their capabilities, importance, value, or worth (Pizzolli & Strapparava, 2019). Personality refers to the consistent set of behaviors that form a person’s distinctive character. These behaviors have emotional and cognitive patterns that have unique characteristics. An individual’s self-esteem is largely determined by their inherent personality traits, which include extraversion, neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness (Pizzolli & Strapparava, 2019). Previous research has linked personality with self-esteem but didn’t establish the extent to which self-esteem is influenced by personality. This research seeks to establish how individual personality traits influence an individual’s self-esteem.
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this research is to establish the relationship between personality and self-esteem and determine the extent to which personality traits can be used to predict an individual’s level of self-esteem. The personality traits, which include extraversion, neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, are usually referred to as the Big Five and are described in the five personality traits model. Each trait individually affects an individual’s self-esteem, but the most dominant traits determine an individual’s level of self-esteem.
Significance of the Study
Understanding the relationship between personality and self-esteem is important because it would enable psychologists to establish the psychological outcomes associated with various personality traits which would be helpful in the prediction of outcomes such as personality disorders, job performance, divorce, and academic achievement. Also, personality traits determine the temperament level of an individual and their overall behavioral tendencies. For example, individuals with low temperament are likely to be negative about themselves, thus, have low self-esteem. The findings of this study would enable therapists to precisely predict the patient outcomes based on their personality traits and understand the type of therapy that would suit their personality. For instance, individuals with low self-esteem may not respond to therapeutic sessions that are offered in group sessions since they cannot actively participate in that context.
Lite ...
OBJECTIVITY IN SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH
Objectivity is considered as an ideal for scientific inquiry, as a good reason for valuing scientific knowledge, and as the foundation of the authority of science in society. It expresses the thought that the claims, methods and results of science are not, or should not be influenced by particular perspectives, value commitments, community bias or personal interests, to name a few significant factors. Scientific objectivity is a feature of scientific claims, methods and results.
Discussion Gender Bias in ResearchHistorically, men have do
Discussion: Gender Bias in Research
Historically, men have dominated scientific research in that the both the researchers and participants have largely been male. Accordingly, the way research has been designed, the way studies have been conducted, and the ways in which results have been interpreted have been at risk for gender bias. In other words, the preconceived ideas and beliefs or unfounded prejudice about the traits and characteristics of each gender potentially influence the outcomes of research studies. Even today, as women have entered into the academic and scientific world in significant numbers, research is subject to gender bias. The implications of gender bias can be far reaching. As the scientific community uses research study results for subsequent research and the media picks up the results to report findings to the public, gender bias can have a huge impact. Society may be making decisions that are based on incorrect, misleading, or biased data. As an example, a majority of early heart disease research was conducted primarily using male subjects leading to the assumption that heart disease was a man's disease and did not significantly impact women. The gender bias in heart disease research resulted in little attention being paid to women who had heart disease symptoms, as well as delays and limitations in the treatment for these symptoms for many years. In reality, it is now common knowledge that heart disease is the leading cause of death for women, as it is for men.
This Discussion asks you to think about how gender bias can impact scientific research and how the findings of biased research can impact individuals and society.
To prepare for this Discussion:
Review the Preface, the assigned pages in Chapter 1, and pages 35–47 from Chapter 2 in the course text,
Gender: Psychological Perspectives
, focusing on why researchers study gender, why researchers include gender as a factor in psychological studies, and how researchers can be biased in their research with regard to gender.
Think about the following questions:
What impact does gender bias in research have on interpretation of the results of research studies?
How does gender bias in research potentially perpetuate the view of what men and women are and should be?
What impact could the biased research have on individuals of each gender and on society as a whole?
How does the media then use research findings to inform, persuade, sell, and so forth?
With these thoughts in mind:
By Day 3
Post
an analysis of the role of gender bias both in the study of psychology and in the reporting of results by others, including the implications. Provide at least two specific examples for each to illustrate your points.
Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the Learning Resources.
DISCUSSION 2
Along with the job order cost system another cost system is process costing. The key to any cost system is to be able to track cos ...
Running head COMMUNITY NEEDS .docx
Running head: COMMUNITY NEEDS 1
ASSIGNMENT 2
Community Need, Credibility, and Applicability
Assignment
Assessment of community needs helps in identifying the resources and the strengths that are available in a community to meet the needs of families, youth and children. The community need that I am going to address is teenage pregnancies that are mostly as a result of teenage drinking of alcohol and drug abuse (Stebbins, 2006). The reason why I chose this issue is because it has become a thorn in the flesh as many teenagers are engaging in sexual immorality that leads them to teenage pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases and even dying. It has become a major concern losing the young people in this menace.
The issue of teenage pregnancies has been there for decades. Majority of teenagers do not plan to get pregnant but the fact is that they do. Teenage pregnancies come with extra risks to health to both the baby and the mother. Most of the times, teenagers do not get prenatal care as soon as it is needed and this leads to problems later in their life. Teenagers have higher risks of getting high blood pressure related to pregnancy and other complications and the baby is at risk of low birth weight and premature birth. There is a lot of literature that talks about teenage pregnancies that I will use for my research. The journal sources that will be used are credible since the authors have authority in this field (Thomas, 2007). The sources are also current and up to date. The sources also have complete lists of work cited and also credible references and they are as well authoritative. The information in the sources is also factual and the point of view of the author is objective. The publications are logically organized and the points clearly presented making the sources very credible. The sources were evaluated by some people other than the author or scientists when they were issued making the sources more credible.
Applicability is the extent to which the evidence given from a research can be applied into the practice. It is normally a test to whether what is applied in research is applied in practice. Through a thorough analysis on the publisher, the author and age of the texts that I used as sources, the sources are also applicable. The sources are applicable to my study since they tackle the issue of teenage pregnancies and its causes. The proposed interventions in the texts can be implemented without the political environment hindering. The intervention will also be acceptable in the local community as it conforms to the local customs. The interventions that are proposed in the sources are also adaptable as they can ...
Running head RESEARCH PROPOSAL10RESEARCH PROPOSAL 8.docx
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 10
RESEARCH PROPOSAL 8
Research Proposal
Jamie Bass
Argosy University
March 3, 2016
ABSTRACT
Suicide is experienced in all parts of parts of the world. Even though it has been argued that suicide is common amongst the elderly in the society, it is worth noting that even children as young as 13 years old have committed suicide. The myths and misconceptions surrounding suicidal individuals are inherently different from one culture to another. For instance, in some cultures it is believed that suicidal individuals are possessed by demons. Other cultures attribute suicide to generational curses whereas other cultures attribute suicide to such factors as depression and other mental disorders. The purpose of the proposed research is to establish the risk factors of suicide and realize possible strategies which if undertaken can help to counteract suicide and hence its adverse effects in the society. In this proposal are the points to be addressed in the course of the research. It is anticipated that there will be objections to the factors to be established and hence part of this proposal are possible objections and how each of the possible objections will be addressed. The research will use secondary sources of information and hence part of this proposal is an annotated bibliography of the sources that will be utilized in course of the research. Comment by Spencer Ellsworth: This is good, but could you state it more as a piece of argumentation? Like “This paper argues that early intervention can prevent suicide if done correctly.”
WORKING THESIS
Suicide has negatively affected the society, and unless there are mitigation strategies to curb this menace, it will continue to take the lives of many people in the society.
EXPLANATION
Suicide is the act of human beings voluntarily taking their lives. Research has shown that it has always been caused by a sense of despair or hopelessness. All these issues may be induced by mental illness which may include Bipolar disorder or even depression. Suicide has been traumatizing and shameful to the bereaved families and many people in the society have always viewed it as a cowardice way of taking one’s life. Many suicidal persons have been haunted by their thoughts in many cases this is depicted as a very personal process (Goldsmith, Pellmar, Kleinman & Bunney, 2002).
In this paper, it is very much possible to look at what suicide is and the risk factors associated with suicide. A study conducted in Sweden consisting of 271 men aged 15 years and above revealed that mental disorder is a major suicide risk factor. It is thus recommended that the research paper will dwell on mental disorder and substance abuse as risk factors that contribute to suicide as well as medical conditions and psychosocial states. Harris & Barraclough (2009) also established a causal relationship between mental disorder and suicide a factor that further makes the proposed research ...
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Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Substance Abuse Treatment
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SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF BEHAVIOR CHP. 1LEARNING OBJECTIVES.docx
SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF BEHAVIOR CHP. 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
· Describe why an understanding of research methods is important.
· Describe the scientific approach to learning about behavior and contrast it with pseudoscientific research.
· Define and give examples of the four goals of scientific research: description, prediction, determination of cause, and explanation of behavior.
· Discuss the three elements for inferring causation: temporal order, covariation of cause and effect, and elimination of alternative explanations.
· Define, describe, compare, and contrast basic and applied research.
Page 2DO SOCIAL MEDIA SITES LIKE FACEBOOK AND INSTAGRAM IMPACT OUR RELATIONSHIPS? What causes alcoholism? How do our early childhood experiences affect our later lives? How do we remember things, what causes us to forget, and how can memory be improved? Why do we procrastinate? Why do some people experience anxiety so extreme that it disrupts their lives while others—facing the same situation—seem to be unaffected? How can we help people who suffer from depression? Why do we like certain people and dislike others?
Curiosity about questions like these is probably the most important reason that many students decide to take courses in the behavioral sciences. Science is the best way to explore and answer these sorts of questions. In this book, we will examine the methods of scientific research in the behavioral sciences. In this introductory chapter, we will focus on ways in which knowledge of research methods can be useful in understanding the world around us. Further, we will review the characteristics of a scientific approach to the study of behavior and the general types of research questions that concern behavioral scientists.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH METHODS
We are continuously bombarded with research results: “Happiness Wards Off Heart Disease,” “Recession Causes Increase in Teen Dating Violence,” “Breast-Fed Children Found Smarter,” “Facebook Users Get Worse Grades in College.” Articles and books make claims about the beneficial or harmful effects of particular diets or vitamins on one's sex life, personality, or health. Survey results are frequently reported that draw conclusions about our beliefs concerning a variety of topics. The key question is, how do you evaluate such reports? Do you simply accept the findings because they are supposed to be scientific? A background in research methods will help you read these reports critically, evaluate the methods employed, and decide whether the conclusions are reasonable.
Many occupations require the use of research findings. For example, mental health professionals must make decisions about treatment methods, assignment of clients to different types of facilities, medications, and testing procedures. Such decisions are made on the basis of research; to make good decisions, mental health professionals must be able to read the research literature in the field and apply it to their professional lives. .
4-1 LL (200 words and one reference)Cognitive processes store in
4-1 LL (200 words and one reference)
Cognitive processes store information into the memory affects their judgement and behavior towards others from different backgrounds. When an individual is raised with different perspectives poured into them, they take on these perspectives and incorporate them into how they view life. According to Amodio (2014), prejudice stems from a mechanism of survival, built on cognitive systems that ‘structure’ the physical world, its function in modern society is complex and its effects are often causes damage. Many of these instances are not intentional, its more that it was how their brain was wired. The impact of culture on prejudice makes it common for individuals to normalize prejudice, because it was approved or promoted in their culture. According to Uhlmann (2013), Prejudices are often a way for a group of higher social status to explain and rationalize their privilege position in society. This is a main stance to consider with the gap of benefits and opportunities that are available to those of the minority (Or as they labeled). Once stereotypes and prejudice are formed, they become self perpetuating because they grow stronger inside the mind, similarly to the information we choose to study and gain insight on. The roots of prejudice can be found in the cognitive and emotional processes (Branscombe, 2016). By rewiring these processes, the root can be diminished.
4-1 KG (200 words and one reference)
A person's beliefs and expectations regarding a particular group constitute the cognitive component of the prejudicial attitude. The cognitive approach, (cognitive theory of prejudice), suggests that prejudice is a function of cognitive processes where stereotypic information about social groups, stored in memory, is automatically activated and affects people’s judgments and behavior toward target group members. An example of this is believing that a product marketed by a celebrity is more valuable. While people like to believe that they are rational and logical, the fact is that people are continually under the influence of cognitive biases. These biases distort thinking, influence beliefs, and sway the decisions and judgments people make daily. These biases happen because we can't evaluate every detail and event when forming thoughts and opinions. Because of this, we often rely on mental shortcuts that speed up our ability to make judgments, but sometimes lead to bias ( Saposnik, Redelmeier, Ruff & Tobler 2016). The psychological bases for prejudice are people's values, the ways they see themselves and others, their sense of social identity, and social norms that define who is included in or excluded from social groups. The cognitive dimensions of prejudice relate to issues such as stereotypes and beliefs about outgroup members. Stereotype measures involve the endorsement of negative stereotypes about members of the outgroup. The source of prejudices comes from social differences, conformity, frustration-aggr ...
MARY REVIEW1.Chan, G. & Yanos, P. T. (2018). Media depictions .docx
MARY REVIEW
1.Chan, G. & Yanos, P. T. (2018). Media depictions and the priming of mental illness stigma. Stigma and Health, 3(3), 253-264. http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=8&sid=66026bf7-aa09-4bcd-a73a-7b9d3e35bcc7%40pdc-v-sessmgr01&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPXNoaWImc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=2017-15491-001&db=pdh (Links to an external site.)
2. Neuman, W. L. (2017). Understanding Research (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.
3. The topic discussed in the article I chose is mental illness. The article discusses the question of the affect the media plays in regards to one's perception of mental illness. The study designed involves the random assignment of individuals to descriptions of a violent accident. Some descriptions were left unaltered while others were manipulated to mention the term and concept of mental illness. Chan and Yanos (2018) state "we also examined the potential moderating impact of cognitive styles and preexisting attitudes and beliefs."
4. I would say this research is descriptive
5. Experimental
6. Results found that participants are likely to associate mental illness with violent outbursts when stated throughout media. I think this was used for applied social research. Chan and Yanos (2018) state "roughly, 43% of the participants in the experimental condition reported the cause of the incident as related to mental illness, in contrast with only 2% of participants in the control condition." When asked to provide a recount of the article 42% of participants mentioned mental illness while none of the participants of the control group did (Chan & Yanos, 2018).
7. In an unscientific method one can simply ask the question of does mental illness make one violent? Asking a question such as this doesn't entail proper research but a simple yes or no question. Research isn't completed to discover why individuals may have these particular beliefs.
8. Do you think or know of research that discovered why individuals may have these beliefs?
Kenneth Review
1. Article citation.
Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., & Mols, F. (2018). Our Followers Are Lions, Theirs Are Sheep: How Social Identity Shapes Theories About Followership and Social Influence. Political Psychology, 39(1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12387
2. Book citation.
Neuman, W. L. (2017). Understanding research. Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.
3. Title and topic.
Our Followers Are Lions, Theirs Are Sheep: How Social Identity Shapes Theories About Followership and Social Influence.
This article is fascinating to say the least. It speaks on the idea that people see followers of other groups as being less of an ideal follower, see them as not being an effective follower, and see members of their own group as being “better” overall. This non effective follower is seen as more conformist, blindly following what they are told, and unable to be think for themselves. Conversely, they see their own group as dynamic free thinkers, active, thoug.
8Some Implications for Research and Practice[C]ultural meanings,.docx
8
Some Implications for Research and Practice
[C]ultural meanings, practices, norms, and social institutions … constitute the matrix in which are embedded the intentions, rules, practices, and activities through which people live their lives (Fiske, Kitayama, Markus & Nisbett, 1998, p. 917).
What goals or objectives must our profession and society adopt to become truly multicultural in vision, values, and practice? (Sue, Bingham, Porche-Burke & Vasquez, 1999, p. 1067).
This final chapter is the most difficult one to write. The quotations above suggest the complexity of understanding individual behavior within a cultural matrix. With the broad definition of culture proposed in this book, applicable to all significant groups that meet the criteria, complexity increases. To take seriously the multicultural nature of persons is to raise theoretical and empirical questions that are very difficult to answer. As a science and profession, we are not accustomed to thinking routinely and easily of individuals in this way. Our discipline will be enriched, however, if we can design creative new research strategies to address these questions.
The implications for practice may be least problematic because, whether in counseling, therapy, or education, theoretical emphasis has long been on taking into account “the whole person.” And in these areas, there is typically one-on-one interaction between persons – between client and mental health worker, or between student and teacher. An individual’s unique social identities or cultural memberships will be evident in behavior – overt or subtle. Whether they are recognized, acknowledged, respected and used positively in the actual practice of counseling, therapy, or education (beyond statements of theory) is a central concern. In research, a multicultural perspective presents a different set of interrelated problems pertaining to sampling, study design, methods, data analysis and interpretation.Research
Each participant or respondent in an investigation brings to it unique experiences and beliefs, perceptions, and response potentials that reflect far greater individual complexity and far more cultural memberships than most researchers are prepared to identify. We agree with Shields (2008, p. 304) that “[t]he facts of our lives reveal that there is no single identity category that satisfactorily describes how we respond to our social environment or are responded to by others.” We also agree with Mann and Kelley (1997, p. 392) that “knowledge is and should be situated in people’s diverse social locations.… [and] grounded in the social biography of … the observed.” Such agreement, however, does not lead easily or directly to researchable empirical questions that can be investigated in a practical way. Multiple issues and problems face the researcher who is accustomed to obtaining demographic descriptions of participants that are usually limited to age, ethnicity, and gender, or to the single-identity or group-members.
Running head research proposal1research proposal8.docx
Running head: research proposal 1
research proposal 8
Impact of Personality on Individuals’ Self-Esteem
LaTonya Bethune
PSYCH 665
Professor Teresa Neal
December 16, 2019
Impact of Personality on Individuals’ Self-Esteem
There are various definitions of self-esteem as described by different authors in the field of psychological research. It can also be defined as the general or typical feeling that an individual has about himself in a certain context and time (Heimpel et al., 2006). Andreassen et al. (2017), stated that self-esteem is an individual’s sense of worth or the level at which an individual likes or values himself. Self-esteem is individuals’ personal evaluation regarding their capabilities, importance, value, or worth (Pizzolli & Strapparava, 2019). Personality refers to the consistent set of behaviors that form a person’s distinctive character. These behaviors have emotional and cognitive patterns that have unique characteristics. An individual’s self-esteem is largely determined by their inherent personality traits, which include extraversion, neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness (Pizzolli & Strapparava, 2019). Previous research has linked personality with self-esteem but didn’t establish the extent to which self-esteem is influenced by personality. This research seeks to establish how individual personality traits influence an individual’s self-esteem.
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this research is to establish the relationship between personality and self-esteem and determine the extent to which personality traits can be used to predict an individual’s level of self-esteem. The personality traits, which include extraversion, neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, are usually referred to as the Big Five and are described in the five personality traits model. Each trait individually affects an individual’s self-esteem, but the most dominant traits determine an individual’s level of self-esteem.
Significance of the Study
Understanding the relationship between personality and self-esteem is important because it would enable psychologists to establish the psychological outcomes associated with various personality traits which would be helpful in the prediction of outcomes such as personality disorders, job performance, divorce, and academic achievement. Also, personality traits determine the temperament level of an individual and their overall behavioral tendencies. For example, individuals with low temperament are likely to be negative about themselves, thus, have low self-esteem. The findings of this study would enable therapists to precisely predict the patient outcomes based on their personality traits and understand the type of therapy that would suit their personality. For instance, individuals with low self-esteem may not respond to therapeutic sessions that are offered in group sessions since they cannot actively participate in that context.
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OBJECTIVITY IN SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH
Objectivity is considered as an ideal for scientific inquiry, as a good reason for valuing scientific knowledge, and as the foundation of the authority of science in society. It expresses the thought that the claims, methods and results of science are not, or should not be influenced by particular perspectives, value commitments, community bias or personal interests, to name a few significant factors. Scientific objectivity is a feature of scientific claims, methods and results.
Discussion Gender Bias in ResearchHistorically, men have do
Discussion: Gender Bias in Research
Historically, men have dominated scientific research in that the both the researchers and participants have largely been male. Accordingly, the way research has been designed, the way studies have been conducted, and the ways in which results have been interpreted have been at risk for gender bias. In other words, the preconceived ideas and beliefs or unfounded prejudice about the traits and characteristics of each gender potentially influence the outcomes of research studies. Even today, as women have entered into the academic and scientific world in significant numbers, research is subject to gender bias. The implications of gender bias can be far reaching. As the scientific community uses research study results for subsequent research and the media picks up the results to report findings to the public, gender bias can have a huge impact. Society may be making decisions that are based on incorrect, misleading, or biased data. As an example, a majority of early heart disease research was conducted primarily using male subjects leading to the assumption that heart disease was a man's disease and did not significantly impact women. The gender bias in heart disease research resulted in little attention being paid to women who had heart disease symptoms, as well as delays and limitations in the treatment for these symptoms for many years. In reality, it is now common knowledge that heart disease is the leading cause of death for women, as it is for men.
This Discussion asks you to think about how gender bias can impact scientific research and how the findings of biased research can impact individuals and society.
To prepare for this Discussion:
Review the Preface, the assigned pages in Chapter 1, and pages 35–47 from Chapter 2 in the course text,
Gender: Psychological Perspectives
, focusing on why researchers study gender, why researchers include gender as a factor in psychological studies, and how researchers can be biased in their research with regard to gender.
Think about the following questions:
What impact does gender bias in research have on interpretation of the results of research studies?
How does gender bias in research potentially perpetuate the view of what men and women are and should be?
What impact could the biased research have on individuals of each gender and on society as a whole?
How does the media then use research findings to inform, persuade, sell, and so forth?
With these thoughts in mind:
By Day 3
Post
an analysis of the role of gender bias both in the study of psychology and in the reporting of results by others, including the implications. Provide at least two specific examples for each to illustrate your points.
Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the Learning Resources.
DISCUSSION 2
Along with the job order cost system another cost system is process costing. The key to any cost system is to be able to track cos ...
Running head COMMUNITY NEEDS .docx
Running head: COMMUNITY NEEDS 1
ASSIGNMENT 2
Community Need, Credibility, and Applicability
Assignment
Assessment of community needs helps in identifying the resources and the strengths that are available in a community to meet the needs of families, youth and children. The community need that I am going to address is teenage pregnancies that are mostly as a result of teenage drinking of alcohol and drug abuse (Stebbins, 2006). The reason why I chose this issue is because it has become a thorn in the flesh as many teenagers are engaging in sexual immorality that leads them to teenage pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases and even dying. It has become a major concern losing the young people in this menace.
The issue of teenage pregnancies has been there for decades. Majority of teenagers do not plan to get pregnant but the fact is that they do. Teenage pregnancies come with extra risks to health to both the baby and the mother. Most of the times, teenagers do not get prenatal care as soon as it is needed and this leads to problems later in their life. Teenagers have higher risks of getting high blood pressure related to pregnancy and other complications and the baby is at risk of low birth weight and premature birth. There is a lot of literature that talks about teenage pregnancies that I will use for my research. The journal sources that will be used are credible since the authors have authority in this field (Thomas, 2007). The sources are also current and up to date. The sources also have complete lists of work cited and also credible references and they are as well authoritative. The information in the sources is also factual and the point of view of the author is objective. The publications are logically organized and the points clearly presented making the sources very credible. The sources were evaluated by some people other than the author or scientists when they were issued making the sources more credible.
Applicability is the extent to which the evidence given from a research can be applied into the practice. It is normally a test to whether what is applied in research is applied in practice. Through a thorough analysis on the publisher, the author and age of the texts that I used as sources, the sources are also applicable. The sources are applicable to my study since they tackle the issue of teenage pregnancies and its causes. The proposed interventions in the texts can be implemented without the political environment hindering. The intervention will also be acceptable in the local community as it conforms to the local customs. The interventions that are proposed in the sources are also adaptable as they can ...
Running head RESEARCH PROPOSAL10RESEARCH PROPOSAL 8.docx
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 10
RESEARCH PROPOSAL 8
Research Proposal
Jamie Bass
Argosy University
March 3, 2016
ABSTRACT
Suicide is experienced in all parts of parts of the world. Even though it has been argued that suicide is common amongst the elderly in the society, it is worth noting that even children as young as 13 years old have committed suicide. The myths and misconceptions surrounding suicidal individuals are inherently different from one culture to another. For instance, in some cultures it is believed that suicidal individuals are possessed by demons. Other cultures attribute suicide to generational curses whereas other cultures attribute suicide to such factors as depression and other mental disorders. The purpose of the proposed research is to establish the risk factors of suicide and realize possible strategies which if undertaken can help to counteract suicide and hence its adverse effects in the society. In this proposal are the points to be addressed in the course of the research. It is anticipated that there will be objections to the factors to be established and hence part of this proposal are possible objections and how each of the possible objections will be addressed. The research will use secondary sources of information and hence part of this proposal is an annotated bibliography of the sources that will be utilized in course of the research. Comment by Spencer Ellsworth: This is good, but could you state it more as a piece of argumentation? Like “This paper argues that early intervention can prevent suicide if done correctly.”
WORKING THESIS
Suicide has negatively affected the society, and unless there are mitigation strategies to curb this menace, it will continue to take the lives of many people in the society.
EXPLANATION
Suicide is the act of human beings voluntarily taking their lives. Research has shown that it has always been caused by a sense of despair or hopelessness. All these issues may be induced by mental illness which may include Bipolar disorder or even depression. Suicide has been traumatizing and shameful to the bereaved families and many people in the society have always viewed it as a cowardice way of taking one’s life. Many suicidal persons have been haunted by their thoughts in many cases this is depicted as a very personal process (Goldsmith, Pellmar, Kleinman & Bunney, 2002).
In this paper, it is very much possible to look at what suicide is and the risk factors associated with suicide. A study conducted in Sweden consisting of 271 men aged 15 years and above revealed that mental disorder is a major suicide risk factor. It is thus recommended that the research paper will dwell on mental disorder and substance abuse as risk factors that contribute to suicide as well as medical conditions and psychosocial states. Harris & Barraclough (2009) also established a causal relationship between mental disorder and suicide a factor that further makes the proposed research ...
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
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FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
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Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
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Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
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Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
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400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
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Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
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Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
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Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
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Personal Bias and Objectivity
- 1. Running head: PERSONAL BIAS 1 (2-2) Assignment: Personal Bias Alexandra Perkins Southern New Hampshire University
- 2. PERSONAL BIAS 2 Complete objectivity cannot be fully achieved. As researchers, sociologists have bias based on their morals, values, race, gender, socioeconomic status, etc., that can influence the way that they conduct research. In segment two of Truth be Told, Objectivity in Research, several sociologists discuss how complete objectivity in sociological research cannot be achieved, but maximum objectivity should be striven for. Researcher Dr. Barrie Thone discusses, “Objectivity is important if it's understood as trying to be fair minded, trying to be aware of one's own biases and standpoints and background and how it might shape and limit what you see or write about” (Crouch, 2005). Knowledge of how personal biases can shape research findings will help to control these biases. Culture, environment and personal characteristics effect objectivity. Interest in pursuing sociological research is fueled by the connection that the researcher has to the topic. Culture in the form of religion, appropriate social responses and etiquette can influence a researcher to choose research topics. For example, a pro-life advocate might conduct a study on the quality of life and mental health of women after receiving abortions. Acknowledging that personal opinions regarding pro-life values might influence research outcomes is vital to achieving objective research. Likewise, environment also influences objectivity. Personal bias can present itself in the way research is conducted. For example, having a family who suffers from addiction history can influence a researcher to unknowingly empathize more with members of that community than those without. Additionally, personal characteristics also influence objectivity. Characteristics like race, gender and socioeconomic status play significant roles in the way that research is viewed by the researcher. Sociologist Dr. Nicole Reaburn states, “And so the questions that I might be interested in asking are shaped by the fact that I'm a lesbian and shaped by the fact that I'm a feminist, but also shaped by the fact that I'm white and have white skin
- 3. PERSONAL BIAS 3 privilege. And I have class privilege because I'm upper middle class” (Crouch, 2005). However, acknowledging that personal biases influence perspective is the only way to limit the influence they have on research outcomes. A researcher should strive for maximum objectivity. Although complete objectivity is not possible to achieve, finding methods and research partners to help maximize the level of objectivity in research is what makes research credible. Dr. John Heeren explains, “Most social researchers would have to acknowledge that if we don't hold objectivity as a kind of goal, then the work that we do will not be seen as very valuable to anybody” (Crouch, 2005). As a social science, sociologists are part of the events that they study. It is impossible not to have personal involvement in some form. Yet, having this awareness is keystone to producing the most accurate results. Limiting personal bias using conflict theory can be difficult. Social problems in conflict theory arise when “a group, believing that its interests are not being met or that it is not receiving sufficient scarce resources, works to overcome what it perceives as a disadvantage” (Sullivan, 2016). Therefore, limiting personal bias is problematic due to the predisposition regarding the injustice suffered. However, maximum objectivity is necessary to ensure truthful, credible results. For example, a sociologist who is part of an ethnic minority will have personal bias about life as a member of that community. Limiting the degree of empathy for minorities while conducting research and limiting prejudice toward communities that discriminate based on ethnicity is essential. When conducting research, finding a partner to peer-review work who does not have personal ties to the community with strengthen results. It will also provide another perspective to how research should be conducted/evaluated. Additionally, gathering information
- 4. PERSONAL BIAS 4 from both the community who suffers the injustice and those who discriminate (if necessary for research) will further strengthen validity of the results.
- 5. PERSONAL BIAS 5 References Crouch, M. (Narrator). (2005). Truth be told (The way we live) [Streaming video]. Retrieved from SAGE Video. Sullivan, T. J. (2016) Introduction to social problems (10th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.