16. Components of Perception
• Perceiver: person trying to interpret some
observation that he or she has just made or
the input from his or her senses
• Target of Perception: whatever the perceiver is
trying to make sense of
• Situation: the context in which perception
takes place
19. Figure 4.1 Components of Perception
Perceiver Target
Situation or context in which perception takes place
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38. Early theories
• Scientific management is the name given to philosophy and set of
methods and techniques that stressed the scientific study and
organization of work at the operational level for the purpose of
increasing efficiency.
• Techniques:
• Time and motion studies
• Planning the task
• Scientific method of doing work
• Scientific selection, training and remuneration of workers
• Specialisation and division of work
• Standardisation
• Mental revolution
39. The problem with human relations
model is its undue reliance on
social contacts at work situation
for motivating employees. Social
contacts will not always motivate
employees.
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72. CONTEMPORARY TRENDS IN
LEADERSHIP
Transactional leadership
• 1. Activity of influencing
others through rewards and
punishments.
• This is not a
LEADERDERSHIP AT ALL
BECAUSE DAILY EXCHANGES
INVOLVE REWARDS,
ACTIVEMANGAEMENT BY
EXCEPTION, PASSIVE
MANAGEMENT BY
EXCEPTION, LAISSEZ FAIRE.
Transformational leadership
• These are understood as
agents of change.
• Transform the organization
from a mere profit seeking
entity into an institution
known for effectiveeness,
excellence, ethical conduct
and social consciousness.
• JRD TATA-head and heart
combination.(Charismatic
leadership)
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89. BEHAVIOUR MOD
OB MOD has been used by number of
organizations to reduce cost, increase
attendance, improve productivity, improve
safety, increase satisfaction, reduce labor cost
and increase profit.
Criticism: Is it a technique to manipulate people?
Does it decrease employee freedom?
