पाश्चात्य दर्शन : आदर्शवाद प्रकृतिवाद प्रयोजनवाद यथार्थवाद का तुलनात्मक अध्ययन

1. ADM Education Hub,
A You Tube Channel please subscribe for – CUET M.Ed. Entrance/ALU/DU M.Ed.
Entrance/UP PGT/ASSISTANT Professor Exam Preparation and all teaching exams
vkn”kZokn] ;FkkFkZokn] Ikzd`frokn] Ikz;kstuokn
rqyukRed v/;;u
ADM Education Hub, 09125820728,
https://youtube.com/channel/UCqlzQ50Z7kfGmwSqZ0sFChQ
8/30/2022 1

2. leFkZd vkn”kZokn
Plato
;FkkFkZokn
Aristotal
Ikzd`frokn
Rouso
Ikz;kstuokn
DV
lqdjkr
IysVks
dkaV
fQ'rs
ghxy
nsdkrs
n;kuan
xka/kh
VSxksj
vjfoan ?kks"k
foosdkuan
isLVªksy‚th
Ýkscsy
jVds
ewyd‚LVj
desfu;l
tku y‚d
feYVu
vjLrq
Lisalj
jScys
eqjs
jlsy
gjcVZ Lisalj
ySekdZ
MkfoZu
:lks
dkEVs
gDlys
MseksfØVl
fofy;e tsEl
fi;lZ
t‚u Mhoh
Lisalj
gsjkDyhVl
fdyiSfVªd
ADM Education Hub, 09125820728,
https://youtube.com/channel/UCqlzQ50Z7kfGmwSqZ0sFChQ
8/30/2022 2

3. vkn”kZokn ;FkkFkZokn Ikzd`frokn Ikz;kstuokn
➢czãkaM nks Hkkxksa esa
foHkkftr gS&
•fopkj txr
•oLrq txrA
➢fopkj] vukfn]
vuar vifjorZu'khy
gksrs gSaA vkRek bZ'oj
dk va'k gSA oLrq
txr vlR; gSA
➢czãkaM dh
mRifÙk HkkSfrd rRoksa
ls gqbZ gS vFkkZr~
czãkaM inkFkZ tU;
gS vkSj inkFkZ dh
vius esa Lora=
lRrk gSA inkFkZ
czãkaM dk ewy rRo
vkSj vafre lR; gSA
➢lalkj dh jpuk
ijek.kq ds lg;ksx ls gqbZ
gSA ijek.kq rhu çdkj ds
'kfäd.kksa
bysDVª‚u]çksV‚u]U;wVª‚u ls
feydj cus gksrs gSaA
➢ vkRek ,d fØ;k'khy
rRo gSA ijekRek dk
dksbZ vfLrRo ugha gSaA
➢ç—fr vafre lR; gSA
➢czãkaM dh jpuk
vusd oLrqvks ,o
fdz;kvks ds la;ksx ls
gq;h gSA
➢vkRek&ijekRek dk
dksbZ vfLrRo ugh gSA
eu ,d inkFkZtU;
fØ;k”khy rRo gSaA
rRo ehekalk
ADM Education Hub, 09125820728,
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8/30/2022 3

4. vkn”kZokn ;FkkFkZokn Ikzd`frokn Ikz;kstuokn
Kku rhu Hkkxksa esa
cVk¡ gS&
• bfUnz; tU; Kku
¼vlR;½
• lEefr tU;
Kku ¼vkaf”kd
lR;½
• fparu tU;
Kku ¼iww.kZ lR;½
oLrq dk Kku çkIr djuk
gh lPpk Kku gS ftls
KkusafUæ;ksa }kjk çkIr
fd;k tkrk gS A euq";
dh KkusafUæ;ka gh Kku
çkfIr ds lk/ku gSaA
ç—fr dk Kku gh okLrfod
Kku gSA ç—fr dk Kku
HkkSfrd foKku }kjk gksrk gS
vkSj HkkSfrd foKku dk Kku
desaZfUæ;ksa vkSj KkusafUæ;ksa }kjk
gksrk gSk euq"; dks Lo;a
fujh{k.k djds lPpk Kku
çkIr djuk pkfg,A Kku
çkfIr dh fØ;k esa eu vkSj
efLr"d la;kstd dk dk;Z
djrs gSaaaaaA
vuqHkoksa dh iqujZpuk gh
Kku gSA Kku lk/;
ugha vfirq ekuo thou
dks lq[ke; cukus dk
lk/ku gSA Kku dh çkfIr
lkekftd fØ;kvksa esa
Hkkx ysus ls gksrh gSaaaA
Kku ehekalk
ADM Education Hub, 09125820728,
https://youtube.com/channel/UCqlzQ50Z7kfGmwSqZ0sFChQ
8/30/2022 4

5. vkn”kZokn ;FkkFkZokn Ikzd`frokn Ikz;kstuokn
ekuo thou dk vafre
mís'; vkRekuqHkwfr gaaaSk
vkRekuqHkwfr rhu lukru
ewY;ksa lR;e]f”koe~ lqUnje~
ds }kjk çkIr gksrh gSaA bu
ewY;ksa dh çkfIr pkj
ln~xq.kksa& lkgl] /kS;Z
Kku] U;k; ds }kjk gksrh
gSaA ekuo thou dk vafre
mís'; vkRekuqHkwfr gS ftls
vk/;kfRed thou thus
vFkkZr~ 'kk'or~ ewY;ksa vkSj
uSfrd fu;eksa ds ikyu
}kjk çkIr fd;k tk
ldrk gSaA
thou dh j{kk vkSj lq[k
iwoZd thuk gh ekuo thou
dk vafre y{; gSA euq"; os
gh dk;Z djrk gS ftlls
mls lq[k çkIr gksrk gSA
lalkj ds lHkh euq";ksa ds
fy, leku vkpkj lafgrk
ugha cukbZ tk ldrh gSaA
ekuo thou dk vafre
mís'; lq[k iwoZd thuk gS
ftls inkFkksaZ ds okLrfod
Kku vkSj leqfpr ç;ksx
}kjk çkIr fd;k tk ldrk
gSA
euq"; dh Hkh viuh ,d ç—fr gS vkSj
;g ç—fr vius esa ,dne 'kq) gSaA
vr% mls viuh ç—fr ds vuqdwy
vkpj.k djus dh Lora=rk nh tkuh
pkfg, ftlls mls lq[k feyrk gSa] mls
og djrk gS vkSj ftu dk;ksaZ esa nq[k
gksrk gS og ugha djrk gSaA ekuo
thou dk vafre mís'; lq[k iwoZd
thuk gS ftls çk—frd thou thus
vFkkZr~ ç—fr ds vuqdwy O;ogkj djds
çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSaA
ekuo thou dk vafre
mís'; lq[k iwoZd thuk
gS ftls lkekftd
thou thus vFkkZr~
lkekftd ewY; ,oa
vkn'kksaZ ds ikyu }kjk
çkIr fd;k tk ldrk
gSA
ewY; ,oa vkpkj ehekalk
ADM Education Hub, 09125820728,
https://youtube.com/channel/UCqlzQ50Z7kfGmwSqZ0sFChQ
8/30/2022 5

6. vkn”kZokn ;FkkFkZokn Ikzd`frokn Ikz;kstuokn
1-vk/;kfRed txr ds
vfLrRo dks Lohdkj
djrk gSA
2-vk/;kfRed fu;e
loksZifj gSaaaaA
3-ewY; iwoZ fu/kkZfjr gksrs
gSa] lkoZHkkSfed rFkk
rkRdkfyd gksrs gSaA
4-vk/;kfRed
–f"Vdks.k
1-HkkSfrd txr ds egRo dks
Lohdkj djrk gSA
2-oSKkfud fu;e loksZifj
gSaA
3-orZeku thou dh
vko”;dk;sa gh izeq[k ewY;
cu tkrh gSaA
4- oSKkfud
–f"Vdks.k
1-çk—frd fu;e
lkoHkkSfed gksrs gSaaA
2-HkkSfrd txr ds egRo
dks Lohdkj djrk gS
3-dksbZ vkn”kZ ewY; ugh gSaaA
4-HkkSfrdoknh
–f"Vdks.k
1-HkkSfrd txr ds egRo dks Lohdkj
djrk gSA
2-dksbZ vkn'kZ ewY; ugha gSA 3-
oSKkfud fu;e dks Lohdkj djrk gS
ijarq ;g cnyrs jgrs gSaA
4-orZeku thou dh vko';drk,a gh
çeq[k ewY; cu tkrh gSA
5-ewY; iwoZ fu/kkZfjr ugha gksrs gSaA
6-ekuoh; rFkk euksoSKkfud
–f"Vdks.k
fl)kUr
ADM Education Hub, 09125820728,
https://youtube.com/channel/UCqlzQ50Z7kfGmwSqZ0sFChQ
8/30/2022 6

7. vkn”kZokn ;FkkFkZokn Ikzd`frokn Ikz;kstuokn
1-vk/;kfRed fodkl
djukA
2-lR;e~] f”koe~ lqUnje~
dks fodflr djukA
3-lkaL—frd laifÙk dh
j{kk] fodkl rFkk
gLrkarj.kA
1-ckyd dks lq[kh rFkk
laiUu thou ds fy,
rS;kj djukA
2-KkusafUæ;ksa ,oa desafUnz;ksa
dk fodkl ,oa çf'k{k.kA
3-'kkjhfjd] ekufld
lkekftd ,oa O;olkf;d
fodklA
1-okrkoj.k ds lkFk
vuqdwyuA
2-thou la?k"kZ ds fy;s
rS;kj djukA
3-ewy izofr;ks dk “kks/ku
rFkk ekaxkfUrdj.kA
1-f'k{kk ds mís'; fuf'pr
ugha gksrs gSa og ns'k]
dky ifjfLFkfr ds
vuqlkj ifjofrZr gksrs gSaA
2-xfr”khy o yphys
efLr"d dk fodklA
3-uohu ewY;ksa dh jpuk
lekftd rFkk ekufld
fodklA
f'k{kk ds mn~ns”;
ADM Education Hub, 09125820728,
https://youtube.com/channel/UCqlzQ50Z7kfGmwSqZ0sFChQ
8/30/2022 7

8. vkn”kZokn ;FkkFkZokn Ikzd`frokn Ikz;kstuokn
vkn'kZoknh ikBîØe dh
jpuk vkn'kksaZ ,oa 'kk'or~
ewY;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrh
gSaA /keZ'kkL=
v/;kRe'kkL= uhfr'kkL=]
Hkk"kk lkfgR;] laxhr
dykA
mi;ksfxrk ds fl)kar ij
dsoy os fo"k; j[kus
pkfg, ftudk çR;{k
thou ls laca/k gksA
foKku ,oa O;olkf;d
fo"k; çFke LFkku
bfrgkl Hkwxksy rFkk
dkuwu f}rh; LFkku
lkfgR; laxhr dyk
r`rh; LFkkuaA
ikBîØe dh jpuk
ckyd dh #fp;ksa ,oa
vko”;drkvksa dks /;ku
esa j[kdj djuh pkfg,A
oSKkfud fo"k;ksa dks
çeq[k LFkku ekuoh;
fo"k;ksa dks xkS.k LFkku
[ksydwn 'kjhj foKku
LokLF; foKku ouLifr
foKku xf.kr
fo"k;ksa ds ijaijkxr
foHkktu dh fuank]
efLr"d ,d bdkbZ
blfy, Kku Hkh ,d
bdkbZ A
f'k{kk dk ikB;dze
ADM Education Hub, 09125820728,
https://youtube.com/channel/UCqlzQ50Z7kfGmwSqZ0sFChQ
8/30/2022 8

9. vknZ”kokn ;FkkFkZokn Ikzd`frokn Ikz;kstuokn
lqdjkr-&iz”uksRrj fof/k
IysVks&laaaaaaaaaaaaaaokn fof/k
vjLrq&vkxeu fuxeu fof/k
Qzkscsy&[ksy fof/k
ghxy&rdZ fof/k
isLVªksy‚th& vH;kl ;k vko`fr
fof/k
gjcVZ LisUlj& iaaapinh; iz.kkyh
¼rS;kjh]izLrqrh] rqyuk
lkekU;hdj.k]iz;ksx½
Ykk¡d &fujh{k.k ,oa vuqHko }kjk lh[kuk
Cksdu& vkxeu fof/k
f'k{k.k lw=&
desfu;l ds vuqlkj&
1-KkusafUæ;ksa dk çf'k{k.k 2-f'k{k.k ekr`Hkk"kk ds
ek/;eA 3-Kku dks jVk;k uk tk, cfYd
vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij mls fodflr fd;k
tk,A 4-tks dqN i<+k;k tk, mldk
O;ogkfjd egRo Li"V gks vkSj cPpksa dks
mldk ç;ksT; crk fn;k tk,A 5-ckydksa
dks vH;kl ds volj nsus pkfg,A
6-fo|kfFkZ;ksa ij fo"k;ksa dk vf/kd Hkkj Mkyuk
mfpr ugha gS A cPpksa dks mudh #fp ds
vuqlkj f'k{kk nsuh pkfg,A
jVds ds vuqlkj&
1-ekr`Hkk"kk ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk
2-”kCn Kku nsus ls igys oLrq Kku fn;k
tk,A
3-,d rF; Li"V djus ds ckn nwljk rF;
Li"V fd;k tk,A
euksoSKkfud igyqvksa dks /;ku esa
j[kdj djds lh[kuk ij cy fn;kA
vkeZLVªkax& vUos"k.k fof/k
MkYVu fof/k ekaVsljh fof/k voyksdu
fof/k
Hkk’kk f”k{k.k& izR;{k fof/k
Hkwxksy f”k{k.k& fuj{k.k fof/k
Mhoh&iz;ksx fof/k ¼leL;k
lek/kku½ leL;k dh vuqHkwfr]
leL;k dk fo”ys’k.k] ifjdYiuk dk
fuekZ.k] ifjdYiuk dk ifj{k.k]
ewY;kadu fdyiSfVªd&
çkstsDV p;u
y{; fu/kkZj.k] ;kstuk fuekZ.k]
fØ;kUo;u] ewY;kadu
f“k{k.k fof/k;kWaaa
ADM Education Hub, 09125820728,
https://youtube.com/channel/UCqlzQ50Z7kfGmwSqZ0sFChQ
8/30/2022 9

10. vkn”kZokn ;FkkFkZokn Ikzd`frokn Ikz;kstuokn
vkRek }kjk 'kkflr gksuk
gh lPpk vuq'kklu gS A
vardj.k ls çsfjr gksdj
fd;k x;k vuq'kklu
okLrfod gksrk gSaA
çk—frd rFkk lkekftd
fu;eksa ds vuqlkj
vuq'kklu ij cyA
fo|ky; ds fu;eksa dk
ikyu djus okyk Nk=
vuq'kkflr gSa A
çk—frd Lo ls “kkflr
gksuk gh lPpk vuq'kklu
gSA ckgjh gLr{ksi dk
fojks/k fd;k gSa A
vuq'kklu ls rkRi;Z
Lo'kklu ls gSA
lkekftd vuq'kklu dh
LFkkiuk ij cy fn;k gSaA
vuq”kklu
ADM Education Hub, 09125820728,
https://youtube.com/channel/UCqlzQ50Z7kfGmwSqZ0sFChQ
8/30/2022 10

11. vkn”kZokn ;FkkFkZokn Ikzd`frokn Ikz;kstuokn
f'k{kk dh çfØ;k esa
f'k{kd dk LFkku
çeq[k gSaA
f'k{kd gh Ik”kqRo ls
euq";Ro vkSj
euq";Ro ls nsoRodh
vksj ys tkrk gSA
f'k{kd dk LFkku egRoiw.kZ gS
ijarq çeq[k LFkku ij ugha gSa
A ckyd dks fujh{k.k ,oa
vuqHko djus rFkk fu.kZ; ysus
dk volj çnku djsaA f'k{kd
dks ;g tkuuk pkfg, fd
cPpksa dks fdl fof/k ls
fdruk i<+k;k tk;saA
f'k{kd dk LFkku xkS.k
gSA ç—fr gh loZJs"B
f'k{kd gSA cPpksa ds
LoHkkfod fodkl esa
lgk;d gksA Kku
çkfIr ds fy, mfpr
i;kZoj.k dk fuekZ.k
djsaA
f'k{kd fe= iFk çn'kZd]
lykgdkj ds :i esaA
f'k{kd
ADM Education Hub, 09125820728,
https://youtube.com/channel/UCqlzQ50Z7kfGmwSqZ0sFChQ
8/30/2022 11

12. vkn”kZokn ;FkkFkZokn Ikzd`frokn Ikz;kstuokn
lHkh cPps lexz ,oa
iw.kZrk dh vfHkO;fä
djus ds ;ksX; gSa ijarq
'kkjhfjd ]ekufld
fofHkUUkrk dks Lohdkj
djrs gSA
f'k{kkFkhZ gh f'k{kk çfØ;k
dk dsaæ fcanq gSaA mldh
{kerkvksa]#fp;ksa dks /;ku
esa j[kdj gh f'k{kk çnku
djuh pkfg,A
Ckkyd f”k{kk dk dsaæ
fcanq gSA lHkh Ckkyd
leku ugh gksrs gSaSA vr%
O;fDrxr fofHkUUkrk dsk
/;ku esa j[kdj f'k{kk dh
O;oLFkk djuh pkfg,A
Ckkyd f”k{kk dk dsaæ
fcanq gSA ckyd dh
orZeku :fPk;‚ ,oa
vko';drk;sa egRoiw.kZ
gSA fodkl ds Lora=
volj çnku gks ijarq
fodkl lkekftd
ifjis{; esa gksaA
f'k{kkFkhZZZ
ADM Education Hub, 09125820728,
https://youtube.com/channel/UCqlzQ50Z7kfGmwSqZ0sFChQ
8/30/2022 12

13. vkn”kZokn ;FkkFkZokn Ikzd`frokn Ikz;kstuokn
fo|ky; ,sls LFkku ij
gksus pkfg, tgka cPps
mPp lkekftd vkn'kksaZ
rFkk vk/;kfRed ewY;ksa
dh çkfIr dh tk ldsA
fdlh ,d çdkj ds
fo|ky;ksa dk leFkZu
ugha djrs cfYd
vko”;drkvksa esa fofo/krk
ds dkj.k fofHkUu çdkj
ds fo|ky; ds leFkZd
gaSA
fo|ky; dh dksbZ
vko';drk ugha gSaA ç—
fr dh xksn gh fo|ky;
gS rFkk ç—fr gh loZJs"B
f'kf{kdk gSaA
fo|ky; lekt dk y?kq
:i gSaA fo|ky; cPpksa
ds fy, thfor
ç;ksx'kkyk gS tgka os
fujh{k.k vuqHko }kjk
vius mís';ksa dh [kkst
djrs gSaA
fo|ky;
ADM Education Hub, 09125820728,
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8/30/2022 13

14. vkn”kZokn ;FkkFkZokn Ikzd`frokn Ikz;kstuokn
tu f'k{kk] /keZ f'k{kk] L=h
f'k{kk dh vko';drk ij cy
nsrs gSaA
O;olkf;d f'k{kk ij cy
fn;kA L=h] iq#"k dks f'k{kk
ds leku volj çnku djuk
pkfg, A
L=h f'k{kk esa erHksn gSaaA
Lisalj& L=h f'k{kk ds i{k/kj
gSA
tu f'k{kk
L=h f'k{kk dk leFkZu fd;kA
O;olkf;d f'k{kk dk çcy
leFkZu fd;kA /keZ dk
vk/;kfRed Lo:i ugha cfYd
lkekftd uSfrdrk ds :i esa
Lohdkj fd;kA
fo“ks’k
ADM Education Hub, 09125820728,
https://youtube.com/channel/UCqlzQ50Z7kfGmwSqZ0sFChQ
8/30/2022 14

15. ADM Education Hub, 09125820728,
https://youtube.com/channel/UCqlzQ50Z7kfGmwSqZ0sFChQ
8/30/2022 15