This document provides an overview of AIDS/HIV, including its etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. It is caused by the HIV virus, which destroys CD4+ T cells. It is typically transmitted through bodily fluids. Diagnosis involves blood tests to detect HIV antibodies. Treatment involves antiretroviral drugs that target different stages of the viral lifecycle, such as reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors. Vaccine development has proven difficult due to HIV's ability to mutate and remain latent.
This document discusses AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), which is caused by the HIV virus. It describes the structure and lifecycle of HIV, how it infects and damages immune cells, and its pathogenesis. The modes of transmission are explained. Diagnosis involves blood tests to detect HIV antibodies or RNA. Several classes of antiretroviral drugs are discussed that target different stages of the viral lifecycle, including reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors. Recent drug developments target HIV entry and integration.
This document provides an overview of AIDS/HIV, including its etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. It is caused by the HIV virus, which destroys CD4+ T cells. It discusses the life cycle and structure of HIV, how it is transmitted, and the role of key enzymes like reverse transcriptase. Diagnosis involves blood or urine tests to detect HIV antibodies. Treatment involves antiretroviral drugs that target different stages of the viral life cycle, such as reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors. Vaccine development and other new therapies like gene and monoclonal antibody therapies are also discussed.
Introduction to HIV/AIDS
Epidemiology
Structural information of HIV
Life cycle of HIV
Symptoms & causes of AIDS due to HIV
Pathophysiology
Pharmacological Classification along with mechanism of action
Novel targets for Anti-retroviral Drugs
Summary
References
Vote of thanks
This document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS, including its pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and epidemiology. It begins with definitions of HIV and AIDS, noting that HIV attacks CD4 cells and destroys the immune system. Modes of HIV transmission are through five body fluids. Globally in 2021, 38.4 million people lived with HIV, with sub-Saharan Africa disproportionately affected. Diagnosis involves different tests for infants versus older children and adults. Management consists of supportive investigations like CD4 counts and viral loads, as well as antiretroviral drugs that target different stages of the HIV lifecycle like reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease.
This document discusses HIV/AIDS and opportunistic infections. It begins by defining HIV and AIDS, describing how HIV damages the immune system over time leading to AIDS. It then covers the epidemiology, symptoms, pathophysiology and stages of HIV infection. It discusses transmission methods and treatment, focusing on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and classes of antiretroviral drugs. The document concludes by examining common opportunistic infections that take advantage of a weakened immune system in AIDS patients.
This document discusses anti-HIV/AIDS drugs. It provides an overview of HIV infection and treatment, describing the virus structure, life cycle, and pathogenesis. AIDS is defined as acquired immune deficiency caused by HIV destroying CD4 cells. Various classes of antiretroviral drugs are classified including nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, entry inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors. Each drug class is explained with examples, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects.
HIV in Pregnancy
The document discusses HIV in pregnancy, including its characteristics, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mother-to-child transmission. It notes that antiretroviral therapy administered to the mother during pregnancy and delivery, as well as to the newborn, can reduce transmission rates to less than 2%. Treatment options aim to prevent mother-to-child transmission through antiviral regimens and by avoiding breastfeeding. Screening and treatment of any genital infections in the mother are also important to prevent transmission of HIV from mother to child.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an RNA virus that attacks CD4+ T cells and causes AIDS. There are two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. Anti-retroviral drugs target HIV reverse transcriptase and protease enzymes to prevent viral replication. Protease inhibitors and reverse transcriptase inhibitors are commonly used. Newer classes include fusion, integrase, and CCR5 inhibitors. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) uses combinations of multiple antiretroviral drugs to suppress HIV and prevent drug resistance from emerging.
This document discusses AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), which is caused by the HIV virus. It describes the structure and lifecycle of HIV, how it infects and damages immune cells, and its pathogenesis. The modes of transmission are explained. Diagnosis involves blood tests to detect HIV antibodies or RNA. Several classes of antiretroviral drugs are discussed that target different stages of the viral lifecycle, including reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors. Recent drug developments target HIV entry and integration.
This document provides an overview of AIDS/HIV, including its etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. It is caused by the HIV virus, which destroys CD4+ T cells. It discusses the life cycle and structure of HIV, how it is transmitted, and the role of key enzymes like reverse transcriptase. Diagnosis involves blood or urine tests to detect HIV antibodies. Treatment involves antiretroviral drugs that target different stages of the viral life cycle, such as reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors. Vaccine development and other new therapies like gene and monoclonal antibody therapies are also discussed.
Introduction to HIV/AIDS
Epidemiology
Structural information of HIV
Life cycle of HIV
Symptoms & causes of AIDS due to HIV
Pathophysiology
Pharmacological Classification along with mechanism of action
Novel targets for Anti-retroviral Drugs
Summary
References
Vote of thanks
This document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS, including its pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and epidemiology. It begins with definitions of HIV and AIDS, noting that HIV attacks CD4 cells and destroys the immune system. Modes of HIV transmission are through five body fluids. Globally in 2021, 38.4 million people lived with HIV, with sub-Saharan Africa disproportionately affected. Diagnosis involves different tests for infants versus older children and adults. Management consists of supportive investigations like CD4 counts and viral loads, as well as antiretroviral drugs that target different stages of the HIV lifecycle like reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease.
This document discusses HIV/AIDS and opportunistic infections. It begins by defining HIV and AIDS, describing how HIV damages the immune system over time leading to AIDS. It then covers the epidemiology, symptoms, pathophysiology and stages of HIV infection. It discusses transmission methods and treatment, focusing on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and classes of antiretroviral drugs. The document concludes by examining common opportunistic infections that take advantage of a weakened immune system in AIDS patients.
This document discusses anti-HIV/AIDS drugs. It provides an overview of HIV infection and treatment, describing the virus structure, life cycle, and pathogenesis. AIDS is defined as acquired immune deficiency caused by HIV destroying CD4 cells. Various classes of antiretroviral drugs are classified including nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, entry inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors. Each drug class is explained with examples, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects.
HIV in Pregnancy
The document discusses HIV in pregnancy, including its characteristics, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mother-to-child transmission. It notes that antiretroviral therapy administered to the mother during pregnancy and delivery, as well as to the newborn, can reduce transmission rates to less than 2%. Treatment options aim to prevent mother-to-child transmission through antiviral regimens and by avoiding breastfeeding. Screening and treatment of any genital infections in the mother are also important to prevent transmission of HIV from mother to child.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an RNA virus that attacks CD4+ T cells and causes AIDS. There are two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. Anti-retroviral drugs target HIV reverse transcriptase and protease enzymes to prevent viral replication. Protease inhibitors and reverse transcriptase inhibitors are commonly used. Newer classes include fusion, integrase, and CCR5 inhibitors. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) uses combinations of multiple antiretroviral drugs to suppress HIV and prevent drug resistance from emerging.
MANAGEMENT OF HIV FALLS UNDER THREE MAJOR CATEGORIES
1.POST EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS(P.E.P)
2.TREATMENT/MANAGEMENT OF HIV-AIDS
3.TREATMENT OF ADJOINING CONDITIONS
eg-
-Fungal Infections
-Bacterial infections
-Viral infections
-NEOPLASIAS
-misc.( recurrent apthos ulcers, xerostomia,salivary G. enlargement)
HIV in Pregnancy
Dr. ARCHANA VERMA
1) HIV is a retrovirus that can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. Left untreated, the risk of mother-to-child transmission is 15-45%.
2) Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy for the mother during pregnancy and delivery, and for the newborn for 4-6 weeks to prevent transmission. Mode of delivery and avoiding breastfeeding can also reduce risk.
3) With treatment, the risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission can be reduced to less than 2%. Proper antenatal care, delivery management, and postpartum care and testing of
SlideShare On Chemotherapy of Antiviral Drugs (Pharmacology)Naveen K L
The document summarizes the pharmacology of antiviral drugs. It discusses the stages of viral replication and types of viruses. It then classifies antiviral drugs into different categories based on the virus they target such as anti-herpes viruses, anti-influenza viruses, anti-hepatitis viruses, and anti-retroviruses. For each category of antiviral drugs, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects in concise detail. The document concludes by citing the reference used.
This document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which is a retrovirus.
- As of 2016, there were approximately 36.7 million people living with HIV globally.
- HIV diagnosis involves ELISA and Western blot tests to detect HIV antibodies and viral proteins.
- HIV treatment involves the use of antiretroviral drugs from several classes including nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, CCR5 co-receptor antagonists, and integrase inhibitors.
- Co-infections with tuberculosis require specialized treatment reg
Antiviral Drugs, Vaccines and Gene TherapyBiakhan72
Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to a harmless form of a pathogen to stimulate antibody production against that pathogen. Some key events in vaccine development include Jenner discovering vaccination using cowpox to immunize against smallpox in 1796 and the eradication of smallpox in 1980. Vaccines produce either humoral immunity involving B cell and antibody responses or cell-mediated immunity involving T cell responses.
This document provides information on different classes of antifungal medications. It discusses how polyene antifungals disrupt fungal cell membranes, while azoles and allylamines inhibit ergosterol synthesis. Echinocandins inhibit glucan synthesis. Adverse effects, drug interactions, and other antifungals like griseofulvin are also covered.
Recent Advances in Antiretroviral TherapyHtet Wai Moe
Recent advances in antiretroviral therapy include the approval of several new drug classes and drug combinations between 2011-2016. These include newer integrase inhibitors like dolutegravir and elvitegravir, newer non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors like rilpivirine, and fixed-dose combinations of antiretrovirals. Several compounds remain in clinical trials, including long-acting antiretrovirals and maturation inhibitors. Nanotechnology approaches show promise for targeted drug delivery and development of HIV vaccines, microbicides, and gene therapies. Challenges to an HIV vaccine include rapid viral mutation and ability to evade immune responses.
Etiology, pathophysiology, Pharmacotherapy of AIDS .pptxdrsriram2001
Definition of AIDS:
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a late stage of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection. It is characterized by a severe depletion of the immune system, making the individual susceptible to opportunistic infections and certain cancers.
2. Etiology (HIV):
HIV Structure:
HIV is a retrovirus that primarily targets CD4+ T cells, a crucial component of the immune system.
The virus has two main types: HIV-1 and HIV-2, with HIV-1 being the most common and virulent worldwide.
3. Transmission:
Modes of Transmission:
HIV is primarily transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person.
It can also be transmitted through sharing of contaminated needles, from an infected mother to her child during childbirth or breastfeeding, and through blood transfusions with infected blood (though this is rare now due to blood screening).
4. Clinical Stages:
Acute HIV Infection:
Occurs within the first few weeks after exposure.
Presents with flu-like symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes.
Chronic HIV Infection (Asymptomatic Stage):
Can last for several years with few or no symptoms.
The virus is actively replicating, and the immune system is gradually compromised.
Symptomatic HIV Infection (Symptomatic Stage):
As the immune system weakens, symptoms such as persistent fever, weight loss, and diarrhea may occur.
AIDS:
Diagnosed when the immune system is severely compromised, typically when the CD4+ T cell count falls below a critical threshold.
Opportunistic infections (e.g., Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia) and certain cancers (e.g., Kaposi's sarcoma) become more common.
5. Preventive Measures:
Condom Use:
Consistent and correct use of condoms during sexual intercourse helps prevent the sexual transmission of HIV.
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP):
Antiretroviral medications, when taken consistently by HIV-negative individuals at high risk, can prevent HIV infection.
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP):
Emergency treatment with antiretroviral drugs within 72 hours of potential exposure to HIV to prevent infection.
Needle Exchange Programs:
Reducing the sharing of needles among injecting drug users helps prevent the transmission of HIV.
1. HIV is a retrovirus that contains RNA and incorporates its genome into host cells, hijacking their functions to replicate and eventually destroy the cells.
2. HIV targets CD4+ T-cells, weakening the immune system. It was first recognized in 1981.
3. HIV infection progresses through stages from asymptomatic to development of opportunistic infections that define AIDS. Common symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, and recurrent infections.
This document outlines a lecture on antiviral drugs for various viral infections. It begins with learning objectives about classifying antiviral drugs and their mechanisms and clinical applications. It then covers drugs for anti-herpes therapy like acyclovir and valacyclovir; anti-HIV drugs like NRTIs, NNRTIs, and protease inhibitors; drugs for hepatitis B and C like lamivudine, entecavir, and interferon; and drugs for influenza like oseltamivir and zanamivir. The document discusses the mechanisms, uses, dosing, and adverse effects of these various antiviral agents.
HIV is a lentivirus which can not only infect actively dividing cells but also non-dividing cells such as macrophages. AIDS is the last stage of HIV infection. HIV primarily attacks T- helper cells resulting into low activated T-cytotoxic cells and suppression of immune system. thus leading to AIDS.
PCP 023- Common Communicable Diseases.pptxJAsonba2
This document provides information on common communicable diseases and their management. It discusses topics like HIV/AIDS, malaria, and diarrhea. For HIV/AIDS, it describes the lifecycle of the virus and different classes of antiretroviral drugs used for treatment. For malaria, it discusses the causative parasite, clinical features, goals of therapy including prophylaxis and treatment of acute attacks. It also outlines the life cycle of the malaria parasite and drugs that target different stages. Guidelines for management of common communicable diseases are provided.
Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS)Arifa T N
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which destroys CD4 T cells leading to immune system failure. HIV/AIDS remains a major global public health issue having claimed over 36 million lives, with 37.7 million people living with HIV in 2020. The document outlines the epidemiology, etiology, transmission, clinical stages and manifestations, diagnostic testing, treatment and management of HIV/AIDS.
Antiviral drugs can be classified into several groups based on their mechanism of action and target virus. Anti-herpes drugs like acyclovir work by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase. Anti-retroviral drugs target HIV and include nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors like AZT, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors like nevirapine, and protease inhibitors like ritonavir. These anti-HIV drugs are most effective when used in combination to suppress viral replication and improve immune function in patients. Common side effects of many antiviral drugs include bone marrow suppression, gastrointestinal issues, and peripheral neuropathy.
pharmacology of Antiviral Agents final.pptNorhanKhaled15
Viral replication consists of several steps that can be targeted by antiviral agents. Acyclovir and related drugs like valacyclovir and famciclovir inhibit herpes virus replication through phosphorylation within infected cells and inhibition of viral DNA polymerase. Foscarnet inhibits viral DNA and RNA polymerases without requiring phosphorylation. Ganciclovir and cidofovir also inhibit viral polymerases after intracellular phosphorylation. Antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV include nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors like zidovudine, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors which inhibit viral enzymes and replication at different stages of the viral life cycle.
Antiviral drugs face several challenges due to viruses replicating inside host cells. Acyclovir is a nucleoside analog effective against herpes viruses that requires activation by viral kinases. Foscarnet directly inhibits viral DNA polymerase. Amantadine and rimantadine target influenza A M2 protein while oseltamivir and zanamivir inhibit neuraminidase. Lamivudine and entecavir are used to treat hepatitis B as nucleoside analogs. Interferons and ribavirin are used against hepatitis C. Phenotypic and genotypic tests determine antiviral susceptibility.
Anti viral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections.Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, smallest of all self replicating organisms, able to pass through filter that retain the smallest bacteria.Virus conduct no metabolic process on their own.They invade the host cell which may be bacteria, animal or plant cell.
factors affecting bacisity of dryng .pptxDigambarShete
Drying oils harden through a chemical reaction called autoxidation where oxygen is added to unsaturated fatty acid chains, causing them to crosslink and polymerize into a solid film. This process begins with oxygen inserting into carbon-hydrogen bonds near double bonds, forming hydroperoxides that can crosslink neighboring fatty acid chains into a polymer network. Drying oils contain more than 50% polyunsaturated fatty acids that readily undergo this reaction to form a stable, somewhat elastic film, unlike non-drying oils which remain liquid or semi-drying oils which only partially harden. Common drying oils used in oil paints and varnishes include linseed oil, tung oil, poppy seed oil, perilla
final project hsdbjkdbksdjddjjskdns.pptxDigambarShete
1) HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by infecting CD4+ T cells and macrophages. It has an outer envelope with glycoproteins gp120 and gp41, and an inner capsid core containing its RNA genome and enzymes.
2) HIV enters cells via gp120 binding to CD4 and CCR5 receptors, then replicates by transcribing its RNA into DNA. New virions bud from the cell membrane.
3) Primary HIV infection causes flu-like symptoms. Later, without treatment, opportunistic infections and cancers develop due to immune deficiency, defining AIDS.
MANAGEMENT OF HIV FALLS UNDER THREE MAJOR CATEGORIES
1.POST EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS(P.E.P)
2.TREATMENT/MANAGEMENT OF HIV-AIDS
3.TREATMENT OF ADJOINING CONDITIONS
eg-
-Fungal Infections
-Bacterial infections
-Viral infections
-NEOPLASIAS
-misc.( recurrent apthos ulcers, xerostomia,salivary G. enlargement)
HIV in Pregnancy
Dr. ARCHANA VERMA
1) HIV is a retrovirus that can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. Left untreated, the risk of mother-to-child transmission is 15-45%.
2) Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy for the mother during pregnancy and delivery, and for the newborn for 4-6 weeks to prevent transmission. Mode of delivery and avoiding breastfeeding can also reduce risk.
3) With treatment, the risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission can be reduced to less than 2%. Proper antenatal care, delivery management, and postpartum care and testing of
SlideShare On Chemotherapy of Antiviral Drugs (Pharmacology)Naveen K L
The document summarizes the pharmacology of antiviral drugs. It discusses the stages of viral replication and types of viruses. It then classifies antiviral drugs into different categories based on the virus they target such as anti-herpes viruses, anti-influenza viruses, anti-hepatitis viruses, and anti-retroviruses. For each category of antiviral drugs, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects in concise detail. The document concludes by citing the reference used.
This document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which is a retrovirus.
- As of 2016, there were approximately 36.7 million people living with HIV globally.
- HIV diagnosis involves ELISA and Western blot tests to detect HIV antibodies and viral proteins.
- HIV treatment involves the use of antiretroviral drugs from several classes including nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, CCR5 co-receptor antagonists, and integrase inhibitors.
- Co-infections with tuberculosis require specialized treatment reg
Antiviral Drugs, Vaccines and Gene TherapyBiakhan72
Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to a harmless form of a pathogen to stimulate antibody production against that pathogen. Some key events in vaccine development include Jenner discovering vaccination using cowpox to immunize against smallpox in 1796 and the eradication of smallpox in 1980. Vaccines produce either humoral immunity involving B cell and antibody responses or cell-mediated immunity involving T cell responses.
This document provides information on different classes of antifungal medications. It discusses how polyene antifungals disrupt fungal cell membranes, while azoles and allylamines inhibit ergosterol synthesis. Echinocandins inhibit glucan synthesis. Adverse effects, drug interactions, and other antifungals like griseofulvin are also covered.
Recent Advances in Antiretroviral TherapyHtet Wai Moe
Recent advances in antiretroviral therapy include the approval of several new drug classes and drug combinations between 2011-2016. These include newer integrase inhibitors like dolutegravir and elvitegravir, newer non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors like rilpivirine, and fixed-dose combinations of antiretrovirals. Several compounds remain in clinical trials, including long-acting antiretrovirals and maturation inhibitors. Nanotechnology approaches show promise for targeted drug delivery and development of HIV vaccines, microbicides, and gene therapies. Challenges to an HIV vaccine include rapid viral mutation and ability to evade immune responses.
Etiology, pathophysiology, Pharmacotherapy of AIDS .pptxdrsriram2001
Definition of AIDS:
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a late stage of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection. It is characterized by a severe depletion of the immune system, making the individual susceptible to opportunistic infections and certain cancers.
2. Etiology (HIV):
HIV Structure:
HIV is a retrovirus that primarily targets CD4+ T cells, a crucial component of the immune system.
The virus has two main types: HIV-1 and HIV-2, with HIV-1 being the most common and virulent worldwide.
3. Transmission:
Modes of Transmission:
HIV is primarily transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person.
It can also be transmitted through sharing of contaminated needles, from an infected mother to her child during childbirth or breastfeeding, and through blood transfusions with infected blood (though this is rare now due to blood screening).
4. Clinical Stages:
Acute HIV Infection:
Occurs within the first few weeks after exposure.
Presents with flu-like symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes.
Chronic HIV Infection (Asymptomatic Stage):
Can last for several years with few or no symptoms.
The virus is actively replicating, and the immune system is gradually compromised.
Symptomatic HIV Infection (Symptomatic Stage):
As the immune system weakens, symptoms such as persistent fever, weight loss, and diarrhea may occur.
AIDS:
Diagnosed when the immune system is severely compromised, typically when the CD4+ T cell count falls below a critical threshold.
Opportunistic infections (e.g., Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia) and certain cancers (e.g., Kaposi's sarcoma) become more common.
5. Preventive Measures:
Condom Use:
Consistent and correct use of condoms during sexual intercourse helps prevent the sexual transmission of HIV.
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP):
Antiretroviral medications, when taken consistently by HIV-negative individuals at high risk, can prevent HIV infection.
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP):
Emergency treatment with antiretroviral drugs within 72 hours of potential exposure to HIV to prevent infection.
Needle Exchange Programs:
Reducing the sharing of needles among injecting drug users helps prevent the transmission of HIV.
1. HIV is a retrovirus that contains RNA and incorporates its genome into host cells, hijacking their functions to replicate and eventually destroy the cells.
2. HIV targets CD4+ T-cells, weakening the immune system. It was first recognized in 1981.
3. HIV infection progresses through stages from asymptomatic to development of opportunistic infections that define AIDS. Common symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, and recurrent infections.
This document outlines a lecture on antiviral drugs for various viral infections. It begins with learning objectives about classifying antiviral drugs and their mechanisms and clinical applications. It then covers drugs for anti-herpes therapy like acyclovir and valacyclovir; anti-HIV drugs like NRTIs, NNRTIs, and protease inhibitors; drugs for hepatitis B and C like lamivudine, entecavir, and interferon; and drugs for influenza like oseltamivir and zanamivir. The document discusses the mechanisms, uses, dosing, and adverse effects of these various antiviral agents.
HIV is a lentivirus which can not only infect actively dividing cells but also non-dividing cells such as macrophages. AIDS is the last stage of HIV infection. HIV primarily attacks T- helper cells resulting into low activated T-cytotoxic cells and suppression of immune system. thus leading to AIDS.
PCP 023- Common Communicable Diseases.pptxJAsonba2
This document provides information on common communicable diseases and their management. It discusses topics like HIV/AIDS, malaria, and diarrhea. For HIV/AIDS, it describes the lifecycle of the virus and different classes of antiretroviral drugs used for treatment. For malaria, it discusses the causative parasite, clinical features, goals of therapy including prophylaxis and treatment of acute attacks. It also outlines the life cycle of the malaria parasite and drugs that target different stages. Guidelines for management of common communicable diseases are provided.
Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS)Arifa T N
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which destroys CD4 T cells leading to immune system failure. HIV/AIDS remains a major global public health issue having claimed over 36 million lives, with 37.7 million people living with HIV in 2020. The document outlines the epidemiology, etiology, transmission, clinical stages and manifestations, diagnostic testing, treatment and management of HIV/AIDS.
Antiviral drugs can be classified into several groups based on their mechanism of action and target virus. Anti-herpes drugs like acyclovir work by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase. Anti-retroviral drugs target HIV and include nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors like AZT, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors like nevirapine, and protease inhibitors like ritonavir. These anti-HIV drugs are most effective when used in combination to suppress viral replication and improve immune function in patients. Common side effects of many antiviral drugs include bone marrow suppression, gastrointestinal issues, and peripheral neuropathy.
pharmacology of Antiviral Agents final.pptNorhanKhaled15
Viral replication consists of several steps that can be targeted by antiviral agents. Acyclovir and related drugs like valacyclovir and famciclovir inhibit herpes virus replication through phosphorylation within infected cells and inhibition of viral DNA polymerase. Foscarnet inhibits viral DNA and RNA polymerases without requiring phosphorylation. Ganciclovir and cidofovir also inhibit viral polymerases after intracellular phosphorylation. Antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV include nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors like zidovudine, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors which inhibit viral enzymes and replication at different stages of the viral life cycle.
Antiviral drugs face several challenges due to viruses replicating inside host cells. Acyclovir is a nucleoside analog effective against herpes viruses that requires activation by viral kinases. Foscarnet directly inhibits viral DNA polymerase. Amantadine and rimantadine target influenza A M2 protein while oseltamivir and zanamivir inhibit neuraminidase. Lamivudine and entecavir are used to treat hepatitis B as nucleoside analogs. Interferons and ribavirin are used against hepatitis C. Phenotypic and genotypic tests determine antiviral susceptibility.
Anti viral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections.Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, smallest of all self replicating organisms, able to pass through filter that retain the smallest bacteria.Virus conduct no metabolic process on their own.They invade the host cell which may be bacteria, animal or plant cell.
factors affecting bacisity of dryng .pptxDigambarShete
Drying oils harden through a chemical reaction called autoxidation where oxygen is added to unsaturated fatty acid chains, causing them to crosslink and polymerize into a solid film. This process begins with oxygen inserting into carbon-hydrogen bonds near double bonds, forming hydroperoxides that can crosslink neighboring fatty acid chains into a polymer network. Drying oils contain more than 50% polyunsaturated fatty acids that readily undergo this reaction to form a stable, somewhat elastic film, unlike non-drying oils which remain liquid or semi-drying oils which only partially harden. Common drying oils used in oil paints and varnishes include linseed oil, tung oil, poppy seed oil, perilla
final project hsdbjkdbksdjddjjskdns.pptxDigambarShete
1) HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by infecting CD4+ T cells and macrophages. It has an outer envelope with glycoproteins gp120 and gp41, and an inner capsid core containing its RNA genome and enzymes.
2) HIV enters cells via gp120 binding to CD4 and CCR5 receptors, then replicates by transcribing its RNA into DNA. New virions bud from the cell membrane.
3) Primary HIV infection causes flu-like symptoms. Later, without treatment, opportunistic infections and cancers develop due to immune deficiency, defining AIDS.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, nephrons, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and is made up of the renal corpuscle and renal tubule. The renal corpuscle contains the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, which filters the blood to form urine. The renal tubule is divided into the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule, where reabsorption and secretion of substances occurs to regulate water and electrolyte levels. The collecting ducts then collect the urine from multiple nephrons and excrete it from the body.
This presentation provides an overview of a civil engineering project on studying crack behavior and settlement with remedial measures for bituminous road failure. The objectives are to investigate the cause of road failure and suggest prevention methods. Site inspection found defects like block cracking and potholes. Laboratory tests including CBR and bitumen penetration were conducted. The results found traffic volume exceeding road capacity and use of substandard maintenance materials as causes. It was concluded that regular road audits and use of proper materials and traffic control can help delay further failures.
Grasslands are areas dominated by grasses that cover around 40% of the Earth's surface. A grassland ecosystem consists of plants, animals, and microorganisms that live in an environment dominated by grasses. There are two main types of grasslands - tropical grasslands near the equator and temperate grasslands at higher latitudes. Grassland ecosystems are characterized by limited rainfall, a dry climate year-round, nutrient-poor soil, and frequent fires due to lightning strikes. They support a variety of herbivores and carnivores through primary production by grasses and nutrient cycling.
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) results from overconsumption of alcohol and can progress from fatty liver to alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis. It is more common in men who consume 60-80 grams of alcohol per day for 20+ years or women who consume 20 grams per day. Symptoms may not appear initially but can include abdominal pain, fatigue, nausea and vomiting. Treatment involves complete abstinence from alcohol, nutrition supplementation to address deficiencies, medications like prednisone for alcoholic hepatitis, and potentially liver transplantation for end-stage disease.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
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3. Introduction
• AIDS- Acquired Immunodeficiency Disease.
• It is a disease caused by the retrovirus human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and characterized by
profound immunosuppression that leads to
opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms and
neurological manifestations.
• The acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS was
first recognized in 1981 in US.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported
the unexplained occurrence of Pneumocystis jiroveci
pneumonia in five previously healthy homosexual
men in Los Angeles and of Kaposi's sarcoma with or
4. without P.jiroveci pneumonia in 26 previously healthy
homosexual men in New York and Los Angeles.
ETIOLOGY
• AIDS is caused by HIV, a human retrovirus.
• Two types- HIV I and HIV II which are genetically
different but has related forms.
• HIV I is most common type associated with AIDS in
US, Europe and Central Africa.
• HIV II causes similar disease in West Africa and India.
• HIV-II is transmitted less efficiently than HIV-I.
5. STRUCTURE
• HIV is a typical retrovirus with a small RNA genome
of 9300 base pairs.
• Is a spherical and contains nucleocapsid core
surrounded by a lipid bilayer or envelop derived from
host cell membrane.
• The viral genome encodes 3 major open reading
frames-
1. gag encodes a polyprotein that is processed to
release major structural proteins of virus.
2. pol encodes 3 important enzymes are RNA
dependent DNA polymerase or reverse
transcriptase with RNAse H, Protease and integrase.
6. 3. env encodes for large transmembrane envelop
proteins responsible for cell binding and entry.
• Several small genes encodes regulatory proteins
that enhances virion production or combat host
defence.
7. PATHOGENESIS
• HIV can infect many tissues, there are 2 major targets
-Immune system
-Central nervous system.
• Primarily affect cell mediated immunity.
• Results in severe loss of CD4+ T cells and impairment
in the function of helper T cells.
• Macrophages and dendritic cells also infected.
9. ROLEOFENZYMES
1. REVERSE TRASCRIPTASE (RT)
• Multifunctional enzymes having RNA
dependent DNA polymerase activity
• Also having RNase H (helicase) activity
• Catalyses formation of double stranded
proviral DNA from singal stranded RNA
genome
• Due to its central role in the viral replication
RT is prime target for anti aids therapy
10. • Inhibitors of RT can be classified as
1.nucleoside RT inhibitor(NRTI)
2.non nucleoside RT inhibitor(NNRTI)
• NRTI are competative in nature while NNRTI
are non competative
2. PORTEASE
• Protease essential for production of mature,
infectious virions
• HIV protease is responsible for posttranslatio-
nal processing of poly proteins & protolytic
activity
11. • Inhibition of these protease enzyme is also
attractive target for anti aids therapy
3. Intigrase
• Catalyses the integration of double stranded
DNA copy of their RNA genome into
chromosome of a host cell
• Inhibition of integrase enzyme is prime target
for anti aids therapy
12. COMMANSIGN& SYMPTOMS
• Severe impairment or suppression of immune
system.
• Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is
mostly seen.
• Opportunistic infection
• CD4+T- cells count falls below 200 cells/mm3
of blood.
• In healthy adult it’s value is 600-1500
cells/mm3 of blood.
15. Through Bodily Fluids
• Semen
• Vaginal fluids
• Breast Milk
HIV enters the bloodstream through
– Open Cuts
– Breaks in the skin
– Mucous membranes
– Direct injection
16. • Sharing Needles
– Without sterilization
Through Sex
• Intercourse
• Oral
• Anal
Mother-to-Baby
• During pregnancy transplacently transmitted.
• During post-partum period through contamination
with maternal blood, infected amniotic fluid or
breast milk
17. DIAGNOSIS
BLOOD DETECTION TEST
• Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/Enzyme
Immunoassay (ELISA/EIA)
• Radio Immunoprecipitation Assay/Indirect
Fluorescent Antibody Assay (RIP/IFA)
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
• Western Blot Confirmatory test
18. URINE TEST
• Urine Western Blot
• As sensitive as testing blood
• Safe way to screen for HIV
• Can cause false positives in certain people at
high risk for HIV
Orasure
– The only FDA approved HIV antibody.
– As accurate as blood testing
– Involves collecting secretions between the cheek
and gum and evaluating them for HIV antibodies.
21. NUCLEOSIDE/NUCLEOTIDEANALOGUES
• Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse
transcriptase inhibitors prevent infection of
susceptible cells but have no impact on cells
that already harbor HIV.
• Nucleosides that must be triphosphorylated at
the 5’-hydroxyl to exert activity.
• tenofovir, is a nucleotide monophosphate
analog that requires two additional
phosphates to acquire full activity.
22. ZIDOVUDINE:
• 3’ azido- 3’ deoxythymidine.
• Synthetic thymidine analogue with potent
broad spectrum activity.
Mechanism of Action:
• due to similar structure
it incorporate in to growing
DNA strand and terminate
synthesis due to lack of
OH group.
23.
24. Untoward Effects
• They mainly due to partial inhibiton of cellular
DNA polymarase.
• Fatigue, malaise, myalgia, nausea, anorexia,
headache, and insomnia.
• Bone marrow suppression, mainly anemia and
granulocytopenia.
• Gastrointestinal disturbances
• Abnormal liver functions
• hyperlipidemia
25. Therapeutic Uses.
• Zidovudine is FDA approved for the treatment
of adults and children with HIV infection and
for preventing mother-to-child transmission of
HIV infection.
• It is also recommended for postexposure
prophylaxis in HIV-exposed healthcare
workers, also in combination with other
antiretroviral agents.
26. NONNUCLEOSIDEREVERSTRANSCRIPT
ASE
INHIBITORS
• Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
(NNRTIs) include a variety of chemical
substrates that bind to the HIV-1 reverse
transcriptase.
• These compounds induce a conformational
change in the three-dimensional structure of
the enzyme that greatly reduces its activity,
and thus they act as noncompetitive inhibitors
27. NEVIRAPINE:
• Is a dipyridodiazepinone NNRTI with potent
activity against HIV-1.
• nevirapine does not have significant activity
against HIV-2 or other retroviruses.
Mechanism of Action:
• Nevirapine is a noncompetitive inhibitor that
binds to a site on the HIV-1 reverse
transcriptase that is distant from the active
site, inducing a conformational change that
disrupts catalytic activity.
28.
29. Untoward Effects:
• Hepatotoxicity
• Stevens-Johnson syndrome
• Rash
• Pruritus
• Fever, fatigue, headache, somnolence, and
nausea.
Uses
• Pregnant women
• Used to prevent mother to infant HIV infection
• HIV-1 infection in adults and children in
combination with other antiretroviral agents.
30. PROTEASEINHIBITORS
• HIV protease inhibitors are peptidelike
chemicals that competitively inhibit the action
of the virus aspartyl protease.
• This protease is a homodimer consisting of
two 99-amino-acid monomers; each monomer
contributes an aspartic acid residue that is
essential for catalysis.
31. SAQUINAVIR:
• A peptidomimetic hydroxyethylamine HIV
protease inhibitor.
• Inhibits both HIV-1 and HIV-2 replication.
Mechanisms of Action
• Reversibly binds to the active site of HIV
protease, preventing polypeptide processing
and subsequent virus maturation.
• Potently inhibiting the HIV-encoded protease
but not host-encoded aspartyl proteases.
32. Untoward Effects
• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal
discomfort.
• Lipodystrophy.
Therapeutic Use
• Reduction of viral load with other nucletide
analogues.
33. FU
SIONINHIBITORS
• Enfuvirtide is the only available HIV entry
inhibitor.
• Enfuvirtide is a 36-amino-acid synthetic
peptide whose sequence is derived from a
part of the transmembrane gp41 region of
HIV-1.
• Not active against HIV-2.
• The peptide blocks the interaction between
the N36 and C34 sequences of the gp41
glycoprotein by binding to a hydrophobic
groove in the N36 coil
34. • This prevents formation of a six-helix bundle
critical for membrane fusion and viral entry
into the host cell.
• Treatment-experienced adults who have
evidence of HIV replication despite ongoing
antiretroviral therapy.
35. CCR5antagonists
• In order to enter a human cell, HIV must first
attach itself to proteins on the cell’s surface.
• The next stage involves proteins called co-
receptors, two main types: CCR5 and CXCR4.
Some strains of HIV use CCR5, others use
CXCR4,.
• CCR5 antagonists are drugs that bind to the
CCR5 co-receptor so that HIV cannot exploit it
to gain entry to a cell.
• The main drawback of these drugs is that they
don’t work against all strains of HIV.
• Maraviroc is a example for this class.
36. Raltegravir:first in class HIV integrase inhibitor
• The integration of HIV-1 proviral DNA into the
host cell genome
• Integrase mainly involved in integration of
viral DNA in to host DNA.
• Inhibition of this enzyme prevents integration.
• Impressive antiviral potency in heavily
treatment-experienced patients.
37. RECENTTHERAPY FORAIDS
Drug class Recently approved Phase III Phase II
Entry inhibitor
(CCR5)
Maraviroc (Aug. 2007) Vicriviroc PRO 140
Entry inhibitor (CD4) TNX-355
Integrase inhibitor Raltegravir (Oct. 2007) Elvitegravir
Maturation inhibitor Bevirimat
NNRTI Etravirine (Jan. 2008) Rilpivirine
NRTI Apricitabine
KP-1461
Racivir
Elvucitabine
38. GENE THERAPY
• RNA-interference is damage to a certain RNA
sequence with participation of a different,
"defending" RNA molecule.
• This system prevents viral infection, unless
viruses had learned to cut it off in the course of
evolution.
• Researchers from countries including Russia are
developing the artificial RNA-interference system.
• It is non-injurious to the patient and, due to high
specificity of action, does not damage its own
RNA in cells infected by the virus.
39. • To fight HIV, Russian biologists have created
three genetic structures.
• These structures contain short nucleotide
against sequences that find the most
conservative molecules among all RNA
molecules, that is, sequences that do not
change quickly and are important to the virus.
• These sequences are then "damaged".
• Genetic structures significantly suppress viral
reproduction.
40. V
ACCINE
Difficulties in developing an HIV vaccine
• Classic vaccines mimic natural immunity against
reinfection generally seen in individuals
recovered from infection; there are almost no
recovered AIDS patients.
• Most vaccines protect against disease, not against
infection; HIV infection may remain latent for
long periods before causing AIDS.
• Most effective vaccines are whole-killed or live-
attenuated organisms; killed HIV-1 does not
retain antigenicity and the use of a live retrovirus
vaccine raises safety issues.
41. • Most vaccines protect against infections
through mucosal surfaces of the respiratory or
gastrointestinal tract; the great majority of
HIV infection is through the genital tract.
Phase I
• Most initial approaches have focused on the
HIV envelope protein.
• Thirteen different gp120 and gp160 envelope
candidates have been evaluated.
• Most research focused on gp120 rather than
gp41/gp160.
42. Phase III
• AIDSVAX vaccine.
• This is the first successful HIV vaccine trial in
history.
• The percentage rate reduced to 26%
compared with those who had been given a
placebo.
Planned clinical trials
• Novel approaches, including modified vaccinia
Ankara (MVA), adeno-associated virus,
Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE).
43. M
ONOCLONALANTIBODIES
• monoclonal antibodies, produced after
immunizing mice, have binding characteristics
that look similar to two well-known broadly
neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies,
known as 2F5 and 4E10, which also bind to
HIV-1 protein and lipid.
• That might be useful in an effective HIV-1
vaccine.
44. REFERENES
1. The Pharmacological basis of Therapeutics by
Goodman and Gilman’s, 11 ed.
2. Pathologic basis of disease by Robbins and
Cotran, 7 ed.
3. Pharmacology by Rang and Dale’s, 6 ed.
4. www.google.com