The document discusses the physiology of the nervous system and various topics related to it. It begins by describing a 1848 case study where a patient exhibited altered behaviors after brain damage to the frontal cortex. It then discusses memory-related phenomena like déjà vu. It explains that déjà vu may occur due to conflict resolution in the brain when there is a mismatch between actual and perceived memories. The document also covers topics like the blood-brain barrier, neurotransmitters, neuronal membrane potentials and ion channels, memory formation and diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. It describes the mechanisms, symptoms and treatment options for these diseases.
Pierre Flourens promoted the idea that the cerebral cortex is not functionally subdivided. He used experimentation on dogs and pigeons, removing parts of their brains and noting behavioral changes, finding loss of coordination when removing the cerebellum. Paul Broca was the first to find localization of function in the cerebral cortex by examining a patient with speech inability and discovering the involvement of the left frontal lobe. Studying the nervous system and brain localization of function has been important to understanding psychology and behavior.
Genetic mutagenesis screen in mice to identify genes required for proper axon guidance in dopamine pathways:
1) Generate mutations via chemical mutagen or transposon insertion
2) Screen mutant mice for defects in dopamine axon projections
3) Map location of causal mutation and clone the gene
The screen would allow identification of novel genes critical for axon pathfinding in dopamine pathways. Subsequent analysis including complementation tests and linkage mapping would help characterize the genetic basis of any guidance defects found.
The document describes a proposed method for curing PTSD by implanting and erasing memories using optogenetics. Optogenetics allows specific neurons associated with memories to be stimulated using light, which could activate or deactivate those memories. The document suggests erasing the traumatic memory through this method, while also implanting a positive false memory associated with the trauma. This could help PTSD patients reduce symptoms by replacing the traumatic memory.
This document provides an overview of topics that could be covered in a cognitive psychology course. It includes lists of potential topics from previous semesters as well as the current semester. Some of the suggested topics are understanding adolescent cognition, the effects of brain damage on cognition, and cognitive psychology in literature. It also shares several external resources on subjects like neuroscience techniques, brain anatomy, and neurotransmitters.
The document discusses various regions of the brain, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, Broca's area, parietal lobe, somatosensory cortex, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe. It describes the functions of each region, such as the cerebrum having control over every organ, the cerebellum providing smooth body movement, Broca's area producing language, and the somatosensory cortex processing sensory input from the body. The document also examines neurological structures and concepts like pyramidal cells, inhibitory control, and disinhibition circuits in the brain.
Introducing the brain
Ethics and the brain initiative
Neurotransmitters, Action Potential, Information Coding, Grey and White Matter, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Central Nervous System, Cerebral Cortex, Subcortex, Limbic System, Midbrain and Hindbrain.
Imaging of the Brain - A Window into the Depressed, Anxious, and Addicted MindKristy Koster
This document discusses how various brain imaging techniques like MRI, fMRI, and PET scans have provided insights into mental illnesses like depression, anxiety, and addiction. Imaging has shown that these conditions are associated with structural and functional abnormalities in specific brain regions. For example, depression correlates with reduced hippocampal and prefrontal cortex volume, while anxiety involves increased amygdala activity. Addiction causes dopamine system dysfunction and decreased prefrontal cortex gray matter. Imaging is advancing understanding of the neurobiological factors underlying these common illnesses.
Final [CH13] NOTES ppt, Neurological Disorders_02.pptTristanBabaylan1
This document provides information on the case of Phineas Gage, who in 1848 suffered a traumatic brain injury when an iron rod was propelled through his head. The injury was localized to Gage's frontal cortex and he initially regained consciousness, but his personality and behavior were dramatically altered, becoming childlike and emotionally unstable. This was an early and influential case study in recognizing the relationship between brain regions and personality. The document also covers traumatic brain injury, strokes, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and their symptoms, causes, pathology, and treatments.
Pierre Flourens promoted the idea that the cerebral cortex is not functionally subdivided. He used experimentation on dogs and pigeons, removing parts of their brains and noting behavioral changes, finding loss of coordination when removing the cerebellum. Paul Broca was the first to find localization of function in the cerebral cortex by examining a patient with speech inability and discovering the involvement of the left frontal lobe. Studying the nervous system and brain localization of function has been important to understanding psychology and behavior.
Genetic mutagenesis screen in mice to identify genes required for proper axon guidance in dopamine pathways:
1) Generate mutations via chemical mutagen or transposon insertion
2) Screen mutant mice for defects in dopamine axon projections
3) Map location of causal mutation and clone the gene
The screen would allow identification of novel genes critical for axon pathfinding in dopamine pathways. Subsequent analysis including complementation tests and linkage mapping would help characterize the genetic basis of any guidance defects found.
The document describes a proposed method for curing PTSD by implanting and erasing memories using optogenetics. Optogenetics allows specific neurons associated with memories to be stimulated using light, which could activate or deactivate those memories. The document suggests erasing the traumatic memory through this method, while also implanting a positive false memory associated with the trauma. This could help PTSD patients reduce symptoms by replacing the traumatic memory.
This document provides an overview of topics that could be covered in a cognitive psychology course. It includes lists of potential topics from previous semesters as well as the current semester. Some of the suggested topics are understanding adolescent cognition, the effects of brain damage on cognition, and cognitive psychology in literature. It also shares several external resources on subjects like neuroscience techniques, brain anatomy, and neurotransmitters.
The document discusses various regions of the brain, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, Broca's area, parietal lobe, somatosensory cortex, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe. It describes the functions of each region, such as the cerebrum having control over every organ, the cerebellum providing smooth body movement, Broca's area producing language, and the somatosensory cortex processing sensory input from the body. The document also examines neurological structures and concepts like pyramidal cells, inhibitory control, and disinhibition circuits in the brain.
Introducing the brain
Ethics and the brain initiative
Neurotransmitters, Action Potential, Information Coding, Grey and White Matter, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Central Nervous System, Cerebral Cortex, Subcortex, Limbic System, Midbrain and Hindbrain.
Imaging of the Brain - A Window into the Depressed, Anxious, and Addicted MindKristy Koster
This document discusses how various brain imaging techniques like MRI, fMRI, and PET scans have provided insights into mental illnesses like depression, anxiety, and addiction. Imaging has shown that these conditions are associated with structural and functional abnormalities in specific brain regions. For example, depression correlates with reduced hippocampal and prefrontal cortex volume, while anxiety involves increased amygdala activity. Addiction causes dopamine system dysfunction and decreased prefrontal cortex gray matter. Imaging is advancing understanding of the neurobiological factors underlying these common illnesses.
Final [CH13] NOTES ppt, Neurological Disorders_02.pptTristanBabaylan1
This document provides information on the case of Phineas Gage, who in 1848 suffered a traumatic brain injury when an iron rod was propelled through his head. The injury was localized to Gage's frontal cortex and he initially regained consciousness, but his personality and behavior were dramatically altered, becoming childlike and emotionally unstable. This was an early and influential case study in recognizing the relationship between brain regions and personality. The document also covers traumatic brain injury, strokes, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and their symptoms, causes, pathology, and treatments.
Life offers us choices, and what an older part of the forebrain, the.docxgauthierleppington
Life offers us choices, and what an older part of the forebrain, the
limbic system
, chooses is to
feel better
right away. The conscious forebrain, the cerebral cortex, knows that this can be short-sighted and plunge us into the pain of a fight, a disease, or buying too much, but the frontal lobe is often too slow to grab the steering wheel in time. That’s to say that emotions make
quick decisions
possible and we have the
stress response
to deal with the consequences.
Chronic stress
just makes things worse.
Emotions are more than feelings. They have behavioral, autonomic, hormonal and cognitive components. Take fear for an example.
Fear is so familiar
. (And that nifty website has everything about fear that an exam would require.) But in the 1940’s and 1950’s, about all that textbooks taught about emotion was the
James-Lange
vs.
Cannon-Bard
controversy. Today we can do better.
What is Fear?
Fear involves
sympathetic arousal
, eyelid retraction, and distress. Read
this account
to put yourself in the mood.
Fear is often defined as an emotional response to a real or immediate threat (and anxiety is what we call the response to an imaginary or remote threat)? Why does fear appear in newborns as the outcome of loud noises and falling? (How often are infants hurt by loud noises or falling?) It’s associated with the startle reflex and the Moro reflex, respectively. Later it becomes a response to pain, abandonment, and, to some extent, novelty. For example, the stimulus chosen to evoke
fear in Little Albert
was a loud gong.
Children and adults pick up fear responses
by observing
. A parent who is upset by a bee in the house may communicate a fear of bees (apiphobia) to a child. To study fear in the lab, psychologists focus on fear conditioning
, in which a sensory stimulus like a tone (or a gong) is paired with electric shock. This pairing will make a rat freeze and defecate when it hears the tone after just one or two trials of training. Yet with all the evidence of learned fear, a question remains about its prenatal or even genetic origins. Do we have a built-in tendency to fear
snakes
and
spiders
more than guns and tasers, which are much more dangerous?
What is the Function of Fear?
Fear is a
special type of learning
and memory. It can be learned in a single conditioning trial and retained for a lifetime. Since it is a common element of stress, it is important to understand its management. It is obviously not all-or-none; it varies in strength. Some people engage in fear for recreation, in
skydiving
or
mountain climbing
or
other extreme sports
(click on Real Player or Windows Media). For some people, fear is
immobilizing and overpowering
.
Unpleasant emotions like fear and dread seem to be generated by
activity in the amygdala
. It has been known for many years that surgical removal of the amygdala tames wild monkeys. The so-called
Klüver-Bucy syndrome
has been identified in humans as well. It’s .
Neuromarketing analyzes consumer decision making and brain activity to understand purchasing behaviors. Martin Lindstrom explains most decisions in grocery stores are made subconsciously in under four seconds. The brain has over 100 billion cells and processes visual stimuli quickly, putting visual components above other senses. Neuroimaging techniques like EEG, fMRI, and MEG are used to effectively measure brain activity and assess how marketing stimulates regions related to emotion, attention, and memory formation.
The document discusses a female patient who is scheduled to undergo bilateral occipital neuroplasty surgery for occipital neuralgia. Two specialists have recommended this procedure, but the insurance carrier has denied coverage, finding the procedure experimental/investigational and not medically necessary. The carrier sent the patient a letter explaining their denial of coverage for the specified procedures.
The Human Body Is Complex, And All HumansLisa Olive
The document discusses the complexity of the human brain, with a focus on the cerebral cortex. It explains that the cerebral cortex is made up of different lobes - the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes - each of which has distinct functions like planning, sensory processing, vision, and memory. The largest and most complex part of the brain is the cerebrum, which is divided into left and right hemispheres connected by nerve fibers that allow communication between the two sides and coordinate bodily functions.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
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Life offers us choices, and what an older part of the forebrain, the.docxgauthierleppington
Life offers us choices, and what an older part of the forebrain, the
limbic system
, chooses is to
feel better
right away. The conscious forebrain, the cerebral cortex, knows that this can be short-sighted and plunge us into the pain of a fight, a disease, or buying too much, but the frontal lobe is often too slow to grab the steering wheel in time. That’s to say that emotions make
quick decisions
possible and we have the
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to deal with the consequences.
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Emotions are more than feelings. They have behavioral, autonomic, hormonal and cognitive components. Take fear for an example.
Fear is so familiar
. (And that nifty website has everything about fear that an exam would require.) But in the 1940’s and 1950’s, about all that textbooks taught about emotion was the
James-Lange
vs.
Cannon-Bard
controversy. Today we can do better.
What is Fear?
Fear involves
sympathetic arousal
, eyelid retraction, and distress. Read
this account
to put yourself in the mood.
Fear is often defined as an emotional response to a real or immediate threat (and anxiety is what we call the response to an imaginary or remote threat)? Why does fear appear in newborns as the outcome of loud noises and falling? (How often are infants hurt by loud noises or falling?) It’s associated with the startle reflex and the Moro reflex, respectively. Later it becomes a response to pain, abandonment, and, to some extent, novelty. For example, the stimulus chosen to evoke
fear in Little Albert
was a loud gong.
Children and adults pick up fear responses
by observing
. A parent who is upset by a bee in the house may communicate a fear of bees (apiphobia) to a child. To study fear in the lab, psychologists focus on fear conditioning
, in which a sensory stimulus like a tone (or a gong) is paired with electric shock. This pairing will make a rat freeze and defecate when it hears the tone after just one or two trials of training. Yet with all the evidence of learned fear, a question remains about its prenatal or even genetic origins. Do we have a built-in tendency to fear
snakes
and
spiders
more than guns and tasers, which are much more dangerous?
What is the Function of Fear?
Fear is a
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skydiving
or
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or
other extreme sports
(click on Real Player or Windows Media). For some people, fear is
immobilizing and overpowering
.
Unpleasant emotions like fear and dread seem to be generated by
activity in the amygdala
. It has been known for many years that surgical removal of the amygdala tames wild monkeys. The so-called
Klüver-Bucy syndrome
has been identified in humans as well. It’s .
Neuromarketing analyzes consumer decision making and brain activity to understand purchasing behaviors. Martin Lindstrom explains most decisions in grocery stores are made subconsciously in under four seconds. The brain has over 100 billion cells and processes visual stimuli quickly, putting visual components above other senses. Neuroimaging techniques like EEG, fMRI, and MEG are used to effectively measure brain activity and assess how marketing stimulates regions related to emotion, attention, and memory formation.
The document discusses a female patient who is scheduled to undergo bilateral occipital neuroplasty surgery for occipital neuralgia. Two specialists have recommended this procedure, but the insurance carrier has denied coverage, finding the procedure experimental/investigational and not medically necessary. The carrier sent the patient a letter explaining their denial of coverage for the specified procedures.
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The document discusses the complexity of the human brain, with a focus on the cerebral cortex. It explains that the cerebral cortex is made up of different lobes - the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes - each of which has distinct functions like planning, sensory processing, vision, and memory. The largest and most complex part of the brain is the cerebrum, which is divided into left and right hemispheres connected by nerve fibers that allow communication between the two sides and coordinate bodily functions.
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environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
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Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
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The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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Physiology of nervous system (Bahan Diskusi Kelas Fisiologi Hewan)
1. by: Putra Santoso-Bio FMIPA UA
Physiology of Nervous System
By: Putra Santoso
Biology Department Andalas University
2017
2. by: Putra Santoso-Bio FMIPA UA
A tragedy on September 13, 1848, Vermount, USA
After tragedy: childish, putative loss memory, agressive, profane (rude)
Brain damage (frontal cortex) induces alteration in behavior
4. Memory-related phenomenon
• Déjà vu: having the strong sensation that an event or
experience currently being experienced, has already
been experienced in the past, whether it has actually
happened or not (frequently occurs in younger age 15-
25 y.o).
• Presque vu: almost, but not quite, remembering
something (tip of the tongue).
• Jamais vu: unfamiliar impression of seeing the actually
well-known situation/event (may be associated with
aphasia, amnesia, and epilepsy).
by: Putra Santoso-Bio FMIPA UA
5. by: Putra Santoso-Bio FMIPA UA
Medial temporal lobe is involved in our
conscious memory.
Within the medial temporal lobe are
the parahippocampal gyrus, the rhinal
cortex and the amygdala.
Hippocampus enables us to consciously recall
events.
Parahippocampal gyrus enables us to
determine what's familiar and what isn't (and
without actually retrieving a specific memory
to do it).
Previous hypothesis:
Involving hippocampus (center of memory)
6. Mechanism of Deja Vu
Experimental study (2016):
• Frontal regions of the brain are probably checking through our
memories, and sending signals if there’s some kind of memory
error – a conflict between what we’ve actually experienced and
what we think we’ve experienced.
• Some conflict resolutions going on in the brain during déjà vu.
• Déjà vu is a sign that your brain’s memory checking system is
working well, and that you’re less likely to misremember events.
• Never experience deja vu : may also indicate the lack/less of
error in the brain
by: Putra Santoso-Bio FMIPA UA
11. by: Putra Santoso-Bio FMIPA UA
Int J Clin Exp Med (2009) 2, 329-336
www.ijcem.com /IJCEM910003
Deciphering the MSG controversy
Robert S. Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Clinical Research Center, USA.
16. by: Putra Santoso-Bio FMIPA UA
Vitamin C and low-
dose preexposure to
MSG prevent cells
death caused by
higher dose of MSG
17. by: Putra Santoso-Bio FMIPA UA
Yulyaningsih et al., 2017, Cell Reports 19, 2257–2271
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.060
18. Topics of Discussion
by: Putra Santoso-Bio FMIPA UA
1. Neuron and neurotransmitters
2. Electric synapses and chemical synapses
3. Electric charge of neuron (intra and extracelluar) and
ion channels in neurons
4. Resting potential and action potential
5. Measurement of neuronal activity, patch clamp and
optogenetic technique
6. Memory formation, storage, recall in the brain
7. Neural mechanism of taste and vision
8. Alzheimer & parkinson disease: mechanism and
therapy
27. by: Putra Santoso-Bio FMIPA UA
A- (negatively charge
protein molecules)
At rest, there are
relatively more
sodium ions outside
the neuron and
more potassium ions
inside that neuron.
29. by: Putra Santoso-Bio FMIPA UA
Ion channels in neuronal plasma membranes
Each type of channel protein has a specific function in the electrical activity of
neurons. (a) Resting K+ channels are responsible for generating the resting
potential across the membrane. (b) Voltage- gated channels are responsible for
propagating action potentials along the axonal membrane. (c, d) Two types of
ion channels in dendrites and cell bodies are responsible for generating electric
signals in postsynaptic cells.
60. by: Putra Santoso-Bio FMIPA UA
Short-term memory lets you remember a name or phone number long enough to
enter it. It's brother...
Medium-term memory lets you remember what you had for breakfast yesterday
that didn't agree with you today.
Working memory (the first to go) lets you keep a lot of data in mind while you sort
through it to save what is important to you.
Primitive memory systems are similar to those of a reptile. They tell your human
heart to pump blood to your cheeks when you are embarrassed or breath faster
when your boss's secretary calls to say he wants to see you in his office.
Motor memory lets you steer a bike or soap up in the shower while you are
thinking of something else.
Explicit memory clicks in when you rehearse something a lot until it comes
naturally,
because your system thinks it must be important to your survival. Teacher time.
Implicit memory already knows what just happened is so important for your
survival it acts on your body before you know it. You cannot control it but it can
control you. (Example: "If an acquaintance betrays me I can't remember her phone
number any more.")
62. by: Putra Santoso-Bio FMIPA UA
7. Memory formation, storage, recall in the brain
Centers of memory
63. by: Putra Santoso-Bio FMIPA UA
8. Alzheimer and parkinson disease: mechanism and therapy
64. by: Putra Santoso-Bio FMIPA UA
8. Alzheimer and parkinson disease: mechanism and therapy
65. by: Putra Santoso-Bio FMIPA UA
Plaques are deposits of a protein fragment called beta-amyloid that
build up in the spaces between nerve cells.
Tangles are twisted fibers of another protein called tau (rhymes with
“wow”) that build up inside cells.
Though autopsy studies show that most people develop some plaques
and tangles as they age, those with Alzheimer’s tend to develop far
more and in a predictable pattern, beginning in the areas important
for memory before spreading to other regions.
plaques and tangles play a critical role in blocking communication
among nerve cells and disrupting processes that cells need to survive.
8. Alzheimer and parkinson disease: mechanism and therapy
66. II. Tangles:II. Tangles: Many AD patients also have “tangles” in neurons
Microtubules are long string-like structures that transport
things from the cell body to the end of the axon and dendrites
In AD, these microtubules break apart andIn AD, these microtubules break apart and
collapse into a tangles mess and neurons don’t function normally,collapse into a tangles mess and neurons don’t function normally,
so they dieso they die--off.off.
Tau proteins (like rungs of a ladder)
67.
68. by: Putra Santoso-Bio FMIPA UA
8. Alzheimer and parkinson disease: mechanism and therapy
69. Meso-Striatal Dopamine system
components of this system
1. Substantia Nigra- in midbrain
- send fibers to Basal Ganglia
- releases dopamine = movement
2. Basal Ganglia (part of striatum)-
-sends fibers to motor cortex
-receives fibers from sensory
cortex and substantia Nigra
In Parkinson’s Disease
Substantia Nigra neurons die =
reduced excitatory input into basal
ganglia
The two parts of the basal ganglia
(Caudate and Putamen) also die
8. Alzheimer and parkinson disease: mechanism and therapy
70. Symptoms of parkinson disease
Difficulty initiating movementDifficulty initiating movement
Shuffling gaitShuffling gait
“Cogwheel” rigidity“Cogwheel” rigidity
Tremor at restTremor at rest
Advanced stages may includeAdvanced stages may include
psychiatric complicationspsychiatric complications::
depressiondepression
hallucinationshallucinations
ParanoiaParanoia
Cognitive declineCognitive decline
8. Alzheimer and parkinson disease: mechanism and therapy
71. Postmortem AnalysisPostmortem Analysis
brain photographs courtesy of thebrain photographs courtesy of the
University of Utah Medical SchoolUniversity of Utah Medical School
Roberta J.Roberta J. SeidmanSeidman,, M.D.,M.D., SUNYSUNY
ShrunkenShrunken SubstantiaSubstantia NigraNigra
72. Loss of cellular activity in the Basal GangliaLoss of cellular activity in the Basal Ganglia
PET ScanPET Scan
73. by: Putra Santoso-Bio FMIPA UA
8. Alzheimer and parkinson disease: mechanism and therapy
74. by: Putra Santoso-Bio FMIPA UA
8. Alzheimer and parkinson disease: mechanism and therapy
Treatment of parkinson:
• Levodopa (L-dopa) therapy (L-dopa is a dopamine precursor)
• Direct-acting dopamine receptor agonists
• Experimental brain surgery & stimulation:
– lesions of nuclei that inhibit basal ganglia
– remove inhibition of dying neurons, they may be more
active = motor control
– neural tissue implants (e.g., fetal dopamine cells)
– Deep brain stimulation : indwelling electrodes implanted
in some of the dying neurons. Patients can stimulate
electrodes , provides a brief pulse to these neurons,
which rapidly restores some control of motor activity
– Intracranial magnetic stimultaion, focused ultrasound
stimulation.