The document is a summary report from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) on education trends. It finds that demand for education remains strong despite economic uncertainty. Higher education provides substantial private and public returns, with tertiary graduates experiencing lower unemployment and higher lifetime earnings. However, access to education and skills training varies significantly across countries and populations. Overall educational attainment levels have risen but challenges remain in ensuring equitable, high-quality education for all.

1. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)Education at a Glance 2010Key results7September 2010

2. Education in times of economic uncertaintyIn the current economic environment…… Continued strong demand for education Poor labour markets and low opportunity costs for education… Substantial public and private gains from educationEarnings premium for tertiary education remains large- Public long-term gains from higher education are almost three times the size of the investments… High-level skills key to competitiveness… Comparative cost advantage across OECD countries varies with educational levels… Labour-market entry becomes more difficultParticularly for young lower educated individuals … Education a good insurance against unemployment and to stay employed especially in weak labour marketsEducational attainment likely to rise furtherContinuing education increasingly important .

3. Unabated educational expansion

4. Growth in baseline qualifications (2008)Approximated by percentage of persons with upper secondary or equivalent qualifications in the age groups 55-64, 45-55, 45-44 and 25-34 years%TA1.2a

5. Growth in university-level qualificationsApproximated by the percentage of the population that has attained tertiary-type A education in the age groups 25-34 years, 35-44 years, 45-54 years and 55-64 years (2008)%T A1.3a

6. Current and future stock of high qualification (2008)25OECD averageHigh attainment; Lower attainment; Catching upIncreasing advantageKorea2015FrancePolandJapanIrelandLuxembourgOECD averageHigher attainmentBelgium10NorwayChileSpainPortugalIncreasing advantageDenmarkSwedenSloveniaNew ZealandCanadaNetherlandsAustraliaHungaryItalyUnited Kingdom5GreeceSwitzerlandMexicoTurkeySlovak RepublicIcelandRussian FederationCzech RepublicFinlandAustriaEstoniaBrazilUnited States0GermanyIsraelLower attainment; High attainment; Getting behind furtherDecreasing advantage-50102030405060Proportion of the 25-64 year-old population with tertiary education

7. The increase in the number of number knowledge workers has not led to a decrease in their pay…which is what happened for low-skilled workers

8. Positive relation between education and employment Percentage of 25-64 year-olds in employment (2008) Chart A6.1

9. Relative earnings from employment for males By level of educational attainment and gender for 25-to-64-year-olds (upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education= 100) (2008 or latest available year)% of indexTA7.2a

10. Relative earnings from employment for femalesBy level of educational attainment and gender for 25-to-64-year-olds (upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education=100) (2008 or latest available year)% of indexChart A7.2b

11. Components of the private net present value for a male with higher educationNet present value in USD equ.

12. Components of the private net present value for a female with higher educationNet present value in USD equivalent

13. Public and private investment for a male obtaining higher educationPublic costsPrivatecostsTotal investmentprivate+public in USD equivalentUSD equivalent

14. Public and private investment for a female obtaining higher educationPublic costsPrivatecostsTotal investmentprivate+public in USD equivalentUSD equivalent

15. Percentage point change of relative earnings; 25-64 year-olds (1998 -2008 or latest available years)TA7.2a* Limited years; Other notes: Yellow within +/- 3%; Red > -3%; Green > +3%

16. Taxpayers are getting a good return too

17. Thousands USD625 559500PrivatePrivateTertiary educationUpper secondary education450PublicPublicUpper secondary educationTertiary education508 776526 118400487 733Total public and private return 440 543444 638350300416 776350 172351 693358 627335 525250297 050291 248204 820279 714200215 189262 035217 342181 500150131 993129 809100500Private and public returns for a male obtaining an upper secondary (ISCED 3/4), and obtaining a tertiary education, (ISCED 5/6); 3% real interest rateChart A8.1

18. Public cost and benefits for a male obtaining tertiary educationPublic costsNet present value, USD equivalentPublic benefitsChart A8.5USD

19. Public cost and benefits for a male obtaining upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary educationNet present value, USD equivalentPublic costsPublic benefitsChart A8.5USD

20. Incrementaldifferences in self-reported good health and political interest associated with an increase in the level of educational attainmentPolitical interestMovingfrombelowuppersecondary to uppersecondaryHealth Movingfromuppersecondary to tertiaryC A9.4 C A9.5

21. Proportion of adults reporting good health,by level of educational attainment (2008)%Chart A9.1

22. Women still earn lessbut the gap is smaller for better-educated women

23. Differences in full-time, full-year earnings between females and males (2008)by level of educational attainmentChart A7.1

24. Education and competitivenessUsing the skill potential

25. Most tertiary graduates also work in skilled occupationsProportion of 25-29 year-olds with tertiary degree working in semi-skilled or elementary occupationsChart C3.5

26. Education and occupational mismatches among 25-29-year-olds (2007) Proportion of 25-29 year-old workers not in education with a tertiary-level degree working in semi-skilled or elementary occupations (ISCO 4-9) to all 25-29 year-old workers not in education with a tertiary degree

27. Labour costs for different qualificationsDeviation from the OECD mean in annual labour costsIn USD for 25-64 year-old populationChart A10.2

28. Deviation from the OECD mean annual labour costs of tertiary-educated individuals, by age groupsUSD 64 000 for the 25-64 year-old populationand USD 50 000 for the 25-34 year-old populationChart A10.1

29. Skills supply and skills premium Labour cost ratio of tertiary educated individuals (5/6) to below upper secondary individuals (0/1/2) and attainment levels Chart A10.5

30. Foreign direct investment and annual labour costs for tertiary educated male 25-64 year-old populationForeign direct investment (FDI) net balance as a percentage of GDP (average 2003-08) and annual labour costs (USD) for tertiary educated male 25-64 year-old population

31. Education and competitivenessStudent mobility

32. An increasingly mobile student populationIn 2008, over 3.3 million tertiary students were enrolled outside their country of citizenshipNew players are emerging in an increasingly competitive market for international educationRussia expanded its market share by two percentage points over the past decade and Australia, Korea and New Zealand each by one percentage point Share of the U.S. dropped from 26% to 19%Germany, the U.K. and Belgium also lost groundLargest numbers of international students are from China and India

33. Student mobility in tertiary education (2008)Percentage of international students in tertiary enrolmentsChart C2.1

34. Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by country of destination (2008)Percentage of foreign tertiary students reported to the OECD who are enrolled in each country of destinationChart C2.2

35. Trends in international education market shares Percentage of all foreign tertiary students enrolled by destinationMarket share (%)

36. University-level graduation rate (first degree): Impact of international/foreign students (2008)%

37. Who pays for what, when and how?

38. Investment in educationOECD countries as a whole spend 6.2% of their GDP on educationExpenditure per school student increased on average by 43% between 1995 and 2007 Mixed pattern in tertiary educationCountries vary significantly in how they spend their money, different priorities on…… Salaries, learning time, teaching time, class sizeRoom for more effective cost-sharing between government and households Even if household expenditure rose much faster than public spending in tertiary education .

39. Total public expenditure on education,as a percentage of total public expenditure (2000, 2007)Chart B4.1

40. Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP, for all levels of education (1995, 2000, 2007)

41. Changes in student numbers and expenditure for tertiary educationIndex of change between 2000 and 2007 (2000=100, 2007 constant prices)Chart B1.7

42. Share of private expenditure on educational institutions (2007)percentage, by level of educationChart B3.1

43. USD500040003000200010005000Average annual tuition fees charged by tertiary-type A public institutions for full-time national students (academic year 2006-07)United States (65%, 27 010)Korea (61%, 10 115), United Kingdom1(55%, 15 463)Japan (46%, 15 822), Australia (86%, 15 944), Canada (m, 24 424) This chartdoes not takeintoaccountgrants, subsidies or loansthatpartially or fully offset the students’ tuitionfeesNew Zealand (76%, 10 666)Netherlands (60%, 15 969)Portugal (64%, m), Italy (53%, 8 678)Austria (42%, 15 174), Spain (41%, 12 940), Belgium (Fr. and Fl.) (m, m)Chart B5.1France (m, 13 467)Czech Republic (54%, 8 621), Denmark (57%, 16 646), Finland (71%, 13 566), Ireland (44%, 12 631), Iceland (73%, 9 309), Mexico (32%, 6 971), Norway (70%, 17 140), Sweden (73%, 19 013)1. Public institutions do not exist at this level of education and most students are enrolled in government-dependent private institutions.

44. Public subsidies for education in tertiary education (2007)Public subsidies for education to households and other private entities as a percentage of total public expenditure on education, by type of subsidyChart B5.2

45. Average tuition fees and proportion of students who benefit from public loans and/or scholarships/grants Tertiary-type A, public institutions, academic year 2006/07, national full-time studentsBubble size shows graduation ratesAveragetuitionfeescharged by public institutions in USDGroup 2:Potentially high financial barriers for entry to tertiary-type A education, but also large public subsidies to students.Group 3:Extensive and broadly uniform cost sharing across students, student support systems somewhat less developed. Group 4:Relatively low financial barriers to entry to tertiary education and relatively low subsidiesGroup 1:No (or low) financial barriers for tertiary studies due to tuition fees and still a high level of student aid. Chart B5.3% of students who benefit from public loans AND/OR sholarships/grants

46. Changes in student numbers and expenditurePrimary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary educationIndex of change between 2000 and 2007 (2000=100, 2007 constant prices)Index of change (2000=100)Chart B1.7

47. Cumulative expenditure on educational institutions per student over primary and secondary studies (2007) Annual expenditure on educational institutions per student multiplied by the theoretical duration of studies, in equivalent USD converted using PPPsOECD average (primary and secondary)Chart B1.4

48. Contribution of various factors to salary cost per primary student (US$) TB7.1

49. Distribution of current expenditure by educational institutionsfor primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education (2007)Chart B6.1

50. Total number of intended instruction hours in public institutions between the ages of 7 and 14 (2008) Students in OECD countries are expected to receive, on average, 6 777 hours of instruction between the ages of 7 and 14, of which 1 554 between ages 7 and 8, 2 467 between ages 9 and 11, and 2 755 between ages 12 and 14. The large majority of intended hours of instruction is compulsory.Chart D1.1Total number of intended instruction time in hours

51. Average class size in primary education (2000, 2008)Chart D2.1

52. Average class sizeNumber of students per classroomChart D2.2

53. Teachers’ salaries (minimum, after 15 years experience, and maximum) in lower secondary education (2008)Annual statutory teachers’ salaries in public institutions in lower secondary education, in equivalent USD converted using PPPsEquivalent USD converted using PPPsThe annual statutory salaries of lower secondary teachers with 15 years of experience range from less than USD 16 000 in Hungary and in the partner country Estonia to over USD 54 000 or more in Germany, Ireland, Korea and Switzerland and more than USD 98 000 in Luxembourg.Chart D3.2

54. Changes in teachers’ salaries in lower secondary education, by point in the salary scale (1996, 2008)Index of change between 1996 and 2008 (1996=100, 2008 price levels using GDP deflators)Indexof changeChart D3.3

55. Number of teaching hours per year, by level of education (2008) Net contact time in hours per year in public institutionsHours per yearChart D4.2

56. Number of teaching hours per year in lower secondary education (2008)Chart D4.1

57. Opportunities for parents to exercise voice at the school level within the public school sectorD6Green: Yes Yellow: No, although they might exist Red: No

58. Public & private schools’ role in providing compulsory educationLegally permitted to operate and provide compulsory educationYesNoNo for primaryYes for lower secondary Yes for primary No for lower secondary D5.2

59. Freedom for parents to choose a public lower secondary schoolYesNoTD5.1

60. Lifelong learning is becoming a reality……but not for allThose who need it most get the least of it

61. Participation of 25-64-year-olds in formal and/or non-formal education (2007)%ChartA5.1

62. Participation of 25-64-year-olds in formal and/or non-formal education (2007)

63. Mean hours per participant and participation in non-formal education, adult population (2007)Chart A5.5

64. Participation in formal and/or non-formal education by occupations (2007)T A5.4a

65. Participation rates in formal and/or non-formal education grouped by information seeking aspects (2007)TA5.4a

66. www.oecd.orgAll national and international publicationsThe complete micro-level databaseEmail: Andreas.Schleicher@OECD.org… and remember: Without data, you are just another person with an opinionThank you !

67. Upper secondary graduation rates (1995, 2008)Percentage of graduates to the population at the typical age of graduation (unduplicated count)%Chart A2.2

68. Upper secondary graduation rate (2008) Percentage, by age groupChart A2.1

69. Access to tertiary-type A education for upper secondary graduates (2008)%Chart A2.2

70. Entry rates into tertiary-type A educationChart A2.3

71. Entry rate into tertiary type A: Impact of international students (2008)%Chart A2.5

72. Tertiary-type A graduation rates in 2008 (first-time graduation) Percentage, by age groupChart A3.1

73. Enrolment rates of 20-29 year-olds (1995, 2000 and 2008)Full-time and part-time students in public and private institutionsOECD average for countries with 1995, 2000 and 2008 dataChart C1.1

74. Proportion of students who enter tertiary education without graduating from at least a first degree at this level (2008) Chart A4.1