The document discusses the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's role in managing the largest system of Marine Protected Areas on Earth. It oversees 4 Marine National Monuments across the Pacific Ocean encompassing 473 million acres and 12 National Wildlife Refuges. These remote areas support over 7,000 marine species and 28 million seabirds. Proper funding is needed to support the critical management and protection of these global resources for biodiversity conservation and climate change resilience. The National Wildlife Refuge Association is requesting $22 million in funding to support the Fish and Wildlife Service's stewardship of these national monuments.
The document provides background information on the Philippines being a center of marine biodiversity, with Palawan being its last biodiversity frontier. It then discusses Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, located in the Sulu Sea, describing its geographical location, formation from ancient volcanic islands, and history of traditional use by local fishermen that is now protected. The biodiversity and reef systems of the Philippines are protected by international treaties.
Representative Gregorio Kilili Camacho Sablan criticized the Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council (Wespac) for organizing a campaign to abolish marine monuments and for fighting every marine preservation effort. Sablan argued Wespac should not have veto power over fishing rules in monuments designed to preserve all marine species. He demanded an investigation of Wespac for improper lobbying. Wespac presented arguments that the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument's fishing restrictions negatively impact local fisheries and economies. Governors of Pacific islands and legislatures expressed support for reviewing and removing fishing provisions from monuments.
Apo Reef Natural Park is a 15,792-hectare protected area located off the coast of Occidental Mindoro in the Philippines. It contains diverse marine habitats and is home to over 385 fish species and 190 coral species. Some threatened species that live in the park include sea turtles, coconut crabs, and the Nicobar pigeon. The park has potential for ecotourism activities like scuba diving, snorkeling, and bird watching and sees over 1,000 visitors annually who come to experience its abundant marine life and coral reefs.
Apo Reef Natural Park is a protected marine area located off the coast of Occidental Mindoro, Philippines. It consists of three islands covering a total area of 27,469 hectares, including a 15,763 hectare marine area. The park supports diverse ecosystems like mangroves, beaches, and coral reefs which are home to over 385 fish species and threatened species like sea turtles and dolphins. Visitor numbers and revenues have been increasing in recent years, demonstrating the park's potential for ecotourism through activities such as scuba diving, snorkeling, and bird watching.
The document summarizes efforts to protect the Apo Reef Natural Park in the Philippines through law enforcement, monitoring, and community involvement. A task force was created in 2004 to apprehend violators of fishing laws. Since then, illegal fishing has decreased by 62% and 15 boats have been apprehended. The local government also supports alternative livelihoods and ecotourism to involve the community in conservation. Biodiversity monitoring shows high coral cover and fish biomass in the park.
The document discusses the biodiversity of the Gulf of Mannar region located between India and Sri Lanka. It notes that the Gulf of Mannar was declared a marine biosphere reserve in 1989 due to its rich biodiversity, which includes over 3,600 species of flora and fauna such as corals, fish, sea grasses, and mangroves. The region contains extensive coral reefs along with sea grass beds and mangrove forests that support populations of sea turtles, dolphins, and other marine life. Fishing is an important economic activity in the Gulf of Mannar.
The document provides background information on the Philippines being a center of marine biodiversity, with Palawan being its last biodiversity frontier. It then discusses Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, located in the Sulu Sea, describing its geographical location, formation from ancient volcanic islands, and history of traditional use by local fishermen that is now protected. The biodiversity and reef systems of the Philippines are protected by international treaties.
Representative Gregorio Kilili Camacho Sablan criticized the Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council (Wespac) for organizing a campaign to abolish marine monuments and for fighting every marine preservation effort. Sablan argued Wespac should not have veto power over fishing rules in monuments designed to preserve all marine species. He demanded an investigation of Wespac for improper lobbying. Wespac presented arguments that the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument's fishing restrictions negatively impact local fisheries and economies. Governors of Pacific islands and legislatures expressed support for reviewing and removing fishing provisions from monuments.
Apo Reef Natural Park is a 15,792-hectare protected area located off the coast of Occidental Mindoro in the Philippines. It contains diverse marine habitats and is home to over 385 fish species and 190 coral species. Some threatened species that live in the park include sea turtles, coconut crabs, and the Nicobar pigeon. The park has potential for ecotourism activities like scuba diving, snorkeling, and bird watching and sees over 1,000 visitors annually who come to experience its abundant marine life and coral reefs.
Apo Reef Natural Park is a protected marine area located off the coast of Occidental Mindoro, Philippines. It consists of three islands covering a total area of 27,469 hectares, including a 15,763 hectare marine area. The park supports diverse ecosystems like mangroves, beaches, and coral reefs which are home to over 385 fish species and threatened species like sea turtles and dolphins. Visitor numbers and revenues have been increasing in recent years, demonstrating the park's potential for ecotourism through activities such as scuba diving, snorkeling, and bird watching.
The document summarizes efforts to protect the Apo Reef Natural Park in the Philippines through law enforcement, monitoring, and community involvement. A task force was created in 2004 to apprehend violators of fishing laws. Since then, illegal fishing has decreased by 62% and 15 boats have been apprehended. The local government also supports alternative livelihoods and ecotourism to involve the community in conservation. Biodiversity monitoring shows high coral cover and fish biomass in the park.
The document discusses the biodiversity of the Gulf of Mannar region located between India and Sri Lanka. It notes that the Gulf of Mannar was declared a marine biosphere reserve in 1989 due to its rich biodiversity, which includes over 3,600 species of flora and fauna such as corals, fish, sea grasses, and mangroves. The region contains extensive coral reefs along with sea grass beds and mangrove forests that support populations of sea turtles, dolphins, and other marine life. Fishing is an important economic activity in the Gulf of Mannar.
A total of 93 species of macrobenthos belonging to 69 genera and 44 families were recorded from selected sites along the Karanja creek during present investigation (January 2004 to December 2005). The benthic fauna recorded, is highly diversified, heterogeneous in size and was represented by gastropods, crustaceans, pelecypods, polychaetes, echinoderms, coelenterates, cephalopods and poriferans in order of species abundance. Macro and micro algae of divisions chlorophyta, cyanophyta, rhodophyta, bracillariophyta and pheophyta, dominated the benthic flora of the creek.
Exclusive mangrove species recorded from the creek belongs to families Avicenniaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Rhizophoraceae. Among gastropods, Nerita oryzarum, Planaxis sulcatus, Bursa tuberculata were found abundantly whereas Murex adustus , Bursa elegans and Bursa lissostroma were recorded rarely. Among bivalves, Placenta placenta recorded from Karanja creek was with clean, luster white and large shells. Polychaetes like Perinereis cultrifera, Perinereis vancauria and Pseudonereis anamola were commonly reported. Presence of three species of sea
lilies (Antedon bifida, Antedon pitasus and Antedon rosacea) and one species of sea urchin (Echinus esculantus) is a unique diversity characteristic from Karanja creek
and no earlier reports are available for presence of such a number of echinoderm species in and around Mumbai coast. At present, Karanja creek supports rich diversity of molluscs, crustaceans and echinoderms, but in future, measures must be taken for protection and conservation of macrobenthos diversity.
Norway manages its fisheries and aquaculture through an extensive legislative, regulatory, research, and control framework. Key aspects include:
1) Laws passed by Parliament governing marine resources, fishery participation, and aquaculture.
2) The Ministry of Fisheries oversees policy and management with advice from research institutions and the Directorate of Fisheries.
3) The Directorate of Fisheries regulates fisheries through quotas, licenses, and controls compliance through inspections and sales organizations.
Marine Parks Malaysia summarizes:
1) Marine Parks Malaysia protects over 4,000 species of marine life within extensive coral reefs off Malaysia's coast through numerous marine parks.
2) Several marine parks are described in detail, including Labuan Marine Park, Pulau Tiga Park, Tunku Abdul Rahman Park, and Turtle Islands Park, each of which conserve unique coral reef and marine ecosystems.
3) Sipadan Island is renowned for its exceptionally large sea turtle populations and highly biodiverse marine life, making it one of the world's top dive locations.
Almost all natural bodies of water bear fish life, the exceptions being very hot thermal ponds and extremely salt-alkaline lakes such as the Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake. The fishes belong to the most numerous and diversified group among vertebrates. They dominate the water bodies of the world through a variety of morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations. They have been in existence for more than 450 million years. A total of 24618 species of fishes belonging to 482 families and 4258 genera have so far been described. About 58% of the fish species are marine while 41% are freshwater inhabitants and 1% migrants. In our Indian region alone, there are 2,500 species of which 930 are inhabitants of freshwater and the rest live in the seas. In other words, India harbours 11.5% of the fish fauna so far known in the world. There are over 800 living species of sharks and rays, 30 species of chimaeras and ratfishes, 6 species of lung fishes, 1 species of coelacanths, 36 species of long ray finned bichirs, sturgeons and paddlefishes. The Neopterygii are the rest of the known species of modem fishes. All these fishes inhabit various niches in the aquatic environment. The diversified habitats of fishes include open oceans, deep oceanic trenches, nearshore waters, saline coastal embayments, brackishwaters, estuaries, intermittent streams, tiny desert springs, vernal pools, cold mountain streams, lakes, ponds, etc.
The document discusses several issues relating to the Northern Mariana Islands Trench National Marine Monument:
1) The Governor of Guam wrote to the Secretary of the Interior requesting that the marine monument be removed from the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone to allow for fishing and resource extraction.
2) The CNMI Senate passed a resolution making a similar request and opposing the establishment of any national marine sanctuary.
3) The CNMI may have significant valuable mineral deposits in its waters, including gold and silver, but lacks knowledge about their full extent.
4) Studies have found evidence of microbes living over 6 miles below the seafloor near the Mariana Trench, offering clues about the
The Marine National Park in Gujarat, India was established in 1980 and covers an area of 162.89 square kilometers, including 42 islands. It is known for its beautiful coral reefs and diverse ecosystems like mangroves, mudflats, seagrass beds, and estuaries that support a rich variety of marine life and bird species. Some of the islands within the park, such as Pirotan, Karubhar, and Narara, have sandy beaches and are popular spots for viewing dolphins, sea turtles, and over 300 bird species. The best time to visit is between October and June when water clarity is high and migratory birds are present.
Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park is a beautiful place, located in the Ramanathpuram & Tuticorin districts of the state of Tamil Nadu. The park is the core area of the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. This is the first marine Biosphere Reserve in India. It was established in the year of 1980. Total area of the park is 6.23 Km 2.
The Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park is a protected area of India consisting of 21 small islands (islets) and adjacent coral reefs in the Gulf of Mannar in the Indian Ocean. It lies 1 to 10 km away from the east coast of Tamil Nadu, India for 160 km between Thoothukudi (Tuticorin) and Dhanushkodi.
The Gulf of Mannar (/ m ə ˈ n ɑːr / mə- NAR) is a large shallow bay forming part of the Laccadive Sea in the Indian Ocean. It lies between the west coast of Sri Lanka and the southeastern tip of India, in the Coromandel Coast region.
The Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park (GOM MNP) comprises of 21 islands surrounded by coral reef areas along with shallow water habitat of unique marine biodiversity. Sea horse, Sea Cow, Dolphins, sea cucumbers etc. are seen here.
9.267°N 77.433°E / 9.267; 77.433 Ramanathapuram District is an administrative district of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. The town of Ramanathapuram is the district headquarters. Ramanthapuram District has an area of 4123 km 2.
The document summarizes the ecosystem of Saint Martin Island located in Bangladesh. It describes the island's location in the Bay of Bengal and its key habitats including rocky areas, sand dunes and beaches, lagoons and wetlands, mangroves, and mudflats. It then discusses the island's flora including trees, palms, mangroves and shrubs. Finally, it outlines the main fauna found on the island such as echinoderms, corals, molluscs, crustaceans, fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The island contains a diverse ecosystem but development pressures are threatening some species and habitats. Coordinated conservation efforts are needed to protect the island's biodiversity
Benham rise – the rising star of philippine resources Fernando Penarroyo
The inclusion of the previously unexplored Benham Rise into Philippine waters has stirred public interest as to the resources potential of this jurisdictional region.
This document provides an overview of fisheries development in Nigeria with a focus on Cross River State. It discusses the potential for fisheries given Nigeria's water resources but also challenges like overfishing and a lack of regulation. Cross River State has marine, freshwater, and brackish water fisheries but production is low due to poor management, a lack of laws around exploitation, and losses during processing and preservation. The document recommends improving hatcheries, feed production, training, and passing legislation to boost sustainable fish production through both capture fisheries and aquaculture.
The Sethusamudram project aims to create a shipping canal linking the Gulf of Mannar to the Bay of Bengal by dredging the Palk Strait and dredging a portion of the Adam's Bridge. It would reduce travel time and costs for vessels. However, there are concerns about potential environmental impacts to the ecologically sensitive Gulf of Mannar region and livelihoods of local fishermen. Critics argue the environmental impact assessment was inadequate and did not properly address risks like increased turbidity, landslides, and impacts to biodiversity like coral reefs and sea grasses. There are also geopolitical concerns about impacts on Sri Lanka. Overall, the project raises questions about balancing economic development versus environmental protection.
The document discusses India's inland water resources including rivers, reservoirs, lakes, tanks, ponds, wetlands, lagoons and estuaries. It notes that rivers cover over 1.9 lakh km and reservoirs cover over 3.15 million hectares. Major river systems include the Ganga, Brahmaputra, Indus, and rivers along the east and west coasts. Inland fisheries production has increased from 0.75 million tonnes in 1950-51 to over 8 million tonnes in 2009-10. States like West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh are major producers.
This document provides information about Taman Negara National Park in Malaysia and Grand Canyon National Park in the United States. Taman Negara is Malaysia's oldest rainforest and largest national park, established in 1957 to conserve its rich ecosystem. Grand Canyon, located in Arizona, is a famous landscape that was designated a national park in 1919 to protect its geological features formed over millions of years. Both parks offer various outdoor activities and are important sites for environmental protection and tourism.
Policy options for arctic environment governance fisheries Dr Lendy Spires
This document discusses policy options for environmental governance of fisheries in the Arctic region. It notes that warming waters are likely to extend fish stock ranges into more northern areas. Currently, there are international mechanisms to manage some Arctic fisheries but not those north of the Bering Strait. The document analyzes gaps including lack of research on Arctic fish stocks and ecosystems. It recommends that countries exchange information, conduct cooperative research, apply existing international fisheries norms, and work bilaterally and regionally to manage shared stocks as fisheries potentially expand across the Arctic.
Human impacts on natural resources of lampi marine national parkAELC
1. General Description about Lampi Island MNP
2. Natural Resources
3. Biodiversity Values
4. Spiritual and Cultural Values
(Moken Sea Gypsies/Salone in Lampi Area)
5. Human settlement in Lampi Island MNP
6. Threats to the natural resources
7. Management Status
The document discusses India's fisheries management. It notes that India has vast inland and marine fisheries resources that provide food and employment. Management is undertaken by both central and state governments and includes regulations on gear, seasons and habitat protection. Five-Year Plans have aimed to increase production sustainably. Community-based and co-management initiatives also play a role in governance. Key challenges include sustainably utilizing resources and balancing conservation and livelihoods.
The Nicobar Islands are an archipelago located in the eastern Indian Ocean that forms part of the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. The islands have a rich biodiversity of both terrestrial and marine ecosystems and are home to many endemic plant and animal species. UNESCO has declared the Nicobar Islands a World Biosphere Reserve due to its unique and threatened biodiversity, which is at risk due to human activities like deforestation, mining, fishing, and development. The islands and surrounding waters are protected by various Indian laws and international agreements.
Los dispositivos de entrada permiten al usuario introducir datos, comandos y programas en la CPU. Estos incluyen teclados, escáneres, cámaras digitales y más. Los teclados convierten la información introducida en señales eléctricas almacenadas en la memoria central. Los escáneres digitalizan imágenes impresas convirtiéndolas a formatos como JPEG. Las cámaras digitales capturan fotos y videos en formato digital que pueden editarse y transmitirse a una computadora.
María José Castro presenta su proyecto de vida en la Universidad del Buen Vivir. Ella describe su autoconocimiento incluyendo el sentido de su vida, sus valores como la honestidad y la responsabilidad, y sus sueños de graduarse de la universidad y tener una buena carrera para apoyar a su familia. También presenta su árbol genealógico y autobiografía. Finalmente, expresa su misión de alcanzar sus sueños a pesar de las dificultades y ser una persona que ayuda a otros.
Este documento describe diferentes periféricos de salida de una computadora, incluyendo monitores, impresoras, altavoces, auriculares. Explica que los monitores permiten ver los resultados de cálculos y manipulaciones de datos, las impresoras imprimen la información en papel, y los altavoces y auriculares reproducen sonido procesado por la tarjeta de sonido.
A total of 93 species of macrobenthos belonging to 69 genera and 44 families were recorded from selected sites along the Karanja creek during present investigation (January 2004 to December 2005). The benthic fauna recorded, is highly diversified, heterogeneous in size and was represented by gastropods, crustaceans, pelecypods, polychaetes, echinoderms, coelenterates, cephalopods and poriferans in order of species abundance. Macro and micro algae of divisions chlorophyta, cyanophyta, rhodophyta, bracillariophyta and pheophyta, dominated the benthic flora of the creek.
Exclusive mangrove species recorded from the creek belongs to families Avicenniaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Rhizophoraceae. Among gastropods, Nerita oryzarum, Planaxis sulcatus, Bursa tuberculata were found abundantly whereas Murex adustus , Bursa elegans and Bursa lissostroma were recorded rarely. Among bivalves, Placenta placenta recorded from Karanja creek was with clean, luster white and large shells. Polychaetes like Perinereis cultrifera, Perinereis vancauria and Pseudonereis anamola were commonly reported. Presence of three species of sea
lilies (Antedon bifida, Antedon pitasus and Antedon rosacea) and one species of sea urchin (Echinus esculantus) is a unique diversity characteristic from Karanja creek
and no earlier reports are available for presence of such a number of echinoderm species in and around Mumbai coast. At present, Karanja creek supports rich diversity of molluscs, crustaceans and echinoderms, but in future, measures must be taken for protection and conservation of macrobenthos diversity.
Norway manages its fisheries and aquaculture through an extensive legislative, regulatory, research, and control framework. Key aspects include:
1) Laws passed by Parliament governing marine resources, fishery participation, and aquaculture.
2) The Ministry of Fisheries oversees policy and management with advice from research institutions and the Directorate of Fisheries.
3) The Directorate of Fisheries regulates fisheries through quotas, licenses, and controls compliance through inspections and sales organizations.
Marine Parks Malaysia summarizes:
1) Marine Parks Malaysia protects over 4,000 species of marine life within extensive coral reefs off Malaysia's coast through numerous marine parks.
2) Several marine parks are described in detail, including Labuan Marine Park, Pulau Tiga Park, Tunku Abdul Rahman Park, and Turtle Islands Park, each of which conserve unique coral reef and marine ecosystems.
3) Sipadan Island is renowned for its exceptionally large sea turtle populations and highly biodiverse marine life, making it one of the world's top dive locations.
Almost all natural bodies of water bear fish life, the exceptions being very hot thermal ponds and extremely salt-alkaline lakes such as the Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake. The fishes belong to the most numerous and diversified group among vertebrates. They dominate the water bodies of the world through a variety of morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations. They have been in existence for more than 450 million years. A total of 24618 species of fishes belonging to 482 families and 4258 genera have so far been described. About 58% of the fish species are marine while 41% are freshwater inhabitants and 1% migrants. In our Indian region alone, there are 2,500 species of which 930 are inhabitants of freshwater and the rest live in the seas. In other words, India harbours 11.5% of the fish fauna so far known in the world. There are over 800 living species of sharks and rays, 30 species of chimaeras and ratfishes, 6 species of lung fishes, 1 species of coelacanths, 36 species of long ray finned bichirs, sturgeons and paddlefishes. The Neopterygii are the rest of the known species of modem fishes. All these fishes inhabit various niches in the aquatic environment. The diversified habitats of fishes include open oceans, deep oceanic trenches, nearshore waters, saline coastal embayments, brackishwaters, estuaries, intermittent streams, tiny desert springs, vernal pools, cold mountain streams, lakes, ponds, etc.
The document discusses several issues relating to the Northern Mariana Islands Trench National Marine Monument:
1) The Governor of Guam wrote to the Secretary of the Interior requesting that the marine monument be removed from the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone to allow for fishing and resource extraction.
2) The CNMI Senate passed a resolution making a similar request and opposing the establishment of any national marine sanctuary.
3) The CNMI may have significant valuable mineral deposits in its waters, including gold and silver, but lacks knowledge about their full extent.
4) Studies have found evidence of microbes living over 6 miles below the seafloor near the Mariana Trench, offering clues about the
The Marine National Park in Gujarat, India was established in 1980 and covers an area of 162.89 square kilometers, including 42 islands. It is known for its beautiful coral reefs and diverse ecosystems like mangroves, mudflats, seagrass beds, and estuaries that support a rich variety of marine life and bird species. Some of the islands within the park, such as Pirotan, Karubhar, and Narara, have sandy beaches and are popular spots for viewing dolphins, sea turtles, and over 300 bird species. The best time to visit is between October and June when water clarity is high and migratory birds are present.
Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park is a beautiful place, located in the Ramanathpuram & Tuticorin districts of the state of Tamil Nadu. The park is the core area of the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. This is the first marine Biosphere Reserve in India. It was established in the year of 1980. Total area of the park is 6.23 Km 2.
The Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park is a protected area of India consisting of 21 small islands (islets) and adjacent coral reefs in the Gulf of Mannar in the Indian Ocean. It lies 1 to 10 km away from the east coast of Tamil Nadu, India for 160 km between Thoothukudi (Tuticorin) and Dhanushkodi.
The Gulf of Mannar (/ m ə ˈ n ɑːr / mə- NAR) is a large shallow bay forming part of the Laccadive Sea in the Indian Ocean. It lies between the west coast of Sri Lanka and the southeastern tip of India, in the Coromandel Coast region.
The Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park (GOM MNP) comprises of 21 islands surrounded by coral reef areas along with shallow water habitat of unique marine biodiversity. Sea horse, Sea Cow, Dolphins, sea cucumbers etc. are seen here.
9.267°N 77.433°E / 9.267; 77.433 Ramanathapuram District is an administrative district of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. The town of Ramanathapuram is the district headquarters. Ramanthapuram District has an area of 4123 km 2.
The document summarizes the ecosystem of Saint Martin Island located in Bangladesh. It describes the island's location in the Bay of Bengal and its key habitats including rocky areas, sand dunes and beaches, lagoons and wetlands, mangroves, and mudflats. It then discusses the island's flora including trees, palms, mangroves and shrubs. Finally, it outlines the main fauna found on the island such as echinoderms, corals, molluscs, crustaceans, fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The island contains a diverse ecosystem but development pressures are threatening some species and habitats. Coordinated conservation efforts are needed to protect the island's biodiversity
Benham rise – the rising star of philippine resources Fernando Penarroyo
The inclusion of the previously unexplored Benham Rise into Philippine waters has stirred public interest as to the resources potential of this jurisdictional region.
This document provides an overview of fisheries development in Nigeria with a focus on Cross River State. It discusses the potential for fisheries given Nigeria's water resources but also challenges like overfishing and a lack of regulation. Cross River State has marine, freshwater, and brackish water fisheries but production is low due to poor management, a lack of laws around exploitation, and losses during processing and preservation. The document recommends improving hatcheries, feed production, training, and passing legislation to boost sustainable fish production through both capture fisheries and aquaculture.
The Sethusamudram project aims to create a shipping canal linking the Gulf of Mannar to the Bay of Bengal by dredging the Palk Strait and dredging a portion of the Adam's Bridge. It would reduce travel time and costs for vessels. However, there are concerns about potential environmental impacts to the ecologically sensitive Gulf of Mannar region and livelihoods of local fishermen. Critics argue the environmental impact assessment was inadequate and did not properly address risks like increased turbidity, landslides, and impacts to biodiversity like coral reefs and sea grasses. There are also geopolitical concerns about impacts on Sri Lanka. Overall, the project raises questions about balancing economic development versus environmental protection.
The document discusses India's inland water resources including rivers, reservoirs, lakes, tanks, ponds, wetlands, lagoons and estuaries. It notes that rivers cover over 1.9 lakh km and reservoirs cover over 3.15 million hectares. Major river systems include the Ganga, Brahmaputra, Indus, and rivers along the east and west coasts. Inland fisheries production has increased from 0.75 million tonnes in 1950-51 to over 8 million tonnes in 2009-10. States like West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh are major producers.
This document provides information about Taman Negara National Park in Malaysia and Grand Canyon National Park in the United States. Taman Negara is Malaysia's oldest rainforest and largest national park, established in 1957 to conserve its rich ecosystem. Grand Canyon, located in Arizona, is a famous landscape that was designated a national park in 1919 to protect its geological features formed over millions of years. Both parks offer various outdoor activities and are important sites for environmental protection and tourism.
Policy options for arctic environment governance fisheries Dr Lendy Spires
This document discusses policy options for environmental governance of fisheries in the Arctic region. It notes that warming waters are likely to extend fish stock ranges into more northern areas. Currently, there are international mechanisms to manage some Arctic fisheries but not those north of the Bering Strait. The document analyzes gaps including lack of research on Arctic fish stocks and ecosystems. It recommends that countries exchange information, conduct cooperative research, apply existing international fisheries norms, and work bilaterally and regionally to manage shared stocks as fisheries potentially expand across the Arctic.
Human impacts on natural resources of lampi marine national parkAELC
1. General Description about Lampi Island MNP
2. Natural Resources
3. Biodiversity Values
4. Spiritual and Cultural Values
(Moken Sea Gypsies/Salone in Lampi Area)
5. Human settlement in Lampi Island MNP
6. Threats to the natural resources
7. Management Status
The document discusses India's fisheries management. It notes that India has vast inland and marine fisheries resources that provide food and employment. Management is undertaken by both central and state governments and includes regulations on gear, seasons and habitat protection. Five-Year Plans have aimed to increase production sustainably. Community-based and co-management initiatives also play a role in governance. Key challenges include sustainably utilizing resources and balancing conservation and livelihoods.
The Nicobar Islands are an archipelago located in the eastern Indian Ocean that forms part of the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. The islands have a rich biodiversity of both terrestrial and marine ecosystems and are home to many endemic plant and animal species. UNESCO has declared the Nicobar Islands a World Biosphere Reserve due to its unique and threatened biodiversity, which is at risk due to human activities like deforestation, mining, fishing, and development. The islands and surrounding waters are protected by various Indian laws and international agreements.
Los dispositivos de entrada permiten al usuario introducir datos, comandos y programas en la CPU. Estos incluyen teclados, escáneres, cámaras digitales y más. Los teclados convierten la información introducida en señales eléctricas almacenadas en la memoria central. Los escáneres digitalizan imágenes impresas convirtiéndolas a formatos como JPEG. Las cámaras digitales capturan fotos y videos en formato digital que pueden editarse y transmitirse a una computadora.
María José Castro presenta su proyecto de vida en la Universidad del Buen Vivir. Ella describe su autoconocimiento incluyendo el sentido de su vida, sus valores como la honestidad y la responsabilidad, y sus sueños de graduarse de la universidad y tener una buena carrera para apoyar a su familia. También presenta su árbol genealógico y autobiografía. Finalmente, expresa su misión de alcanzar sus sueños a pesar de las dificultades y ser una persona que ayuda a otros.
Este documento describe diferentes periféricos de salida de una computadora, incluyendo monitores, impresoras, altavoces, auriculares. Explica que los monitores permiten ver los resultados de cálculos y manipulaciones de datos, las impresoras imprimen la información en papel, y los altavoces y auriculares reproducen sonido procesado por la tarjeta de sonido.
Kehoe Designs is a full-service event design and décor company that has been creating captivating experiences for over 20 years. They transform spaces, elevate brands, and design one-of-a-kind weddings. Their goal is to stimulate reactions and emotions through their work in floral design, furniture, graphics, technical production, and more. They have worked on high-profile events like the NFL Draft, Lollapalooza, and presidential elections.
El documento describe diferentes características de los periféricos de almacenamiento y comunicación, incluyendo la duración, densidad, reutilización y transportabilidad de los soportes de almacenamiento, así como dispositivos de almacenamiento como discos duros, USB, CDs y disquetes. También cubre periféricos de comunicación como enrutadores, dispositivos inalámbricos, modems y puertos paralelos.
El hardware se refiere a los componentes físicos de una computadora, incluyendo partes internas como la motherboard, CPU, RAM, tarjetas de video y sonido, unidades de almacenamiento y fuente de poder, así como partes externas como el monitor, teclado, mouse y parlantes. Las partes internas básicas incluyen la motherboard, procesador, CPU, BIOS, RAM y fuente de poder, mientras que las partes complementarias realizan funciones específicas.
This document recommends businesses post advertising visuals to their customers, link their WiFi to automated emails that are sent two days after a visit to get more reviews, and increase online exposure and visibility through positive reviews from previous visitors to reach more potential new clients.
Dropbox es un servicio de almacenamiento en la nube creado por Drew Houston en 2007 que permite a los usuarios almacenar, sincronizar y compartir archivos entre dispositivos. Google Drive, lanzado en 2012, es un servicio similar ofrecido por Google que reemplazó a Google Docs. OneDrive, originalmente llamado SkyDrive, es el servicio de Microsoft que evolucionó de Windows Live Folders en 2007.
Dr. Indresh Kumar Misra is currently an Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Journalism and Mass Communication at Pratap University in Jaipur, India. He has over 11 years of experience in teaching at various universities and institutions in India and has also worked in media and advertising. As Head of Department, his responsibilities include contributing to the development and implementation of the department's strategic plans, managing staff and resources, overseeing academic programs, and maintaining quality standards. He is also involved in various other administrative roles at Pratap University related to student discipline, placements, and examinations.
Los periféricos mixtos pueden cumplir funciones tanto de entrada como de salida, como discos duros, disquetes, unidades de cinta magnética, lecto-grabadoras de CD/DVD, discos Zip, memoria flash, tarjetas de red, módems y pantallas táctiles. Un módem sirve para enviar una señal moduladora mediante una señal portadora, una pantalla táctil permite la entrada de datos y órdenes mediante el tacto, mientras que una tarjeta de red permite la comunicación y
The document analyzes 60 communications issued by 11 UN Special Rapporteurs to Bahrain between 2011-2016. The communications detail the Bahraini government's systematic efforts to discriminate against its Shia population, suppress opposition, and violate rights to expression, assembly, and association. The communications express concern over issues like torture, due process violations, suppression of demonstrations, persecution of human rights and political activists, and restrictions on freedom of expression and association through imprisonment of activists. The communications demonstrate the UN's significant concern regarding a variety of ongoing human rights issues in Bahrain.
Ilios Power is a solar solutions provider that is part of the larger Ilios group which has interests in diverse industries including infrastructure, hospitality, manufacturing, mining and renewable energy. Ilios Power specializes in providing end-to-end services for utility-scale, rooftop, and captive solar power projects including advisory, design, engineering, procurement, construction, and operations & maintenance. It has executed over 30 MW of grid-connected solar power plants and has over 1 MW of rooftop solar experience.
El documento presenta el proyecto de vida de Kevin Adrián Guerrero Guevara. Describe su sentido de vida como superarse a sí mismo y ayudar a otros, y su objetivo en el mundo como aprender y compartir información entre generaciones. También detalla sus principios como la sinceridad y el cuidado del medio ambiente, así como sus intereses desde temprana edad en la tecnología y cómo eventos familiares han influido en quién es ahora.
El mantenimiento preventivo implica la revisión y reparación periódica de equipos y maquinaria para garantizar su buen funcionamiento y fiabilidad a lo largo del tiempo. Esto permite extender la vida útil de los equipos en 25% y reducir los costos de mantenimiento en 30%, además de prevenir la suspensión de actividades laborales por fallas imprevistas. Existen diferentes tipos de mantenimiento preventivo como el programado por tiempo de uso, el predictivo basado en un seguimiento, y el de oportunidad que se realiza en periodos de no
The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands are a remote chain of small islands and atolls northwest of the main Hawaiian Islands. The region was designated as a national monument in 2006 to protect its unique ecology. It contains the largest protected marine area in the US and hosts many endemic and endangered species. Key facts about the islands include their volcanic formation over millions of years, cultural significance to native Hawaiians, and pristine coral reefs that are home to thousands of species, a quarter of which are found nowhere else.
“We suggest that in the next decades fisheries management will have to emphasize the rebuilding of fish populations embedded within functional food webs, within large 'no-take' marine protected areas.” – Dr. Daniel Pauly, et al. in "Science" 1998
"Any tendency to over-fishing will meet with its natural check in the diminution of the supply ... this check will always come into operation long before anything like permanent exhaustion has occurred." – Dr. Thomas Huxley, Privy Council of the United Kingdom, President of the Royal Society of London, The Linnean Society of London, 1883 address to the International Fisheries Exhibition in London
Environmental value systems: Lake Victoria vs Gulf of CaliforniaRoberto Alviso
This document compares the environmental value systems of Lake Victoria and the Gulf of California. It discusses their political, social, economic, environmental, cultural, and conservation relevance. For both ecosystems, conservation efforts are important due to their high biodiversity and impacts on surrounding human communities. The document expresses the view that conservation of both Lake Victoria and the Gulf of California should continue given their significance.
The document discusses Palau's commitment to the Micronesia Challenge to conserve 30% of near-shore marine areas and 20% of terrestrial areas by 2020. It summarizes Palau's biological significance as having highly diverse coral, fish, forests, and some unique species. It also outlines Palau's Protected Areas Network framework to implement the Micronesia Challenge through community partnerships and legal protections.
10 Natural Wonders of the World (PowerPoint)Yaryalitsa
Ten (10) Natural Wonders of the World depicted.
PowerPoint - animated and linking embedded.
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A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals. Coral reefs are important for many different reasons aside from supposedly containing the most diverse ecosystems on the planet. They:
• protect coastlines from the damaging effects of wave action and tropical storms
• provide habitats and shelter for many marine organisms
• are the source of nitrogen and other essential nutrients for marine food chains
• assist in carbon and nitrogen fixing
• nutrient recycling.
We've all got to come together, and we've got to protect what's left of our ancient forests on this planet. ~ Stella McCartney
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Marine protected areas (MPAs) are areas of the marine environment that are protected by law from certain human impacts to conserve natural and cultural resources. While often thought of as completely closed off to humans, many allow some human uses. MPAs help protect ecosystems and habitats from overfishing and other threats, maintaining biodiversity and ensuring resources are available for future generations. Studies show MPAs can help replenish fish populations in surrounding areas. The Marine Protected Areas Fund supports coordination and stewardship among members of the National System of Marine Protected Areas. There are over 1,500 MPAs established across the U.S., with the majority allowing some access and uses while providing permanent protection.
The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) is responsible for managing over 55 million acres of land held in trust for Native Americans and Alaska Natives. The BIA also provides education services to around 48,000 Native American students. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) manages over 264 million acres of public lands, primarily in western states, and oversees mineral rights on hundreds of millions more acres. The Bureau of Reclamation is the largest wholesale water supplier in the US, delivering over 10 trillion gallons annually to over 31 million people through 457 dams and 348 reservoirs. The National Park Service preserves and protects over 84 million acres of national parks, monuments, seashores and other protected lands.
The Darwin Initiative Project 19-020 studied declines in fish catches across five marine Key Biodiversity Areas in the Philippines since the 1950s. Fishers reported that 59 fish species have disappeared from catches, and underwater surveys found many were no longer present. Catches of vulnerable species declined by as much as 80%, impacting fishers' livelihoods. The most severe decreases were among the largest coral reef fish, including the bumphead parrotfish (decline of 88%), giant grouper (74%), and humphead wrasse (82%). These species are also long-living and at risk of local extinction. Their declines disrupt the ecological balance and functions of coral reefs. Conservation efforts are needed to protect
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1) China's nine-dashed line claim is invalid under UNCLOS. Maritime zones must be claimed from land features, not lines.
2) None of the Spratly features are capable of generating 200nm EEZs. They are entitled to 12nm territorial seas only.
3) Scarborough Shoal is a high-tide feature entitled to a 12nm territorial sea but not a 200nm EEZ.
4) China violated environmental obligations by land reclamation and failed fisheries enforcement.
5
The document discusses different types of public lands in the US managed for various purposes. It describes national parks, forests, wildlife refuges, wilderness areas, and wild and scenic rivers. These lands make up 35% of the US and are managed by several federal agencies for goals like conservation, recreation, resource use, and preserving ecosystems and biodiversity. Restrictions on uses vary between types of lands from multiple uses in forests to limited activities in national parks and wilderness areas.
The Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef system in the world, located off the coast of Queensland, Australia. It contains over 3,000 individual reef systems and islands and is home to a great diversity of marine life. In 1981, the Great Barrier Reef was included on the UNESCO World Heritage List due to its significant ecological value and natural beauty. It remains an important tourist destination, generating billions of dollars each year for the Australian economy.
This document discusses efforts to preserve aquatic ecosystems around the world. It provides examples of marine sanctuaries and international agreements aimed at protecting coral reefs from threats like pollution and overfishing. Private organizations and universities are also playing roles in monitoring and conserving delicate aquatic habitats. The document then discusses specific examples of restoration efforts for wetlands and rivers, including the Everglades and Danube Delta.
The document discusses the New7Wonders of Nature initiative from 2007-2011, which aimed to create a list of seven natural wonders chosen by a global poll. It provides details on the voting process and stages of the campaign, and lists the 28 finalists that were narrowed down from over 440 initial nominees representing 220 countries. The provisional winners of the New7Wonders of Nature were announced in November 2011.
The Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge is located in southwest Alaska and covers 19 million acres of pristine wetlands and habitat. It provides critical habitat for over 44 fish species, hundreds of bird species, and dozens of mammal species, including large populations of migratory birds, salmon, muskox, and marine mammals. The refuge features Nunivak Island, home to a herd of muskox that were used to repopulate other parts of Alaska. Extensive wetlands created by the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers support many species through the region's variable climate conditions. The refuge faces challenges from historic gold mining activities that continue to impact wildlife through mercury pollution and other issues.
The document requests that President Obama designate Keālia Pond National Wildlife Refuge as a national monument using his authority under the Antiquities Act. It notes that expanding the boundaries would preserve an important ecosystem and habitat for many endangered species on Maui. Designating it as a national monument would facilitate protection and restoration efforts, similar to how other national monuments in Hawaii have been established and managed.
PacIOOS collects and provides ocean observation data from across the Pacific Islands region to support safety, livelihoods, and resource management. This data includes real-time and historical measurements of surface currents around Hawaii to aid navigation and search and rescue efforts. PacIOOS is also tracking tiger sharks off Maui and Oahu using satellite tags to study their movements and habitats, and providing 6-day wave run-up forecasts for atolls in the Marshall Islands to anticipate potential coastal flooding.
1. Paradise Found
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Leads in Stewardship
of the Largest Protected Area on the Planet
2. Why Marine National Monuments Matter
W
ith the expansion of Marine National Monu-
ments in the Pacific by the George W. Bush and
Barack Obama Administrations, the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service now manages the largest system of
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) on the planet. This respon-
sibility, taken on in partnership with the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the State of
Hawai'i, and many other partners, continues a tradition of
marine and terrestrial management by the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service that dates back to 1869, when the Congress
under President Ulysses S. Grant designated the Pribilof
Islands as the first federal wildlife reserve, set aside for the
protection of Northern Fur Seal.
Today, 4 Marine National Monuments that encompass 12
National Wildlife Refuges stretch across 473 million acres of
intricately interdependent lands and waters throughout the
Pacific Ocean. These vast pelagic and terrestrial systems sup-
port more than 28 million seabirds, from Laysan Albatross
to White Terns, that in turn depend on powerful predatory
fish, from Giant Trevally to cetaceans like Melon-headed
Whales, to push up prey fish and squid from the deep Pacific
and serve them to skimming and diving birds—it is symbi-
osis on a grand scale. Cool, nutrient-dense Pacific currents
driven upward by undersea mountains higher than the Rocky
Mountains not only provide relief to warming and bleaching
coral reefs (thus enhancing their resilience to climate change),
but also create the foundation of complex food webs that sup-
port more than 7,000 marine species, from tiny phytoplank-
ton to huge Humpback Whales. The remote Pacific Ocean
may seem like “just a lot of water out there,” but it is one of
the most productive, rich, and resilient natural systems on
the planet.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is the only agency with
the statutory authority to effectively safeguard the trust
resources of the Marine National Monuments. To prop-
erly steward these globally precious resources not just for
the American public but for the world, the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service must have research, management, transpor-
tation, and law enforcement capabilities that allow them to
meet the obligations with which the agency and its employ-
ees have been entrusted.
The National Wildlife Refuge Association requests appro-
priations of $22 million in operations funding to support
critical management and protection needs for the Pacific
Marine National Monuments. This increase in funding
will be leveraged by funding through NOAA, the State of
Hawai'i, and private organizations. This request is the min-
imum needed to meet the agency’s most basic obligations.
The mission of the National Wildlife Refuge Association is to
conserve America’s wildlife heritage for future generations through
strategic programs that protect, enhance, and expand the National
Wildlife Refuge System and the landscapes beyond its boundaries.
Left: A Hawaiian Green SeaTurtle swims in the waters of Palmyra Atoll NationalWildlife Refuge, part of the Pacific Remote Islands MNM. Center: With over
180 species of corals and 270 inshore fishes, the Pacific Remote Islands MNM contains some of the most pristine coral reef atoll ecosystems in the world.
Right: A Black-footed Albatross broods its chick at Midway Atoll NWR within the Papahānaumokuākea MNM; this species breeds almost exclusively within the
Papahānaumokuākea MNM.
Executive Summary
KYDD POLLOCK | USFWS ENRIC SALA WIETEKE HOLTHUIJZEN | USFWS
2
3. Paradise Found—U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Leads in Stewardship of the Largest Protected Area on the Planet
3
Papahānaumokuākea Marine
National Monument
Established in 2006 by President George W. Bush:
89,470,187 acres
Administered jointly by the Secretary of the Interior through USFWS,
the Secretary of Commerce through NOAA, and the Department of
Land and Natural Resources through the State of Hawai‘i.
National Wildlife Refuges (NWRs) encompassed within this Marine
National Monument:
■ Hawaiian Islands NWR (Nihoa Island, Mokumanamana-Necker
Island, French Frigate Shoals, Gardner Pinnacles, Maro Reef,
Laysan Island, Lisianski Island, and Pearl and Hermes Atoll)
(established 1909)
■ Midway Atoll NWR / Battle of Midway National Memorial (over-
lay refuge in 1988; established 1996)
Marianas Trench Marine
National Monument
Established in 2009 by President George W. Bush:
61,077,668 acres
Management responsibilities assigned to the Secretary of the Inte-
rior and delegated to USFWS, in consultation with the Secretary
of Commerce through NOAA; NOAA has primary management of
fishery-related activities in consultation with USFWS. Both agencies
manage in consultation with the Secretary of Defense.
National Wildlife Refuges encompassed within this Marine National
Monument:
■ Mariana Arc of Fire NWR (established 2009)
■ Mariana Trench NWR (established 2009)
Marine National Monuments of the Pacific Ocean
Managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
4. Paradise Found—U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Leads in Stewardship of the Largest Protected Area on the Planet
4
Pacific Remote Islands Marine
National Monument
Established in 2009 by President George W. Bush:
52,575,873 acres
Expanded in 2014 by President Barack Obama:
313,941,852 acres
Management responsibilities assigned to the Secretary of the Inte-
rior and delegated to USFWS, in consultation with the Secretary
of Commerce through NOAA; NOAA has primary management of
fishery-related activities in consultation with USFWS. Secretary of
Defense continues to manage Wake Atoll NWR.
National Wildlife Refuges encompassed within this Marine National
Monument:
■ Baker Island NWR (established 1936, moved to NWRS in 1974)
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: 0-50 nautical miles (nm) off-
shore, 0-12 nm defined as NWR
• NOAA: 12 nm refuge boundary-50 nm monument bound-
ary, only for fishery-related activities
■ Howland Island NWR (established 1936, moved to NWRS in
1974)
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: 0-50 nm offshore, 0-12 nm
defined as NWR
• NOAA: 12 nm refuge boundary-50 nm monument bound-
ary, only for fishery-related activities
■ Jarvis Island NWR (established 1936, moved to NWRS in 1974)
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: 0-200 nm offshore, 0-12nm
defined as NWR
• NOAA: 12 nm refuge boundary-200 nm monument bound-
ary, only for fishery-related activities
■ Johnston Atoll NWR (established 1926)
• U.S. Air Force: terrestrial lands (portions of the emergent
lands at Johnston Atoll that are currently under the admin-
istrative jurisdiction of the Department of the Air Force
will continue to be managed by the Air Force until such
administrative jurisdiction is terminated, at which time
those emergent lands shall be administered as part of the
expanded NWR)
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: 0-200 nm offshore, 0-12nm
defined as NWR
• NOAA: 12 nm refuge boundary-200 nm monument bound-
ary, only for fishery-related activities
■ Kingman Reef NWR (established 2001)
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: 0-50 nm offshore, 0-12nm
defined as NWR
• NOAA: 12 nm refuge boundary-50 nm monument bound-
ary, only for fishery-related activities
■ Palmyra Atoll NWR (established 2001)
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: 0-50 nm offshore, 0-12nm
defined as NWR
• NOAA: 12 nm refuge boundary-50 nm monument bound-
ary, only for fishery-related activities
■ Wake Atoll NWR (established 2009)
• U.S. Air Force: terrestrial lands
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: 0-200 nm offshore, 0-12nm
defined as NWR (USFWS will not commence management
of the emergent lands at Wake Island, and the Department
of the Air Force shall continue to manage such emergent
lands, according to the terms and conditions of the Agree-
ment between the Secretary of the Air Force and the Sec-
retary of the Interior, unless and until such agreement is
terminated)
• NOAA: 12 nm refuge boundary-200 nm monument bound-
ary, only for fishery-related activities
Rose Atoll Marine National Monument
Established in 2009 by President George W. Bush:
8,609,045 acres
Management responsibilities assigned to the Secretary of the Inte-
rior and delegated to USFWS, in consultation with the Secretary of
Commerce through NOAA; NOAA has primary management of fish-
ery-related activities in consultation with USFWS. Rose Atoll NWR is
co-serviced with the American Samoan Government.
National Wildlife Refuge encompassed within this Marine National
Monument:
■ Rose Atoll NWR (established 1973)
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: 0-50 nm offshore, NWR extent
defined as “the exterior boundary of this refuge is the
extreme low waterline outside the perimeter reef except
at the entrance channel where the boundary is a line
extended between the extreme low waterlines on each
side of the entrance channel.”
• NOAA: area beyond such mean low waterline only for fish-
ery-related activities
Sharks, trevallies, and
other predatory fish
species are common on
most reefs throughout
the Papahānaumokuākea
MNM, one of the few marine
ecosystems remaining on
the planet still dominated by
apex predators.
JAMES WATT
5. Paradise Found—U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Leads in Stewardship of the Largest Protected Area on the Planet
A Paradise in Peril?
Bottom: Coral reef systems in Pacific Remote Islands MNM are among the
healthiest in the world. Partly due to their unique geography, the islands of
this Marine National Monument (Jarvis, Baker, and Howland Island NWRs)
receive cool, nutrient-rich waters pushed up by the equatorial undercurrent,
which increases marine productivity and benefits many species of marine
life. Below: Receiving upwards of 175 inches of rain per year, Palmyra Atoll
NWR exhibits ecological characteristics unique to wet atolls and supports
one of the largest stands of the native yet at-risk Grand Devil’s-Claws (often
called“Pisonia”) trees in the Pacific Ocean.
Spanning over 473 million acres of land and water in the
Pacific Ocean, from the Hawaiian Archipelago to the Mari-
anas Trench to Rose Atoll south of the Equator, four Marine
National Monuments (MNM) that encompass 12 National
Wildlife Refuges (NWR) form the largest system of Marine
Protected Areas (MPA) on the planet. This extensive system
encompasses more than 200 undersea mountains, atolls,
islands, coral reefs, and deep sea canyons, which together
provide habitat for more than 7,000 marine species—includ-
ing 23 seabird species, 30 marine mammal species, 200 coral
species, 25 threatened and endangered species, and a world
of microorganisms in the deep sea that are as yet unknown
to science.
Set aside by a series of Presidents from Theodore Roosevelt
to George W. Bush and Barack Obama, the Pacific Marine
National Monuments form a true refuge for sustaining intri-
cate ocean systems and wildlife, as well as cultural and historic
landmarks. Once plundered for bird feathers and eggs, mined
JIM MARAGOS | USFWS
ANDREW WRIGHT
5
6. Paradise Found—U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Leads in Stewardship of the Largest Protected Area on the Planet
for precious guano, overfished, and used as strategic strong-
holds during World War II, these diverse pelagic terrains,
islands, atolls and reefs now represent one of the last frontiers
for wildlife in the world. Despite their isolation, conserva-
tion and management of these areas is crucial to ensuring the
long-term stability of the Pacific Ocean’s complex ecosystems
for generations to come. Such protection ensures opportuni-
ties for scientific discovery and inquiry and builds resiliency
against perhaps the largest challenge facing humanity: climate
change. In fact, the Pacific Ocean plays a major role in resil-
iency and has been directly linked to slowing global surface
warming over the past 15 years.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) is the only agency
with the statutory authority to effectively safeguard the trust
resources of the Marine National Monuments. Entrusted
with this responsibility through the Antiquities Act of 1906,
the Department of the Interior and its U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service has the honor and immense responsibility for manag-
ing the world’s largest system of Marine Protected Areas. This
responsibility is shared through many partnerships, includ-
ing the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) as well as state, non-profit, and private partners;
however, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ultimately serves
as the primary manager.
Unless Congress adequately funds and supports the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service with new funding for the Pacific
Marine National Monuments, these rainforests of the sea will
be exposed to a myriad of international threats, ranging from
damaging effects of marine pollution to illegal overfishing. In
order to support critical management and protection needs,
Congress must act quickly to fund the Service with at least
$22 million for the Pacific Marine National Monuments.
This funding will support management of the Pacific’s incred-
ible natural resources, as well as preserving and recognizing
our nation’s military history throughout the Pacific—giving
a proper tribute to the bravery and sacrifice of World War
II heroes—and celebrating ancient Hawaiian, Polynesian,
Samoan, and Chamorro heritage and cultural resources. This
way, the Service can share these “pearls of the Pacific” with the
American public and world at large, and foster unique learn-
ing and engagement opportunities, ranging from hands-on
education to world-class eco-tourism.
The ChampagneVent at the Northwest EifukuVolcano deep within the Marianas
Trench MNM produces almost pure liquid carbon dioxide—one of only two
known sites in the world.The MarianasTrench MNM also features the largest and
deepest canyon in the world, measuring more than 7 miles in depth and over
1,580 miles in length (five times the size of the Grand Canyon).
USFWS
6
7. Paradise Found—U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Leads in Stewardship of the Largest Protected Area on the Planet
7
It’s a Lot More Than Just Water
JAMES WATT
WIETEKE HOLTHUIJZEN | USFWS
KYDD POLLOCK | USFWS
Unparalleled Abundance and
Biodiversity, Above and Below
It is said that still waters run deep. Indeed, life abounds beneath
the turquoise waters of the Pacific Ocean where highly com-
plex and productive ecosystems unfold. Composed of mil-
lions of plants, fish, and animals, these species depend upon
one another to survive underwater, in the skies above, and
on remote sandy atolls and islands. Coral reefs, some more
than 5,000 years old, surround atolls, islands, and shallow
islets, and support hundreds of species of invertebrates, fish,
and marine mammals. On the land above, long-lived pelagic
seabirds like Laysan Albatross and Black-footed Albatross fly
thousands of miles across the Pacific to collect nutrient-dense
food for their chicks during the breeding season. Seabirds and
thousands of other species depend on unique environmental
Top: Millions of seabirds representing 19 different species, such as Great
Frigatebirds, Red-footed Boobies, Brown Noddies, and SootyTerns,
depend on the highly productive waters of Pacific Remote Islands MNM for
breeding and foraging year-round. Center: Hawaiian Squirrelfish at French
Frigate Shoals. Papahānaumokuākea MNM supports 1,750 marine species
found nowhere else on Earth. Left: Adult male Great Frigatebird displays
his red gular sac for a prospecting female at Midway Atoll NWR in the
Papahānaumokuākea MNM.
Our Natural Resources in the Pacific
8. Paradise Found—U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Leads in Stewardship of the Largest Protected Area on the Planet
8
conditions in the Pacific Ocean that create unusually dense
areas of food resources. Moreover, these resources support
one of the world’s few remaining apex predator-dominated
systems. The Pacific Marine National Monuments har-
bor the world’s highest densities of sharks, trevallies, and
other marine predators, all of which are critical to ensur-
ing healthy coral reefs, extraordinary biological diversity,
and high rates of productivity. Together, they serve as the
foundation for the rest of the food web—from tiny zoo-
plankton to Humpback Whales. Over 28 million seabirds
use the Marine National Monuments as premier migratory
and nesting grounds—testament to the importance of these
resources.
In addition to flourishing hotspots of biodiversity, the
Pacific Marine National Monuments also harbor remark-
able successes in conservation. Recovery of endangered and
threatened species is a long-term commitment and their
survival depends upon continued preservation of key hab-
itats. Laysan Ducks, Nihoa Millerbirds, Hawaiian Monk
Seals, Hawaiian Green SeaTurtles, and Humpback Whales,
are examples of rebounding species, many of which live and
breed exclusively within the protected boundaries of the
Pacific Marine National Monuments.
NOAA SUBMARINE RING OF FIRE 2004
AMANDA MEYER | USFWS
USFWS KYDD POLLOCK | USFWS
Right: GiantTrevally are powerful, predatory fish crucial to sustaining
food webs for numerous land and sea species. By hunting for smaller
fish and driving them toward the surface into“bait balls,”trevallies allow
for seabirds and other species to prey and forage upon the smaller fish.
Here, FWS employee Ray Born is encircled by over 150 trevallies in the
Papahānaumokuākea MNM at Midway Atoll NWR.
Marine Protected Area (MPA)
Defined in Executive Order 13158, MPAs are “any area of the
marine environment that has been reserved by federal, state,
territorial, tribal, or local laws or regulations to provide lasting
protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources
therein.”Marine environments include open ocean, coastal areas,
inter-tidal zones, estuaries, and the Great Lakes. MPAs vary widely
in purpose, legal authorities, agencies, management approaches,
level of protection, and restrictions on human uses.
Marine National Monument (MNM)
National Monuments are any historic landmark, historic and pre-
historic structure, or other object of historic or scientific interest
that is situated upon the lands owned or controlled by the fed-
eral government. Marine National Monuments are a type of MPA
designated by Presidential Proclamation via the Antiquities Act of
1906. National Monuments are usually managed by one of four
agencies: National Park Service (NPS), U.S. Forest Service (USFS),
USFWS, or Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Generally, MNMs
are managed by the Secretary of the Interior through USFWS, in
consultation with the Secretary of Commerce through NOAA.
National Wildlife Refuge (NWR)
National Wildlife Refuges are protected areas part of the National
Wildlife Refuge System (NWRS), a unique network of lands and
waters that protects and benefits wildlife and associated habitat
that is administered and managed through the U.S. Fish and Wild-
life Service under the Department of the Interior. In the Pacific
Ocean, NWRs are encompassed within Marine National Monu-
ments.
9. Paradise Found—U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Leads in Stewardship of the Largest Protected Area on the Planet
NOAA
Left to right: Even less explored than the Moon, the
depths of the MarianasTrench MNM reveal bizarre
biological wonders. Pictured are Galatheid Crabs and
shrimp grazing on bacterial filaments of mussel shells.
Over 90% of threatened Hawaiian Green SeaTurtles in
the Hawaiian archipelago nest only at French Frigate
Shoals in the Papahānaumokuākea MNM; continued
monitoring and habitat management is key to this
species’survival. Melon-headedWhales, like many
marine mammals, are highly migratory and depend on
vast, protected places like the Pacific Remote Islands
MNM. An endangered Hawaiian Monk Seal swims in the
Papahānaumokuākea MNM. It is estimated that 1,100-
1,200 seals remain in the wild.
9
10. Paradise Found—U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Leads in Stewardship of the Largest Protected Area on the Planet
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65 and Counting
TheWorld’s Oldest Breeding Bird
Wisdom, a Laysan Albatross, is the world’s oldest known
breeding bird in the wild and breeds exclusively on lands
protected by the US Fish andWildlife Service (at left in photo,
with her mate on the right). On November 19, 2015,Wisdom was
spotted with her mate in the world’s largest nesting albatross
colony—Midway Atoll NWR in the Papahānaumokuākea MNM—
home to nearly 70% of breeding Laysan Albatross and almost
40% of Black-footed Albatross. Now in her 8th consecutive year
of breeding at Midway,Wisdom is once again a mother and has
broken her own record! Deemed the oldest breeding bird in the
wild,Wisdom was banded back in 1956. If she had hatched in
that year, she would be 60 now. However, since she was already
breeding in 1956, she was estimated to be at least 5 years of age
then— making her at least 65 years old now! In fact,Wisdom
could be older, since Laysan Albatross (like many other seabirds)
delay sexual maturity until at least age 5 and may not breed
successfully until ages 8 to 10.
KIAH WALKER | USFWS
NOAA
11. Paradise Found—U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Leads in Stewardship of the Largest Protected Area on the Planet
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Shared Heritage: Learning From and
Remembering our Past
The Pacific Marine National Monuments contain significant historical, cul-
tural, and maritime heritage resources. Many of the Monuments were sites
of U.S. military bases and battles, including the Battle of Midway, as well as
historical shipwrecks and sunken aircraft. More than 100 vessels and aircraft
are known to have been lost within the Papahānaumokuākea MNM. Notable
shipwrecks include the American whaler, the Parker (lost in 1842 at Kure
Atoll), and the USS Saginaw (lost in 1870), which represents a slice of Civil
War history in the Pacific Ocean. Although the attack on Pearl Harbor is per-
haps the most well-known event from World War II in the Pacific Theater, the
war was pervasive throughout the Pacific ocean, since many isolated atolls and
islands served as strategic strongholds. In addition to sunken ships and air-
crafts from the Battle of Midway, remnants from World War II can be found
throughout the Marine National Monuments, ranging from restored officers’
Opposite page: Remaining wreckage of USSSaginaw
in the Papahānaumokuākea MNM at Kure Atoll—a
reminder of the widespread practice of whaling
throughout the Pacific Ocean during the nineteenth
century. Above: A 3-inch anti-aircraft gun on Midway
Atoll NWR and Battle of Midway National Memorial in
the Papahānaumokuākea MNM is a reminder of the
strategic significance of this atoll duringWorldWar II.
DANIEL CLARK | USFWS
12. Paradise Found—U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Leads in Stewardship of the Largest Protected Area on the Planet
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quarters and buildings by architect Albert Kahn on Midway Atoll NWR, to
aircraft wreckage on Howland Island NWR. Other National Wildlife Ref-
uges, such as Baker Island NWR, Palmyra Atoll NWR, and Johnston Atoll
NWR, served a variety of wartime needs as staging bases for fighter planes and
bombers and extensive naval defense areas.
In addition to military history, Polynesian and Micronesian heritage perme-
ates the Marine National Monuments with numerous traditional cultural sites
and archaeological features. Ceremonial sites on Nihoa and Mokumanamana
(Necker Island) in the Hawaiian Islands NWR are believed to contain the
highest concentration of heiau (shrines) in the Hawaiian archipelago and are
among the most deeply valued facets of Hawaiian culture. Given the Marine
National Monuments’ treasured natural, cultural, and historical diversity, it
is of utmost importance to preserve the region with effective monitoring,
enforcement, and management.
Top left: On July 2, 1937, Amelia Earhart was expected
to arrive for a refueling stop at tiny Howland Island
NWR in the Pacific Remote Islands MNM. Although
her radio broadcasts were heard on Howland Island,
her plane never arrived. Earhart Light, pictured here
circa 1939, remains intact on Howland Island NWR
as a reminder of her courage and pioneering spirit.
Top right: A typical war-time setting at Midway Atoll
NWR in 1943: this Laysan Albatross“tended her egg
despite the sound and fury”among 1,000-pound
demolition bombs. Bottom: Mokumanamana in the
Papahānaumokuākea MNM is known for its numerous
wahipana (religious places) and meamakamae
(cultural objects).The shrines, which follow the spine
of the island, may have been used for navigational
purposes during the great trans-Pacific voyages of the
early Hawaiians and Polynesians.
U.S. COAST GUARD NATIONAL ARCHIVES
ANDY COLLINS | NOAA
13. Paradise Found—U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Leads in Stewardship of the Largest Protected Area on the Planet
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Top:The name of Rose Atoll MNM comes from the pink
hue of the fringing reef, caused by the dominance of
crustose coralline algae, a type of seaweed important to
reef-building species at shallow depths. Above: Scenic
view of the lagoon from Strawn Island of Palmyra Atoll
NWR/Pacific Remote Islands MNM.
Marine Conservation: An American
Tradition, A Lasting Legacy
Bi-partisan support has been a common thread in con-
serving our nation’s unique ecosystems and biodiversity
throughout American history. The need to protect both
marine and terrestrial ecosystems together began with the
designation Alaska’s Pribilof Islands by Congress as a federal
reserve for the Northern Fur Seal in 1869. Protection of
marine resources continued throughout the development
of the National Wildlife Refuge System (Refuge System)
when visionary President Theodore Roosevelt created Pel-
ican Island National Wildlife Refuge in 1903, followed by
refuges that included the Hawaiian Islands National Wild-
life Refuge in 1909, thus recognizing the inextricable link
between marine systems, coastal wetlands, and watersheds
as well as mountains, prairies, and inland marshes.
As the Refuge System expanded, so did the role of the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service in conserving and managing fish,
wildlife, plants and their associated habitats. Currently, the
Service manages over 473 million acres in the Pacific, com-
posed of 4 Marine National Monuments that encompass 12
LAURA BEAUREGARD | USFWS
USFWS
14. Paradise Found—U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Leads in Stewardship of the Largest Protected Area on the Planet
National Wildlife Refuges and 1 National Memorial. More-
over, the expansion of protected areas through the Pacific
has been championed across party lines. In 2006, President
George W. Bush established all four of the current Marine
National Monuments, and President Barack Obama fol-
lowed suit in 2014 by expanding conservation protections
for ecological, cultural, historic, and economic resources in
the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument.
In total, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service now protects
over 568 million acres of land and water, with Marine
National Monuments and National Wildlife Refuges span-
ning from the Arctic Ocean to the South Pacific and from
Maine to the Caribbean. Despite its reputation for water-
fowl and big game management, the Service protects more
marine ecosystems than any other federal agency through
a network of Marine National Monuments and National
Wildlife Refuges throughout the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of
Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Arctic Ocean, and Pacific Ocean,
as well as 2.9 million acres of protected pristine coral reefs.
Bottom: Moorish Idols andTeardrop Butterflyfish are
among more than 400 species of fish found within the
Pacific Remote Islands MNM at Kingman Reef NWR.
Below: Papahānaumokuākea MNM contains two-thirds of
the HumpbackWhale wintering habitat in the Hawaiian
Archipelago.
AMANDA POLLOCK | USFWS NOAA
14
15. Paradise Found—U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Leads in Stewardship of the Largest Protected Area on the Planet
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The Establishment and Expansion of Marine National Monuments in the Pacific
President Theodore Roosevelt
1903: Executive Order 199A
Placed Midway Atoll under control of U.S. Navy in response
to massacre of seabirds for feathers and eggs by poachers.
1909: Executive Order 1019
Established the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge.
President Calvin Coolidge
1926: Executive Order 4467
Established the Johnston Atoll National Wildlife Refuge.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt
1936: Executive Order 7368
Placed Jarvis Island, Baker Island, and Howland Island under
the control and jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior,
effectively designated as National Wildlife Refuges; these
three refuges officially joined the Refuge System in 1974.
1940: Presidential Proclamation 2416
Changed the name of Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservation
to Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge; transferred
management to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and
broadened Refuge purposes to protect all wildlife.
President Richard Nixon
1973: Cooperative Agreement, Bureau of Sport
Fisheries andWildlife Director Lynn A. Greenwalt
Established Rose Atoll National Wildlife Refuge in
partnership with the Government of American Samoa.
1974: Secretary of the Interior Rogers Morton
Designated Jarvis Island, Baker Island, and Howland Island as
National Wildlife Refuges.
President Ronald Reagan
1988: United States Navy
Designated Midway Atoll as an overlay National Wildlife
Refuge.
President Bill Clinton
1996: Executive Order 13022
Transferred full jurisdiction of Midway Atoll from the U.S. Navy
to the U.S. Department of the Interior; Midway Atoll becomes
a National Wildlife Refuge.
2000: Secretarial Order 3217, Secretary of the Interior
Bruce Babbitt
Designated Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge as the Battle
of Midway National Memorial.
2001: Secretarial Orders 3223 and 3224, Secretary of
the Interior Bruce Babbitt
Established Kingman Reef National Wildlife Refuge and
Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge.
President George W. Bush
2006: Presidential Proclamation 8031
Established Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
(formerly known as the Northern Hawaiian Islands Marine
National Monument) through the Antiquities Act of 1906,
protecting 89,470,187 acres in the Pacific Ocean.
2009: Presidential Proclamations 8335, 8336, 8337
Established the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument,
Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, and Rose
Atoll Marine National Monument through the Antiquities
Act of 1906, increasing marine protected areas in the Pacific
Ocean by an additional 122,262,586 acres.
2009: Secretarial Order 3284, Secretary of the Interior
Dirk Kempthorne
Established the Mariana Arc of Fire National Wildlife Refuge,
Mariana Trench National Wildlife Refuge, and Wake Atoll
National Wildlife Refuge.
President Barack Obama
2014: Presidential Proclamation 9173
Expanded the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National
Monument from 52,575,873 acres to 313,941,852 acres.
16. Paradise Found—U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Leads in Stewardship of the Largest Protected Area on the Planet
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Navigating The Future
Managing a Global Treasure
The U.S. Secretary of the Interior, through the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, is the primary governing authority of the
Marine National Monuments. Although management struc-
ture varies between the Marine National Monuments depend-
ing on the time of their establishment, the U.S. Fish and Wild-
life Service manages the Monuments in partnership with the
Secretary of Commerce through NOAA and collaborates with
other federal, territorial, and state agencies. In the case of the
Papahānaumokuākea MNM, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser-
vice co-manages the Marine National Monument with NOAA
and the State of Hawai’i. With more than 473 million acres of
terrestrial and marine resources to manage, collaboration across
federal, territorial, and state agencies is essential to the long-
term conservation of these Marine National Monuments.
Management of Pacific Marine National Monuments is
uniquely challenging due to the remoteness of these protected
atolls, islands, and reefs. To establish and maintain a presence,
staff must be transported to and from isolated locations and
goods and services need to be consistently delivered over vast
distances. Moreover, the nature of the operations and mainte-
nance of these marine protected areas is very different from that
required in land-based conservation areas, where many services
(such as waste management and emergency medical service) are
available nearby. In some cases, it takes up to 8 days to reach a
Marine National Monument from its nearest port, thus it may
be visited only once every 2 years. The logistics of basic opera-
tions and maintenance consumes valuable resources and staff
time, all of which must be balanced with the main purpose of
the Pacific Marine National Monuments—to conserve, pro-
tect, and enhance fish, wildlife, and plants and their habitats
for the continuing benefit of the American people.
Left: Over 98% of the world’s population of Laysan
Albatross and Black-footed Albatross breed exclusively
within the Papahānaumokuākea MNM.Top: Howland
Island NWR in the Pacific Remote Islands MNM is
home to large numbers of the Strawberry Hermit
Crab.These plentiful land crabs play a dominant role
in terrestrial food webs on the island by consuming a
wide variety of organic matter.
C. EGGLESTON | USFWS
DANIEL CLARK | USFWS
17. Paradise Found—U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Leads in Stewardship of the Largest Protected Area on the Planet
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Clockwise from top: Giant clams, absent or rare throughout most of the Pacific, are abundant and dominate the
reef landscape in Pacific Remote Islands MNM at Kingman Reef NWR. Cool, clear, nutrient-rich oceanic waters
and vibrant coral reefs support a spectacular diversity of corals, algae, fishes, marine mammals, sea turtles, and
migratory seabirds throughout the Pacific Remote Islands MNM. On the summit of East Diamante (170 meters
below the surface) of the MarianasTrench MNM, soft corals and tropical fish create a vibrant paradise.
USFWS
KYDD POLLOCK | USFWSNOAA SUBMARINE RING OF FIRE 2004
18. 18
Paradise Found—U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Leads in Stewardship of the Largest Protected Area on the Planet
Today, there are fewer resources available to manage and pro-
tect Marine National Monuments in the Pacific Ocean than
before their respective designations and expansions in 2006,
2009, and 2014. Currently, 4 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Staff are responsible for managing 750,000 square miles of
protected marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Although the Ser-
vice is the primary manager of these Marine National Mon-
uments, collaboration is key to the successful protection and
conservation of our national treasure and natural heritage. Not
only do our protected areas in the Pacific Ocean represent the
world’s largest conservation effort, they also set the stage for
how conservation will proceed and succeed into the future.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has and will continue to
manage a myriad of marine resources—however, the scale of
management needed for the Pacific Ocean is unprecedented to
all other protected areas.
To be fully operational for FY 2017 and beyond, the U. S Fish
and Wildlife Service has determined that the Pacific Marine
National Monuments would need the following investments:
• 55 full-time staff
• Research and management equipment
• Reduction of aging infrastructure
• Support for critical research and management partnerships
• Increased capacity for surveillance, enforcement, and trans-
portation
The Service and NOAA have forged a close collaboration on
conservation and habitat management throughout the Pacific
Marine National Monuments, but additional funding and sup-
port is needed for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to lead as
an effective and valuable steward of the Pacific Ocean’s natural
resources. In certain cases, NOAA does not have the statutory
authority to enforce conservation protections whereas the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Services does.
Continued protection is crucial to building resiliency of our
natural resources in the face of an uncertain future—but
what is certain is our need to secure adequate resources and
support. At least $22 million for the Pacific Marine National
Monuments is required to support the management and pro-
tection of these incredible natural
resources, recognize our nation’s
military history in the Pacific,
preserve ancient Hawaiian, Poly-
nesian, Samoan, and Chamorro
heritage and cultural resources,
and foster unique learning and
engagement opportunities, rang-
ing from hands-on education to
world-class eco-tourism.
MovingForwardintoUnchartedWaters
ANDREW WEGMANN | ISLAND CONSERVATION
Partnering to Protect: U.S. Fish andWildlife Service
Partners in the Pacific
American Samoan Government
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
Island Conservation
Marine Mammal Commission
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association
National Park Service
Office of Hawaiian Affairs
State of Hawai’i, Department of Lands and Natural Resources
The Nature Conservancy
University of Hawai’i
U.S. Air Force
U.S. Coast Guard
U.S. Department of Defense
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Navy
Majestic creatures with wing spans of
up to 22 feet across, Manta Rays are
a common sight in Pacific Remote
Islands MNM at Palmyra Atoll NWR,
where they are protected and
consequently have flourished.
19. Paradise Found—U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Leads in Stewardship of the Largest Protected Area on the Planet
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R. HAGERTY | USFWS
ERIC DALE | USFWS
Top: USFWS and American Bird Conservancy team members risk life and limb to
safely move Nihoa Millerbirds to a transportation vessel during the 2012 collaborative
translocation effort. Center: Endangered Nihoa Millerbird at a nest after a successful
translocation effort of 24 birds in the Papahānaumokuākea MNM from Nihoa to Laysan
Island. Above: Pushed nearly to extinction in the early 20th century, Laysan Ducks
now occur in the hundreds across Kure Atoll, Midway Atoll NWR, and Laysan Island of
Papahānaumokuākea MNM. Laysan Ducks are endemic to the Hawaiian Archipelago and
occur nowhere else in the world; their ongoing recovery is a conservation success story.
Left: USFWS employee John Klavitter sterilizes a Laysan Duck’s feet before translocation in
the Papahānaumokuākea MNM from Midway Atoll NWR to Kure Atoll in 2015 in an attempt
to create a back-up population to avoid extinction.
MEGAN DALTON | USFWS
MEGAN DALTON | USFWS
20. 1001 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 905
Washington, DC 20036
202-417-380 • www.refugeassociation.org