This document discusses strategies for socially vulnerable areas in Valencia, Spain affected by unequal distribution of benefits from large urban projects (LUPs). It aims to identify spatial interventions to improve the situation. Specifically, it will analyze socio-economic and spatial conditions in vulnerable areas, evaluate the impacts and outcomes of past and planned LUPs, and identify how LUPs can be made more beneficial to local communities through spatial planning and policy changes. The research will use theories of equal distribution of public gains and vulnerability to develop a preliminary intervention area and recommendations.

1. URBAN DEMOCRACY
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Strategy for socially vulnerable areas, affected by omas@student.tude6267
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The case of Valencia, Spain MS 24

2. 2

3. Problem statement
Lack of distribution of benefits from large urban projects.
Public money spent on tremendously expensive isolationist
urban projects.
Increasing fragmentation and social vulnerability.
3

4. ReseaRch questions
What are the strategic spatial interventions necessary to deal
with the problems of socially vulnerable areas in Valencia?
What are the existing possibilities of spatial planning to improve
the benefits of LUPs for local communities in Valencia?
sub-ReseaRch questions
What are the existing socio-economic and spatial conditions in specific areas of Valencia?
What is vulnerability? What indicators define it?
How can social vulnerability be alleviated by spatial planning?
What is the current strategy of Valencia’s city to cope with social of vulnerability?
What are the effects of existing LUPs in Valencia and what are predictable outcomes of the future ones?
How successful are the LUPs in Valencia? How to evaluate it objectively?
What conditions make LUPs be more beneficial for local communities?
4

5. stRuctuRe of pResentation
DescRiption of context
DECENTRALIZATION OF PLANNING 6
LAND USE LAW 7
STRATEGIC PLANNING OF VALENCIA 9
LARGE URBAN PROJECTS 10
aims of the pRoject 11
theoRetical fRamewoRk 12
EQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC GAINS 13
VULNERABILITY 15
analysis 20
FINDINGS 28
PRELIMINARY INTERVENTION AREA 29
methoDology 32
EXPECTED DELIVERABLES 34
conclusion 35
SOURCES OF IMAGES 37
5

6. DecentRalization
100%
9.7 12.2 12.8 13.3 13.8 13.6 13
100%
9.7
ReDistRibution of funDing
12.2 12.8 13.3 13.8 13.6 13
3 3
of planning 12.2 14.6
20.5 23.2 26.9 33
Local
12.2 14.6
20.5 23.2 26.9 33
87.3 Regional 87.3
75.6 72.6 75.6 72.6
66.2 63 59.5 Central 66.2 63 59.5
54 54
0% 0%
1981 1984 1987 1990 1992 1997 2001 1981 1984 1987 1990 1992 1997 2001
uRban planning moDel
NATIONAL REGIONAL LOCAL GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT
GENERAL AND MUNICIPAL PLANS DEVELOPMENT PLANS
NOT DEVELOPABLE
Plan (GDP—Plan General
General Development
LAND
Regional Strategic
Special Plans
de Ordenación)
(SP—Planes
Framework
Urban Land Delimitation Especiales)
DEVELOPED Projects (ULDP-
LAND Proyectos de Delimi-
tación de Suelo Urbano)
Urban Development Action Programmes
DEVELOPABLE (UDAP—Programas de Actuación Urbanística)
LAND
Partial Plans (PP—Planes Parciales)
Subsidiary Planning Codes
Detail Studies (DT—Estudios de Detalle)
(SPC—Normas Subsidiarias de Planeamiento)
6

7. changes in lanD classification
100%
l
lanD
lanD use law
l Non-Developable Land
Developable Land
Urbanized Land
0
1966 1983 1988 2010
lRau `94 lanD use plan 2007
Ley Reguladora de la
numbeR of new Actividad Urbanistica
Developments
250 242
221
200 165
150
100
59
37 40 35 42
50
0
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
7

8. changes in lanD classification
100%
l
lanD
lanD use law
l Non-Developable Land
Developable Land
Urbanized Land
lRau `94 0
1966 1983 1988 2010
Ley Reguladora de la
numbeR of new Actividad Urbanistica lanD use plan 2007
Developments
250 242
221
200 165
150
100
59
37 40 35 42
50
0
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
8

9. stRategic planning of valencia
ategic v
1995 1998 2002 2007
Start the process of
change! City of congresses High-Speed
and meetings Train
America’s
Better Regional cup sailing
connection Culture and mega-event Culture, high-tech
Tourism and knowledge
Open city to the Global oriented
Sea Identity
9

10. tuRia gaRDen 1
1988
Green Backbone l ge
laRge u
laRge uRban
Sports & Activities
Locals Oriented
pRojects
ojects
centRal paRk 2
20??
Quality of Life
Leisure & Activities 1
Citizen oriented
city of aRts anD science 3 5
1998-2011
Global Identity
Educative
Extremely Expensive
Limited Use
Expensive Maintenance
2
f1 city ciRcuit 4
2008
3 4
Urban Regeneration
(abandoned industry)
Global Event
Maintenance cost
High Class Oriented
ameRica’s cup poRt 5
2007
Urban Regeneration
(beach)
Global Event
Revenue generative
Luxury tourism oriented 10

11. aims of the pRoject
1
Improve the
conditions of
socia lly vulnerable
ar eas in Valencia
2
Enh ance positive
outcom es of existing
an d future LUPs to
loca l communities
11

12. theoRetical
fRamewoRk
12

13. equal I am
greedy!
DistRibution
of public
gains
EQUITY - the quality of being fair
and impartial.
INTEGRITY - adherence to moral
and ethical principles.
Oxford Dictionary
13

14. local ResiDent public authoRity
oRienteD opeRations capabilities
Regulation
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ipsum. Quisque sem justo, euismod nec lobortis suscipit, porttitor
vel turpis. Integer eu mattis justo. Donec felis mauris, sagittis eu
Regulation
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Etiam vitae mauris quam. Quisque eget purus nisl, sit amet iaculis
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diam. Donec a pulvinar enim. consectetur, ipsum ligula ultricies mauris, a ultrices sem ligula sed
ipsum. Quisque sem justo, euismod nec lobortis suscipit, porttitor
vel turpis. Integer eu mattis justo. Donec felis mauris, sagittis eu
Praesent ac ante ante. Donec molestie tincidunt massa vitae
iaculis in, porttitor vel justo. Fusce vitae arcu non sapien dignissim
tincidunt. Mauris mi nibh, condimentum id varius non, ultricies eu
varius. Morbi non lorem justo. Proin id arcu a nibh fermentum
enim. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Cum sociis natoque
facilisis eu sit amet metus. Donec varius aliquet est sed pulvinar.
penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus
Etiam vitae mauris quam. Quisque eget purus nisl, sit amet iaculis
mus. Integer scelerisque pharetra felis at fringilla. Proin ut arcu at neque.
sem mattis eleifend. Nulla felis neque, pharetra pellentesque
tempus imperdiet, porttitor non massa. Vestibulum volutpat Nunc quis interdum tortor. Duis id ligula nec dolor convallis
vestibulum lacinia. Vestibulum adipiscing lobortis leo, sit amet hendrerit quis sit amet arcu. Cras semper posuere ante. Aenean id
aliquam nisi rhoncus sed. Ut ipsum orci, iaculis quis aliquam ac, nunc eget velit pellentesque congue. Nullam ut faucibus velit.
luctus non ipsum. Nullam nisl sem, blandit et pharetra pharetra, Nunc risus erat, feugiat nec euismod eget, bibendum sit amet
lacinia sit amet ante. Aenean ac lacus ac libero tempor tincidunt diam. Donec a pulvinar enim.
quis at nisi. Pellentesque et quam ut massa mattis porta in at
Praesent ac ante ante. Donec molestie tincidunt massa vitae
tincidunt. Mauris mi nibh, condimentum id varius non, ultricies eu
enim. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Cum sociis natoque
penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus
mus. Integer scelerisque pharetra felis at fringilla. Proin ut arcu at
sem mattis eleifend. Nulla felis neque, pharetra pellentesque
tempus imperdiet, porttitor non massa. Vestibulum volutpat
vestibulum lacinia. Vestibulum adipiscing lobortis leo, sit amet
aliquam nisi rhoncus sed. Ut ipsum orci, iaculis quis aliquam ac,
luctus non ipsum. Nullam nisl sem, blandit et pharetra pharetra,
lacinia sit amet ante. Aenean ac lacus ac libero tempor tincidunt
quis at nisi. Pellentesque et quam ut massa mattis porta in at
Authority regulated prevention of Public Space and Architectural Quality
urban conflicts Social Mix (diverse affordability housing)
Impartial supervisory institution
mpartial Project flexibility and reversibility due to
Solid inclusion of local several developer involvement
participation Creating tools to prevent authority’s
Transparency of authority decission favour for private interests
processes and identification of ‘the Locally painless project funding
person in charge’ of the project approach
Altshuler & Luberoff 2003, Cuenya 2005, Gualini & Majoor 2007, Harvey 2008, Lecroart 2007, Sodupe 2007, Swyngedouw et al 2002
14

15. VULNERABILITY
‘Vulnerable - exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed,
either physically or emotionally’
Oxford Dictionary
‘In essence, the vulnerability can be defined as a state of high exposure
to certain risks and uncertainties, combined with a decreased ability to
protect or defend them and deal with its negative consequences’
United Nations 2003
15

16. VULNERABILITY
$$ !
$ #$#! !
€€
€ # !#
€
socio-DemogRaphic socio-economic housing vulneRability subjective vulneRability
vulneRability vulneRability Percentage of housing of less than Percentage of inhabitants
30m² complaining for noise pollution
Percentage of single >64 year Unemployment rate
old inhabitants Average household area in m² per Percentage of inhabitants
Unemployment rate of youth
inhabitant complaining for air polluted
Rate of elderly dependency to 16-29 years
Percentage of households without environment
the rest of population Percentage of unqualified
a bathroom and toilet in the house Percentage of inhabitants considering
Percentage of immigrant to local workers
Bad quality of house to have bad infrastructure
children (0-15 years) Level of education (illiteracy, connectivity
Percentage of immigrants to no education) Percentage of houses constructed
earlier than 1951 Access to the green space per
total inhabitants
inhabitant
Number of single parent families
Percentage of inhabitants considering
to be living in criminal areas
16

17. VULNERABILITY
vulneRable aReas $ !$
1991, 2001, 2006* € € € €
# ##
Unemployment - 2X bigger than national level(21% in 2001)
Level of Education - Illiteracy and no education 2X bigger than national
level (23% in 2001)
State of living quality - Percentage of households without:
running water (>2%)
toilet (>3%)
bathroom or shower (>5$)
Immigration* - if more than city average (20% in 2006)
*indicator in 2006 analysis
17

18. vulneRability 91-01
1991 INDICATORS
2001 Living quality
Employment
Education
0 1km 2km $ !$$
€ € €
# 18#
#
€

19. vulneRability 2006
$ !$$
€ € €
# 19#
#
€

20. analysis
vulneRability 2010?
$ #$
!
€ € € € # #
20

21. immigRation
Non-EU immigrant
residents (%)
>17%
Rate 2010
0-5
5-9
9-13
13-17
17-21
>21
0 1km 2km
21

22. vulneRability
by Rate of
immigRation
22

23. concentRation of
Number of
companies
economic activities
<800
800-1600
1600-2500
2500-3300
>3300
0 1km 2km
23

24. elDeRly >64
Living alone >64
year old people
living alone
<500
500-1000
1000-1500
1500-2000
>2000
0 1km 2km
24

25. caR peR peRson
Car / Person
0.3-0.4
0.4-0.5
0.5-0.6
0.6-0.7
0.7-0.8
0 1km 2km
25

26. householD pRices
Percentage of houses per
price category
by majoRity
Cheap Expensive
<12-24k € <48-72k €
Medium 24-48k €
0 1km 2km
26

27. householD sizes
Percentage of household
size in the neighbourhood
by majoRity
Small Medium
<60-80m² 120-200m²
Medium 80-120m²
0 1km 2km
27

28. Household Household
availability availability
Percentage of household
size in the neighbourhood
Small Medium
<60-80m² 120-200m²
by size by price
Percentage of houses per
Medium 80-120m²
price category
Cheap Expensive
<12-24k € <48-72k €
Medium 24-48k €
finDings
0 1km 2km
Population
Population 2010
0 - 7500
7500 - 15 000
15 000 - 22 500
22 500 - 30 000
30 000 - 38 000
0 1km 2km
Social Aging Public
support ratio transport
Supported families Aging ratio
with schoolchildren 0-54
Bus Lines per district
<150 54-108
3-10
150-250 108-162
10-16
receivers density
250-350 162-216
16-24
350-450 216-270
Population aged
24-30
450+550 <16 / >64 30-37
0 1km 2km
0 1km 2km 0 1km 2km 0 1km 2km
28

29. pReliminaRy
inteRvention
aRea
29

30. 30

31. 31

32. methoDology
32

33. RESEARCH QUESTION
What are the strategic spatial interventions What are the existing possibilities of spatial
necessary to deal with the problems of social planning to improve the benefits of LUPs for
vulnerability areas in Valencia? local communities in Valencia?
PROBLEM
What are the existing socio-economic and spatial conditions SUB-RESEARCH QUESTIONS
in specific areas of Valencia?
What is vulnerability? What indicators define it?
How successful are the LUPs in
Valencia? How to evaluate it
objectively?
methoDology
How can social vulnerability be alleviated by spatial planning?
What is the current strategy of Valencia’s city to cope with What conditions make LUPs be
social of vulnerability? more beneficial for local
What are the effects of existing LUPs in Valencia and what are communities?
predictable outcomes of the future ones?
CASE STUDIES ANALYSIS & MAPPING INTERVIEWS LITERATURE STUDY
Valencia’s position in the Valencia’s city Urban Urban planning and it’s
Barcelona
regional and national scale Planning department dynamics in Valencia
RESEARCH
Bilbao Relevant spatial, economic, Urbanism professors at Evaluation of LUP effect in
social mapping on city and local Universidad Politécnica de Valencia and other case cities
Seville scale Valencia Articles on social vulnerability
Indicating socially vulnerabile Valencia´s Strategic Planning and the tols to cope with it
areas department National, regional and local
Defining the socio-spatial Coordinating institution of statistics and information
elements of vulnerability Parque Central project
Detailed analysis of selected Local neighbourhood
design proposal area organizations
RESULTS THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
OUTCOMES
Existing socio-economic and spatial conditions of
Valencia in the context of Spain Effects of large urban projects
Identified socio-economic and spatial threats and Vulnerability
opportunities in a particular vulnerable area Spatial strategic planning
Case study data on LUP effects and social vulnerability
Theory, analysis and case
PROPOSAL
STRATEGY
study based strategic
proposal
DESIGN
Strategy based urban design intervention in a particular vulnerable area
33

34. e
expecteD
expecteD DeliveRables
A report / evaluation of the existing large urban
projects in Valencia. Recommendations for better local
integration for the future LUPs.
A strategic vision for social vulnerability areas of
Valencia.
A strategic plan for a particular part of the city.
A design proposal testing out the proposed strategy in
a vulnerable area.
Evaluation of the graduation project process.
A graduation report thoroughly describing the problem
and an approach used to cope with it.
Graduation presentation.
34

35. conclusion
35

36. ConClusion
36

37. souRces of images
http://www.abusos-no.org/
http://www.ine.es
http://www.valencia.es
http://maps.google.com
http://www.felisinblog.wordpress.com
http://www.imageafter.com/
http://www.flickr.com
Antonio Marin Segovia
Manuel Orero
Brian E Kushner
37