The document is an overview of the Oxford Phrasal Verbs Dictionary for learners of English, detailing its purpose and usage. It includes sections on grammar patterns, common subjects and objects, and provides examples of phrasal verbs in various contexts, along with guidance on particles and their meanings. The dictionary aims to assist users in understanding and effectively using phrasal verbs in both formal and informal language.

1. RrF
C
etc.
English
P 'al
51 ~ebody
British English sing singular
countable noun sth something
et cetera (= and so on) l
! uncountable noun
n noun
See also p x for an explanat~on
of the abbreviations used in the grammar
patterns.
shows common subjeds of the phrasal verb
shows common objectsof the phrasalverb
shows a verb with a similar meaning
shows a verb with the opposite meaning
introducesa note on grammar or usage
shows the grammar patterns of the phrasal verb
idiom(s)section of the entry
derivative section of the entry
means 'lookat'
replaces the key verb in a menu box
A taboo (see Labels below)
Oxford
PhrasalVerbs
Dictionary
for learners of English
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS

2. OXFORD
U N m a S 1 n PBBSS
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Their inclusion does not imply that they have
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Acknowledgements
Advirory Board: Dr Keith Brown; Dr Alan Cruse; Ms Moira Runtie;
Pmf. Gabriele Stein; Dr NormanWhitnry; Prof HenryWiddowron
Phonetics editor: MlchaeFk h b y
Guide to the Particles: GrahamWorkman
&Z pages designed by Peer Burgess
Non A-Z pager designed by Sarah Nicholson
Cwer desrgn by R~chard
Morrrs
Short forms and symbols used in insidefront cover
the dictionary
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Key to the dictionaryentries v
Guide to using the dictionary vi
Dictionary A-Z 1-348
STUDY PAGES
fips on learning phrasal verbs
lPhrascll verb or single ward?
Are you a naturul born student?
sport
Computers
Envimmenta! problems
Phrasulverbs in newspapers
Ahmsal verbs in business
Phrasal verbs in inbmal language
Using ~hrasal
verbs in writing
Using phrasalverbs in the passive
New phrasalverbs
The most common phrasalverbs
bst yourself
between pages 182-3
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S 6-7
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Guide t
a the particles 349-71
Key to the study pages 372-7
I Pronunciation inside back cover
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Prrnted in Swin

3. AmE
approving
BrE
disapproving
figurative
formal
humorous
informal
lessformal
lessfrequent
literary
mow formal
old-fashioned
rare
slang
spoken
tabm
written
describesverb, expressions,spellings and pronunciationsused in
American English and not in 8ritish English,for examplek t onsb,
blimpoutlup, duke it out.
verbs show that you feel approval or admiration.
dtxribes verbs, expressions,spellings and pronunciationsthat are
mainly used in British Englishand not in American English, for
example beaveraway (atsth),dossdown,put (theclock)hck.
verbs show that you feel disapprowl or contempt,for example
dumb sth down,flash sth about.
a figurativeexample is one in which languageis usedin a Ron-
literal or metaphoricalway, as in Hisanger b l a d up (=suddenly
becamevery strong) unmntrollobly.
verbs are usuallyonly used in serious or official languageand
would not be appropriatein normal everyday conversation.
Examplesare abide bysth, embark on/trponsth, viefor sth.
expressionsare intendedto be funny, for example toddle off and
Weteroundedupsomeg d speakersfor the conference.
verb5 are used between friends or in a relaxed or unofficial
situation.They are not appropriatelor formal situations. Examples
are bang on aboutsth, kick back, tuck into 5th.
synonymsare verbs that have a similar meaningto the main
phrasal verb, but are used in lessofficial situationsor are more
common in normal everyday conversation.
verbs or grammar patternsare not used as often as the main
phrasal verb or the other grammar patternsgiven.
verbs are used mainly in literature and imaginativewriting.
Examplesareyearnforsb/sth, ekeout 5th.
verbs have a similar meaningto the main phrasalverb, but are
usuallyused in moreserious or official situations, or in a less
casualway.
verbs are passingout of current use, for example, buck up,god
aboutloround,run along.
verbs or grammar patternsare not commonly used.
is very informal language, mainly used in speakingand sometimes
restrictedto a particular group of people, for example peopleof the
same age or those who have similar interestsor do the samejob.
Examplesare want in, wont into sth,juice 5th up.
verbsare used mainly in informal conversations, for example Teak
up! chuck 5th out.
verbs and expressionsare likelyto be thought by many peopleto
be obscene or shockingand you should avoid usingthem.
verbs are used mainly in written language, for example abound
inlwithsih, springfrom 5th.
Information in the dictionary is given Inentries,arranged E
nthe alphabetical order
of the key words and then in the alphabetical orderof the particles.
Mainparts of an entry
-,
,
,
, L
-
+
. - 4 7 ,
..:'eyTT-1.- - PJ* 1 * > ~ - n V v I > -
blowmlau:AmE blouf (blew /blu:lblor
and irregularforms. Iblwn;AmE blcunl)
r I
,blo
I Phrasal verb,The main <ca
w a'way: ,I
rried away 1
eath: to m a
~tm r l y bIec
blow sth 1
~ythe forceI
.e in thls wa
uuway'od.
-. ..
t'way to be
$ the wind 1
y: It luas so
sudden bmz
., ,
moved or
or by sws
forms of the verb + particle br windy the
e blew his
neurswpr awuw.o sne mew awav cne oust on the
lid.
( Definition.The meaningsof I
&,,,&.
v +nlpmn+adv r
y I(iqforrm
. . -
u v+aak+n
12) to impres
.
..
. <L*. -.-.
Ir 2 (A&,
Mitchell bCw
the verb.
-
-
Ucamples (in italic type).--
Grammar patterns to show
how the verb is used.
informad,
8 o m y the
1 ) e i w sb a'- ssb a lot;
to surprise or Dlease SD. r saw raw uruy last ymr
and it jwt b
l
sport) to dele:
other runnprs
6v+nlpron*a
Further information in an entry
:h
b v + a &
stand ou
>ticeable in
,-'
- --.-- - <". .
,* -.,<,- TN7,- m- -*-*.q,.v, A*. ,
Specialsymbols show .
synonyms and opposites.
Information on prepositions
t like a so
an urfpleas:
.
.
d *..,:;LA "
frequently used with the .
verb.
re thumb t~
mt way: Dr
*- ,h.....h
fmm the resz of the g m p . IEEj sNek out 2
(adfrom sbtsth) to be much better or more
a r t a n t than other people or things: This
aridingly thi
ut ogoinst
then give
. .-
o be very
vssed like
sblsih) to o p p m or rehse to accept sththat you
belleve is wrong Parents often stand o8
rroublasome behnviour for some tune,
ira. EZ) stick out L r sth; hold out agalnsvror
st
8
rtslanding
very obvi-
o
f earth's
vrk, prob-
Idiom relatedto the verb.
Derivativeadjective related
to the verb. 1
n3
n
t
thrai, yvu I* >w*u
v u r * m e u w
r * rr6urr.u
b out'standing udj 1 excellent: an OL
outslQndm~
feclfllres.. 3 {of payment, w
Information on grammar -
'
lems. etc.)not yet paid, done,solved,etc: w rewv
and usge. outstanding &bbs o I don't haw any ur
outstanding.
b ouCstandingly udu 1 used to empkasue the
good qual~ty
o
f sth:01LtSlalLdingiy CYUI@USUC-
cessfuf 2 exawnely well: Owen has p h y d out.
st

4. 1 What is in the dictionary?
3
n th~s
dictionarywe ~nclude
several different types of verbs that are used with
adverbsor prepositions,(oftencalled 'particles').
a I
d
i
o
m
a
t
i
c wrb + partidecombinations. Sometimeswhen you meet combinations
of verb and particle, it is impossibleto guess the meaninginthe context from the
meaningof theverb and the meaningof the particle. Examplesof thesearefall
t h e (meaning'nothappen')and put up with m w l d y (meaning'accept
mmebdy who is annoyingwithoutcomplaining*).There isoftena single-word verb
with thesame meaning. Forexample, insteadof 'Themeeting wasput off until the
n m day',we could say 'Themeeting was postpond until thenat dday:Single-word
verbs, howewr. may be moreformal than the phrasalverb, or used inslightly
different contexts.
b Verbs whichare always followed by a particular partide. Examplwof these are
rely on,crop up,abideby. These cannot be used wfthout the partide.
c Verbs that arefollowed by a particle in a particular meaning.These verbs can
be used on their own without a particle. but haw a different meaningwhenthey
are used with one. Brush 5th u
pis an example of a verb like this. Brush sth can
beused on itsown meaning'clean,polish or moke 5th smooth'. Brush 5th up
means 'study or practise5th tog& bock theskifl or know!dge that you hod in the
post': Youshould brush up your French bqfore you go t
otofaflce.Other examples
are d / Wofj,
gmw/grow up, walkhulk out.
Manyvery common verbs fall into this group. Look, for example,can be used
with several different particles, and it hasa special meaningwith each one that is
different from lookon itsown. rook u
p the word in yourdictionary.o I'm really
lmkingfomnrd to the trip. o h k cut! There?a c
a
rcoming.
Some moreformal verbs also fall into this group. For example you can 'jbrmisha
room', that is, put furniture in it, but if you 'frrmishmmcbody withso#~tAing'you
are givingthem some useful infomation.
d Verbs with a partide, where the particle adds to, but does not change, the
basicmeaningof theverb. The particleoften addssomethingto the meaning,
such ascompleteness. For example, you a n say '/'//finish
my workand then I'llgo
out' or '!'//finishofJ m
y wd-and then I'Ngo out.Wnish08
emphasizes that you are
completingyour work.Another wimple is wuke/wkeup.You e n either ray
'
I
wke ot 6.30' or '
I
w k eupat 6
.
3
0
.
'
Wokeupis much morecommon than w k . ,
which isused morein formal or written English. Other examples arespreud/sprmd
wt,fadelfodemay, ,slonelslmreaway.You will find moreinformationabout the
meaningof the particles inthe Guide to the Partidesat the back of the dictionary.
e Verbs plus particleswhew each hastheir normal meaning. P
h
a
w bock
(meaning'telephonesbagain')is an exampleof a verb like this. The meaningof
phone backcan be worked out from the meaningof phone and back. Verbs of
this type have been included in the dictionarywhere the cornbination of wrb
vi
and particlearevery common, or where there iswmething unusual or interesting
about the verb. For example, phone bock can meantwo slightly different thingr
('telephonesomebody who has called you: or 'telephonesbfor a second timeJ;
pin5th ~p means'fastensomething to a wall with pins: but there is also a noun
pin-up, meaning'a picture of an ottr~ctive
person designed to be put up on a wall
for people to look at ', or 'theperson whoappeon in o picture like thot'.
b
l
lthese types of verbs can cause problemsfor learners,and so they have been
included in this dictionary.
2 Particles
These are the particlesused with phrasalverbs in this dictionary, The "shows you
which are the most common. You will find more information about those particles
in the Guide to Particlesat the back of the dictionary.
-I
p
*
l ----v> <,"- .
.. - w,---- ~ = - ~ . - v - v - 3 7 + ~ , " ~ *
+ w#*~.v-~--, m
F
3
-
-
-
7
" ----
r----l#wmL
abmrk *about above across ahar agdnrt ahead a h e t l w F
dong
back
forward
among
before
from
*out of
--.-.
under
aparl *
behind
*in
around
between
into
onsl '
,- -
upon "with w
side *a
own *6
A '0
~rouah *t
ithout
t *OW1
or for
'R on!
D t0fl
3 Longverbs
Some verbs, such asmme,go,put and take are used with many different particles.
In these cases you will find literal meaning of theverb plus particleincludedfor
completeness. These rneaningr canalso helpyou understandthe idiomaticusesof the
verb plus particle. For example, at runaround,you will find the literal meaning'run in
difJereentdirections'(It'sa lovely pork fo run around in)as well as the idiomatic meaning
'movevwy quicklyfrom place toplace, being very busy' (I've been running around all
day trying to organizethemeeting.).
At the keginningof many of these verbsyou will find a menubox with a list of all the
particlesthat can be used with the verb, in the orderthey appear in the dictionary.
These verbs are:
-< .----
break
go
moke
orlng 1
hanu I
move I
live
run
sat sn 510RO Slay STlCK lWMW uuln throw lu~m,
roll tc
hold k
l
pas pl
. I ..
)me rut
sap kit
lay pul
.
.
.. -
a
!
.
do
k knorl
II push
.I. &*I.-
fnll
k lie
P"'
llll.
give
look
send
4m.m
It is also possibleto add many different particlesto verbs of movement to create
hulti-word' verbs with literal meanings. For example,we can use the verb w l k in
these sentences: We walkeddown the rwd. o He walked up to me and ask& mefor
a light o Wesang as we walked along.o Walkamss the r o d , don't run. These are
draightfonvard combinationsof verb and particles.

5. 4 finding the verb you want
lke phrasalverbs arearranged inthe diaionary undertheir keyverbs (for example.
giw,move,sit)and then inalphabetical order of the particles. Within each panicleyou
will first find theverb + particle, with no object. Thenthere are meaningsof theverb
that mn be usedbothwithout an object and with an object After that, there are
meaningof theverb usedonlywith an object. first verbswith peopleas objects(sb),
then verbs that a n have peopleor things (sblsth) and then verbswith only thin@as
objects (sth).Verbswith itself, yourserf,etc. come at theend of those,and verbs that are
only usedin passiveforms will belast. For example:
TvGzF=--
.- 7i'zlx=-----
9
"
p-+y--G-% w-,*--
give sb up break sb/sth in put 5th ou
give sth up break sth in put yourst
give yourself up brwk into sth be put oui
1 The phrasalverb
Thearrangementof the verbs inthe dictionarywill tell you whetherthey o n beused
without an object, (INTWNZITIVE),with an object (TRANSITIVE)
-.-."--
,----Tw*- .--*-
or both with andwithout an object. "IbkBk
,Znr
if a vehicle, etc, breaks down, it
Lmk at the beginningof the entry stops working because of a fault: he washing
for h k down: machinehas brokendownaguin.o We(= ourm
i
-
)
bmke down t w k on the m y home. 2 if talks,
This shows youthat in this meaningbreakdown is an intransitivewrb, used
without an object: Mycarbmke down on the way to work this morning.
Thew arehllo forms of the verb -"-' - - -' - " -'-----"m
bum 'down;,bum sth 'down if a building
at bum down: burns down,or sbburns it down,it is destroved
by fire:Thep a l m burnt down in the heinel&th
century.o She thracstened to burn theh
e
h
o
r
ndown.
This shows you that you can use bumdown asa transitive and an intransitive
verb in this meaning.The definition "
,
,
k
;
T
;
;
;
A
k
e
'
;
b ,upl,;ke';;6u-F,c
also shows you how to use it. 1to stop sleeping:to make sbslop sleeping:Horn
Lookat the b i n n i n g of the entry many timesdws Ihe bab woke reup in the nrght70
for w
r
r
k up. I uslsually wake up early in the s u m r o You look
as if you've only just ken uploCan you mke
me up at 8?oHe was woken up by the sound o
f
,keep 'I
place;
'Keep <
I'm wo
A
Thistells you that you can use it as an intransitiveverb (What time did yorr wake up
this morning?),and as a transitive verb with an object (I'll wake you up at 6
.
3
0
.
)
or
with yourself (
I
must haw shouted -"
'-c7- - --- - *,out
;
, ---.Up - R
1
ter a
so loudly whileI was dreaming that r
ying
1 wokew
r
f
up.) whtle
At keep out,you will see: v v + a d v + v*adv+prep
out ,keep
to remain ou
aut?. oPleas
skim.
tside: There
e keep out g
th to not en
m a sign sc
f the o
r
c
e 4
Thistells you that in this meaningyou can use the verb on itsown (Danger! Keep
...
Vlll
out) or as a transitiveverb with the adverb +prepositionout of, followed by a noun
or pronoun (Ideepout of my way).
Ifthe verb can be usedwith
""--'v---"*Fa""'" """-W"" "" -."'"',' 7"'-
,msh 'fnh ah;,rush 'Into dolnn &
,
.rush
an -ingform of a verb that follows s
t ~g
sth to do
it. this is giwn at the beginning: WI ng about ~tI
da go rushing znro anyto81
3 'Into doin
ithout thinki
I this: Don't
or decide sty
:arehlly; to
, . . .
I quickly
make sb
la. 0 YOU
Thistellsyou that all these sentences are possible: Don't rush intoanything. o
Don't rush into leavingyour course. o Don't rush me in& making a decision.
b Moreinformationabout the grammar of phrasal verbs is given I
n the sectionon
Grammar Patterns(pagex)
2 Commonsubjects and objects
At the end of manyi f the verbs, or ad-;ki--?+;;h;;;-;~;;s;;h
at the end of a numbed meaning, wi
you will f~nd
same commonsubjects wc
orobjects. These showyou the type br
of contextsthat the verb is often
E
used in,so that you can use it correctlyyourself.
For example, at breok out, you will see:
u; etc. brea
luId have go
nkenout. o P
El war, flre,
ks out, it s
l married in
lfire brokeof
fighting, m
tarts sudden
1939 tT wur
4ton aferry)
w, vlolence
~ly:
They
, had not
ateday
2 ( a h
Sentencessuch as Fighting has broken out on theborder, Fire hoke out in a
warehouse.o A furious mw bmke out over theownership of the painting are
therefore very commonand acceptable in English.
You can use these subjects and objects to helpyau use the verbs in the right context.
3 Synonyms and opposites.
When?there are helpful synonyms -w.---., ,-----
-- -
-
-
.
-
J
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
r
-
.
.
+
,pull'In; ,pull'Into sth 1 If a winorabus pulls
or opposites,these are given in in, It arrives somewhere and stops: The express
lled in on lir
(RrKj if a v
we to the sk
ml o
f the bu
. -
ne. o Themo
ehicIe or a I
le of the ma
s
.o He puEk
.. .
rch pulIed in,
Wiver pulls
d and stop: 1
d intu Ihe pc
to boy 27.
in, they
Dull in in
~rking
Iot
alphabetical order, synonymsand p~
oppositesthat are phrasalverbs 2
mt
firsi and then single-wordverbs. f,
These will helpyou understand D M ~ u r n ~ o g
zneewm.
the verb and add to your draw in, draw inta sth
vocabulary. Information is alx, m purr out, pull out or sth
given aboutthe formality of the
synonym or opposite and whether it is Britishor American. As the contextsthat the
synonymsare used in may not always be exactly the same as the original phmsal
verb, it is worth lookingthem up in this dictionaty or another dictionary to be sure
that you understandthem and howthey are used. For example, while knockdown
can be used instead of breakdown in the examplesgiven there, breok down cannot
alwaysbe used instead of knockdown.
J They hod toget thepolice to breakkllock the door down. J If you don't open up,
I'm goingto knockhmk thedoor down. J Theseold houm aregoing to be hocked
down.I( Theseold houses aregoing lo be broken down.

6. 4 Notes
Not6are giveninN o places.
Before * m Y * r . W <--r--"z- ---w - y . l l ~ - I
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
k'l0ngt5 sb (not used in theprogressiue6ast?s)
a definition you will find information the propertyof sb:to be ownedbv sb:The
about the tensesor a particular use
of a phrasal verb:
klongi to my cousin.0 That land belongs
Notes are also givenafter the ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ X Y X Y - - ~ - . , r t - r r - r -
,blazea'way1{at sW&) if m sorpeople Maze
exampleswhere there is a particular away, the guns fire continuously: Thegumk p t
point of grammar or use to draw .I--.-" , away as the enemy 2 if a fire blazes
your attention to. This boften
somethingabout the passive, or
where the verb without the particle
can alx, beusedwith a similar meaning.
u u r r y
away,
-8
+ v + a
it burns brig
laze is used
bv
htly
with the sanle meanings.
5 Grammar patternsof phrasal verbs
To help you uw the verbs correctly, a simple system of grammar patterns is given
after each one. Thew shew you how the verb combines with an adverb, a
preposition, a noun or a pronoun, an infinitive, etc. and the order in which these
words o n occur. The short forms used are these:
? - A U " 1 " ' y , 3 - . r r r r r r . - ~ , - .
I X I 7 . -, . * ...mrr- ,Fur .",.n*.-nlu .-a>.-. -9- 7 --.m
r
r
- ,
-
*
-
1
ad - f -
.--
= not
rerb
nitive (withot
erb form end
a. doinnl
lmn = nour
P = prep
n = pron
nf = infin
....,..
= verb
I or pronoun
osition
oun
.. . . .
Frequentpatterns
The following are the most common types of verb patterns used in the dictionary.
veadv Intransitiveverbs, for example:
break down My cur broke down this morning.
hangaround Therewas o group of kids hanging omund
outside.
sit down Come in and sit down.
v + PWP These are verbs followed by a preposition. For example:
rely on sblrth Youcon rely on me.
call k r sb I'll callfor you at 8.
come across sth I cameacross an interning book in the
library
v +adv + prep Some verbs are followed by an adverb and a preposition:
put up with sblsth Howdop u put up with him?
settle down to sth Comeon children, m l e down to work now.
keep out of sth Keep out of thekitchen until I'vefinished
cooking.
v+nlpron+adv v + a d v + n v+pron+adv
These three patternsare all used with transitiveverbs. In orderto be able to use
theseverbs cormly, you need to know where to put the object. The patternsshow
you this. The most frequent patternscome first at each verb
v+nlpmneadv v+adv+n
Verbs that can be u w l with these patterns, where the object can go either W e e n
the verb and the particle or afterthe particle, are sometimes called SEPARABLE
verbs. They are shown inthe dictionary as, for example, tear sth up:
She tore the IeCter up. She tow up the lette~. She tore it up.
When the object is a long phrase, it usuallycomesafter the particle: She to^ upa//
the letters he had sent her.
When the object is a pronoun, it must come between the verb and the particle.
v +adv +R v +pron +adv
With some phrasalverbs the object canonly come betweenthe verb and the
particlewhen it is a pronoun. A noun m
u
s
t follow the particle. They are given in the
dictionary as, for example, fight back sth: fight itlthem back
fight back sth I tried to fight back my tears.
fight itJthem back Ihad an urgeto scream but managedto fight it back
v +nlpran +adv
There are a few phrasal verbs in whichthe two park of the verb must be separated
by the object.An example is messsb aboutlaround:
Thychanged theflight time and d 011 the pussengrs around.
r + nlpron e prep
An exampleof a verb that is usedinthis pattern is drill sth into sb
drilr sth into sb The teacher driiiedgrammar into us rightfrom the start
R~II-IVB.
A few phrasalverbs are only used in the passive. for example: klge2 carried away.
The verb patterns will show you how to usethese verbs. belgetcarried away will
have the pattern beiget +v +adv. betget stuck with sth will havea pattern
be/@ +verb + prep.
Other phrasal verbs that are used with objectscan also be used in the passivefor
example: The dm1has been called ofl. Where this is commonyou will find an
example of the passiveand a note.Verbs with the patternv +prep are not usually
used in the passive. If they are, you will find a noteabout this (see rely on sblsth).
Orher pcrttems
You can easily work out how to use verbs with different patterns. For example, if you
lookat take sb upon sth, you will see the pattern v +nipron +adv +prep.This
shows you that the verb is used in sentences like this:
Iii like to _ t o k e ~ u p ~ - o n ~ - ~
your offerof o M f o r the night
v + pron + adv + prep
These lad two groupsare sometimes called INSEPARABLEverbs as
the object alwaysfollowsthe particle.

7. At set out, you will see the pattermv+adv +to inf. This dexribessentencessuch
as: Hes
?
tout to becomea millionai~
by the timehe was thirty.
Boom out sth has two patterns:
r + a d v + n She boomed out instructions.
v +adv +speech A voiceboomed out, 'Nobodymove!'
6 Buildingyour vocabulary
Idioms
,l,WF.., . *--> - ,+.-,rm. -,-.*lrl-.m *--.
r r y * , .
,bite al t sthoff by biting f
t She bit off
Many phrasal verbs have idioms a piec te. o Hisfinger had ken
relatedto them. You will find these
g$
immediatelyafterthe grammar 033tflbte/snap ~ D ' Smean om (lwormag to snout
patterns. The idioms in the at sb or speak to them angrily,often for no good
t
h 'offtocu
.e of chmh,
' adug
adv+n + v+r
. .
bitten
reason:Ionly asked him when the work w l d bt
in some way to the meaningof the *n Ean ( i ~ r n a ~ n
to trv to do
phrasalverbwhereyoufindthem, toomucho~sththatistoohiffic~tfory~~:~his
For example: timehe's bitten flmore than he mnchew. -,,, .,-
.
hwahve nounsand CpdiSas.
Nounsand adjectivesthat are related in meaningto a particular phrasalverb are
given after the grammar patterns or any idioms. Sometimesthe derivative has
morethan one meaning,each one relatingto different uses of the phrawlverb.
You will find the meaningat theappropriateentry,with a linkto show you where
to find the=me dmvativewith a -- -r ---
-----
-.---
--
--.-3 ..-.- 4 7 % -
different meaning.
For example, you will find one
meaningof the adjective mixed-up
Ine wmwrmzn,
at theverb it is relatedto, F ,rnlxed-'up adj (infoml)confused because of
mix sb up; be/get mixed up and social or emot~onal
problems:she's a vewmixed-
another meaningat mix dh up up krd.
(with *h), a link from oneto -3x e R ~ M ~ ~ E D - L W
atMIX mi up Cwm STH)
. > " .. ,
, .-
the other.
,mix s
unabl
h a w
Imre
b 'up: b y
e to think r
:ning:Now y
ally confm
, .
a
d ,mixed
:leady or ur
uu'wmixed
!.o H e g ~ l
mi
I 'up to ma
tderstand w'
rn up comp
!xedup and c
>
-
.
- ..-.
t
k
e sb
hat is
letely!
awht
Study pages
There IS a 25-pagesection of study pages in the middle otthis dictionary, You can
use these on your own or in class with a teacher. They will helpyou to learn phrasal
verbs and give you practice in usingthem.
Guide to the particles
At the end of the dictionary is a guide to the most common particles used in the
verbs in this dictionaryand their main meanings.Thiswill helpyou understand
verbs betterand be able to guessthe meaningof new ones that you meet.
abidela-! Accoantforsthcanbewedinthepassim:
a'blde by ath0to aocept d m a law an T h w i ~ i s a a * l * w f O rby rwmeses
agreement. a decisio~
etc. d obeg themilt
gzzi_ lor mwIjMto
Members n
u
& abideby therules4f theclub
rules,daclslm,the law
say that it is impossible to know why sb likes
)S*ll) comply(wlth nth)
sbfsththatyw donotlikeat.
tall:humomw)'She
seems to like you.' 'Well -Ihere's m acwurtting
eV+PWP lor iwte!'
abound{anbarndl accustomieaknstmn/
a'bouml in#Hh s
t
h(urrittkn)to have a lot of ee,custom a$ryoumw
sth; to contain a lot of sth: The r
i
m them ,murself to doing dh (forno to make
abound hiwithfish. stdyourself familiarw~th
sth;to k a m e usedto
e v + p r e p sth: It shouldn't lake iom lo m W mwur slu-
sCCedslak'stdl d ~ n b
lo working in o It hmk o whilefor
bermtoaccuslom themseltres0thedark
ac'cede to sth( r o m l )to agreeto orallow sth Q v n
I
m+prep
that sb has asked for, often after you have
onmwedltforawhile:T h e n o w m m a n t ~ ~
achete~kl
pii~icp-ure tareview thea
ESTl request,denwan&, prerrm
'ache for sb- to have a atrong desire for
-A-etosthcanbeus*inthem~: ~ b l ~ ~ w t o d o s t h : f ~ a c h f n g l b r ~ .
Have~llour
requests kenu.xeded to?
E 3lonek r sbfsth
0V+PEP
Q v + p r e ~
account~ a k u n t ~
acquainti ~ m t l
ac'ooud for sbrsth 1to lmowwhere s ~ s t h
~s ac'qualnt sblpurssff wlth sth 0to
or what has happened te them,esmiallyafter makesbly~umIf
famfl* with orawareaf sth:
an acc~dent
or a natural disaster.All thepeople
He&~d&mlakehissonaIongand~uainthim
who were wrking In the buiMing hnue nola km
w'th lhe bELSiness'
m u n l e d Ibr o Them are three files that I mnl 'V+"'pmn*prep
m u n t f
i
r Account for7sbisth is often
used in the passive in this meaning. 2 (old-
fushiontd)to destmy sth or kill sb: Olrr guns
m u n t e djorfiveenemyplanes.
Q V+PWP
ac'cuunt for sth Ito expbln how mwhy 5th
happened:toh
e theexplanationfar 8th:How da
you accountfir t
h
e
mt h l the box hasd b p
peamd? o Poor hygiene m y h
u
e amomled for
the mwm in apes of the dissrrre. the fact
tha
t
.
.
.2 to beaparticularpartof sth;tobeapar-
ticular amount:Car crimenmruniedfor 28% of
a
l
l m p o W o m o Wages m u n t for Iess
thun half o
f the brrdgel. E3 a b r ~ ~
amount, a
(particular) pmportlon, (so many) per cent
FE9 make up sth,represent sth 3 to keep a
rccord of how the money in your care will be
spentorhasten spentEverypenny o
f thefunds
i~amountedfot: 4 tomns~der
particularfacb or
circumstances when you are maklnga decision
about sth, especially when you are calculating
the cast OF sth: The mst of thefilmand thep m
assing wereail muntedfor m Ihemlculntwnof
the cusi 4f the service. lEB take sth Into
ncwunt
act/=kt/
'act rw sth toperform apartlcuLarmle orfun*
tim:Wll j l ~ ~
M OLS imWpm&for us?otorge
finesact asadetmmztfomolorisdp.
Dagent,multant. I n t e r m e d h w ,
deterrent EFW serve sssth
Q V + P ~ P
'actfor ab(also,&on w h d d s b . p t o n s
b
"
.
be'hatfjiF sba& for you oracts on behalf of
you, they deal with your *airs for you, for
examplebyrepresentingyouinacourtof law,or
by doingyour dutywhen you are notable to:Do
you huwea solicrlor actingforyoufoTheP r i m
tuasactrng on hhar o
f theQwem o T
h
ePrince
zwrsuctingonIheQwn's behuQ
BEd cllent
eV + P ~ ~ P
'act on sth (ah'& uponsth mrefimnI to
dosthasamultof advice,information,instruc
tions,etc. thatyouhaverecelvd Thepolice-
anlng on iqformutionfromum e m k of thepub-
Iic, o I mjusi ucting on instructions.o IF my
advicehod beenrmerItrpon,this umuld-haw
hagpznd &lee, lnlonnablon,Imtmctlons

8. W Actonhiponathambe u& inthepassive
in this meaning.2 to have an effect an sth: The
drugactson themntml nemussystem. EtilAct
can be used on its own with this meanlng:The
-drugoclsguickl~
e
' V + P ~ P
,acton be'hatf o
f sb;,adon sb's be'half =
ACT FOR $A
,act8th 'out 1 to perfoma storyor eventsthat
have happened or might h a m , as if yw are
performing a play: The&her reada story and
thechildm acled itout.o Sheucfedoutherfunla-
siesof w p stardom i n f h nt of her bedroom mir-
ror o rnguratiw)T
h
elulwlenationwmfollowing
the dmma being acled out on thefootball field.
Elldory, fanksy 2 to act a part i
n real life:I
found myse&fCIFIing out the role of good, brnve
patient 3 (technical) to express your thoughts
and feelings in your behaviow, offen without
h n gawareof it
@v+sdv+n + v+nlpmn+adu
,act 'up (itbfornsllll 1 to make sb annoyed by
behavlng badk tryingto get attention, etc: The
kidshawbeen&ingupaI1dqK2Ifamachmeor
part of the bady acts up, it does not work prop
erly:Thecar'satctingngpagtzin.o M y ankle bm-
ingupI= ispainful andcausingpmb1ems)i
LEEl play up
EEXEIAct up Is & e n d I
n the progresshe
tenses.
Q v + &
'act uponsth =ACT ON STH
add
,addsth 'Intoincludesthwith 9the
d
wtoput sth
into sthe h or betweentwo things:Sondme i
h
newfigzres when the &itional haw h n
a&W in,o Pve& z
n tme x b u p a ~ p h s .
Add can also be used w
i
t
h this meaning:
I'YPaddedamupleof exlrapnragmphs.
Qv+edv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
,add'on;,add'onto sthIAmF)tobuildanwrtw
room or roomson to a house or ather building:
Tkydecidadtoaddonmthr thanmow.
Qv+& + v+sdv+prep
,adds
t
h 'on:,addsth 'ont
onthtoinclude5th
or attachsthextra:Headdedaon lothebi1I.
W Add (to sth) can also be used with this
meaning HeaddedfZ Lo the bill.
Qv+nlpmn*adv + v*adv+n r
v+nlpron +adv*prep
b W b n n a thingthat isadded to mincluded
with sth else: T
h
e calalogwadverlIsed addans
such a
s extra memory and soflwure,oadd~n
p r a d ~ I ~ W u n i t s
'addto sthtoincreasethe size,amount,number,
etc. of sth: Taking the chiklren with w muld
only a& to o
wproblems, oMuskpIoyhg rn the
background added to the afmosptm. o (Brb
Thehousehnshenaddedtoouertheyeum.o T
h
e
f
d
at the holal isof a wry high stundard Add
ta this t h ~
qzmlity c
f the hemand the h e m
and it Sclmr why this issuchapopuhr hoteI.
E i d problems,number,knowledge,anJoymant
-Add to sth canbeusedin the passive.
Q v + p r e ~
,add to'gether, ,add sth torgether to come
together to plpduce 8th; to join two or mom
things, numbers, etc. together to produce sth:
The games, the dancing and the good f&d all
added togetherlo make a mmombIe l e n . o
Whenall thed mfactors erraddad togethm I
tun understandher&~lon.oAdd the fuw num-
bers togetherand dlvtdeby three.
IF33 factors, numbers,costs
+v+adv v+adv*n + v+n/p-cm+edv
,edd'up(iqr3rmr)
1toseemreasonable:to&
s e w : to have all the different parts agreeing
w~th
eachother TherearethingsInherstoty that
just don't add up o Now that I know where she
rwls lust night, it's all Rm'nning loadrd up.W
Add up with thismeaning is used especially In
negative sentences.2 to increase gradually to
make a large number or amount: Saw a small
amount a h month;it'll m n add up. 3 S
f two or
more numbers add up, they come to the total
that they shouldor that you would expect: These
fimjust don't add up.
g v + a d v
,add'up(mp~blly
BrE),,addsth 'upto calcu-
late the total of two or more numbers ot
amounts.lneuer muM& up o She'sWIY@
at adding up in her hacad.o Sheaddedthehums
u p i n a t h e .o I ~ b u s e a c ~ k u E a t o r t o a d d
upthebill.
E
E
dnumbam,fVgm, -om,Eort
Qv+adv + w*adu+n 4 v+nlprm+a6v
,add'upt
oeth 1if twoormorenumbersorAg-
uresaddupto sth,theymakeatotalof 9thwhen
they are added together: Can you anange the
numbersingmlrps2hladdup10IO?oThecostof
all the heeguipmmrtyouneedfor ababy a
d
& upma
mnsideruhie sum. 2 (irllormal)to show sth; ta
haveaparticularmeaningor result:Hts e v W
didn't redly add up to very much (= gaveus very
little information). oAil in all, it adds up to a
pretdycbaspemlesifuation.
IF3 amount to 5th
Qv+adu+prep
address/aniirm/
ad'dress purself to nth (@mat)
to think
about a problem or a situation and decide how
you are going to deal with it:We must a d d m
ourseluestolheprobllemof tmpollution.
er+pmn+vrep
adhere/adWr)/
sd'hemto sth(formu0to act i
nthe way that a
particular law, rule or set of instructions says
that you should;tofollw or supportaparlicular
opin~onor set of Mi& Thw Rnve adhemi
strictb to the W m qf the t?m&.
0 Hefound Ihe
dlet u e r y d m l l loudhereto. o Howmonywpie
aalrnlly adheretathrsvtew?
E Z i prlnclplau, rules, guldellm I
B
Bksep t
o
ath(lessforma0
Adhere to athcanbe used Inthe passive:
All sofew repurremen&rntutbeadhered lo.
0 V+PWP
admit/
a
a
w(a-)
ad'mH sth (formaI)to showthat sth such as
an explanationor ananswer Ispossible:toallow
sth to happen: Thesituation admits of only one
erplenniion.
!BE explanation,a
- ZEE3 m I k w of sth
Qv + prep
agree/arm:/
a'grw wMh sb to make you feel happy or
healthy: You Imk m
t
!Marriage obviously
a g m wilh you. oMwhmms don't agree with
me (=they makemefeel iwsick).
-Agree wlth 5b is often used In negative
sentences.
QV+PP
a ' g m wlth ath; a ' g w wfth dolng sth to
approve of sth,m i a l l y a policy or a belief: I
don't o g mwithwprlalpunishwl
,opndlsagree with sth, dlsegrea wlth dolng
sth
QV+PBP
'aimatsth:'afmat doings
t
htotry to achieve
sth:to have sth as your alm: She3 drniRg at a
sportsscholarship,o W e n dm ohati?xmirrg
w
t
t
s
.
~ A k m t o d o s t h I s a h ~ w i t h t h e ~
meaning:~ Z d o y o u a i m
foachkw?
ev + prep
'aimstkat sb!dh ifyouaimsthatap&imlar
person or group, you do or say sth that you
intendt
ohavean&ect onthem:Therrduertlsing
mmpniqnisaimdprimarilyal youngpeople.o1
wasmaaimingmy remclrk~utyou
rernurks,cdtlclsm, campalgn
Aim sth at sb 1
soften used inthepassive.
Q v +nlpmn+ prep
be 'alrnedat 8th;b'aimed;atddng d h to
havesthasan almor purpose: !i'he newschemeb
e i m a! reducing u?wrnp~ment.
+be+v+prep
amount
,....-.......-.....*,.,
,
,
.-, ,
,
*. -,m,. *-, ,
...-.......-......-....-.......,,.....,,,......,.
alight/ a w l
a'Hght MVupons h t h tanotimsblsth
suddenly;to h d or think of 5th by chance: My
crlighbsdonanold bwt oHe$nul[y d g h t d
onasolution.
BI
F
g
Mdupon W.th
0v + prep
align/aklam/
a'lign yoursePF with sbrsth to publicly sup
wrt aWmn, a groupof peopleora setof opin-
Ions: Thesenalwal&ned hImw,!fwith thecritics
o
f the pro^^?&&rim.
* ~ + P M + P ~ ~ P
allow/a%u/
sl'lowfor sthtoincludesthwhenyouarecalm+
latlngsthor planning sth:Addan atm ten min-
ulps toyourjournqrllmemalIo~~for
IhamcBic.o
I'ue h w h t a lrrrgesiketoallowfor #hefactt?mii
!
mqv shrrnk inthe m h
the ~stbillty,the
f.etllmt..., d m
W Allow far sth canbe usd in the passive:
Thishad notken a l l o dfor inthe budget.
& v + P ~
al'low of sth toshowthat8thsuch88 an
explanationoranansweris&wssible;tomakesth
possible:ThefuctsaZbwofonly onewIerurtIon
5admit of nth
*v + prep
al'lude t
o sbrsth -0 to mention sWsth
indirectly or in a f
e
w words: He hated his
mother's way of a1IUdimgW Jmn but never mtu-
allysaying hermm.
Alrude to sblsth can be used in the p s
sive:Doyou know lhe-n w h IWSalld8d t
o
inthe reporl?
e
' V+P'BP
amount/amunt/
a'mount to sth (no!UlCBd i
n the pmmdw
lenses)F toaddup tosth;tomult in afindtotal
of 6th: Themsl o
f the trfpawu10ted t
awell wer
Xml o Themoneyl p y intaxand i w m mo m
lriburlons arnunls m about 40% of my s a b q
PDcomstosth2tobeequQltoorthe~~meas
sth: Whnl they drd ornunred lo a brerrcho
f con-
t m . o It doesn'tmatterw M bIpay ormy bus
b a d pays -it amounts' lo the snmething in the
and oI#all amounts toa fot of hard work.E
E
)
soma t
a Sfh 3 i
f you say that sblsth doesn't
amount to much,you mean thathelshelit i
snot
wry important:He'Il newamount to anything.o
Thefn~iormntlon
wehovedm'tamount 0much.
EE3 addup tosth
@v + prep

10. a s ' d a t e yourself wkh d s t h 0to
say that you agree with sb or with their ideas:
It uras unrwzsonable io expm ihe D e m ~ l v l s
lo
~ f n &
tkmseiw with spending curs and m
i
n
c
-
.
r a p P , d l ~ ~ U ~ 4 w d l
ev+pmn+vrep
attend/antend/
attend t
o sbmth (formal)to deal wlth w take
responwbilityfor 8th:to givepractical helpand
careto sb who needsi
tIhnw some urgentbusi-
ness t
oallend $ao (BrO Are you being attended
to?
bll~hOSs.
d ~ ,
curto-
ER)l o o k a f t n r s b l o o k ~ r ~ I h : ~ s s t m ~
( ~ f 0 ~ m a O
+v+prep
attribute/ambju*/
Ntrlbu!e sth to sb to consider, perhaw
wrongly, that 5th has been written, painted,
spoken or created by a particular person: This
painting iswualIyallributed t
oGoyn.
)SYH) a d b e sth bsb
Q u + nlpron+prep
at'tdbutssth to sblsthto considerthat 5th is
caused by a particular personor thing Hi3 ow-
cesscan be largely attributed tahard w
r
k
.Q She
s
a
d she u mnot going t
aattribute blameor a k
revengefor whol hadhap-
EBD ascrih 5thto sblsth:put *d m to ah
( ~ S S ~ O F ~
0
@ v+nlpron+prep
auction/ k u n ,BE 'oh-/
,auction sth 'OWto sell sth at an audon, espe-
cially sth that sb no longerneedsor wants:The
h
o
w and all ILP mnlmfs will be auctioned fl
n
m week.
@v+adv+n 4 r+nlpmn+adv
a'vall yoursmtf of hW m l )to make useof
8th. totakeadvantageof sth,usually toimprove
your situation: Guests are mmurqged to auail
b ~ I v e s
of allthehotet'ssemiw. oI'd like to
ouailmys?Vof thtsopporduni& tohankyouall.
EEif~lllWes,
opportunity
Q v + p m n + m
averager m l
,average'outtomult inafair orequalamount
over a perid of time or after m
a
lmsions:
Sometimes I do tfw d i n g and sometimes my
jlallotmate W .It averages out over a month (=
results in us each dobg the same amount of
cooking).
e v + a d v
,werage 8th 'out(al rth) tocalculatethe aver-
age of sth: yuu amage it our, there's am?mr
stolen euery .three minutes.o The taxoWhoritim
awmged out hisprofir at fl0mayear overfive
yean.
@v+adv+n + v+n/pron+adv
,average '
a
tal sth to have a particular
amountasthemrageoveraperiodof time: The
lime sheswmkpmctising thplnnoaueragesout
at about anhouraday
@v+adv+prep
m m k 9j e ~
(awoke /a'wwk:krnE
a'woukl,awoken/a'waokan;AmEa'wwkm/)
awake to d h V 0 r n I )to h e aware of sth
and itspssible results;torealheorunderstand
sth- Theyfinally aluoke t
a thefulI &ent of the
problem. o I suddenly a& lo thefaa that Ihad
t h m w infront of me,
*S W O ~ A W A K E N
TO STH. AWAREN 80 TO STH
ev+prep
awaken/aawe~kan/
a'wekent
om
,a'wakensb to 5the r n 0
to become aware of slh, or to make sb becorns
aware of sth, andits possible results:Peopleam
gmdunlly aluakeninglo their rights. o Thepub
lit has hawakened 60 thefull horror of the
situnlion.
+See U b AWAKE TO 8TH
&v+prep 4 v+nlpmn+prep
..................
....................................................................................... ......-.........................- .....................-..............
backM I DEB p u f t m t + p u l l w t d ~ , p u l l o u t . o t d ~
. .
,back a'way; ,back aWay from sblsth to
move backwards away h m sbtsth frightening
or unpleasant: He stepped forward and sha
h c k d a w jinalarm o T
h
echild bucked atwy
from thedog neruousljr
rotmat(fmm sW&) (momfOt+fd
+se@olsonncKa m 2
+v+adv + v+adv+pmp
,back a'way from sth; ,back a'way from
doing sth to avoid doing sth unpleasant or
dficult; to showthat you no longer supprtan
action or an idea: We will laot back oluay@~om
tough mwsm. o The unbn h
m hnskd uway
from mllingastrike.
+v*adv+p~ep
,back'down(o-m sth)totaltebackachimor
a demand that you have made, or sth that you
have said,usually becaw sb forces you to: Nei-
lher of them will h c k downon this issue. e His
critlm weref o r 4 60k k down.
EE9 cllrnbdown (ww 8th);glw In(to
3 s C ~ U ~ O B A C K
OFF (FROM STHIPROM DOING STH),
BACK OFF STH
Qv+adv
,back 'ott I(Informan to stop ~~or
annoying sb:Back off Md I
e
r me make my own
decisiom.o Thepmshawugmdfobackflalard
lenw the muple alone. 2 to move away h m
sWsth frightening or unpleasant: As t h hmd
teacherapprmchedthe children btPdrad ofl
retreat (fromswath) seealso BACK AWAY, BACK
AWAY FROM SBlSTH
g v + a d v
,back 'off(from sttdrom ddng h l ,,beck 'off
sth(especiallyAm9 to decidenot tocontinue to
do sthorsupport an idea,inorderloavoidadm-
cult or unpleasant situation: The government
b n c M ofT in theface of strong opposition.o He
refused to Lmk offrom his wrlrer sfniemmt.o
The &Is hwkd fltheir demandfor meeting
wrththePmidenl.
seealsoeAcK new ( O N ~ R O W
STH)
Qv+adv + v + p p
,back 'ontosth W
h
'
)
if a bulldingbacksonto
sth, It has 5th tehind It: The Rote1 backs ontothe
goIf mum.
6
'V + P ~ ~ P
,beck 'out;,back 'out of slh;,back 'outof
doing sthto decide n
o
t to do sththat you had
agreed orpmmisedtodo:E w W i n g ' s a r m W .
It's too [rife to buck out mu o There'sstill timeO
back out o
f selurye theh o w .
nth;wlthdraw (from sth)(nmomfimO
+v+adv v+adv+pmp
,back 'up;,back rblsth 'uptomovebackwards
a short distance,especially inavehicle;to make
sbhthmovebackwardsa shortdistance:Youmn
baek up another i w m
e
mor so.oJ&f backed
the van up and d m off qujdF1~
4m m t i v e )
Thew m nwasbacked upagainst the~ 0 1 1 .
)svrr) w,
mwme 5th(moreJormn
@ v +adv + v +nlpron+ adr v+ adv*n
,back 'up;,backsth 'upif ~ c b n c k e n p o r l s
hacked up,~tcannotmoveandformsalongline:
Two l a m were c M by the mW,musing
cars lo bacR upfor mtles o The Wjic ts bricked
up toihe m c lights.
W B a c k 6th up is nearly dways used in the
passive.
6vtadv + r+nlpmn+adv r v+adv+n
,back sbMh 'up1to say or show that what sb
says is true: I tell my plr& I rws withyou,
wilFyouBack mup? o Hisversionof eventsknot
bock& up by theavidmlce~
E
S
Jm m e n t , elalrn
2 to supportor helpsb/sth: Me2 mmplalnad that
her hushandnever backed her up In the control of
the chiidnn, oW i n g her up (= playing music
tosupport her)~ l s
the band 'Midnigh!Express'.
IEQ supportsWsth
+r+nlpron+adv v+ adv+n~~~~)
t 'backupn[C]fl](AmE,W ) ( - f i y &as
an &ectiue) music that supports the main
singer or player In popular music or jazz: a
backup 5ing.w for Steuia!Wondero She oncesag
bwkupfir Madonna.
+=U~UBACK-UP ~ ~ B A C K S T H
Ue
,back sth 'up 1 ( m m ~ ~ t I n g ) t o m a k e a w ~ o f a
file, a program, etc. that can be wed if the ori-
ginal one ISlost or damaged:W
e back up all the
fiIeseuerynight. fl1e2toaddsthextratosth,
especial& as a support: The lecturps will be
backed up by pmcttml work.o They backed up
their dmnaRdswith threats.
&v+nlpmn+adv + r+adv+n
w 'back-upn I[Ulsupportor helpthatyou can
URP in arderto do sth:milihrv back-YDo Th#
.......
haw nhuge-h&-up learn.2 [ciasecondpieceof
equipment. set of plank percan, stc. that can
replace anotherif necessary:He'sourk k - u pif
anotherplayer h ' t availubk.o thehk-up pian
9 [C](computing)a copy of a ffle, program,etc.
for use in case theorigtnal is lost or damaged:
Haw you kepi a hck-upof thisple?oa buck-up
disk
+s@e&
h
BACKUPB ~ B A C K
m T H UP

11. baaMI (
-
I balem
i
,bagsth 'upto put sth,usuallylargeamounhof ,bale 'out:,bale 'outof athm ~ )
=BAIL ow,
stb, intoabagorbags: Thewegetabbamhggd HAIL OUT OF STH I
uponthefarm andthensentoutto theshop. ,bale'out;, M ea2h 'out(&m =BAILOUT,MIL
Bagsthcanalsobe usedwiththismeaning. ,
,
,
o v ~
Q v+adv+n a v+nlpmn+adv
,bale 'at,
.bale sbhth 'out of sth
bail ( R ~ E )
=BAIL SBISTI~OUT, BAIL SBISTH OUT OF STH
,bail 'aut:,ball *odd sth 1(BTEa h .bale balk ma^^
'out, ,hk'wtofnth)tojump outof aplanethat
is going to crash, using a parachute (= a large 'balk at sth; 'balk at ddng sth (-flu
PleCe of cloth that owns out like an umbrella =enurn
AT STH, M u L K AT DOING STH
and makes people fill slowly and safely): The
crew jmt M time lo h i 1 orat 20to stop
dorngsthor takmgpart insthbecause it isdfi-
cult or unpleasant: Theactor who luassupmsed
h bepbying !hewnboiM out. +seeo h BACK
OUT,BACK OUT OF STH, BACK OUT OF DOING STFF
e v + a d u v+adv+pmp
,hi!'Out ,ballsth 'Out(BrEah,bak'out,
,bah
8th 'out)to throw water out of a bcat with a con-
tainerorwithyourhands:Thebwfwillsinkunless
wehi1out. o Thgrsiartedbaillng theboat out.
bo=t,watW
&v+adv r v+nlpm+BdY + v + d r + n
,bailsb 'out(fnw)ta pay sb'sh
f
i (= themoney
that sb accused uf a crime hastopay if theydo
not appear at their hial) for them,
so that they
canbe setflwunt~l
their trial
+ v + n l m + a d v . v+adv+n
,ballsbnth '
o
u
t
:
,ballsblsth'omof 4th( B E
a h .bale sbisth 'out,,bale ablstk 'wt of sth)
(informnh to rescue sWsth f¶vm dimculties,
especiallyfinancial difficulties: Thegovernment
hmref& to$ail thecompanyoutagain.
&v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n +
v+nlpron+athr+prep
C. 'ballowl n (ospciully AmE,fi~inanoe)an act of
glv~ng
financlalhelp toacornpan): economy,etc.
tosaveit fromfalliwg~varnmentIbank
hiloukP
o ahiloulpnckage
,ballsslh 'upWEE
A)tospoilsth;todo6thvery
badly
A more polite. informalway of sayingthis
1s foulBthupor bungle 8
t
h
@v+nlpmn+adw v+adv+n
b 'balls-up n (A,
skng, espechlly i9rEj m e -
t
h
i
n
g that has been done very badly: I ma& a
real boils-upofmyexam.
A more polite, informal way of sayingthls
1s foul-up.
bandm u d l
,bandto'gethertoformagroupandacttogether
m order to achieve sth, etc: We tu band
together toJightthezer%forms.
v+adv
bandage/kndrd3/
,bandage sbMh 'up to map a bandape (= a
long narrow stripof material) around a p
i
?of
the body that is @urd: Joe brrndngcd me up
until the W r mme.o I didn't see the burns
becaweherfingerswereallbadaged up.
EEJ wound. sbC l
w
a
n
n
,
m k
Bandage sblsth up is often USA
in the
pacsive. Bandage sWsth isalsoused wlththis
meanlng.
balancepbselansl
Qv+nlpmn*adv v+adv+n
'balanceA against Btocomparethevalue or b a n d ~ l ' b n d i l (
b
.
d
k
.
.
bmdying,t#ndl.d,
importance of one plan, mrnent. etc aminst bandfed)
another: You m w ilh& the high &laa
aguinrt thelong tuorkinghlrrs.
E B net sth amlnst sth
6v+ nlpmn+prep
,balance'out;,balancesth 'outrupifth-
that are very different or have opposite effects
balance out or you balance them oat, they
become equal in amount or value: you eat a
uoriefyo
f fd,
protein and mrbohydmu will
M o mout owra week.o Weneed to inu& t h m
moregirk m bnlance up thenumbers (= so that
thereareequalnumbrsof boysand girls).
&r+adv * v+adv+n v+nlpron+adv
,bandy sth a'boul (also ,b.ndy .th a'mund
eslwcialiyB
E
)ifaword,anme+
etc. i
sbandied
about,it is mentioned or talked about by many
people,oftenin a careless way: Thesturles being
bnndied about ore cvmplereIy fa&, o He's nut
m
i
d onythrng like the£#ama lueekfism being
bandiedaround
mstory,flgurer,wwdltann
W Randy sth aboatlaroundI
susually usad
m the passive.
&v+adv*n v+nlpmn+adv
bang t
b
m
l banked ongetiing a cup qf &ke at the a i m
-
,banga'round(also,brign'beutesmially BrB
to move around noisily: We couM hear t h m
h i n g n h u t upstairs,nuruiagihings.
e v t a d u
,bang a'way 4 .(hfmmO to hit sth 1pwatedly
wlth lots of force or energy:She p k k d UP u
p
h
e
hammerand hgan brvlglng away with mthusG
asm. 2 if sthsuchas your heart bangs away, It
makes very loud regular sounds: My hwnwap
hngingaway unhea2th;Ip
Qv+adv
,bang a'way at sth IAm&,i?@~rmuO
to work
very hard at sth: She ban& m y all drry a
ther
assrgnment+
,srw, bash away(at sth)(BE?
&v+adv+prep
,bang sth 'down to put 5th down quickly and
with a lot of force so that it makesa loud noise:
He banged hisfist downon t
h
elabk o He hnged
thephone down(=ended thetelephoneconversa-
tlon) beforeImuId&xpInln.
@v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
,bang'Intosbtsthtocrash intomhit sbtsthvio-
lenmusualIy bymistake: Heranaround thecor-
ner and banged &to an old lady who luasmmhg
theotherway.
e v + m
,bang'ona b w t sblsth(BrE,Ilgforrrml)totalk
or write a lot or tnaboringwayabut6th:Put is
aEwy$ bmging on abut mlftlcs.
oShe k
e
e
w
hngingonaboul how tuodrful herson a
IEE) goon (aboutsblskh)
(g v+adv+prep
,bang 'out sth;,bang When?'out(irV3rmuD
1to play music very loudly: He hnged out the
tuneon thepiano. 2 towritesthveryqu~ckly
and
wlthout taking much care:Shewas banging out
four mvek a w
6 IE9 b S h d h Out (BrFJ;
chumsth out
A noun must alwaysm o w out. but a prp
noun comesbetweentheverb andoat.
+v+adv+n .v+pmn+adv
,bangsbtsth 'up( A d ,iqfommfl todamageor
I ~ J W sblsth, especially by hitting sth else: I
banged upm
y kneewhenIfellflthebike.
&v+sdv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
beiget,banged'up(BrE,i n f o m O t o blocked
up or put in prison:Hewasbawtdup ina S i W
pow jail for six months.
4$~
belget+ v+ Etdv
'bankon 8- 'bankon ddng ath:'bank
on sblsth doing sth to rely on sWsth: to be
confident that sth will happen: 1'm habankimpon
your help oI'm hnking onyou tohelo me.oI'd
but e
v
e
w
i
n
g uxls closed,o H
e was hw~king
on
she tminkingon time. o Shemight already haw
cieawd upbutlwouldn't bank OR It.
count on sblsth,eount on ddngM,
count on sbl* dolngath:reckonon sUsth,
reckonon dolng sth,mckon on sblstk dolng
ath
v +prep * v +prep+dpmn +toinf
,bank 'up;,bank sth 'up IBrE) tu form into a
large pile; to make sth form a large pile: The
srrowI&ndbnnkduponeithero~of
therwd.
Qv+adv a v+nlpmn+adv t v+adu+n
-
,bargaln ath a'way (mre)togiveaway 8thvalu-
able or Important in exchangefor sthless valu-
ableor imprrhant: Thelerrders Med lo bnrgnin
away thefeedom of iheirpwpk.
+v+adv+n + v+pmn+adv + v + n + a d v ( h
fwwnt)
'bargaln forlon sth; 'bargaln Form dolng
5th; 'bargain forlon sbleth dolng sth to
expect or be preparedto do sth; to e m sth to
happen or sbto do sth:We hadn't burgafdfor
such bad weathe%o 1hadn't bagotned on taking
the kids withus. oIdidn't $argainJorJake being
at the wrtlr o When he tried to awue mIth Kate,
hego&okthan reh a d b ~ ~ d n e d f o r .
o Whal
I hadn't bargainedfor was that veryfew pmpk
would speak English.
BE) reekonon sblath,mkenonddng ~th.
reckon on sblsth dolng 5th
EiElThese phrasal verbs are u9uaUy used in
negativesentences.
eV+PMP
barge/ h d 3 : ~ m ~ h - r & /
,barge 'in(on Wsth), ,barge 'Into sth (InJ%r-
mno 1tomteraplaceorjoinagmupofpeople
quickly and rudely, without being ask& Sony
t o M h , h t...oShebrrrgedinonowmting
wtlhoulknocking.oHejust (hisway)inlo
the m m .2 to interrupt what sb is doing or say-
ing,especially whenyouhavenot &n Inv~ted
to
joln in: As soon as I pn& for breath. &Id
barged in, 0 Youmn" jut comahrging intoo w
wnuersnthnl
Qv+adv + v+prep
barkw km b a x k l
,barks
t
h'outtoahoutathloudly:Shebwkdout
i n s W h m Z o h 8 r ~ ~
Ellordsn,lnstntalons rapsthwl
W Rark sth can also be used with the same
meaning,He h r k e d o r d mat T f m
g v + a d v + n * v+nlpmn+adv * v+adv+ap#zh

12. barrlcade
.................. . ................................. -................................................................................................
10 -
.
..... .........,....... *,,,..........,
*
barrleade/,mkerd{ ,bash8th 'out
(BE, wimal)to write 8th vwy
bad,&= yourself& '
I
,
,
; be*,-de qulckl%without taking much Eare: I don't do
youmetftsb 'Inl~ntofln'slde
sth to put up a IJustbhthmout.
line ofobjectsat theentranceto a mooor build-
~ + ~ ~ , " ~ Y ~ m n
+
in& so that nobody can get in or out, usually to
protect or defend yourself or sbelse:T k p o l h , b s h sb 'UP (&rE, W r m b to attack sb vio-
mild when he barricaded hi-rf in. 1"tIly
They b~rrbxded
t h e m i w h i d e their house.o *UP
Famllmhad to be bebarticaded insidearesta~rigap Bashsbupisusedlezsoftenthant
h
esynw
w h i k s t & @ n t s p r u ~
wlslde. nym beat sb up
&W room,hwrse @ v+n/prOn+adv v + a b + n
@ v+nlprnn+adv v+nlpm+prap
batMl Mt.1
. .
baselbersl ,batsth a'rouml(inform0to taLka h tor&-
Base 8
t
h on sth( a hat,,,~ upon &mwp cugsvlansorideas,etc.beforeycudecidewhatto
formno touseorhavemid- an-fieme. etc. do: We'reim b a t l i ~ S m e
hiksomW
-.
as the point h m which 5th can de dml&: @Id Id~s.figum8
Themuelisbnsedonatrwstorjr o&kbming &v+rlrpmn+adv 4 ~ + & + n
the pmsecutmn cuse on the ev- of two .wit.
n
e
-
. 0 w h ~
the design based w o
rhs batten1
-
r n ~ ~ r t
hnr htustd upon i m r & imrm-
#ton.oSue'skno.wl&e of Japan wasbns@d only
on whutshehndmadin books.
bselslon,theoty, deslgn,qlnlon, stc
E 5 l lBase sth onRlpon 5th isoften used i
nthe
passive
v + Wpmn+prep
,battensth 'downt
ofasten 9thfirmly firmly &
o
r
d
e
r
to prevent damage by starms or winds: Thqr
m
a
m
g
e
d lo batten &urn the shutters and doors
Worethehurrimnehit
@v+adv+n r v+n/pron+adr
.battendmfhe'hatchwtopreparefordif-
ficult times ahead: Businesses are b m m l n ~
- - .--
bash~ J E
down the htches and preparing pr a dimuz
umr
J--..
, h s h sbtsth a'bout( B E , Worm0 to hit or
strike sblsth and treat themlit in a rough m y : b m e r r ~ r ) ~
- .
Themuggerhadkshedherabout
(4v+nlpion+adv
,batter nth 'downto hit 8th EepeatedFy until it
breaksandfallsdown: Theonlyrurry&get in unrs
.bash a k y <at+th) (BrE)ta work very hml at ro hl&rthedoordotom
sth fora periodof tlme:IbaPhsdawyatihe&- @Jdoor= k e a k h clcmn:&.(hh
icie w~thouta
breakhmI1 until6
. +v+nlpmn+adv 4 v+adv+n
O v + a &
,bash 8th ' d o r m ( i ~ l , ~ ~ ~ r ~ t o
b a ~ l k ( s m t a & ~ r @ w ~ ~ l ~ u b . ~ k )
destroy sth and make it fall bv hittlnn it vi* Ib~:kl
--
~ e n d ~ :
~ h ~ ~ h ~ ~ ~ h a d l o b a s h ~ h e d ~ r d o w
'baulk at am; .baulk at d o [ ~
sth to
mdoorm
break *h (mmfirmao, unwilling to do sth or to get involwd In rth
knock5thd o w n ( m o ~ o m ~
becauseit isdlfflcult,dangerous,expensive,etc:
+v+nlpmn+adv 4 v+edv+n
Hehulkedat theideaof Mlinghispurents where
,bash8
t
h 'in(infinraal,espedully Brm to bmak hemgoing.
ordestroysthbyhlttingltviolently: Thwhdom EZZl Idm,mpame
had ken W e d in. @ V + P W
EQ wlndow,haad.skull. m e
--
E
E
)
smash sth in bawlb y
Bash 8thin isoftenusedInthep a s s i ~
+u+nlprcm+adv *v+arhr+n ,bawl sb 'out
I M m l )to s w k angrlIy to sb
bemuse they have done 5
t
h wrong: hfy baaa
03Il.bash sbk 'k&bralm In (Womanto hit
hwledrrPe outfir hInsIrrk,
sb very hard:Shut w orrll baFhyourbminsin!
I S 3 tell sbafl (for 6tMforddngsth)
,bsh "
a (with nth) (ME.
Wrml)
to continue 6.
+ n,pmn +a* +adv +,,
workhe hard at sth: Lei's bash on. oI'd k M r
,
,-iwbwt ,
, (wrmat)
bashon w ~ l h
my work.
am of speakingangrily to sb becausethey haw
E B eaton Iwlthsth)Imowfirmarj
Qv+a&
donesthwrong
,W
sth 'out(l~rmaL
esmiulty Brmto sayor
sing sth very loudly or in a harsh voice: 5
%
M t giwyou an order Shebawls it out.o The
chiidmn hwkdout tht?songSn
+v+adu+n 4 v+pron+adv + v+n+adv(mrP) b
v + a d v + m
be/bl:
m f m b k l (Warn,~ m g ,
war{waa,
woa;AmEwaz,whe,wsmIwa(r),#:(r)/, M n
/bin,bmo
be 'downto sb to bethermponsibilimofa
kto
besb'sfault:It's&wn toyou@he@lhrmrmra
Qv+adv+pr%p
be ' d mto sfhto onlyalittlemoneyleft
I'mdownlomy last&Ih
Qv+adu*prep
ibetgo 'down wfth 8
t
hto have or catch an ill-
ness:Glll'sdown withflu
+v +a& +prep
be 'In 1 to be in fashion:mlsklrts m
e in #his
season.2 to beelectedt
oapoliticalposition:The
-aRer -on
-at 12 - o n a m bmocmtsam infiranotheriernt.
"away - / p l w p ona!
*v+sdv
-
b
e
r
m -onto be 'In for sth (Irsfomdj to be going lo experi-
-bhind -out ence8thsoon,espeAallysthunpleasantShe's in
-b e h ~ n d m -outfor fornshock.o Itlwks hkewe're infiro srorm.
-down -outof
-down m -war ev+adv+pmp
-down W -psd befget'Inon sth(ilafwmafitohaveashareinor
4go d mwith -thmugh knowledge of sth;to be or become involved In
-in -UP s t h : A m y o u 3 n o n ~ h e ? o I ' d l i k e l o h i n o n
-in- -upwrist
-/get inon -up Mfore
hdeal.
-(well) Inwltt~ -up for Q v+adv+prev
-Into -uplo be (well)'In with sb tobe (very)menuwith
-off 13 -upon sbandlikelytogetanadvantagefromthe£riend-
b~ sthto try to gat or obtainsth:Saueml
p o p k i n t h e o ~ a r e ~ t M w m j o b .
she's
bmngbuniw.IwrclnrImwhats&'s&
Q V + P ~ P
b 'atab (
I
-
, eswespecInIIy W.Ej = srr/ool
KEEP ON AT 68
be 'atsill tobe busy doing sth:He3 kern at his
essaynllnight.oI'ilbealfialldnylomorroul
+V+PW
be 'at It to behavebadly; to argue or Wt:
TIwkids omai It again.
be a'waytonot 'be atDome, especiallywhenYOU
are on holidayMW.atlmor on a buslness trip:
We'll bt o m y for the month of Awwt. oHe5
away on brrsilmessat themoment.
*v+a&
ke before~b=BE UP BEFORE SB
be be'hlndsbtogivesb yoursupportDonWar-
get that W'W behfndpuall thew
w
*V*PBP
,b
be'hlndvrfth sthtobelatedoingath,suEhaa
paying abW,yourrent,etc:W
e
* behindwiththe
mortgage repayments.oI'm Mind with my cob
Icge usrgmenrs.
+v+adv+prep
h'downif acomputersystemtsdown,it Lanot
working temporarily:SureIyyowcOmPW isn't
downagain?
Qv+adv
be 'down on sbt
otreat sbseverelyorUnealrlY:
He'sbeenreaUy&wnonmMl~
ship
+v+a&+prep
be 'Into s
t
hto haw a tasteforw anInterestin
sth: Are you inlo jazz rnwic?oH
e
'
sbaen inlo
tmfnsssfnceMwtwasmIlBoy.
eV + P ~ P
he 'Off 1to leave;to go,- M y i
na hurry:I
must be ofl 2 to have gone bad and not be fit to
eatordrtnk:Thismilk is o
n
+v*abu
be 'off 8
t
h 1tohavenointerest i
nsth:to have
stoppedliking sth.She can't b w
1
I
.Ske's &n
ofl herfood all A.
o That'si
t I'm f l menfor
lve. 2 to have finished speak- on the tele
phone:Isn'theofl thephoneyet?
bv + prep
be ,off for 'sth(#rformoOm have a particular
amount of sth:How am w fl
for r
n
m(= how
muchhavewegot)?
+v+adv+pr%p
be 'on1(of anwent,ashow,aperPormanoe,etC.1
to be happening:to take place:Is ##party
on?2(of a performer)t o be onthe stage;t
oper-
form:
Who'sonm?
o We'reonafter the support
band, 3 (of f d ) to be cooking:Am thepotom
m?
cAv+adv
&you'rs (spoken,
~lrformal)
u dwhenyou
areacceptingabet orac h a w
be 'onsb if sthsuchasdrinks,fwd,ti-, etc.
are onsb,they arepaidfor by thatm n : The
drinksumonmtonigh1.nkht.
@v+PreP

13. be 'on sth 1 to be takingmedicine,a drug, etc: be 'outofsthtohaveuwdupa pupplyofsthand
She'skn onihepillSorlenyears.o r'ntonstrong havenothingleft We'moutof swar
~~inkilkm
2tobe talkingtosbonthetelephone: @ v +a& u prep
she's ken on thephonefor ~~ tobe eating be 'wer sb to have returned toyour usualstate
or drinking &
I
: I'm on thW ~ I W Y of happinessafter the end of a relatfonshfp:It
thFPmorniag
A v + n - l r
wnshardat~rst,
but I'm o mhim nour
V . P.YC
what am you 'an?(
s
-
, I@oml) used e v + w p
when you are wry surprised at sb's behaviour be *" to your
andaresuggestingthat they areacting inasiml- state of health after an illness:He's o m theflu
lar way tosbusingdrugs nom
ba 'on about sth (bg-orrnal,m p ~ i a l
ly@ to
Q v + m
talkaboutsth,oPteninaboringway;
torneangth: be 'wst't(wmo~toshowthatymthink
He's alwyson aboul how rnllcnmoney he eorns. sb is so old that they can nolonger do anything
0 WhQtareyouon about?(=Idon'tredy Or interesting
The *'ldren &Whedat
stand). h hanrIaid hew a s mit
ev+adv+prep +v+prep+~t
bIgheep
at rb 1l (mmal, be '*mugh (bab) toberonnectedto sbon the
e s p m ~ [ b
BrE) totry to persuade sbto dosth $y "Iephone Ywhthm~hmm You'rr
talking about it verg oftenand in an anno- *Othemnagwmm
way: I'ue k e n onat my husband togo sothe doc-
106 but hemn't. be 'through(with sblnth) (especlnlly AmE) to
BE) n q sb havef~nishedusingor
doings* tohavehished
Q v+adv+pmp v + p p a relationship wrth sb:Aren't you FAmugh w?
be sonto*b 1to becomeawm thittsb You've h n 0 Hepramhi Re was through
has done sth wrong or illegal slid be tryingto withdmgs.oKeithandIarethrough.
catchthem: Thepaliceamn'!ontowpt. 2 totalk ev+adv
to sb about sth, especiallyto coinplainsboutsth h
E 'up1to be awake: b ' m W e a m
or ask them to do sth: r
u
ek n onto the muncil UP all night. 2 (of the wlnd, the sea, &c.) to
abutIheno&. increase in strmgth or bpcome violent: In the
eV+PWP morningthe wind uxrrp upand wem t twdyfora
be a
m
t
o to find or sththat cwld dOYk sof1irag. 3 ((spoken.iwiirnm0 (of a drink a
hirvevery gd results you or sb else: She meal,etc.) to beready: W 3 up!Comeandgel It.
could be onto sonrsthing (= she might hw dis- *seeab To
coverdsth thatw
f
f
lpmveimportant). @u+adv
$ v + P W h'upagainsta b t htokefadng problemsor
nod,tohavesbtopped
work asapmtestand ba difficulties: W e k up agailrsi toughmmptifion.
onstrfke:Themstalworkersorsstlllovt.2 to be O rhmprayers 'Mu& lh@Yuh?re raa'rV up
nolonger inprison: I'veheardSmilA3out aminsf it I= i
na dimcult situation). oDo YOU
if a jury (= a group of m p l e who decide the mlirewhtW'uh~pagai~fl
results of a competitionorwhether or not sb 1s *v*&*P'Bp
guilty of a crime)is out, they m stiu trying to be 'UP bfore sb at.^ be* *)to -r
make a decision 4 to no longer be in fashion: incourtorbeforeajuof*: He'supmomt h j d ~ @
Black lsout thisyea,: oF b l i r e w s s m r o &out ~ r r o ~
of fashion these dqvs (= no one is gwlite any 4 v + a d v + ~ m ~
v+PreP
more).5ifanaction,forexample,b out,it isnot be 'up for ath 1tobe mnsideredfor sth, espe
possible or Is not allowed: Shll wg@t
m g d k cially asa candidate forajob,InaneIection. etc:
oneevening m
t mek?Monday'sout-I'ue god a She's upforpromotion, o &formal)Thmtrm50
Fretrch class. tickets wforgmbs I=mailableforpeople who
Qv+& askquicklyt 2 tobeforsbtobuy2seeyourhouw
the Juryb (still) 'out on s
(
k used whenyou is upfir sale.oA Picmso isupfor auctfo~
3
aresay~ngthat
sthisstihot certain: T
h
ejury is (i*msal) to t
wready totakepart Inanactivity:
stillouton whetherwinem hgoodfiryou Thenewjobwrll beachallmge,but I'm upfor it.
beloutfwsth;ba hittodosthtobetrying 4v+&*Prep
very hard to do sth or to get sth: He's outfor b 'Up ta 4b 1tobe sb's responsibilityor duty:
r e m e . 0 Everyom'sjusl oul for lohat they can It's uployou lomakesun thehoztseLr kepttidy-2
g
e
lthesedays (= theyaretrying to get things for tobe lefttosbtadecide: 'Shaltwgaou6? 'It'sup
themselves).o The & m a team wnnt lo win toyou.'
thisreom, bu#Smzilawoutt
nstopthem. ev+adv+pmp
+v+a*+prep v+adv+tolnf
be 'up ta sth(Iru3rmal)1to be busy doing sth,
mpe~iallysth bad: Whol ?laveyw been W
labehy?~
ThekldFmqufet- I'rPnsum they'rew
roMgmd (= they are doing 8th bad). 2 tobe as
god aspeopleexpxt:Wasywrntaol up tostand-
ard?
&~ * a d v * W P
muvkatbup? (spoken i n f w m ~
1 used t
oask
sb if thereissumethingwrong: Youh k terrible!
What's up?0 Imuldn't rcndersland what wasup
mfthGeorge.2 used as a greetingto mean 'how
areyou?, 'what haveyou been doing?', etc
be u'ponsb (formniltobe goingtohappen verg
soon T~etecrwn
Isalmasr umnILT.
4v + prep
,bear'~QWI
on s b t h( a h,bear Idarmupon
sblsth moreformnl) 1 (=phi@
BrE) tomove
towardssblsth in a determined or threatening
way:A muxl cfjournalisAF born do~un
on the
m i n i s ~ o A
hwrimner is bmrfng down on
c e w l Am&. 2 (eswtirrllyAmEE if a prob-
lem oraditlcult situationbearsdownonyou,
itmakesyoufwlvery worrid and has asevere
mecton you:Thedraught i s h r r w d o m n wry
hard on farmers.3 (espciaJly AmEl to press
or pushon sblsth: Cligumtiue)Theg o m m e n t
has announced It will bear down on (= deal
strictlywith) irlflntion.
@v+adv+prep
'bear onmpon sb/sthu
o
r
m
t
d
)to be connected
withsblsth:tohoveaneffectonsWpth:Thisdaci-
sion bmrs d i m l y onourevemiby [iues.
E9dfed stu'sth
EEl7lThis verb 1
s rnaLnly used In written Eng-
. .
" 11Sfi.
eV+@P
,bear s b t h 'out(esmhtiy Brm to show that
sth istrue orthat what sbsays IsW e :tosupport
sbtsth:Iolwaysslrldshe'ddoruell.Johnwill bear
me out on this. o John will bevlr out w h t l s ~ ~
0
T h i s i h ~ i s r w t b o r m o u t @ t h f ~ ~ .
+v+n/prcn+adv 4 v+adv+n
,bear 'up( u w r sth)to remain cheerful and in
conml in a diffcult situation: 'How is Your
motkr?"She's Wring up very m
l
u
e
l
L
'
o 'Howare
you?"Oh bearing up'
+v+adu
'bar U r n 8b/& =eEAR ONh7PONSB/STH
'bearwith 8btobeptient withsb:ifwu'lljurrl
bee* wrth mefor a moment, I'll hy tofind &. 0
She's ~tndsr
a btofstmin.Justbeor wlthher
Bearwlth sbi
susually used inthep-nt
tenseortoask sb tobe patient.
ev+PWP
,bealsb 'baaktomakesbmwebackwardsaww
from sth: She rws beaten tuck bythePames.0
T W t r M lo beat theenemyf o m back.
Beatsbbackisusuallyusedinthepass&.
+v+nIpron+adv * v+a&+n
,beat 'down(on/upon sbl*) I if the sunbeat8
down, it shines with great heat: The sun bw#
down all ufternmn m
r
na clear sky. 2 if rain
beats down, it falls with great form: The rnln
waslanling downon #hem.
e v + a d v
, b a tsb~sth
' d mtopersuadenbtoreducethe
price of 5th: to get sbto accept alowerprim for
sth:Chrktriadlo h ithemdownlo aio~erp*.
rnknock sblsth down
@ v +n/pm+a& a v +a h+n (
h
J
h
7
m
a
)
,beat 9th 'down 1to hit 8
t
h hard. &n many
times, untll ~tfalls down: Tlaepol& had 0M t
the door doun, oh p l e am hndly beat- the
damdown mgether hat b w k (= they are not
rushhg to buy it).EEldear b w k 5th
d m ; batter 8th dmrm2 to make 8th flatter or
lower by hitting it hard, usually with sth flat:I
~ w d a
spade totatdown themuduntil it u
h
w
w
and hard. o 5%0 rwmen tried to beot down the
j E Q m on his back.E
Z
Jflames
+v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
,bed sbtsth 'off1todrive sblsthback or
by lighting: They bwt off anattack &hhrebe!
army. o ~ e % i e dlo beat the thugs o
f with a
stick. E E l attack,attnckar 2todefeats h t h in
acomwtetltlon.Themmpanyhas beateno
nW V
strong competitionfmrnabmnd.E
E
d chl!enga,
mpetltlon
&v+adv+n + v+nlprwrtadv
'beat on sb MrnE. idormal) to hit ot klck sb
repeatedly
seeO h WAT SB UP:BRAT UP ON SB
ev+prev
,beat 8th 'out1to pmduce a r m mb~M W
6th such as a drum repeatedlyE
!
!
Z
i rhythm2 to
putoutaflwbyhitting it withsthsuchasablan-
ket, a jacket, a brush, etc. He used kisjnclfet 50
baatout thefInmes. IiBJflames,flm 3to make a
p~we
of metal flat by hitting it with a hamme'
etc: PUmgotd mn be &ten out foform V q Illin
sheds. E E goldnmn,dent
gv+aciv+n v+pmn+adv v+n+adv(less
J%wuenA
,boat sb ~t(Forath)(AmlT)mdefsatsbinamm-
petition: Thgy &at w
Ln h otherwmganiesfor
thecontract.
@v+nfpmn+adw v+adv+n
'beatsb to sth;,beatsb YO Hto achieve13th
or
reach aplacebefores'beW.Beckham h
e
a
levery-
o m eke tothe ball. oBook iww W
o
r
es o w
elsebeabsyoubo it!
+v*nfp~pn+pwp

14. beat up 14
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X....IX _
, k MSb 'uptohitorkicksbregeatedly:H e r b
bandlrsedtoWhm~.oThegangtmn#round
becstingupold India.
bWhsbup(informal. h m t )
+ ~ ? Q ~ D B E A T
UPONSB
&v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n
b ,beat-'up ( m m h l l y A m ( B E m l l y
,baterr-'up) udj [usually before noun] (infor-
ma0 oldor damaged:Hedrives a h t - u pold mix
,hat yourseH 'up(informanto blameywrself
for 9th; to criticize yourseIf:aw don't sllGceed
thefirsft i m , weshouldn't beat ourselvesurn but
try ugain.
.e)v+pm*aW
,beat 'up on sb W,iw317~~)
to attack sb
physicallyor with words:O
f m
u
mit3mot OKto
b w t u p o n ~ v r w i f e .
o H e w a s d o f denling
uponthe Presiderntinthepress.
+Seealso BEAT ON SB
@v+adV+prep
beaver/
%
t
m
r
)
/
,beaver a'way (st ah](BrE, lrlformal)to work
very hard at sth: She*$ been hverlng atmy at
herhomeuwrkforhours.
@v+adv
become~brkhml
( b n w meml
becoma)
be'comeof sbhthO t ohappentosWsth:
I wnder w h ~ t
bmm o
f them p l e wfto lived
~ d w r o W h t w L f l $ e c w n e ~ u s ~ ~ I m y
job?
=Becomeof sblsthisalwayswdhaqws-
tlon w
i
t
h what
(4v + P ~ P
,bed "down (
&
.
E
) 1to lie down to ga to sleep
somewhere you do not normally sleep: Young
people h k k d down in ahrwnys.IEB doaa
d m(BrE,lessformal)2 ( a h,bad 'In)if sth/sb
newbedsdown,itthey W m esettld and start
to work well: It'll take a whileforthe newsysbrn
ro bed &wn. o The tam players have M
e
i
i
down well a
ntheMrn
@v+adv
beefJ~HI
,W 'upnth;,wM e m 'up~*donnal)
to
make sth bigger,stronger,more interesting,
etc:
Securib has hen W
e
d up. o Tha mmww hns
been Wfngtok
t
f upitsimp,
A noun must always follow up, but a pm
noun wrnesbetweenthe verb and up.
@v+sdu+n + v+pron+adv
t 'bwfwbpndj [only before n o w improved;
made bigger, stronger,more Interesting, etc:
beefededup
security
,beg'off;,begbff
oft,beg'off dolngsthto
ask tobeexcusedhm sth;to saythat you cannot
do 6ththatyou areexpectedor havep r o m i d to
do: S
h
ewasasked & work the weekend shift bud
she tried to beg OAF o He kgg@doff ~Lstiing
his
grulndparents.
EfBpulloltt,a
l
lout d atk,pulloutM ddng
-L
be'lfeve In s M t h 1 to feel SUE that sbtsth
exists: Do you klieve in ghoslppo I believe in
God.o 1don't belieue in aliens. +seea h nlsee-
LIEVR It4 SdSTH 2 to haveconfidenceinsW&, to
feelsurethattheylitwilIbesucceWlorachiwe
sth:Mypamnrsalmuys k l i e v inme.o I h w 60
believei
na p d u c t WoreI m nsell rt.
OV+PP
be'lleveIn sth:be'lhva In dolng sthtofeel
thatsthisright orvaluable;toapproveofsth:Do
you beltem In w i t u l punishment? o She M
Y
believe in running rrsks.o I'vealways b e l W in
giuingpmple asmnd cham^
QV+PWP
be'lleve ~ t h
of sb to accept that sbiscapableof
a particular action, etc., especially a bad or
immoral,one: Taking drugs!1can't belime f h t
oSLucy!oIf I hudn't seen him &M it. I would
muer have b e I i e d tb o
f him. o She is &*r-
mined io believe she worst of me (= think I am
capable of doing,and l i l y to do,6thwrybad).
@v+ nlpmn+ prep
belong~ I T R U ;
A&-19-1
be'long to sb(MI rrsedInt h e m l w m)
f ta betheprolwrtyof sb;to be ownedby sb: The
hourrebelong& tomywustn.o Thatland belongs
iothegollduh o W h o a b w t h e m n k b ~ & ? 2
i
f
allme or an eventbelongsto a team, a group of
people, etc.theyw
ethemast succemfhl,popular
or ~mportant:
Britain drd well in the athletics
wmpatition, but #heoby klongwI to N ~ m y
o
Thesecand havd thettuentiethcentuuryhlonged
to the young. 3 if a job, a du& etc, belongs to
you, it is your responsibility. Thejob o
f d k r p
linirsgta chzld belongs lo thepar@nb.o The credit
for our smxss hlongs io #hestaf (=they made
uss u c c e M ,forexampleby workinghard).
+Y+WP
be'long to ath 1 to be a member of sth, f
o
r
example, a dub, an organhation or a f
a
m
i
l
y
:I
don't b
e
b
w to any polrtiml p~rly.
ooPortUgaI
olreody belongs to the European Union.EXi
(trade)union,club,(polltleal) party2to bepart
of a particular group or system:Ratthmkes
belongtotheuipwjiamily.o TThesethmturtlesall
15 bHeoff
...... ..
- '."'*"""" ....
.......................... ." ".............................. .........-.....................................
b
e
h
n
gbone $ p e r k E
!
D
l spclu,clar*, group,
eatngory3to be part of 6th or connected w
i
t
h a
part~cular
time or place: Thesethings beIong lo
the pusL o Wrztmlike him belong t
o a different
@nercafmnEEithm w,
generation
Q v + m
belt~ b e ~ t t
,belt sth ' d m ( A M , t@rmoO to drink ath
quickly:Hebelreddown hisher
Z
9 knoeksth back
Qv+adv+n + v*nlpron+adv
,bell 'outztb; ,belt FMhem 'out(lrbformaoif
you belt outasongor apieceo
f music,yousing
or play itvery loudly:Nobody mn belt alrla hne
likesiwmn, oA mdio hitdoutpopmusic.
mA noun must alwaysfollowout,but a pro-
noun comesbetwm the verband out.
+v+adv+n r v+pmn+edv
,belt'upIBrE. WrmaO 1(spkm)usedtotellsb
not very politely to be qulet: &*Uup,will you?
S ~ U I
up(rnfoml)2 to fasten the belt that
you wear ina c
a
rto keepyou inyourseat ~fthere
isanaccident (aseatbelt) buckleup
@ v+adv
bend (m,
b mm t n
,bend 'downto lean down: He &nt dorota ond
kissed heronthechmk.
6v+adv
,bend '
-
, ,bend 'aver sth to lean mrw:to
bend h m the waist: Bend ouer nnol lolxhw r
foes,o He wasbendingouerhisdesk, m'tinstins
@v+adv* v+prep
m b e n d owr '
b
a
c
- (to do rth) to do
everything you can or make a great effort to do
sth, especially to help sb: We kd o w M k -
wards to kfairla all the chiIdm.
bet w
y
l
,
M. or h m u e n t bsb
tmg,b s t l ~ ,
betted).
'betons t k ' b t onsbdolngsthtorelyon~th
or on sb doing sth and expect It to happen: 'Do
you ihirrk she'll corn.'' '
I
wouldn't M on it (= I
don't th~nk
it is very Hkely).'oDonr bet on me
still being hemwheny#uget hck!
BE)cwnt om sblsth,~ounton
ddngath,count
on sblethdolw s*l
Q V + P ~ ~ P
bindpmmd/W n d . b ~ m d
b
a
m
d
/
E
,blnd sb 'over(
l
a
w
)
to warn sb that they wllF
hare to appear in court if they break the l
a
w
again:Hewasb o u n d o u m t o l r e t p t h e ~ .
B i n d s b m i s u s d l y usedinthepawive.
&v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
'blnd sb to sth v o r m n to form sb todo sth by
making them pmmlwto do it or making it part
of a legal document: Th@mmpany directom we
hound to wcmq (=they have promised not ta
say anything)about thefrr#ureoJ the wmplny. o
The bandfound they tuew bound fo the mnbuct.
Bind sb to 8th is usually used in the pa%
SlI'C
Q v + n l p r ~ l + w ~
,bind8th Up(with sth) ta tie a longthin pieceof
fabric mund 9th to protectit: S ~ E
bound up his
woundswith bar&$es.
Q v + d v + n + v+nlpm+adv
Imbound 'upIn st41tob verybusy with 8th;
to be very intm-sted or involvedin sth:Hebtm
hound up in hls work to haw much timefor hls
childrw~.
bound 'up wlth 8th c l w l y connected
with sth: The history of She mmmw is ~ I Y
bound upwiththehistaryo
f theCranlfarniIy.
b i bmrtl(MI lbrtl.'bw l'bml)
'bAeat sthtotrytobitesth:The&gbEIatthe
boy'shand.
QV+PP
,blte 'back (aswab) to m
c
t when sb has
harmed you and ay to harm or crlticizathem:
youcrtficizehim, he'll b i t e k k
EZL) hllback(atsWsch)
@ v+adv
,blte sth 'backto stop yo& from saying5th
or Ram showing how you feel: She stmggqIeri to
b!teback the Iwrsof dhppohtrrrenr.o M~ke
bit
back his onget oTheword 'idiot*came into her
hmd, butshe bit it back.
EUw o w ,anger,retortIlE)lupplaunth
Bite sth back isnot used i
nthepassive.
@ v+adv+n + v+pm+adv + v+n+adv(mrP)
,bite'intosth 1tocutorprrss lntothesurfaceof
sth: Themllmbli inrohisneck.E
Q
cut Intoatb
2 to havean unpleasant effecton sth,especNly
by making itsmaller. Therecessronis bitinginlo
ourprofits.
Qv + prep
,bHesth 'offto cut8thofPby biting it: Shebftofl
n n h e of chomlale. oHisfinger had hen bitten
.
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.
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.
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lar way;to advert& ssblsthas 8th:~ome$a#im& @V+ a* + n + v +WPM + a*
nrerecefvlngwhnlhnskn billedrnarauolution- mf*nmsbb 'headoffotf(frlfom0
to shout
nty treatment. o The r n r n -b i l w ;Q fi-b or speak W them angrily,oftenfor no goDd
hrinkl AT I M ~ ~ , , - , reason: 1only askedhim whenthe work muid be
finished and he almost bit my head ofl blte off
moreManyou can 'chew(informal)to try todo

15. bkek 16 _
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...............
.............. ...
................................
I
X
.
.
.
- - . . - .
.
I
I
....................................... -..+ .......-
toomuch ar6ththat ia too6
-
t foryou: I
"
h
k blarep l e a ( r h ~ ~ n ~
blerl
d I m e h e 3 b i ~ n ~ m o m l h a n ~ m n d t a u d t a u I , ~
h
- bmen myhidher
'tongueoffjout Ublam ' O M 'Out if musicb
m rmt.
medtosay that youwrshyou said 8ththat 0
' a radio, etc. blares out music,it is produwd
or played wry loudly: M
u
s
i
c tuas blaring our
you have just said: Sam looked hurt and Mark
Irom somwm, + The radio wlrs bhriw out
cuuldhaw bitknherherngw on:
rockmusic.
black~blekekl
,black 'out to lose consciousness or b
s
e y
o
u
r
memoryforashorttime:Thepainhit hlmandhe
bkksdout.
e v + a d v
k 'blackoutnatemporarybssof oonsciousnegs
or of memory: When d
E
d you stud hauinr r
m
bhckouts?
+S W Q hBLACKOUT atBLACK STH OUT
,black ath 'outto turnoutltghtsmmpleteb or
cover windows.etc. so that light cannot be seen
from outside: b h h d out windowslhouseso The
city rws oftenb h k d o u t (=therewerenolights
because therewasnoelectricity)bypowercua
E Jwindow, city
Hack sthoutisoftenused inthepsssive.
Qv+adv+n. v+wn+adv + v+n+adv(rnre)
b 'blackout f (mp3ully Brm (in the past) a
periodof timeduringawarwhsntheslrwsmd
buildin@ w
e
r
e kept as dark as possible so that
the enemy couldnot seewhatto bomb2 [usually
pl.](BrE)acoveringfor windowsthat stopslight
from outsidecorningIn,Orthatstopsbright light
being seen h m outside: blackout material 3
(also'outageAm& a m o d of time when the
electricity supply to a place stops completely
lEti3This is now t
h
emost common meaning of
blackout. 4asituation when thegovernment or
thp w11ce prevent a radio or television pro-
gramme h m being broadcast, or do not allow
somenewsor information to begiventothepub-
lic: Thegovernment have heenascud of main-
S
E
B blastwt.Mmf sth w t ( k m w n t )
v+adv r v+adv+n + v+nlpmn*adv
blastr n ~ m t m b l r e s t ~
,blasta ' w y(~sWah) if apunorsbusing agun
blasts away, the gun fires Ioudly and continu-
ously: Themachirwgw b h t d w y all night.
e v + a d v
,blast s M h a'way(
l
e
s
s
m
m
)
to kki s
s
b or
remove sth or break it apart vlolentl~for
example w ~ t h
a gun, explosives, etc: They hue
blast& a w the s
aof this hutifui MI.& to
make o twd o flgurotiw) This t h r y h u ~
ken
bIns&dawayby thenemevidenm.
,sv*, blow sbMh away
ev+adv+n + v+nlpmn+a&(m)
,blast "ff when a spacecraftblasts ofF,It leaves
the ground and goes up into spa=: Them
%
e
t
bius.Moff at 7.2Bp.m
m Hft off
*v+adv
t 'bl8~t*Wnl[rlthe moment whenaspaceffaft
leavestheground:BIaslafl uttU bP inSOsemnrls.
,blast 'out:,blaststh 'outiF musicblasts out
oraradio,etc.blasts outmusic,Itbpruducador
played very loudly:A B w t h sang wus blastzng
out atfiflualume,o The m$iu was bhting out
h q mkmusic.
,sr*,blareout,M m.fhout
+v+adv + v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv
toinfnganewsbfackoutowrelmionfraud"
+~eeafso
R L A C K O U T ~ ~
BLACK OUT ,blazea'wayl(atsWrth)ifgunsorpeopleblaze
away, the gunsfiremtinuously: Thenunske~i
blank~l$lsegkl biazing away at the enemy. 2 If a fire blazes
away, it burns brightly
,blank 'out
( A m ,&form0 If youoryourmind B
E
aBlazeis usedwith the8ame meanhgs.
blanks oat, you m ' t remember mythinn or &v +a&
you become confused:Ihop l&nl blank out in ,blare 'upif a gre bl- am,it suddenly starts
the eram. burning more strongly: @
g
u
m
i
d
His anger
UElHBlank hasthe samem
e
-
. blared upunmmikhljt
@ u+adv rfrv+arl"
- "
,
,blank 9th 'od $ to delibxately sth
unpleasant Yourchlkfhmd mqv how kendiffi- blendhlendl
. .
cuU butyou mn?just blank it out. 2 tocwer sth
written or printed, for example,with black ink Ibled 'In'(* *)
if rwmetHlng in
so that it -not be m d : All ihe names in the
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w ~ ~
remnhad been blanked ouf.
blend i n m l y withthewpet. o Thanewom
* v+pmn* w*n+adv(rrve)
b h k m ' t b k d in)-,,&[ withi&
&&it&m[sur.
I7 blow away
....L ....X...........................................~.....n................................-............
'.-'..- . .......................
~eo~le,thgrbecomesimilar
tothepeoplearound
them:H
eshould try 0 blend h wfththe W
L
Fa
blr nore.
+ S e e a h BLEND INTO STH;MERGE IN (WITH STH),
MERGE INTO STH
+./+a&
,blands
t
h 'In 1(in owkIngEto addmothasub
stance to ath and mix them together: Heat the
burtergently and lhrm&nd I
na h t S l @ ~ u r
B
F
X
)
mix sth In 2 to make a suhtance mix with
another so that ynu cannot see where one ends
and theother starts:BIend theqeshadow inwith
yourfingem.o He ble& m she c h a m 1 linesto
make thepicture look softer
+v+adv+nev+pmn+adve v+n*e&(less
f
w
u
e
n
t
)
, b l d 'Into8thtolookorsoundsoaimilar tosth
that it ISdIfEcultfor anyonetoseewhearIt sep
arately. T
h
eanimalsmnbecomea[mosl~nviriibk
by hlend~ng
into ihe longgrms oThenew devel-
opmentshould bknd inlo itssurrwndin~s.
EZJ background,surroundlnp
+saaabo HI.END IN;MERCE IN(WITH STH).MERGE
INTO STM
+v+prep
,bRmp'autrup(AmE, iMormaO tobecomefat:to
galnweight
+v+adv
blinkjbhkl
,blink sth a W y to clear 8th BPm the eyes by
blinking .(= closing and opening ywr eyes
quickly):H
eblinkedawy atear
mteam
+v+adv+n * v+dpmn+adv
,blinksth 'bsektotrytowntrolyourteam!~nd
myseffb l l n k ~ n g ~ c k ~ ~ h h ~
ElonlytmarIs)
9v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
,block slNsth 'In to stop a vehicle from being
drlven away by parking too close to it: You're
blodrlngthathfini in, o ~ h i y h a d p w k e d
in
frontof me,bhkIngmIn ~Iwasblackdinbj,
twoIo,-r&ssoIhadtoleavethewrund~Ik.
Q) v+nIpmn+adv + v+adv+n(& fwwnt)
,blockfih'outtosbop~tornoiisehmooming
in; to cwer or hide sth: The blocked out
muchof thesunlight. omurutiw)I'm W tu
the tnIfFc n0i.w now Ijwt block it out I= I don't
hearit).
BXi MgM,run,.ound
@v+adv+n. v+pmn+adv + v + n + a d v ( h
PrePW)
,block s h t h 'out;,blocksb/sth '
o
u
tof sth
to avo~d
remembering swath or thinking abut
sblsth, especially sth unpleasant: He rried lo
blmk the~ncident
owlo
f hismind.
,sv*1blot sblath out,btalsWsthowlo
f ath;
shut 8th out,shut sth out of stb:lupplaSSsth
Qv+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
v + n/pmn+a h+prep
,blocksth'uptofillsthsuchasahoklem@etely
so that nothrng can get through I
t All the win-
dows hnd ken bhked up
EEIwlndow,door,hole,Rlsplaw
Qv+nlpron+adv 4 v+adv+n
b ,blacked 'upadj completelyfull;not clear:I've
got a blockwl-upnor;e.
,blotsbrsth 'out;,blot s h t h 'out of 8th to
avoid remembering sWsth or thinking about
sblsth,espe~iallysth unpleasant:He wanted 0
blot out the memog~
IEImmorles, thught. bidaWsthout,
block sblsth out o#stll; shut sth nut,shd sth
out o
f 5th
ev*n/pmn+adv + v+adv+n r
v+nlprm+adv+m
,blotsth 'outtostoplightornoise in;to
cwer or hide slh: Dnrk clods wexe blotting out
She sun.
EB3 llgMsun,ttwr,round Mocks?hwt
Qv+adv+n* v+rtlpmn+adu
-*
18 -down
-in,into
-off
-wt
-0Wr
"UP
,blow alrey; ,blow Hh a'wayto be mwed or
carried away by the form of the wind or by sb's
,blocknth 'off1t o ~ l o s e a m a d o r a n o t h e r p ~ ~
bmth;tomweinthisway:~twmso w i n d y ~ h e m
by placing abarrier acmesit tostops
&
.
t
h gohg mdJ' bkw OW? 0Aslldden b mblew h~s
news-
in or cornme out: Them
I
i
E
B bIocXBdmdreel a f t
W P Q ~ W .
0 s
h
e blew away#heduston the lid.
. - - .
leaks.-kh street, mad, areal, antrank EE) ,blow sb a'way1 [lqfwnurb
to imp- sba lot
close sth off (
t
o8thlsb) 2 (especmllyAmG) to to surpriseor pleasesb:I s c u o h w ~ o m m o n
mundings. 2(wtthsb) if sbblendsi
nwith other reserveaperiodof time for aparticular activity: B d w a y last ymr and it just blew me awa~a
T h u W yaflernoomare blocked offprsporbs.
@v+n/pron+& + v+adv+n

16. 2 IAmE, idormat, spam to defeat ab easily:
Mitchell blewm a y theotherr u m .
+v*nlpmn+& + v+adv+n
,Wow sbisth a'wayto kill sb or removeor des-
troy sth with explosivesorwith agun:Hethreat-
e n d to blow us am%o They blew hk k m p g
nwuy(= byshootlngthem).
Bblast nbiatkavray
+v+Wpmn+adv + v*arhr+n
,brow 'dorm;,blow 5th 'downI
t sth bbm
down,or the w ~ n d
blowsIt down,it falls to the
ground m u s e of the forceof the wink An OM
wk tree hnd bbwn down in the &rm oHm-
dredsof treeshavehnblowndownthis iuintm
Qv+adv + v+nlpron+adv r v+adv+n
,blow 'In; ,blow 'Into sth (lnformab) to arrive
somewhere where y
o
u are not expPcted:Laok
who'sjusl bbwn in!oHow you h r dwho'sjwt
blown intotown?
+v+adv v+prep
,blow 'off;,blowsth 'off;,Mowsth 'off sth
1if sth blows ORorthe wInd blow&
it off, it is
removed by theforceof thewtnd:My hat bkwofl
oAgusl4fwrndblewherwofloTbrooJwas
blowno r llae Greem'hoz&. 2 if sth blows off in
an explosion, oran explosion blow sth offit 1s
violentlyremwed: Thedoorblewoff inlheaxplp
sion. o Thee+plosiunblewthemf off(thehow).
@v+adv + v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n +
v+ nlpmn+ prep
mblowlknack s M DtltO i m p m or
surprise sb very much: When Ifirst W the
s
o
w
,it blew my sackso n
,blow 'off 8th;,blow It '&(A&, ir&mdj to
deckdeno2 to do sth you shoulddo or w
e
r
eplan-
ningto do:Jmh bkw offherclnssesonfiiduy
afLermntogo shopping.
EmXA noun m
u
s
t follow off, but a pronoun
comesbetweentheverb and o
f
f
.
@ v+adv+n v+pmn+adv
,blow3b '0ff(.4naE, InirmaOto disappointsbby
not meetingthem asarranged.,to end8.wlation-
shrpwith sb: W
e uwre srrppwd to go outyes*
day,but he blew meoff:
stand sb up
+v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
,blow 'out 1 if a lyreblows oat, it bursts sud-
denly:Oneof&front t
y
m bkmout. hrrt
2 rf an oil or gas well blows out It suddenly
sendsoutgaswithgreatforce
+v+adu
F 'blowoutn Ianoccasionwhenatyre burstaon
a vehiclewhile it 3
sbeing driven2 anoccasion
when ollorgassuddenly escapeshm anoilweU
3 (BrE,i!&rml) a large meal at which pmple
eat toomuch 4W+
inform0 a largeparty or
soclaloccasion
-B seea hBLOWOUTate ~ o w
SB OUT
,blow 'out;,Mowath 'out1Wafhmebbws
oat or sWsth blows it out, it is put out by the
wind or mme air: Them WQS a s&n gusr of
mind and the m
m
n
d
l
e bleur out.oShe twk a deep
breathandbk-wout ail thecundk 2 if awindow
blow8out,oranexplosion,etc, blow it out,the
forcemakes it fall out: All the windows blew out
in the blast.o The expbsbn blew our the win-
dowsin the butldmg.
e v + a d v + r+adv+n + v+nlpm+sdv
,blowS
b 'outWmE,i?g-1, wrt)
todefmt slb
easily: The home F
m
m blew out the Suns by M
points.
@v+dpmn+adv v+adv+n
b 'wawwt n W
,irlformal. sporl) an easy
victory
+seealsoE~owow~at
stow OWT
,blow ath 'out 1to breathe sth out fmn your
mouth. She inhakd and thenbIau thesmokeout.
exhale 9th 2 to All sth, especially your
cheeks,w~th
air Sheblew out her cheek inems-
pamtwn. cheeka
+v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
U
i
E
!blow yourlshb 'bmlnnaul (ir&mmn tokill
yourselBsb by shooting yomIfIthem in the
head
,blow Itself 'wtIf a stormblows itseaelfant, it
loses its forceand stops: By morning the mm
h iblown i
t
s
e
v out.
+v+pron+adr
,blow'over1if a stormblows wer,it bemrnea
lessstrongandstops:W e s h e l W inabarn until
the sMra blew wet IEQ dle dmvn,
subside2 if
sth such asanargumentblowswer,it becomes
less immrtantand is forgotten: Dun? m m back
to work until the argument has blown over EfQ
subslde
+v+adr
,blow'over,blawrmth 'mmrifsWslhblows
overor the wind blows sbhth over,they fanto
thegroundbecauseof theforceof the wind:Gne
of the irees had blown owr in the stom.o The
fence had been blownover inastorm.
Blow sblsth over isoffen used in the p w
slue: Pedesk~am
were blown over in &e force
winds today.
g v + a d v r v+nlpron+adv
,blow 'up 1 to explode; to be dstroyad by an
explosion: Thebomb blew up asq r f s tried t
o
defrrse it. 0 T
h
ecur blew up when it hit thew
l
L
explode (more
formal) 2 to staxt suddenly
and withfom:Aslosm blew upjusraftertheship
Ieftmrt. oR row hasblown upowrtheleaklngaf
ir$ormcrtioion t
ot h e p m . E
Q
dla d m 3 [a*sb)
(rnformaRto become very angry: MYmum blew
upatmycdadfor~plngmupmhte.
oHfsattG
tudeannoy&meand f bkw up.
ev+adv
H B l b h q t n a b i ~ c m ~ -
atlcm blowsup i
nyour face.it goes ~ w y
b d y
wrongandcausesyou harm orembarrassment
b 'blow-up n I {especinllyAmE) an explosion2
ylmman n i o n when sbbecomesvery angry:
anargument:Thelensionsbeluxenthemendedu1
a blg blow-up,
4 Wt?dS0 BLOW-UPatBLOWSTH UP
#law sb/sth 'up to k
i
d sb or destroy sthwith a
bomb or an explosion: Theh w k m thraalened
toblow theplnneup. oOAj&einIfalyruasMown
uphy acarbombIapf uwek
Blow sblsthupisoftenusedinthepassive.
Q v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
,blow ath 'up1tofillsthwlthairor gas:Y w W
lo blow up the tyres on your bike.E
Z
Q
lballoon,
E B Inflate sth (mmformn~ I& stk
down 2 to make9th larger: What a lowlyphoto!
Whydon'tyou have it blown up?@EiphotaIsrrr,
enlarge ath (mrefmmf)
3 to make sth seem
more ~mportant,
betteror w
o
r
s
ethan ~treally IS:
T
h
e wholeMarr has k n blomn un out o
f all
pmportiom. FBexaggeratesth(moreJorrnQi)
~v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n
b 'blow-upna lacgerpicture made fromaphoto
or pictun: The blom-LID
s h o d a SCar on the
attacker 3 c h k .
+ s e e a I s o ~ w w - ~ ~ a t ~ ~ o w
UP
t 'blowup odj [onlyMore m]
that you can
fill w~th
air orgas
+see also BLOW-UP atBLOW UP
,bluff sb 'wt.(oId-fmhioned,i&rmaL (?s@n[ly
AmEj tolieandpretend Inordertoh i v e sb
+v+nlpfcm+sdv r v+adv+n
,bluff I
t 'out{es@dlyBrEj to lieand deceivesb
In order to get out of n dimcult situation, espe-
cially when they suspect yw arenot being hon-
est: i
f he asksany dimult questions~
you'll have
to b I m it out.o I know euerylhing so there's no
point lryrng b
l
w itout.
Qv+rt+sdv
,bluff sb 'out of sth (oWfmhbmd,AnFF to
deceive sbin ordertogetsth Pornthem
F0,chmt $h
of sth,
chwt sbout of sth
+v + dpmn*a&+ prep
,blundera'rouml:,blumlera'mundsth(ah
,blunder a'boutPmund, ,blunder a'brmv'mund
sth especiallyRrEj to move about a place in an
awkward or uncertain way, knocking into
thmgs: He blunder& a b u t in the dark, &ling
fir the light swilch. o f blun&d wound the
j b t , hying lobe quiet.
+v*adv v+prep
bolldown
............................
~ ....'.,........,.
,blunder 'intonth 1to w
a
l
k into 6Wethbecause
you areawkwardorunable tos
:
Sheblundmpd
intoa tree.2 teaceidentallyAnd yourself ina dii-
ficultor dangerous place or situation: She blun-
derd intoa dangernusownof theclrjrafterlosing
her way. 0 He had innocently blundered into a
priwie dkpute.
*w+m
,blurt sth 'outto say sth suddenly andwithout
thinkmgcmrulEy: %$been anmi&nt,'she
blurted out o Hefound himself blurting oui the
wholestorytoher
@v+adv+& v+adv+n + v+rrlpmn+adv
boardfbxd:AmEbad/
,boards
t
h 'uptocwerawindow ora door wlth
boards:Allthe windowshad &en b m k d up.
F
B
3 wlndmv, houw,shop
Board sth upis oftenused inthepassive.
@v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
,bob 'up 1to come to the surface quickly: S h
dive$ inand hbobbad upnfiw =ridsLWr E
n t h ~
middle of the pool. 2 to appear suddenly: She
hbbed upfmm behind thefence.. pupup
Q V + &
,bog' d m(
A
m
tobeunabletomakepmgreas:
The bill hgged downa
f
t
w kfngpaspedb
Y Can-
gress.
(bv+adv
be~get
,bogged'down(In sth)1tobelget tuck
inmud orwet gt~und:
tobecome stuckin8thand
unable to m a h progress: The m r got bog&
downm themud.2 tobeunabletomakeprogress
inanactivity:Ihn'iget m& down in details. o
I'm rather w
g
e
d down (with work) at the
moment.
+belget+v +adv
,bog 'm(BrE.sZmg)usedto tell sbrudely to go
away:Sog oflISntryinglosleep!
clear off ( W o r m 0
@v+adv
, M I a'wayif a liquid boUs away, it boils until
there is nothing l& The w
u
w in the s a m n
had all bolledaway.
)ar.) wapOrah(m~j-ormul)
+v+adv
,bolt d h 'down1tomake aliquidless Inquan-
tity by lmlllng it IIB)r e d m nth (morefOmU0

17. bolldown to 2(
.... ....
....................................................
-.....*.....-.....*.r......-....- ..-
2(to8th) tomakesthsmakr bysemwingunim-
portant parts and leaving only the essential
things: Boil the report down lo Ihe key wznts.
El0 wndvlnw 8th (moreformal)
&v+nlpron*a& 4 v+adv+n
,boil 'down to sth (not used in thepmgmmIw
fern)if asituation,an issue,etc.boll3downto
sth, it hasthat as itsmainpart:Itall h ~ f s d o w n
lo money rnthe&.
+v*a&+prep
,boll' m rI If aliquidinAN, etc. W over,it
boilsandflows over the side of thepan:Dm?k
t
the milk borl o m 2Onto8th)(inform0if anger.
an argument,etc. boils mr, it change and
becomes very violent and diicult to control:
The unrest could boil owr inlo civil wul: o She
inlerrupied swiftly ,!&ire hts m p r muM boil
owragain.EE)explode
+v+adv
,boil 'upLf anper, an argument,etc.boils up, It
startstobeoomestrongerormoreviolent
+v+adv
, h i l SWI 'up toheat a liquid or somefwd
untilltbails:I'llboil theW k u pegainand we'll
Rrrveacupof tea.
Boil sthcanbe uselwith the samemean-
ing.
@ v+Wpmn+adv * v+adv+n
,bollix sth 'up(AmE,slang)tomnfuseorchange
sth:tospoilsth
messsth up (JtbfOmO,lwewsthup
(slang)
@v+nlpmn+& * v+adv+n
bolsterrbmtstalr):A ~ E
'bwi.1
,bolsters h t h 'upto supportor encouragesb:
to makesth betterorstronger:Hetried t
obolster
up their momk o Thehigh i
n
i
e
m
f ramhelped
tobokre*upthem?wm$
EEi confidence,morale
Bolster sWsthismorefmquent.
Qv+nlpmn+a& v+adv+n
,bolt 8th 'down (
W
r
r
r
m
T
)to eat sth very
quickly:Ehadlohltdownmy br&fa$t.
m
f
o
o
d
E E EBoltnth isalsousedw
i
t
hthismeaning.
+v+n/pmn+adv b v*adv+n
,bornb a'long(ir&rmal, espclally BrE)tomove
very fast,usually havehicle
+v+adu
,bomb'out
ElnjBmE,qpdallykmh')loPailvery
badly:Themovkbombed o u r n t t h e b x o ~ ,
Bomb is&ou&with thesamemeanlng.
Q v+adv
berg& ,bombmi'out:
m
e
t,bombed'od
of sth ff apersonisbombed out,theirhome 1s
d~stroyedby bombs: if a building 1s bombed
out, It is destroyedby bombs: Thygot bombed
out.
+belget+v+edv r be(get+v+adv+prep
banem:
A ~ E
bwnl
,bone 'upon 8
t
h(Wrmal)to study 8th:tolook
againatsth youahady h wlrnurl bone upon
myFrench &foremgotoParis.
+v+ adv+ prep
, b k 'In(at.th),,bOOk 'In@&th(BrE)toarrive
at a hotel and arrange to have a mom:TRajr
h k e d in (at the 5
6 FmncisHow wing af a h
mme.oShe M e d into a hotel in the c
e
r
t
w oj
Boston
FEE)checkIn(atah);chkhtosth
BE0 check out,cheek out ofnth
@v+adv v + w p
,book sbllpourself 'In(atsth),,books'luyour-
self 'intesth(BrE)toresemaroomatahotel,
etc for sb: I'ue Booked rrs in at the Plaza. o The
hote!I wm booked into wasawfuI. o H
e
'
sbooked
ham!f r m n rehub~litution
clinic.
E
E
i hotel
@ v+ nfprm+adv v +ntpmn+prep
,book 'up (lw ath)(
w
f
u
BrE) to reserve a
place,furexampleonalriporacourse:Ih k & d
upforthecoursenwnths I
n h l l c e .
W Bmk (for5th)can be usedwith the same
meaning.
+v+adv
be ,booked'up1if aplane,restaurant, theatre,
etc. is b
o
o
m up,therearenoseats,tablea etc.
available:Ail theflightsare h k e d up Be
fully h k e d isoften uwdwith the same mean-
ing.2(informal)if a person is booked up,they
have no tlme available:He mn'!seeyou tomor-
row, he'sbooked up.
+be+v+edv
,boom 'outif a soundorsb's voiwbooms mt,it
makesa loud, deepnoise:Hls uolw boomed out,
announcingthew i n m .
+v+adv
,boom 'out to say5th In a loud deep v o w
She bwmd out #n#Wfans through n bud
haik oA micehmmd out: 'NoMymoue!'
&v+adv+n v+a&*spwch
,bod sb ' o e,bootsb 'out o
f sth(ir&rmaI,
especwlly BrE)to force sb to leave a place.job,
school,club,etc:I'll have toboosyouwtsoon-1
want tolockup.o T ~ E
mnnngerh i e d himoat of
thetenrn,o He lunsbootedout the h o w by his
fnther
,srrrr kkksbout,ldEkYboutofrth~hfimml),
throw sb out,thmw sbouto
f sth
Boot sb out, boot sb oat of sth are often
used In thepassive.
+v+nlpmn+adv + v+sdv+n +
v+ nfpmn+adv+pr%p
,boot 'up;,M
sth 'up(mmputlng)if a m-
puterboots up,orsbbootsit up,it isturnedon
and becomesready touse: My machinetsn'tboot-
mgupupropriy. o When-youh#
up,a m w wirl
appwr on t
k h e m oBwi thecomputer upand
enaryowpassword.
computer
Qv+adv v + d p m n + & v + v+adv+n
border/lmda(r);AmE'b3nl-/
'border on sth(also'borderupondh ( h f o r -
M I ) 1 toshareaborderwithmothercounh~
or
region;tobe next to a place:Many slatesbo&-
ing on t h EEam mger Fajora o Their garden
border$on the Riwr Sewn. 2 to mme close t
o
being 6th: Her selfar@dence bordm rm a r m
gance.o Ourtask h r & n onShe impossIbk E!D
verge on ath
Qv + prep
,bore 'into sbleth(lltemv)if mmebody'aeye8
bore intosblsth,they stare i
naway thatmakes
sb feel uncomfortable:His blue eyes seemed to
b m into fm
0v+ P~@P
,boss sb a'rwnd( a h ,bM. sb #but a w
ciolty BrE) (fnformnl)to tell sb what to do i
n a
forceM or unpleasant way: He's alwuys bossing
hki wiJem
m
d
.
Q v+nlpran+ adv
botchl%DtJ;AmEba.tf/
,botchd h 'up{irlfomt)to spoil 6thbydoing it
badly;to do sth badly:I m W offilng my corn-
pure6 he'sbotched il upcunnplp&E~
E33 messsthup
Botchsthisusedmorefrequentlywiththe
samemeaning:botched a m p &atDrY
+v+n/pron+adv v+sdv+n
b ' b t c h p ( a h b k h ) n (Wrmnl,-I&
B
r
aa pieceof workthatisbadlydone
bottleybntl:A ~ E ' W
,bottle 'out:, W e 'out of sth; , w e 'out
of dolng sth (BrE, iqfofmnr) to suddenly
decide not to do sth -use you are too fight-
en& I hoftled out o
f phoning him at the k t
mrnute.
,sr*,cMekon outchlclrenout olsth.chlcken
outvfddnglth
Qv+adv -v+adu+prep
,bottle sth 'upto keep yourfeelings,especialEV
sadness or anger, hidden md not telE other
pwple how you a
m feeling: Tell m m n e hour
yo~~'re@ling,
in.&&@ boltlingit all up.
@
Iemotions,feelings
@v+nlpmn+attv v+adu+n
,bottom 'outif markets,prices orktdsituetions
bottom out, theyreach their l m t mint and
then stopgettingworse: Them n hnsfinnlly
$oltomedout.
+v+adv
bouncem-si
,bouncesth a'round(frsrormat,e ~ 1 ~ s c l a l f y ~ ~ ~
to discuss 5th with other pmple:We'rebouncing
samnew ikksarnwrd.
E E Ideas
~v+nlpmn+adu
4 v+e&*n
,bounce'back(from mth)IAmEcrIsn,wmp'beek
(lnb ath)] (Informal)to m v e r w
e
l
l after you
havebeenilUs~ck
orhad adimculttime:No mat-
ter whnt happens, she ahays b o u r n back wry
quick1y.
I
s
r
.
)recow (from sth)(morejbrmal)
@v+adv
,bounce Wck: ,brim sth 'back if an e
mail boancea back,or the system bounces it
back, it returns to the person who sent It
M u s ethe sgetemwet deliverit
Qv+& + v+adv+n v+nlpron+adv
,bounoe ab 'ide sth;,bounce $b 'Into
dolng sth (especiallyBrE)to make or force sb
to do sth quickly without g~ving
them time to
thinkaboutit:IfeltI'd heenbouncedinlomppon-
ing apmposalldidn't really agreewith.
=This phrasal verb is of€cn used in the
passwe.
@ v + nlpmn+prep
,bounce sth 'off 8b (iMrmol0to tell sb eLse
your ideas to find out what they think about
them: We wmable tosharepmblemsandbounce
ideaso
neachother
ESl Meas
@ v + dpmn+prep

18. bowm
u
1
,bow ' d m 1 (
t
- sWath) to move your
head or the top ~ r t
of your body forwardsor
downwards as a sign of respect: He 50
h w down the king. 2(to ~Wsth)
to dowhat
sb tells you to da without trying to resist: We
@se W fusl bow down and IPI thegwernmpnt
do whaleuerit wan&
Qv+edv
,
h
'Out,,bOw 'od of8
t
h to stop doing an
activity or a job that you have been doing suc-
m s f u l l ~
often for a long time: m
r thinyymrs
in politics, hefteels it istime 60 bow out. o Smith
wili h w w t of prof~~~lonoI
fwthlE ol theend of
themson.
Qv+adv * v+a&+pi-ep
'bow to 8th to agreeunwillingly to do sthw to
accept sth that sbelsewants you to: Thegovm-
m n t euentually$owedfopubiic~ure.
ESl pressure,the Inevbble
Isvlu,glve In(
t
osblsth)
O V + P ~
,bowlsb 'out(incricketltomakethepwscm who
IShitt~ng
theball (thebatmnan)have tolemethe
field by throwing a ball that they cannot hit and
that hits thewlcket(= thethreesticksbehind the
batsman); todismigsawhole team inthisway
&v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
,bowlsb 'overto surpriseor impresssbalot;to
affectsbdeeply: WewerebowL&om @thenews.
o Phillp hwIed wall ouer by decidinglogo inlo
uduertking.
BowlsboverisoRenusedInthepassive.
ev+nEpmn+adw v+adv+n
,box sb 'into prevent sb from doing what they
want, esplally bymating rules or other dim-
cuEties: Tha~~was unable taQct kauiw
the DernOcn3fs wre Baxing him irk o She LunS
boxed Inby rulesand mgulntions.
Box sbi
ni
soften used in thepassive.
Q v +nlpmn+adv
,box sbtsth 'Into p m n t a p m n or a vehicle
from moving by surrounding themlit with other
people or vehicles: You can't park kre-you're
boxing tho! mr m! oHe muIdn't o m the
M e r kause he wus in by the other run-
Mrs.
-Box BW& luisoflenusedinthepassive.
+v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n
,box s t h 'up to put sth in a box or boxes: She
boxed up a
d
E the OMd b y c b # kio send & her
n m .
@v+nlpmn+a& + v+adv+n
branchfim:ntJ:AmEbmntJj
,branch'Off 1iS a road or path branches aff, it
leavesa larger oneand goesin a different direc-
tion:ShefolIoruad thepath until itbranchedofl o
Over Ihe bridge0 rwdhmrtdrosoff lothe right,2
if a person branches off, they leave a road or
path and travel in a diflerent direction: Gopast
thefirm and branchoff towwds the he,
@ v + &
,branch'out(Intosth)to begintodoanewjob or
an activity that you do not usually do: Th@mm-
pmy u bmnchlng out inm Eumpe, oShe'sI ~ P
ingthewmmny lobranch oat on her own.
Q v + &
brazen/ % I T ~ I
,brazen'out sth; ,brazenIt 'out tobehavein
a confident way as if you are not ashamed or
embarrassed about 5th you have done, even
though you should be: The wnutor brazen& it
out asthe listof smndaIsgm.
W A noun must always follow out, but it
comesbetweentheverb and out.
&v+it+aUv r v+adv+n
break/brek/ mmke1brauk;AmEb m k l
brokenI'braukan:AmE 'bmukanl)
,break a'way 1(from sth)if an object breaks
away from sth that is holding it in place, it
becomessepamtedfrom it: Thet w t hnd broken
a m y from its moorings. 2 (from sb) to escape
suddenly fmm sb who is holdlngyou or keeping
you prisoner Theprisoner brokenwayJhmthe
guards.3 (from sW8th) to leave a group or an
organization,such as ap~litical
party ora state.
because of a disagreement, usually in order to
form anewone:SeuerafMPs brokeaway lofirm
a new par& o Ruo stub broke away from the
@!@roilon.
4 (fmm tblsth) to move away froma
group of people or a crowd: She managed lo
b w k awayfrom thehepack(=in arace)andestab.
lish a W.oH
e bmkeowayfrom the group ond
mmeouer t
otalk tow.5 (from 6bIsth) to reject a
tradition orthe usualway of do~ng
thing and do
sth new and different: Thecumpuny is trying lo
brmk rrwayfrom tfstdifional Image.
&v+adv
t ' b m a k a w odj [onlyWore nomj a break-
away group, political party or part of amuntry
is one that leaves a larger group:a breakaway
f~ionlmouementImpuhIic
t 'breakawayn [sing.]anactof separatinghm
alarger grouplstate,etc.
,break'down1if avehicle,etc.breakadown,it
stops working because of a fault: The m h h g
m h i n e h a broken down ogoin. o We (= our
car)bmkedowntwimon thewayhome.2i
ftalkn
a marriage, etc 'break down,they fail: Negoii-
ations kt- thetwosides haw broken down. o
Thirnaorriage bmke down&er thmyetars.3to
lose control of your feelingsand start ctying:As
shedrovea m Ijwl bmke down and wept. 4 if
your health breaksdown,it becomes wry bad:
Herhealth bmkedown asaresuitof thestmin. 5
(Into sth)to be divided intoparts sothat It Iseas
ier to discuss, to analyse or to deal ~8th:
My
weekly budget breaks down asfoSIow: 50%for
mt,~ 0 %
for Jwd, 10% for mvel, and 20%for
ewrythtng e h . o Thejobbmksdown inlom n
p a r k +seea hBREAK STH DOWN 3 6(Into8th) if
a substance breaks down, it separatesinto dSf-
ferent parts or changes into sth else in a chem-
icalprooess:Somepesticidesbreakdown W
e
1
1in
urclkl:+ $ e e a h R R E A K STH DOWN 4
Q v+adv
h 'braakdormn1[
G
Ianoccasion whenavehicle
or a machine stops working: W
e had a bmk-
d~wnon
theway home oobmkdown !ruck2[C]
afallure of talks, a marriage, tawand order,
etc: a bwkdown in communication o They were
b t h responsiblefor the breakdownof their mar-
riage.3 [CJ
a period of mental illness when sb
becomes tired, depressed and unable to lead a
normal life: He had a nmorrs brtmkdomn lnsl
ywr 4 [C,usually sing.]detailed informationor
figuresthat are the results of dividing sth lnto
its parts to explain it more clearIy: Get me a
breakdowno
f how thehemoney wasswnt.5[U]the
act of dividing a substance into its pasts in a
chemical process
b ,broken-'dm udj [usually before noun]1(of
a vehlcle or a machine) not working: a broken-
down cur 2 in a poor condition: a broken-down
m ll
",break sth 'down1to make sth fall down or
open by hitting it hard: Theyhad doget thepolfce
In breok the &or d o m doorIE9 knock
sth down2todestroy orremovesth,especially a
problem or an attitude or opinion that sb has:
Our arm LS to b m k down barriers tRnl exisl
between teuchers and mrenls.E E bawlera 3
(Into sth) to separate sth into smaller parts in
order to analyse it or deal with it more easily:
I've broken damnihecostsby country.o T
h
ewm-
m
n
y u m bmken down Intosmaller units. o Tlne
queslfonmn be broken &wn hfotmprss. 4 sa
also BREAK DOWN 5 4 (Into sth) to make a sub-
stanw m t e into its parts or change in a
chemical pmcess: Enzymes in the mouth and
stomach h k thefawl down 4 See also BREAK
nOWN 6
@v+nlpron+adw + v+adv+n
t 'keakdUmI n =BRRAKDOWN atBREAK DOWN
F ,brOkOH-'down d j = BROKEN-DOWN at BREAK
DOWN
,break 'In Ito enter a buluildtng illegally or by
force: S
o
m
L
m
d
y broke h last night and sbk the
PC& video.o Thepr@tghlershad tobred into
I
V
S
C
W th??lZ. See a h BREAK 1lYTO STH 1 2 (on
sth) to interrupt sb when they are speaking or
dolng 8th:Herr~logizdfor
bmkrng in on their
mnvm~tion.
oMary bmke in: 'It'snot herfauIlI'
& 1v + m
2v+a& r u+adv+speech
b 'break-In n an entry into a building using
force,usually illegally:Therehmbeen nserhof
brwk-msm thearm.
,break sbisth 'In to train a person so that they
getusedtoanewjoborsituation;totrainahorse
sothat you can ride it: Wetry tob m k newomen
ingenlg oThehorseshadn't been broken in.
Qv+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
,break sth '
F
n1 i
fyou break I
n new shoes or
boots,you wear themuntll they becomecomfort-
able-I
f m k mew k s lobreak in t h e new book.
EGiboots,shoesEfX) weer ath In 2(Am& (in
the past) to prepare the engine of a new car for
normal use by drivlng it slowly and carefully
car run 8th I
n(Rrm
Qv+adv+n + v*nlpmn+adv
,break'Intosth 1to enter abuilding,openacar,
etc dlegallyandbyfom:Athi.$mnbreQkinloa
mr m under ten s w d .o Three houses in our
street I
a
n
w been broken inso thk week
housa,car Break into 6th can be used In
thepassivein t h i s m e a n i n g . + s e e o h ~ ~ ~ n ~
IN1
2 to suddenly begin to do sth such as laugh,
cheer,run, etc:H
e broke into a run when.hesaw
thepolice. o Her faw bruke into a huge smile,o
The audimce bmke inlo appInmEZM
smlletgrin, r u m , song, kughbr 3 (Brmto
use a banknote (= a piece of paper money) of
highvalueto buy sthcostingEess:IdMn't mntta
break Into a twentpmund note. 4 to interrupt
sb's thoughts: Her mother's voice broke inlo her
though&.E E i though& dlsturb sth 5 to
start toget involved in an activ~ty
that it ~s
dm-
cult to become involved~nand to besuccessful at
it: Thewmponyi
shnuingdzpcuI@ bteaklnEinto
new mrkets.o She ts iryinl: lo break inlo jour-
miism!
E
P markel 6 to open and use sth that
youhave k e n savingfor an emergency ora spp
ci&l rxxas~on.
Ihad to h k Into my sauings t
o
payfor the rrtp.
*v*vrev
,break 'off;,break 8th 'offr (&a ,break rth
'off sth)to separate sth from sth else, using
force;to become separated f
r
o
msth in this way:
The kg of the Dbk just bmke o goA m m r of

19. A w ~ t h W b m k m o f l o H e ~ o f f o p i s E B o f
chmlrrre Imdgauei
t me.2 tostop speaking or
stop doing sth suddenly before you have An-
ished:He brokeoff abruptly m the rnfddle of a
sentence.o W
ehad lo b m k flour hol~day
and
relllrnhome W i n t e l p o They broke ofl their
mnversationasI approached.
++v+adu v+adv+n+ v+ntprosl+adur
v+nlpron+ prep
2 v+adw+ v+adv+n+ v+pron+adv +
v+n*adv(mre)
,breaksth 'off
toendsth suchasa relat1onshIp:
They've broken afl their engagement.oBritain
#hrwten@dto break fl dipbmatic re[ntions,o
They wereAouingan@air butshe brokeit a
E E dlplomatlc mlatlonk engagement, talM
negotiations BE) terrnlnMe sth (formal)
+v+adv+n + v+pron+adv v+n+adv(mr@)
,break 'out 1 if sth unpleasant such as a fire,a
war, etc breaks out, it starts suddenly: Thty
wukl hawgot married in 1939 tf mar had not
btvkenout.oAfire bmkaoul onaferryy&erdnp
lausrl m r , flm, Rghtlmg, row vklence 2 ( a b
,break'outof sth)toescapef
r
o
ma place orf
r
o
m
a situation: Two terrorists have broken out of
Blockwall Prison,o She longed lo break out o
f
the daily routine. 3 i
f sth breaks out on your
skin,your skin becomescovered insth: I
k e e ~
brenkini:out (= Tkeep getting lotsof spots).
o S m t brokeout aEIoverhisbdp
v+adv2alsov+ adv+pmp
'
h
koutn anescapefromprison
t 'adbreak n the start of sth or the sudden
appeamnce of 5th unpleasantor violent:theout-
break o
f mr oan outbrwk o f ~ p o i s o n i n g o
ouibmksof min
,mak d h 'nutto getsPhreadytobeused,eaten,
drunk, etc: That's ~ u I
news! Let's h k
out thechumpgne!
EEl champagne
ev+adv*n + v+pmn+adv+ v+n+adv(m)
,break 'out inAnte sth to suadenly become
covered in sth such as sweat:He broke oul in a
cold sweat a! the thorrgnl o
f the trial, o M y skin
has brokenoutinan,itchyrash.
msweat,rwh
6v+ adv* pmp
,break 'through (mmInlIy AmE) to achieve
your first ~mportant
success In sth;to make an
lrnportant or new discovery: G h n CIose broke
throughmastar with '
h
i
%
tAttmcf&n',o Scien-
tats belelraw they h u e broken through in thew
f~hta~tllstthe
d W ,
=The phrase to make a breaMhmugh is
uspd more often than to break through:ScIt.n-
trsls have mu& a major brwkthrough in their
~ghtagamslAID$.
@v+adv
b 'breakthmughR an important disoovery or
development;sb's firstimportantsuccess in5th:
animporlrrnl breakthroughIn thenegotiol~
o
Jo was only 19 when hegof his breakthrou,qhas
am
,bmk 'thmugh; ,break 'thmugh sth 1 to
make a way through a barrier using force:He
mn towards the barrier i
n an attempt lo b m k
through.o Demonstmlorsh-id 0break through
the pol& cordon.DS3 bawler 2 (of the sun or
moon)toappearfrombehind sth:Thesunfinully
bmke throughin the aftermoon. o It stopped rain-
ingandthesunbrokefhrou~h
theclo&.
seea also^^^^^ THROUGH STH
+r+adv + v+prep
,breakThrough sth 1 tobecomegmaterin size
or quantity than a particular lwek Urnploy-
m t f i g u m s hove broken through the threemil-
lion barner 2 to sucoeed in dealing with a
problem such as an att~tude
that sb has and the
difficulties that it makes: I tried hard to bred
throughhissilent mud. o Womenarestarling to
break through the berries that keep them out
of lop m n u ~ .
E3overcome sth (more
f o m n
+S W a hBREAK THROUGH,BREAK THROUGH STH
ev+prsp
,break 'up 1(mpxially BrE)if a school or the
chlldren in it break up, school closes for the
holidaysat theend of apriedof theschoolyear
(a term):Web m k upfir Christmas?mi
wmk. o
Haw theschooLF b r o h upyet? 2 (ofa relation-
ship,aband,etc)tocometoanend;tostopwork-
ing together:Theirmarriuge broke up aler ten
years. o There are mmurs that the band are
breaking up.@
E
inawlage 3 [usunil~
l
y in
thepmgmsiwf e w s )if the connectionbetween
two telephones,or two radios that are used for
sending and rweivlng messages, is breaking
up,the people speaking canno longer hear each
otherclearly:T h e s k ~ l
wasbreaking up. o I'm
sorry -whatdid you my?You'rebreakingup.
e v + a d v
,break'up(w3th8b), ,breaksb 'uptoendarela-
tionshipwith sbRob and T bmkeup lastweek.o
She'sjust broken up with herW
p
r
e
n
d4rmn't
klieue my bestfrknd ismliy trying to b m k M
up!
ESl splIl up (withlfmmah), lplksbup
6v+adv + v+nlpmn+adva v+adv+n
'bmakupn IC1nSItheendingof amarriageor
arelationship:He moueriamy aperthe bi-mk-up
o
f hrsmtsrriage. o orricrge break-up
+SWahBREAK-UPat BREAK UP,BRBAK SBhTH
UP
,break 'up;,break s h t h 'upI (ltosth) i
f a
gmup of people or a family breaks up, or sb
bre& it up,the members separateand donot
shy together: The m n f e m broke up into dis-
cussion groups.o She had never intended m
break uphk.fami[jto TheSLlviet Unionkgan lo
b m k up in 1
W
1
.
I B spllt up (Into nth),spllt
rbMh up(Intonth)2 I
f a groupof m l em
e
e
t
-
ing break up, or sb breaks them up,they go
away in differentdirections:Themtiw broke
up aper two hours. o Police broke up the ldenwn-
stmtion. o I don't m
itob m k uptheparty(=I
don't want to make everyone else leave), but I
havelogo.
+v+adv a v+pm+adv+ v+n+adv(Iess
fwusn0
b 'break-upnIC1WIthedivisionsf acornpan' a
country, an organizationor a gmup of people
intosmaller parts: the brmk-wof the Chmmon-
- m b t h ofamily brmk-up
+S& a h BREAK-UP at BREAK UP (WITH SB),
BREAK SB UP
,break'up(lntosth),,breaksth 'up(1ntosth)if
sth breaks up, or sWsth breaks It up, it
becomesseparatd into smallerpieces: Theship
bmke up on the he&.o Break the W l a t e up
r
n
t
o m l l p-. o Smtenm mn be broken up
intoc hrrser.
&v+edv v+nlp-m+adv + v+adv+n
,breakgfh 'uptomake8th that isratherW i g ,
suchasaperiod of timeorapattern,more inter-
estingby addingsthdifferenttoit:Ibreakupmy
doy bygoingforo t
v
n
k intheofirmn.aDraw
ings wereusedlo break upthepage.
EEi day, monotony
+v+adv+n * v+pmn+adv + v+n+adv(Iess
J?wueno
'break wlth sbisth(Tormantoend your connec-
tion or relationship with sbMhbemuse you no
longer agree with them: Nkk broke with hb
father t
uset uph~sownfirm
+v+pre~
'break with I h (farnoto rej& sth such as a
tradition or the past and deEide to do sth differ-
ent Theprince broke with W i t i o n by gohg i
o
study a b d o The new directors am eager lo
breQkwith thepasl.
@9
tradltlon,thepast
&v+prep
breathelbri:bl
,breathe 'Into take air into yuur lungs through
your nose or mouth: BMhe i
n throughyour
nose a
s you stretch up. p.o He b~tlnerdin deeply
and thenspoke.
Inhale(moreformf)
E
Z
!
3 breathout
Q v+adv
F
,breatheath 1
1
n
totakeair,smoke,asmell,etc,in
through your nose or mouth: We walked ahng
the beach.brsathmgintheseaail:
I
E
G
!air,smoke EE)Inhale a t h ( m m f Q m ~
breathe nth out
+v+adv+n +v+dpmn+adv
,breathe8th 'Intosthtofillsthwith life,energy
or enthusiasm:She hashthedJ%sh S
W
einto
ititmovie industry.
mHfe.
Q v+nlpmn+p p
,breathe 'out to send air out of your lungs
throughyour noseor mouth:Emthe outslowly
throughyour mouthasyoustandup
IS@ exhale (morefonnul) EB9b d h e in
6v+adv
,breathe sth 'outto send air, smoke.etc. out
throughyournosew mouth:-he theOlroUt
slowly and sLeadiI3
E E i alr, wmoke EEi exhale sth(morefirma0
,opn breathe sth In
+v+adv+n + v+nipron+adv
,bream 'In; ,breeze 'Into 8th ( i r t f m 0 to
arrive somewhere or enter a plaw ln a casual,
cheerful and confident way: She brwed in at
eleuen and greeled ewryone with a smik oHe
breazcd intot h e o mandannoumd hew a s h w
ins.
+v*adu r v+prep
,breeze Yhrough 8
t
h (imformor)to succeed in
doing sth very easily: She b m z d through the
firssexam.
O ~ + P ~ P
brewW I
,brew'up;,brew5th 'up(&X, Wonnu?)
topre-
pare a hot drink of tea or coffee:Come hto the
kitchenwhileIbrew up. oI'll bww up afreshpot
o
f len whentheyarrive.
I
E
J
tea
+v+adv + v+adv+n v+pmn+adv L v+n+adv
I m j
t '
b
-
p n (BrE,irui?mk)anactof makinga
drink of tea;thedrinkthat you make
,brick sth 'IW'up to AU i
n or block an opening
w ~ t h
bricks: Thefii-eph? hnd heen bricked in
someyeassWore.o SomeMy had brickedupall
thedoorsand windows.
Elwlndow,fireplace,d m
=Brick sth Inlup is often used in the
passive.
@v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv
brightenP b r W
,brighten 'up1 if the weather brightens up,It
becomes clearerand brighter:Afler a dullsmn,
it shouw brghten up [n&rEE9clear up 2 if a

20. personbrightens up,theybecome happierand
more cheerful:He brighlened up when t h q mid
tiecouldgowith t k m . EH) cheerup
*v+adv
,brightenslt~
'uptomakesih more interesting,
excitlngor atkactiw: I've brought someJloroers
IQhrkhlen theplace rtpa bit. oBrighten upyour
bwlmm ~uith
a f e w p m ,
mplece.mommcheMrthup
v+nlpmn+adv + v+adu*n
brimm m j (
-
m
m
)
,brim'mrw(wlm sh)(uuallyusedjn t h e p r o m
siue &
a
)
if a cup or a cantainerlwhm over
with a liquid, It is so full that the liquid flows
over the edge: He film my RW
sofull it was
brimming our! oHer eym were brimming owr
wrthteam
ovemor*(wlthrth)~nson~K)
+v+adv
,brim 'overwith mth (nol&ininIhemmfw
t a m )i
f sbbrimsoverwltbsth,theyshowalot
ofaparticular quality:She's brimmingowr with
mnyi&mond enthusiasm.
WnRbsnce,exelternmt
@ v+ adv + prep
bringh l (WM. bmum~ b m ~ )
,bringrth a'bouttomakesthhappen:Whathas
broughtabout thisd r a w 7 0 His nerwusbmzk-
dorunwasbrought&ut byshm.
changa,tttu d c o l l a p mo
f rth
m cause ath
@ v+adv*n r u+nlpmn+adv
,Mngsb a ' h g m=BRING SB OM
,Mng s h t h a'longto bringsb/sth somewhere
withyou:Cnnlbringmysisleralongm6he~?
o Shebmughtsome CDsalong.
Qv+ntpmn+adv 4 v+adv+n
,bringsba'round(
A
m
=BRING SB ROUND
,bring9bl~th
a'round(wmlbrhm) =0RrNG
SRIBTH ROUND
,bring sth a'rounrl to 8th ( e l &A m =
RAINC STH ROUND TO STH
,bringsb 'back(
t
osth)1to returnsbtoaplace:
to take sb home:I'II bringyou k k again after
the par& o She t M to bring him back (= to
make him return)lo the m t t w in hand.ofit-
t ~ ~ t h e d r l v w o f
themarinprison mn'tbringmy
sister h c k (= returnhertolifeaftershehasbeen
killed). 2 to put sb back in their old job or pas-
Ition: UnlW hnw brought back their old man-
ager
@v*nlpmn+adv v+adv+n
,bring sth 'back4 (
t
osth)to returnsth to the
place it camefrom: thedmdoesn'tflt,brhgit
$ack t
othe shop and m'I1c h a w itfiryou. 2 to
make youremembersth orthinkabut it again:
Talking abut his dwth brought it all back m
me.o Thephotos brought Lmk hnppy memories,
rnemorfss3tomakesththat existed orwas
done beforebe used or done again:Am you m
fauour of bringing bnck the deathpenal@?=
reawestk; relntrduw sth( h f hmoreformat)
4 (for sb)to return with 5thfor sb:Whatshall I
bring backfor the chrldrenpom Puri.? In
informal language bring sb back sth and. less
often,bring sb sth back are also u A in this
meaning:I brotghl the kidr h c k some books.o
Canyoubrrngmesomerhmngback
@ v+adv+n r v+nlpmn+adv
'brlngsbisth beforesWsth(k~w)hpresent
sb
forjudgment; topresent sthtosblsthfor discus
sion or a decision. Children should not he
brought t&re a court.o T
h
e n w ~ v a s
brought
kfomthejudge.
E 9 I ~ e r e B h a u l . b
bfom sbhth,hautIb
up befom sblsth (iMornm0
Rring sblsthbefore s&th kusuallyused
lnthe pasive
v + nlpron +prep
,bring sb ' d m (
r
-
0 to depress sb;to
make sb unhappy: Spending N
e
w Yeor abne
broughtme rightdown.
pel sb down;dep- .
b(moreformal')
Q v+ nlpmn+a&
,bring sblsth ' d m 1 to take sblsth f
r
o
m a
higher to a lower level: They brought all the
boxes downfromtheotlk 1tomakesbEsthfallto
the ground: He was brought down in themat#
a m . o Theirplane WQS bmught down by a uip
knt storm.o WhensheBl1,shabroughthimdown
wrthher oHe broughtdown thebird wrthasin&
shor. 3 to make a government,aleader,etc. lose
power or be defeated:The m
A
d
n
l brought the
gouernmenfdowm IEEJgovernment
@v+nlpmn+adv 4 v+actv+n
,bring9th 'down1tomakesthsmallerinsizeor
amount: Weare determined O h n g down iw-
tron. o 5
% price war rs bringing the m t oJ
flights down.EQi lntlatlon, prloeaTs?*) M r
ath (nwreformal) 2 to make an amraft come
d mtothegmund (land): Thepilotbrought the
phne downWet3 @Elplane BE)landsth
@r+n!pmn+a& + v+adv+n
M n gttm 'hmused m to makeanaudience
laugh or clap i
n an enthusiastic way: Herper-
formam browht thehowdown.
,bringsth ' d monluponsb(fom0 tomake
sth unpleasant happen to sb as a result of your
actions: He had brought nothrng brat trouble
down onthefami&
Qvtrdpmntadvtprepr v+adv+n+prep
bring d m the 'eumln m sth;brlng the
'curtaina mon8thto finish orma* theend of
5th Her decrsion to retrre bmught down the cur-
iatnonagiirtering3@ymrcaree,:
,bringsb 'forth(okfifashionerSnersforma[,
mw) t
o
glvebirthtosb:She bmughtforfhaasoa
chlld
+v*adv+n r v+pmn+adv v+n+adv(less
J?@quent)
,bring sth 'forth 1to produce sth;to
make sth happen:Her m r k s broughtforth a
harshresponse.2 (oldfmhrondlto take sth out
of a container
ev+adv+n + v+pn+adv v + n + a d v ( k
m u e n t )
,bring sth 'fornard 1tomwe sth to an earlier
date or time: We'll have t
a brlng the dale of the
Jinalgameforward. meetlng,date EE@ put
8th forward El9 put 8th back 2 to sug~est
a
subject,an idea,etc. fordiscuss~on:
She brought
fnnunrdproposals for anewschool buiidmg.
propowl B
E
T
I put ath forward 3 Ifinonce) to
move a total from the lmttomof one page or r ~ l .
umn of numbers to the topof the next p a g e m
balance S
E
3 carry ath fornard Bring
6th forward is often used in the passibo in this
meanmg.4(technuxrl)toput adocument inafile
until the particular date when you need to deal
with it:a hringforwadfile (= one that contains
documentsforaparticular date)o Wirhthissofl-
ware,thesystemwill remindyou when the bring
forward date arrives. Bring sth forward
is only used inan office context with this mean-
ing,andi
susually used infrontofanoun,as rf it
isanadjective.
Qv+nlpron+adv+ v+adv+n
,bring'Insth;,brlngsb 'In8
t
htomakeorearn
money forsb:How much isshe bringinginevety
nwnth?o Has job only brought him i
n a small
inmme.
+v+a&+n + v+nlpron+adu*n
,bring sb 'In1(onath)to get sbinvolved insth,
especiallytoadvise or help,etc: Crrnwedeallwith
this wrrhout bringing thepolice in?ord like Fo
bring I n s m r Lacey in on this invstigotion. o
Fxperls werebrought inmndulsethegovernnmt.
1 brlngan
........................................ *..............................................................
EEI experts,police+boopr2I
fthepolicebring
sb i
nthey take them to a police station toques-
tlon them or arrest them: 7luo men have been
brought infor questioning.ESZI suspect
Q v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
,bring sblsth 'In 1to take sWsth intoa room, a
h o w , an ofIloe,etc:&uldyou bring in another
chuir?o Bring him in! In informal lan-
guage bring:sb in sth rtnrl,less often,bring sb
sth in are also u d : Could you bring me in
anotherchair?o Could you bringussome tw in?
2 to attract sblsth to a place or a business:The
utsftorcentre
rsbringinginmoreandmorepeopk
Ei3 bUsheS8, c u s t o ~ r s ,
tourlam
-B t ohBRING SBISTII
INTO STH
+v+adv+n + v+nlpron+adv
,bringsth 'In1toinhpduceanew1aw:AnauIow
was brough#intoimpmwrwdsaf@.oN e w m -
trob were brought m to limit spend& and bor-
mwfng. Ieglslatlon,F a w m Introducesth
(moreformal) W Briog sth In is oftenu& in
the passive in this meaning. 2 (law)to give a
decision ma court of law:T kjury brought ma
verdict o
f guil&. i
3
E
l only verdict, declslon 3 to
mentionor include sth:She brotdght In otherevi-
dencetosupport her argumnl.
Qv+adu+n r v+nlpmn+adv
,bring sbEsth 'Into sth 1to take sWsth into a
place: Briw thatc h ~ r
inlothedining room. 2to
mdude or mention sblsth in a discussion,con-
versation,etc: Why doyou alwajs have t
o brlng
Pete into it (=mentionPete whenweare discuss-
ingsth)?o Iknewgou'd managedobringf w t h l l
intotheconwrsation!Jtoattractskdsthtoaplace
or business: The advertising cammign should
bringmorepeopleinlothebookshops.
+seeakoa~!wc
SBISTH I N
Q v+ nlpmn+prep
,bringsth 'off(In@rmat)tomanagetodosth dif-
ficult suocessfully:E
n
g
wwerechi? toV ~ O r q t
but t k y muldn'tquite brSng it ao Thompsm,
tiwnewgwfkeeper;broughtoflasup~bsrave.
pull sth of(
Q v+pmn+adv v+sdv+n. v+n+adv
,bring sb 'an (BrEI ( A M ,Mng str a7long) to
help sb t
o dmlop or improve when they are
Iearningto do sth: Wenaad lo bring on theyoung
pbyem quick1p o There's no time lo bring
emp- afonggmdually.
+v+adv+n + v+n/pron*adv
,bring sth 'on to make sth unpleasant happen:
The hw?Tattad was brought on by sbress. o It's
not likeyoutogetsomt.What'sbruught lhfson
(= hasmadeyou soupset)?
EEi hmrt Mack, d e p d o n W calwn stk
(momformno
Qv*nlpron+adrr + v+adv+n

21. 'brfnssth on sbryourseW(ahbrlrrgstit upon
sblpursfl morr form0 to be responsible for
sth unpTeasant that happens to ~Wyourself:
You've bmught sham on the whok fmily!o
Don't Mame ma! You'vebrought this onyourself
l
!
E
ishame,dlsgracm
@ v+ dpmn+prep
,bringsb 'outto helpsbtobe moreconfidentand
lessshy: H e ! r g w d a I b r @ q i n g w l m u s inm-
urewees. oA year at mltege hm mlly brought
I r e r o a t Q f ~ I f
Qv+adv+n + v+nlprcn+&
,bring stb 'out1t u b ,king ath 'out d ath) to
take 8th wt of sth; to remove 8th f
m
t
m sth: He
bmught amrdoutcf hiswllal andgawil t u b
m t a k e s t h a u t , t a k e r t h d o f s t h 2 t o p m
duce or publlsh sth:They'rebringing out a new
sportscar thisyeuco Howmany albumhawthe
band brought out?^ Thepublishers arebringkg
out a newedition4f Ihedicliona~y
nexlspring. 3
to make a particular quality easier t o w , taste,
ornotice: Tfmtdressbrrrylsoutbhemlourof your
ey~s.
E
Z
i colwr, ~~r E Bemphaslm 5th
( m o r e f o m ~
4 to make sth appear that is usu-
ally hidden: She always brings out t h worst In
me'o T
h
esituatfbn bmtrphl out the viciousness
in him the best7the -t
Qv+rdpmn+adv + v+adv+n
1also v +nlpmn+adv+ prep
,bring sb 'out in 5th(BrE)to lnakesb'sskinbe
mered in sth such as sweat or spots: TbmaW
bring meout m a m h .
+v+nlpmn+adu+prep
,bring sbMh 'owrto take or bring stdsth to a
particular place. especially sb's home: Whmr
your skter gefs bnckfmm Nau Y
o
* bring her
ouertuseew. oBringyourdmtroueraradsitwith
lrsl
e
~
+
d
p
r
o
n
+
&
v+adv+n
,bringsb 'round(Brm ( A M,Mngsb aWnrl)
1( a h,Mngnb 'to)tomakesbconsciousagain:
Shegentlyslapped hisfm
lo brrng him mund.2
(to sth)topersuadesbtoagreewith you,or to do
what you want. lbmught him sound mmy wayof
thinkingin I h e d . FS3 wln ab mer(tosthth)
+v+nlpmn+adv
,bringsbtsth ' m d(esprIn1lyBr.Q W m u -
ally ,Mng sW8th a'lpund) to bringsWsth to sb's
home: I'll brzw thepnpem round toyour hoaw
thiseueniw.
+v+nlpmn*adv a v+adv+n
,bring5th 'roundtm d h(Brh')( a h,
M
n
gath
a'roundto sth A d , B
E
)to direct a canversa-
trun, a dlscusslon, etc. so that you are talking
about the subject you want to talk about: He
alwaysbrings thewnvermtion roundlofoofbalL
EFl wnversmtion,dlseusslon
@ v *nlpmn+a& +prep
,bdwsb 'b=BRING S 0 ROUND 1
,brigA and B to'gether1tohelptwopeople
or groupstoend aquarre1:tomitetwo p p l e o r
groups: The crisis brought the family closer
together 2 to introduce two people who have
never met; to help two pe~ple
come together
socdly: It was me who brought them logethez
getAandBtagether
+v+n/pmn+adv * v+adv+n
,bring sb/sth to'gether to collect a group of
pcople or objects together in one place: This
erhihition brrngs logether manyarlisls'rw*.
+vtnlpmn+&dvr v+adv+n
,bringsb 'up1tocareforachidunfflheorsheis
grown up: She luas brought up by har aunt. o I
was bmughfup(=Igrewup)ona~3rm.
E33 chll-
dren,famlly,daughter, EBmlsenb(Am@
IEiHBringupachilddoesnot meanthesameas
lonk after a child. 2 to teach your child a par-
t~cularway to behave. etc: They bmught Ihelr
chrldrenup verystrictly.o We were brought up to
bP p01rte und do who# m wete told. o a well
brought up chlIdEEi children, hmlly, daugh-
ter, son DTB raise ssb (Am@ 3(law) tomake sb
appearfortrial in acoutt of law
Bringsb up isoften used in thepassive.
+v+rilpmn+adv * v+a&+n
t 'upbrlnglngn [sing.] nTj the way in whfch a
child is cared for and taught, especially by par-
ents,whilcheor sheisgrowingup
,bring sb/sth 'up (to sth) to mwe sblsth to a
higher place, especially up the stairs:&w&5.sl
mas bmught up to our room o Callurn is down-
stnirs. ShulI I bring him up?o She bmught her
h o d tapaorrdloppd him, o Ibmughr thecup up
iomy l~p.eondmkas&of
m m .
+v+nlpmn+adv 4 v+adv+n
,brfr~g
sth 'up 1to move 8th h m a lower to a
h ~ ~ h e r
position: Shebrought~lp
herhnd sopro-
iect herfare. 2 2mention a subjectand start to
talkabout it: h w y t i m Ibrlng themalterup, he
changes the subjecl. subject, matterE B
ralse sth (mo!vforml) 3(to 9th) to lncrease a
total, a price, a number, etc. t
o a higher level or
amount This donntim brings the total up to
S0W. o O m got another gorrl, bringing the
score up to M.
E
S
ltotal raise ath (more
forman 4 ta bring f d from the stomach back
out though the mouth. The botry'sjust brought
up her hA$ast. t h w nth up (rmfomb),
vomjt sth(moreformull 5 lomake sthappear on
acomputer screen:Cenyou bring that.fileupon
xreen?
+v*dpmn+adv + v+adv*n
,bring sb'upagalnl irthtomakesbW
I
z
e
s
t
h
orfacesthanddealwith!t: Thbwsebrhgsclsup
against !heproblemo
f punishment inschools.
v + rdpmn+adv4prep
,bring sb/sth 'upto 9thtohelp sWsthto reach
an amptable level or standard: They have now
brought Ihefbothld ground up lo t h required
safety slandards.
+r +nlpron+ adv +prep
,bring sth u'pon sb&oumatf =BRINGSTH ON
SBlYOURSELP
bristlel'bp~gi~
'bristle wlth sthto be covered in 5th:to haveor
contain a large number or amount of sth:a mf
bristling wrth TVaerials o Thest@ brisrbwith
emficpncv.
W Bristlewith sthismainly used inwriting.
@v+pmp
broadenIIXCXW
,broaden 'out if a river, a road, etc. broadens
out,i t becomeswider
Bmadenisalsom?dwiththe same mean-
Ing,butlessoften.
+v+adv
,broaden "wt; ,broaden rth 'out ( e s m l l y
RrKj if sth broadens out, or you broaden it
out, it becomes more general or includes a
larger number of pwpleor thine: L
?
63 b
-
n
out Ihe dlscussIon to mlk about Bdmtmron as a
whole.
M e n is used more frequently with the
samemeaning.
Qv+adv r v+adv+n * v+rdpmn+adu
browseI ~ W Z !
,browse'thmghsthtolookulmughahk,a
magazine, etc. Ina casual way, without reading
everything: She bruused through T
h
enewspaper
whileshe waited.
book,newspaw
ev+ prep
,brush a1pinW'byrpaststusthto touch sbl
sth lightly whenyou movedoseto themlit:A cat
brushed agarnst hffileg,o H
ebmhed @/past me
and run out.
(gv + prep
,brush sblsth aV4ldd 9 to push sbEsth to one
side: Shebrusheda strandof ttairaride.2 toref-
use tolisten to sWsth or lreal themlit asunprt-
ant: He brushed my proiwts wide c
m
d paid the
bill. o Every time I by t
o explain,you b m h me
mi& l
E
@ wavosth arkIdaway; dlsmlssaMth
4 S?t?afseBRUSH SB OFF 1;BRUSHSTH OFF 2
+v+nlpmn+adw + v+adu+n
,brushstha'wrty (fmmsth)l toremovesthhm
a surface with a brush,your hand. etc: She
brushed a stray hair awuy frwn her fm.
tears,IMIr, dust 2 to ignorean idea, a thought,
3 brushpast
...............~
etc. because you do not w
a
n
t tothink aboutIt or
you think it is not important: She qukkly
brwhed theIdeaotuo)t rsmr)dlmlss sth
Qv+dpmn+adv + v+adv+n
,brush 'by ~b/Sth
= BRUSH AGAINSThYIPAST
SB/STH
,brushsb&Ou*seR 'down(especinIfVBrE) to
cleansblyoumlf by brushing theirlyaur clothes
with your hand, especially after theylyou have
fallen: Sheslood upand hrushd herseIf dotun.
3 SWU~SO
BRUSH GdYOURSLLF OFF
ev+nlpmn+adv
,brushsth 'dm(~Ial1yBrE)todeansthby
brushing it thoroughly: B m hyour cwtdown to
getthemudoflo Thechildmnrueretaughthowto
brushdown theirponies.
BE3 mat.aklrt,etc.
-B . S E i ? ~ k 0BHllSH STH OFF 1
ev+dpmn+adv 4 v+adv+n
,brush 'off; ,brush sth 'off if mud, dust etc.
brushes off,or you brush it OR,
it is remowd
by brushing: B n ' t worry about the mud - it'll
brush off easily when it's dry. o We were abk to
brush thedirt off guilew i l y
Qv+adv v+nlpmn+adv * v+adv+n
,brush sb 'off (
1
m
r
r
r
m
0
F to refuseto listen to
sb:toignore sb in arudeor unkind way: HetlrIed
lo mphm lo but she W h e d him ofl hpa-
liently. E
E
D rebuff sb (fotmat)
+sma hBRUSH
SBISTH
ASIDE 2 2 tO get rid of sb: She mukln'l
brushRogeroff mar thern
@v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
b 'brush+W n(ivormal)rude or unkind behav-
iour that showsyou donot wanttobefriendly: to
giuesb thebmh-off
,brush sb!yourself 'offtocleansWyoumelf by
brushing theirlyour clothes quickly with your
hand
+~ t e a h
BRUSH SB/YOURSELFDOWN
(gv+nlpmn+& v*a&+n
,brush8th 'Off1to cleansthquicklybybrushing
it.Hepackeduphis hot ondbmhedil oflqukkly-
+see o h BRUSH STH DOWN 2 to refuseto listen
to,discussoramptsth:Rokrtshwh@dcgT alle-
gutionsof corruption.oShe brushed oflofem of
help from herfriends. 4 see also BRUSH s a l s ~ ~
ASIDE 2
Qv+nlpmn+adv + u+a&+n
,brush d h 'ovt 1to brush sth, especiallyhair,
thoroughly to remove knots or to make it
straiphter:§he brushed out her h i <w h e d her
fare a d go#in@ W .E
K
Q hair2( a h,brush sth
'outo
f sth) to remove knots, etc.from your hair
by brushing:It lmk haha(f
anhour lo b& outall
th6anglesin hishuil: tangles,knots
Qv+adv+n + v+dpmn+adv
2alsov +nlpmn+ adv+ prep
,brush 'past ~b/Sth
= BRUSH AGAINST/%Y~PAST
SBlSTH

22. brushup 30
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-
,brush8th 'up;.brush 'up on 5th (esmiazlv buckleIWI
BrE) tostudy orpractisesth in order to&t back
the skillor knowledge that you had in the past
but have not used for sometune: I& to brush
upmy computerski2.k. o Youshould brush upon
your French Woreyou gotoh m .
t3Ei skllls, FrenchEngllsh,e k ETQ poIfsh8th
up;raviawsth(eswciallvA~.revlmsUr(Br~
=Rrush 8th up cannot be used In the
passive
Ov+adv+n v+pmn+adr v+n+adv(&
f ~ ~ m t )
+ v+ adv+prep
bubblerbnbll
,bubble 'over(wlth ath)tabefullof excitement,
enthusiasm, ideas,etc: m y ~uew
bubbling over
with excitemmt
Q v+adv
,bubble 'under;,bubble 'under sth if sth is
bubbling under, ~tis already fairly sucmsful
but i s not yet as sumssfulasother things of the
same k~nd,
although it IS likely to l
x so soon:
Thisisour k t of tracks bubblingunder -songs
ihal m y swn k i nthe Topa.
@v+adv v+prep
,bubble 'up 1if a liquid babbles up from the
ground,etc.it risesup inthe formof bubblesor
making the sound of bubbles: Watm bubbled up
from the pool. o@gumtive) Clam wall bubble
up (= start to form) lu&r this aftarmn. 2 if
laughter or memotion bubbles up, ft becomes
strongerand starts to be heardor seen:I mutd
I
& the anger bubbllng up inside me. o Laughter
came bubblingup.
+v+adv
buckmnkj
,buck 'up(okffushwned, BrE, informnoused to
tell sbto hurry up:Buck up!We'll h €me.
ZEE) humup
@v+adv
,buck 'up; ,buck sb 'up(OM-&him&, BrE-
znformal) t
obecome,or to make sb,more chm-
ful: Buck up! Them's no school tomorraw! oHe
buckad up when I said he muld go, oA d
a
y out
will buckyou up.
I
E
!
O c h ~ r
up,elmar sb&oundfup
Q vfadv v+nlpmn+adv
DJbuck your f'deas up I&rE,iqforml)tostart
behaving ina more acceptable wa~:
sothat work
getsdonebetter,etc
bucket/%MI
'bucketdown(BE,irlformol)to rain hemfly:rt
bucketed downall &yY
+v*adv
. .
,buckle'down (
t
orth)(Irllbrmnf)
to startwork-
ing or dolngsth in a serious or determined way:
Hetrwdtobuckiebwn tosomewrklstudy.
knuckledown(tonth)
Q v+adv
,buckle 'up (am[@
A m 0 to fasten the belt
that you wear in a car,etc to keep you in your
seat if there is an accident la seat beIt):Buckle
urn kids.
E B belt up
Q v+adv
buddytbndi! (huddles,Duddylng,buddled,
buddled)
,buddy 'upt w l t h sbtsthbetget,buddied
'uptotwith sbtsth(AmE,
in$urmal) tobecome
friendly w~th
sb or work closely with another
person:She buddied up toLoura. hoprngloget to
kmiv herbrothe~
o laskd logetbuddied up with
ane x p r i e d d i u ~
+v*adv+pmp belget+v+adv+pp
budgelbndgl
,budge 'up(BrE,ir&rmb to mow up:to make
more mom for sbelse:Budge upa bit!I'd like to
Sitdown 100.
m m0Ve:up
+v+adv
budgetrb~dgrtl
'budget for 8th to plan to save or provide an
amount of money for aparticularpurpoae: Don't
f o W to budgetfir thecast@ lexthbooks.
Budget for ath canbe usedin the passive:
Tlreseextracoslshawnot been Budgefedfor
0v+vrep
,bug 'OutWmE,i~&mcrl) to leave i
n a huny:I
pr~*ked
upmym
y andthen buggedout.
Qv+adv
,bugger a'boutra'round (wlth dh) W E ,A,
slang) to waste time doing stupid or unimport-
ant thfngs; to behavein asilly way: Stepbugger-
irtgaboutand M'sgei on with it.
Mess aroundor,i
n British English, me$
about isa more polite informalway tosay this.
+v+adv
,bugger ab a'boutra'round( B E ,A,sbng)to
treat sbbadlyor in away thatwastestheir time:
I'msickof hing bugger& uboutby my h.
-Mess sb around or, in British EnglFsh,
mess sb aboutis a morepolite informal way to
say this.
+v+ nlpron*adv
31
...... .............................................................. ..............................
....
,bugger 'oPf(BrE,A, shm)to go away:B-r
o
n andh u e me alone. o Clive'sbuggered off ID
Ihepub withJulie.
Clear o
f
fis a more polIteinformal way to
say this,
Q v+adv
,buggersth'upW E ,A,slang)tospoilsth:todo
sth badly: Ih rwtgolng to l
e
i her bugger things
upfor nae.
W Messsth up isa morepolite informalway
tosay this.
Qv+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
bufld/bdd/(buItt, builtfifltl)
,build ath a'mund 5th (mEalso ,build sth
'mundsth)tocreatesth.basingitonaparticular
th~ng,person,
idea, etc: Thestory isbuilt around
the adventurn of IZknigh&.
Build 5th nroundlromd sthisisenused
111the passive.
Qv+n/prwr+m
,build 8th 'ln;,bulldsth 'intoah1tomkeath
a fixed and permanent part of a system,a plan,
etc: .%f~gmr& againstfraud are buili into the
system.2tomakesthafiwedand permanent Wrt
of sth larger:Theftashis built mto themmem o
Thrsdlshwasherconk burlt in.
Build sth in and 'build sth into stb are
oft~n
used Inthe passive.
Qv+nlpmn+adv * v+adv+n r v+nlpmn+prep
r ,bulk-'inEab Jrr'butkt lesPJ%qmt) ed.[only
before noun] forming a fixed part of a larger
structure: a hilt-incuphard o Thecumma has
abuilt-mmh.
P 'Inbulltadj [onlybefore noun1existing as an
essential part of sWsb: the inbuilt suruiml
instznctof animnls
'buildon sth(ah'h14ldwpon sth nwr@fonnnO
todevelopfurtherhm sththat youhaveh d y
ach~eved:
Weneed to build on lastyear's surress.
o Thlsoourse buildsonnist~ng
skills
EE success,skllfa+
strengths, achlarsmmb
Build &upon sth can be used in the pas-
SIVF Thtssuccessshouirl bebuilton, not &nored.
+v + prep
,buildsth 'on:
,build sth 'ontosth toadd sth
such as an &a room to an existing building:
Theyhad built ona largeextensionat the back of
$heh u e .
@
I
extenwfon
v+ adv + n + v+ nlpmn+adv v+ rtlpron+prep
'bulld s2h on sth(also'bulW 8
t
h uponaMmmp
JormaO to base sthon sth; touse sth a9 the basis
or foundation for9th:Our cumpang has built its
reputationonthequality of itsprodW
Q v + dpmn+prep
,hlldsth 'roundsth(BTG)=BUILD STH AROUND
$TI1
bulldup
.......................................................................... *
,build'uptobecomegreatet strongerorlargerin
number: Queues o
f t
m
mare building up qfrm
the acctdent.o I mlrtdfed the angw butlding up
insideme.
EE)accumulateImorefimb
&v+adv
.'bul~dupn [sing.] an increase in the
amount,strengthor n m k o P sth:abuikd-upof
ctsrbondlaxide in theatmsphere
+seeuIsoBuILD.wPatnurm up (TO sm1,BurLD
YOURSELF U P (TO STH); BUILD-UP at BUILD SBISTH
U P
,butld'up(aosth),,bulld
yournelf 'up(wah)to
gradually pmpmyourself for sthsuchasarace
or competition: Start gently and build up t
othe
m
r
estrenuowexercises. oBuild up slowly until
youmn jogfor3Uminules. oRuiklyourseif uglo
theday of thepe@ormnce.
Qv+adv r v+pron+adv
F 'bulld-up(to sth) n [C,usually sing.]the time
before an important event, when pwple are
gradually preparing for it: the build-up t
u the
Olympics
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Z S O E I U I L D - U P a t
BUILD UP;eurLn-UPat
BUILD SR~STH
UP
,build sb&oumeH 'upto make sb healthieror
stronger: She gave m Ioisof vlhmlnsand min-
eralsto burM me up.
Ruild sb upcannot be usedinthepassive.
@ v + nlpmn+ adw
,buildsblsth 'uptos@ahutsblsthwith.tht
enthusiasm,oftenpraising them morethanthey
deserv~
Hehas been builtup S
o be theanswer So
the nafron'spmbIems.
ma~ u l l d
sbtsth up is often used In the p a s
S1VC.
Qv+n/pmn+adv + v+adv+n
P 'buildup n [C,usually sing.] a very enthusi-
astlc description, m i a l l y of a performance.
that is Intended to make pople exciteda b u t it
and want to see it: Thereuiewrsgavethe phy a
big bu~ld-wp
4 seealsoRUILV-UP at D U ~ L D
U P ;sul~n-UP
at
BUILD U P (TO STH),BUILtlYOURSELF UP (TO STHI
,bultrl 8th 'up 1to collect or create sth,often
graduallyoveraperiod of time:She hasbuilt rrp
an unpressiue calL?ctmn of pinlzngs. E3TicOl-
leetlon, llbrary 2 to develop 9th: T
h
e m o w e r
had built up a god relationship with hb st@ o
My father built the business upfrom scratch.O
Hurrrel has built upquite a repi&tionfur hemw
as a reporter o Wearegmduaily buftdlrrg up a
picture of what happened.W bualness, repu-
tation, picture 3 to increase sth or make sth
stronger: m
e
r on mident, most driven need to
build upIheircvn@aplceagarn. wnfldenca,
trust,strength4 to rover sth sothat it 1sh~gher
or strongerthan before
Qv+adv+n .v+nlpmn+adv

23. S burnout
bulldup 32
,
...................................................... " .................................................. -
up udj [usua~~y
before n m ]1owered bump,%.unp/
with manyh o w s orbuildings: Thespeedlimit is
,bump ,Intosb(imrman
to meet sbbychance:
l o w In built-upareas, 2 built-up shoes, b t s , bumped anoldfrw in lawn
or heelshaveextrahe~ght
added )6YHJ id0 S b
,buildYOursleW 'UP 1=WILDYP(TO m),
BUILD & +
- , .
YOURSRLP IIP (TOSTH) 3 = BUILD SB/YOURSELF
,bumpsb ,off(iMmD to murder skHeh i t -
UP
led bumpihg 0ffSales.
'build uponsth =BUILD ON STH +v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
'buildsth upon ath=BUILD ~ T B
OH STH ,bumpsb'&y,bumpsb'oPfsthl tonotallow
bulkpd~
sb ta have the seat on a plane that they hw
booked. b u s e seats h v e lmn sold to more
,bulk'outfup;,bulksbMh 'OWUP
{ e s ~ t l y
AmE) to increase In size or weight; to make
sbtsth increase Insize or weight: Griswald had
bulked upfor this maah andwon easily. o Laul
busrnessesareheipinglo bulk upschoolcornpuler
labs (= provide morecomputers).
Qv+adv .r v+adv+n a v+pron+adv*
v+n +adv(mre)
,bullysb 'intosth ,bullysb 'lntodolng 8th
to force sb to do sth by frightening them or
threatening them: Youcan'tbulb m rntosaying
m y l h i w !
Q v+nlpmn*prep
bumfinmi I-mm.)
,buma'round( B r E a h,burn 'mund)(irlfbrmal)
to travel around or to spend your time doing
nothing in part~cular
Q v+adv
,bum a'roundt'round sth(iMormal,especially
BrE) t
o travel somewhere with no particular
plans: qfter I lep schtwl, I bum& around the
~uoridfornyear:
I
E
Etheworld, Eumpe.6tc.
Qv + prep
,bumsb 'out(ArmE, informal)to annoysb:I w
m
r d l y bumme$oul t h t therewereM tiCke&
+v *nlpmn+adv
,bum'round(Brm=BUM AROUND
,bum'round~ f h
(
G
S
P
2
C
h
l
bBfE) =BUM AROUND/
RliUND STH
,bumblea'round:,bumblea'roundsth(BrE
also ,bumble a'kut, ,bumble a'bout sth) to
more around in an awkward and noisy way: I
c
o
u
l
dhmr myfather bumbllngahui downsrairs.
o a film o
f two sisters bumbling nround theiv
home,makingtea
9v+adv + v+prep
people than the plane w
i
l
l carry: Wlh more
peopleflyingthess days, themi
s a gm# chance
o
f ~etting
Bumped off your flight. o bum&
ofl t r c r u e i k m ~
Bump sb can also be used
with this meaning: We were Iote arriviw at the
airport a d the atdine burn@ w.2 (espxially
AmE, computing) to break the connection
bet- sb's computer and thelnternet, so that
they can no lower use the Internet: Some WTS
wu[dn't login,orherskepl~tt~gbum@oflo
to be bum& off the Xnterwt @
E
l
the Intarntlt,
server, webslte E.9 klck sb uff, kick sb OW
sthdlleonnect sb (from M
i
)
(moreformal)
W Thesephrasal verbs areusually used mthe
passive: I was worried about bang bumped off
theflight.
Q v + nipmn+adv + v+dpron+pmp
,bumpsb 'up(
t
o(to)( O f o m l )to mwe sb to a
more expensive seat inaplane withoutcharging
them extra, because there are not enough seats
at the price they have pa~d:
Jgot b u m up lo
busirrpssclnss.
EEl3Bumpsbup isoftenused inthepassw.
Q v + nlpmn*a&
,bumpsth 'up(irrformar)toinmaseorraisepth:
Thewnlpnny bump& theirp r i m upby 10%.
prlces
Q v+n/pron+advr v*adv+n
bunch/bmtI/
,bunch 'up; ,bunch sth 'up if material
bunches up, or you bunch it up, itformstight
foldsThesheessbutl~hd
upunderhim everytima
he moved oShe bunched her skirt up and
jumped.
Bunch sthup Poftenusedinthepassive.
+v+adv + v+nlpmn+adv + v+sdv+n
,bunch 'uph'gether; ,bunch s M h 'up!
to'getherto move closer together to make a
tight group:tomake sWsthdo this: Thechikfren
bunched fogether in littk groups in the p W
ground. oA11 the rwmm were bunch& up
&hind the i&r
Bunchsblsth npltogetherisoftenusedin
the passive.
@v+adv v*nlpmn+adv v+adv+n
bundlet'bnnat
,bundle sb 'OW(to sth...)to send sbsomewhem
In a hurry or when they do not want to go:She
bundIed hersonoff SoschmE.
packsboff (to...)
Qv+n/pron+adv + v+&+n
,bundle 'up;,bundle nb 'up(In ath) todressin
warm clothes;toput warmclothesonsb:Bundle
up!It 'sfmzingoursi$e! oI bundled up ina
blanketand madeherocupo
f t
m
.
wrap up (In nth),wrep sb up(In 5
t
h
)
.wrap
youmK up (in sth)
Bundlesbupisoffenusedinthepassive.
.
@v +adv v+ nlpron+adv
,bundle 8th 'upno'getherto put or tie thinw
together 1nto a bundle: She bundled up her
clotl~esand pmM them into a cupbwrd o T
h
B
papers uwre ail bundled t
-
6 d y io be
fhmwnaLuD#
~v+nlpmn+adv v+sdv*n
bung
,bung sth 'up (wmh ath) (BrE,I
m
m
i
m
i
)to stop
sth from moving or flowingthrough sth by put-
ting sth in or acrossit: She's bunged thesink up
w ~ t h
lea Ieaves.
block ath up moref for ma^
+v+n/pron+adv + v+adv+n
b ,bunged 'up d j blocked, not clear:My nme is
all bunged upthlsmorning.
bunkp ~ k {
,bunk'clown(~llyAn~&toUedowntosleep
somewhere, especially somewhere unmmfort-
ableor faronly onenight Webunkeddown in an
old Barnfur thenight.
E Z l dmsdown (BrE,informal)
@ v+adv
,bunkboff:,hnk
'OH
$th(BrE,fnfwmel)tosiay
away from schoolor work when you ought to be
there; to leave school or work earl^: especially
without permission: k t ' s bunk OR#hk&r-
noonand goshopping.
ESKi schoof, WOrk IBEl s k b On, s k b OW SUI
(BrE)
+v+adv*r+prep
,buoy n h t h 'up4 to makeor keepsbcheerful
and confident: Winnhg the m
m
n
t
c
h buoyed the
team UP.o T?Mparty did dittle to buoy up her
sprrits. oShe was buoyed up by her father's
pmis@.2 2 keep ssblth floating; to stop sblsth
f
r
o
m sinking: I wlard, k
r
m
g the salt water
buoymeup.
Buoysblstbupi
softenused inthepassive,
Buoy sblstb can also be used:Buoyed by their
recentV I C ~ Wr hteamlrmconvi~
theymn win
thefinal.
Qv+n/pron+adv * v*adv+n
,buoysth '~p@nance)tomakeorIteepprlcsata
high or satisfactory Iwel: Share p r h roere
buoyedupbytthenews, o lo buoy uplheecommy
E E l prfoea
EUW Buoy sthup lsd e n used lnthe passive.
Buoy sth isalsoused with thismeaning.
@ u+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
burn/bn;ArnEb~nnf
(burnt,bumtpxnt;
drnEbamt[orburned.burnedbmd;AmE
b3:rndl)
,buma'way;,burnsth a W yto disappearasa
result of burning; to make sth do this: Half the
candla had burnt away. o The fire had bur&
owayprt of the mf
Q v + & r v+adv+n v+pmn+adv r v+n+adv
( h f w m t )
,bum d m if a fire bums down, it b e w w
less shongand burns with smallerflames:They
sat by thefim,wuWlingit sbwly bumdown.
m burnup
Q v+adv
,burn ' d m ;,bum sth ' d m i
f a buildhg
burns down. or sb burns it down,it is des-
troyed hy fire: Thepalme burnt dourn in tfzeIRh
century. o Shethrmlened#a
burn thelro~down.
IEEWBnrn sth down is often u& in the
pasfive.
Qv+adu + v+nlpmn+& + r*adv+n
,burnsth 'dl
to remove 5th by bur- Burn
tl~aoldpainl
offWrempainting ihadoor2( a h
,burnsth 'up)touse energyby exercising: Walk-
ing bruklymnbwnoffalotofmlortes.E E tal-
orles, fat
&v+actv+n r v+n/pmn+&$v
,bum'out:
,bumsth 'outif amachtneorpartof
a mach~ne
burns out or sbkthburns it out, it
stopsworking bemuseithasbeenu&tw much
or has got too hot: The club91hns burnt out. oI
burnt out themlorin theflrstcar Ihad.
&v+adw hr. v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
,bum 'out ,bum StseM 'out to stop burning
becauw there is no more fuel: Blow out themn-
dlesWorethey burnout. o By the timethefirebrt
gudearrived thefireh d burnt (iiseIr)out.
-B SECohBURP4 STH OUT
@ v + & 4 v*pron+adv
,burn'out;,bumyourself *outtobecome very
tired or sick and unable to oontinue your work
byworking too hard over a perid of time:It's o
highpressurnjob andmanypeople burn outat a!
young nge. o4 k carries on wnking so hard*
he'II burnh i m I f out.

24. i buyout
----.....------
bumoul 36
.
. ............. .................................r....................... ~............................
+ = O h BURN I3 OUT, BURN SB OUT OF ITH
(bv+adv * v+pmn+abr
b 'burnoutn [CII
J
l
Ithe stateof king very t i e d
or sick because you have d e d too hmk
Burnout iscommonamong Zeachen.
t ,buWout (esmbl[y BrE) (AmE wually
,burned-'0ut)vei-y tired orsickk c a w eyouhave
worked toohard:burnr-out rock singers
+Seeah BURNT-OUTat BURN STH OUT
,bumsb 'out ,burns b 'out of 8th t o f o m sb
toleaveabuildingbysettingfire to 1t:Agnnghns
triedtoburna womanoutof her home.
+seeahBURN OUT,BURN YOWASELFOUT
Qv+rdpmn+adv * v+adv+n +
v+nlpmn+adv+pr%p
,burnsth 'out to destroysth completely by Rre,
sothat only the outside or the frame is left:Two
mm wereburntout inthem h .
W Burn 8th out is usually used in the pas-
51VP
+S'ee~kO
BURN OUT, BURN ITSELF OUT
+v+rdpron+&d * v+adv+n
b 'bumt-oul (especially BrEj EAmE mually
'burned-out) adf [only before noun]completely
destroyed or badly damaged by fire: burnt-out
buseso bured-out h o w
+see alsoBURNT-OUT at BURN OUT,BURN YOUR-
SELF OUT
,burn 'up1tobedestmyedbyheat: T k s m
b u r d u p as rEenhred Iheearth'sabn~spM~
2
(usuallyIbS@d in theprogressive l e ~ )
to haw a
feverora high temperaturn:*is burningup-
she&adocm~3Lfafirebw~up,itgets
strongerand haslargerflames EEB burndown
e v + a d u
, b u m sb ' u p IAmE, itlformul)to make sb very
angry.Theway he rarrsma really bwmmup
Q v +ntpron +adv
,burn sth 'up 1to get rid of sth completely by
burning. I
'
m going m burn up aI1 the rub
bishllmsh 2 =BURN STH OFF 2
&v+a&+n * v+nlpron+a&
burrowI % ~ ; A ~ E
'barnu1
'burrow In sthto s m hfor 8th amongthingsin
acontainer:Sheburrowed inhermketondew-
tuuliyfound nferum h .
+v+prep
bur~t
/bxs~~~l~barst/(krrrt,
bunt)
,burst 'In(ontblsth)+ ,brat 'into sthto entera
m m ,
abuilding,etc.suddenlyandn o i a i intm
rupting the people who are in it: He apologized
fir bursting in on our meetfng,o Thedow sud-
dmlyflewo~nandMiabumm.
o Shemndown
thestairsandburst inlothekilchera.
+maISD RURST INTOSTH
+v+adv + v+prep
'burst Into sth to start praducing or doing sth
suddenlyand withgreat force:Theoimrqf?burst
fntojlams(=suddenlystanedtob u r n ) . o lwas
sorelrevedlbamt btolaars(= suddenlystarted
to cry). o Thecab'sew'mburst into IUe (= sud-
denEy started to work). o As the curtainfell, the
audmce b m t intoapphllse (= suddenlystarted
toclap).
EEJ tears. flames,laughter,life
+$WQl%9RURST IN (ON SBISTH), BURST INTO STH
QV+PWJ
'burst ontonto 5th {also%urn
upon sth mom
formal)to appear s a m e w h e ~
suddenly inadra-
matic or unusual way: A &or new lalent Ras
burst ontont
othe lennwscme.
mscene
QV+FP
,burst 'outto say 8th puddeo, loudly andwith
strongfeeling: ?hateyou!'she bwstout
BE) exclalm(lbrml)
-f SetahBURST OUT DOING STH
@ v+adv*spe&
b '&urn n a sudden strong expression of azl
emotion;'a sudden increasein an attitude or an
activity: an outburst of angerllaughter o smr-
d i c outbursts of violem o She upodogized for
heroutburst.
,burst'out; ,burst'out of sthto leavearoom,a
budding, etc. suddenly and noisily: The door
opened suddenly ond a m n burst out of the
how.
Qv+sdv + v*adr+prep
,burst 'OMdoing sth to begin doing sth sud-
denly: We looked at one another and burst out
hughitlg
E 5 Iaughlng,aylng
+see alsoBURSTOUT; OPITBURSTat BURSTom
@ v+adv+-lng
,burst 'through: ,burst 'throughstht o m m
suddenly through a door, a barrier, etc. with
greatforce: Thecurdrovefust uptothe& block
am3 burst throryph. o She burst throughthe door
pursued by Sun men. o Thesun burstdhmughthe
clouds.
@v+adv + v+prep
'bumUpon~ t h
=BuRST ONlONTO STH
'bury you~ietf
In 8th 1to go to o r b Inaplace
where you will not m
e
e
t many people: He buried
h ~ m w
In the muntrjr t
o write a book. 2 to
involve yourself in 5th completely; to spend all
yourtimethinkingaboutordoingsthandignore
everythingelse:Sheburiedherself inher work in
anattempt toforget. EEl work,book
Q v +pron+prep
bust/Inst/ (bust,bustor bustd,bunaed)
,'bust 'wt;,bud 'out o
f sth:,bust sb 'out:
,buM sb 'wto
f sth (Informnl)toescapehm
somewhere,usually prison; tohelp sb todothis:
IIls Iasl mouw lu~s
about a guy Gusting out of
Alcatruz. o Hbfriend$ b u s Mhimoutofjail.
breekout,break out o
f alh(mowfnrma0
@v+adv + r*achr+prep * v+nlpmn+adv r
v +rdpmn* adv+prep
,bust h p ((wth sb) (BrE.Informal) if acouple or
two & l e n d s bust up,theyhaveaquarrelandsep
arate: T h q bust up rlffmfiuepurs togethet: o I
bllsl up with Timawhileago.
EZ)breakup (wRh sb):aplR up (wltWhumsb)
Q v+adv
b ' k t - u pn(BrE, inform0 1(with m)anargu-
mentora quarrel: Wehadahugebust-upandww
we'renot talking.2the end d arelationship
,bust sth ' u p (iqformaoq to end sth such as a
meetingor a relatlonshlpbydisturb~ng
or win-
ing it: The police busted up the mwting, -
break 8th up (moreformal)2 ( A m 0 to llrfzlre,
damageor beak sth:He busted uphisknee in the
mident.3(Am@ tobreak a company ora larger
organization Into smaller partsEO company
b w k sth up(moreJiormal)
v+adv+n4 v+nlpmn*adv
bustlerbnsrl
,bustle a'butta'mund: ,bustle a'boutr
a'round s t h (e~ppciallyBsE) to move about
somewhere in a busy or hurr~d
way: She was
already bustling about,gettmgdinnerreudy
g v + a d v r v+prep
buttmnt~
,butt 'In(informal)1(on sWah) to rudely inter-
rupt sb when they are speaking:He apobgked
for butting m on ourmnversation o 'Hisnume's
Tern anually.' she budled in. Interrupt
(sMsth) (moreformar)2 to interfere in a s i t u -
ation that doesnot concern you: Stop butting i n
It's nothing lo do with you. Intodore (with
sth)(more
form0
+v+adv1alsov+adv+speech
,butt'out(s&en. I&mal,especiaIlyAmE) used
to tell sb rudely not to interfern in sth Qr to go
away: Butfout!ltSmwofyour h i n e s p .
Qv+adv
,buttersb 'up(irbfonnnl)
to say nicethingsabout
sb because you want them to do sth for you or
giveyou sth: We'd bet& butierhimlrpa bit W&re
wmkfor hishelp.
D soften sb up
+v+nlpron+adv 4 r+&*n
button~ ' b ~ m t
,button 'up;,buttond h 'uptobefastenedwith
buttons: to fasten sth with buttons:He buflod
uphismal.
IEGI c o a t , j a c k & , a E . ~&up,dosthup
E
!
3 unbutton,unbutton&
I
Button and button atha
n
?alsoused with
this meanlng.
~v*nlpron+adv+v+sdv+n
t .hthned-'up 1[usually beforenoun] not
showing or expressing your feelings openly; not
very fr~endly:
his buttoned-upwlmw~
2 ( A m 0
very formal in appearance; traditional rather
thannew orexcit~ng
buy/bar/( b w g ~ ,
bwmPa*/)
,buy sth 'backif somelm3y buyss
t
hhnck,they
buy again sth that they have sold earlier to sb
else: Thebank will supply and buy backfo-
currency o Hesold themrin 19Wfort400. buy
it h c k laslywrcostW f m .
+v+adv+n 4 v+nlpmn+adu
b 'buy-back n '
Ithe action oF buying againsth
that you have soldearher: abwRlequipr~lent
buy-
beck (= whenashap/storeorcompany buysback
sth you havefinished using) 2(businas) a form
of lmrrowmg money in which a company seUs
its shares with an agreement that it will buy
them aga~n
at a later date:a share blry-bnck0 a
share buy-backpro~mmm
,buysth 'in(BrBtobuy sth ora largeamountof
sth for a special occasion or in orderto have a
supplyforthefuture: I'IlhawlobuyinentmJii
they'remrningtosiuyJiorawhile.
m
f
o
o
d
Qv+adv+n * v+nlpmn+adv
,buy 'Into sth 1to buy sharesin a cornpan%for
exampletogainwntml over it: Theyare lookkg
to buy Inlo another insunrnce m m n ~
DGl
company, buslnesa 2 (ir&maD to accept sth
that Inanyother peoplebelieve: Wedwr'l buy inso
themyth t h t moneyuIheanssrarfomryfhing.
QV + P ~ P
,buly sb 'offtopay sbto stopthem actingagalnst
you,causingtroubleforyou,etc: T
h
g
rhadtobuy
Brennan offtoslop himJmmtalking.
(3v*n/pmn+adv + v+abr+n
,buysbryou*seM 'odl,kry
~~'out
of sth (Bmto pay money MI that sblyou can
leave an orgmlzation, espe~iallythe armed
forces. beforethe time agreed:A&r fourymrs in
theM t r y I bough1mysey out.
Qv+nlpmn+adv + v+nlpmn+&+prep
,buy s h t h 'out tobuy part d a m p a n y , bus5
ness,et~.fromshe19e$othatyoumallof
itand
control it: I tuam lo buy her out and have the

25. h o w i
% mysewo The mmmny w m L
u
a
s
u
g
h
t our
by t
w Cmmanbwiwsmen.
E J partner,wrnpany
+v+nlpron+adv*v*adv+n
t 'buyout n. (?inam)
a situation when sb buys
enoughsham inarwmmnyto gain mntrol of it
,buy8th 'uptobuyquicklyall of sth or as much
as you can:Thy'vebught u~nall
theland in the
arm.
E@l company,Imnd,pmperty
@ v+adv+n + v+pmn+adu+ v+n+*(mw)
,bun a'round;,
h
akmnd 6th ( a h,kLa
a'bautrmuntl, ,kma'lmtrtl'mundsthespminlly
BrE) to move around quickly and busily: She
buzz& round (thekzlchen).o The photographer
butzed aroud, cMfw the Eight. o Questhns
buzzed roundinsidemy had.
+v+adv* v + p p
,
b
u
n 'off(faformel) used to tell sb, not very
politely,togoaway:BuzzoffI'Ipnhying lowork!0
I wishhe'd GuzzM!
D clearoff:go away (murefirm0
Qv+adv
,buzz'round;,bu+r 'rpundsth(esmiablyBrE3
= HUZZ AROUND,BUZZ AROUND STH
call~ k ~ i l
-amund
-away
-back
-bv
-down
-for
-forth
-in
38 -off
W Tocallis the mostcommon way to say 90
telephone' in Amerlmn English. It is alsoused
in British English,but to phoneand ta ringare
more common.
,call a'round;,call a'round s b t h (
A
m
to
telephone a numberof dflerent pwpTe, usually
to try to get information: H
e
'
s k n calling
amwtdsrying logettk hetpriceonacornpulero
ImIled around #hanerghbourhd loget support
for m
y wnrpntm.
Qvtadv 4 v+prep
,call s'b a'way to ask sb to stopdoing what they
aredoingand gosomewhereelsetodeal withsth:
Hewascalledauhw tot?wph~m.
o She wa.scuiM
awqyfrom the meeting i
odeal with anemergency.
Call sb away IS almost alwaysused in the
passive.
Q v + nlpmn+adv
,call 'back WE)to visit sb again: I'll mll hcA
laterwhenyour wlfe'sat home.
evtactv
,call%sick;,callsb 'backto telephonesbagain
or to telephone sb who telephoned you earlier:
Call badr In an hour -he'll be hem then o Kub
phoned. CunyouwIl herhck70IYlcallyou back
wrththedetails Inter:
@v+adv v+ntpron+adv
b 'callbackn 1a device i
na telephonethatauto-
matically calls agaln a number that was busy
when you first called it: a nrllhck faeilie 2 a
telephonecall that you maketo sbwhohascalled
youearlier
,callsb 'back4toshout tosb totumaroundmd
come back toa pkce they hnvejust I&: I ranofl
but hecalled me back.o Westarted towulkofl but
were m16d buck by thepolice oficer 2 to ask sb
who is applying for a job, etc. to return so that
you can talk to them again: T h mpwpk wem
culledbuckfor asaw& inderuieuc
@v + nlpron+adr
,call 'by( i ~ u m l ,
espechlly Brmto visit a place
or a person for a short time, usually when you
are go~ng
somewhere else: Couldyou call hy on
yowway home?o Janmlledbybyo brmgyour$lP.
m dropby
@ v+adv
,call~b' d mto shouttosb t0a& themtomme
down f h maplacewhich ishigherthan you:I've
mlled himdown(=tocomedownstairs) loh k -
fast almdy.
@ v +nlpron +adv
,call sth 'down(onlupon sb) (litemry) to pray
that sth unpleasant will happen to sbbecauseof
sth bad they have done to you: to make sth bad
happen tosb: Hecatleddown curseson them
IBXi curses,wrath
@v+adv+n 4 v+ntprm*adv
'callfor sb(BrEjto gotoeb's home,forexample,
and take themorgo with themsomewhere: Shall
Icallforyou atei~ht?
QV+P~*P
'call for sth if a situation a sfora particular
action or quali& it needs or requires It: This
calk for a cekbration!~
W
h
u
t she's doing mils
forgrmt skilland m
u
-
.
EEU Call for sth can be used in the passive:
'IbugheraetionBy tht?gouemmni kmlkdf01:
Qv+prep
b un'calld for [of m a r k s or behaviour)
not fair or necessary In the circumstances: I
shrill tgnore that u n m l l e d f i r m r k
'call for sth; 'call for nbMh to do 8th to
demand publicly that sth should be done: The
group lnas c a l ~ J o r
a boyma of the elections.o
TheotherdimtorshawmlMfor him toreS&n.
Call for sth mn be u s 4 In the passive:k
total bnnon nuclear~ n s
has baen miledfor
Q v +prep + v+ prep+nlpmn+minf
,call sth 'forth( f m 0to mduce a particular
reaction: Her remarks have called forb h r s h
crrtkism inIhemedin.
@ v+adv+n + v+pron+adv v+n+adv(mm)
,call 'In f [+ adulprep] ( m ~ i u l l y
BrFI to visit a
place or aperson fora short time, usually when
you aregoingsomewhere else:Hecalled inat t
h
e
ofice Worehe kftforLondom o Sheoftenm Ils m
for uchat. E
i
9drop In (on sbtat...)(~rfarmcrb)
2
to telephone the place where you work: She
called insicklhts morning(=telephoned to say
that shewas llllsickandwould not be coming to
work). 3 to make a telephone dto a radio or
television programme: Many listeners caILad in
torompbin.
e v + a d v

26. call fn
.... .... 38
......-......
....1.1. ..-..............
.XI
............ ......1
.
1 ...............-.
.
.
.
I
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
I
I
I
_
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.................
....................._........_.......,,....._........._
'~alUn
n (AmE)a television or radio show in ing. o He mke in ihe night,wllingout b mm.
which people can phone t
o talk to people on the o 7'7rey mIled out the n m b m o
f the winning
show, ask questions,give thew opinions, etc: a tickets.
mil-inshow EZi name shwt out (to a
b
)
, shout ath a
m
t
,Callab 'intoask sbtowme andhelp,giveadvie (to sb)
repalr sth, etc: H
e
'
s threatened to cull in the m w ~ a l l
sth mn be used with a simhr
police. o ~ o u ' l I h a v e m m l i a p l u m ~ i n f t l ~ ~ ~ t
meaning, but call ouWI sth out suggestssth
thrs. o Bombdisposalexpmtsuweml[edinwget IQllderQrmoreurgent.
rdof thedevice. +v+adv + v+nlpmn+adv * v+adu+n *
EEl pollee,exwrtBEE3 send for s
b v+adv+speech
ev+adu+n v+nlpmn+adw ,call~b'but1toask sbtocome tohelpyou,when
,callsth V
n(BBtoorderorrequestthereturn of there isan emergency: Pve mum had tomil he
sth, especially a product that has a fault: ~h dwtorousat night hfir~.
o We'eh
a
d
ocallout an
tnanufmtm~
h u e cnlW in thefaulty goods.0 ekricinn. 0 TroopswereCalledour to deal with
Theh n k hawm l W in theIwn(=asked for the the riot. doctor,flm brigade, electrfelan2
moneytobepaid back)imm&&ly. to orderor ask workerstostopwork asa protest:
E B recall nth(morelbrmn Minersweremlledoutonstrrkeby union Iwden.
+v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adu &v+nlpmn+adv + v+sdv+n
sb/sm'offto order soldiers,
dogs, etE. to t 'C~IIQM
n W E ) -ion whenYOU ask sb
stop attacking sb, semhlng for sblsth, etc: youinanemergency:ambum
Pleas cullyour dog& nrU.oufs0 How much is the plumber's mllout
W
d
o
g charge?
Qv+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n ThenouncaUisalso used.
,call dh 'o~f
to cancel or abandon sththat has ,call 'out for sth IAmE) to telephone a shop,
been planned or that has already Th store,restaurant, etc.toask them todeliverfmd
luas mIled 40: ihe lQFr minu&, t o w a t homeoratwark:M'smlloutforpizzn.
They'vewIicdoff Ihelrengugement(= they have 'end Out *h
decided not to get married).o Polke miled off v+*+pmp
thesmrchfortheclimbersat dwk. , a l lsb '~rtocallsbtocomeovertowherepu
6 3 3 matchlgame,e n g a g e m e ~ d i n g ,
&I, are,becauseY W want to speak to them, give or
search,strike show themsth,etc:Callthewaiterover
6v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv Qv+dpmn+athr * v+abv+n(mre)
'callonsbi
(@spciullyBrE)b vlsitsbforashort ,call 'round(Brmto sb at their home for a
tlme: On our way boak, we rnlm on gmndma. short time:Ijwlmlledroundlomyhello.
ET)drop In (onswat ...) 2 0toask sb in a dmPmnd
class,etc. tomsweraquestionorglvetheiropm- 9v+&
ion: math &her alwuyscallron the boys ,call 'up;,call sbisth *up(mpeciu& AmE) to
(3v*prep make a phonecall to apersonor aplaox Call up
'
-
1
1 OWUpMl d h @ m l ) t o mWShnpth, a n d m a res@ruufionfor8o'clock.
o Shmlled
courage,etc.in orderto achim sthor dm]with him WIM~ bus Station o Call up the o m
a problem: Shehad rowlIon a11 her s
r @ ~ ~ ~ k f o r M t :
Morgan.
muraget o b z the ordml. Call and call sb are also ftequentlyused
E E strength,
muram with t h ~ s
meanmg. Call,up and car1 sb up a m
@ v + prep very common in spokenEnglish.
'callonluponsbto do sth(formar)l tomakea '+"Ipmn+*
serious or urgent request to sb to do sth: ~ ' m 'UP1toofficlNy asksb togo todo train-
atmilable in caseI'm callad on ohelp 0 wemi[ in6 in the army,navyor air formor to fight in a
upon all w s 0m
p
e
c
tthe r ~ s u ~ t s
@ the e h . war: the ~7 h g m , he was t
m OM lo be
tmn. 2 to formally invlteor requestsbto s w , mIl@d mSCrlpt fi b-11~ *m,
etc:lnow call upom MKSprtng hgiw thevoteof d"fisb(AmE)2(eswi~IQBrE)toasksb tojoin
thanks. sth or take part in sth; to chrmsesb to play in a
W Callonlupon sbto do rnbe ;used i
n team:He's bPen called upjor next week'smatch.
thc passive:1luascalled onh
,mkeaspmh. Call sbup isoftenused inthemssive.
@ v +prep+nlpmn+lo~ n f @ v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
,call'out(to ~b),,eall
sth 'out(tosb)toshoutw ''call-up' an order join the armJr
say sth loudly In order to get sb's attention or Or air force: m z ' ~ u p ~ ~ M m ~ s
(-P@
help:Hemlledoutlo hm ht shemTTa on wIk- CU~IY BrE, an ofiicial invitation toplay in
ateam orina particular game
,callath 'upI (mmpuling)toobtaininformation
that isstoredon acomputer She mlled upall
files he kdwrked on. E@i Rln, InformaUmn2to
bringsth bck toyourmind:tomakeyou remem-
ber and think about sth: The sound of their
laughter calW up memories of his own ch~ld-
M .
KJ
memoryBEj meail ath (formno 3 to
use a quality that you have:He c a I M up all his
rtserwsof mumge.E
mrnaerv%s
ev+adv+n + v+n/pmn+adu
'call upennth =CALL O N ~ P ~ N
STH
"all wpon sb b d o sth =CALL O N ~ P O N
SB TO
DO STH
calm/kmm/
,calm 'down;,calmsblyoumW 'downif sb
calmsdown,oryoucalmthem down,they stop
being angry.or excited and become calm: Calm
down!l'oesaldf'msorfy o Themuxrsnothingm
cvulddolocalmhdown o He wenlforuwalklo
calm h z m r down. oJack lu~s
so s h W that
hehud tobecalmeddownbyhislaifeandson.
+v*adv + v+nlpron+sdv + v+adv+n
,calm 'down; ,calm sth 'down to become
calmer; to make a situation calmer: The whole
fim will haue calmed down by Iomorrow o I've
spoken6nthemtotrytacalmthingsdownabit
=Calm sth down cannot be used in the
passrve.
Qv+adv + v+nlpmn+adv + v+a&+n
,camp ' a t(hformcrt)to sleepoutside,usuallyin
a tent: tosleeponthefloorsomewhereforashort
tlmc: fl there is nowhem tn stax w
'
I
I h u e to
camp out,o Pwpk mmped out in the schaol hall
toerwpethefloodmteK
Qv+adv
b karnwut n (AmE)a time when pwple sleep
outsideinatent
,campH 'up(BrE,irlTormal)1(of aman)tomove
orbehavedeliberatelyinaway thatpmplethink
is typ~cal
of a man who is sexuallyattracted to
othermen (ahomosexual):Heenjoysarmpmni?it
up. 2 to exaggerateyour behaviouroraperform-
ance tomake people laugh:Ireally romped it tip
inthefinal scene.
+v+it*adv
cancel/tensl/I-IC, A&-I-)
,cancel 'out;,cancels
t
h 'out If t
w
oor more
things cancel out or one cancels out theother,
theyareequallyimportant,but haveanopgoslte
effectonas~tuation
sothat thesituation daesnot
change: Thegainsand Eosses oreexp~ted
lo can-
cel out.oOur expenditure and profib cancel
eachotherout. o Xhejob ishtrrdwork butihisis
cancelfedoutbytkf~thnt6he~pDaresonm.
e v + a d v + v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
I carryaround
.....................* ......,,.......,,...
cannon/'ka3nanl
,cannon 'Into sbMh (of a moving person,
vehicle, etc) to hit sbfsthby accident and with
great force: She smpped su&enly and I aIrnost
mnnoned inioher
QV+VP
,cannon'off sblsth if sth mwingcannons off
sbisth,it hits theml~t
by accidentand with great
forceand then goesoff in a diffemnt direction:
Thebrrlllxlnnonedoff hisZ
e
g intothegoal.
ev prep
'capitalize onsth(ah'capbIlw uponsthless
frequent, momformal)to use sth to gain further
advantageforyourself:Theycaprtalzzedon thew
success bymrsingprices.o Theopposrtrontriedto
cap;talizeonpopuhrdMn&ntoverfhenewlaw.
success,apportunlty, potentla1 take
advantag* of sth
+v+ prep
'camfor abto likeor lovesb:Icare&eplyforyou.
Care for sb can l
x used in the passive: I
just want io belo& and nrredJor bymmeMy.
Q Y + P ~ ~ P
*carefor sblsth1totake careof and be m n -
sibleforsb who isvery young,oldorsick,etc.or
Torskhthatisindanger or wuldbedzmagd: 5
%
nurses give advice Eo the patients and those who
wreforthem.o Shemmforsevenzl childwn wlth
s m ' aI needs. o Thewmpany Iscummitrd t
ocar-
ingJor tke envfronment.EE ehtldren, the sick,
the eldmrly WInthismeaningcarefor sWsth
can kused In the passive' ThechrIdmn mreall
clean and well camtifor +see a h LOOK AFTKR
SR/STHfYOURShLF; W O K AF'lXR STH 2 hidCErO fOl
sblsth VormaO to not like sWsth very much: I
don't rnrefor o m .
@V + P ~ ~ P
mwould you c a ~ e
for ...(format)usedtoasksb
~t they would likesth to wt or drink:Wouldyou
mrefor acupof twP
p u n ' e a d r~ adj not lmked after: neglected:
The children Iwked dirty and urnred Jol:4
uncared-for#awns
,carry d h a'round ( a h ,carry ah a m
'mundesmlrllySrE)(wlthmu)totake sthfrom
oneplacetaanother;totakeslhwerywherewith
you. 1don"Eant tomrry shisbrrgabout with m
all day o Tha CDphyer is light enough tomrry
amund inyourpockel.
er+nlpmn+sdv v+adv+n

27. ,carrysbmth a'longtotakeor mowswsth for-
ward: His body had been mrrW along by the
r i w ~
o The crowd unrsso thick that she mmr-
ried along with ti. o(figurative) Hls immense
enthwiasmcarriedusolIalong.
Q v+nlpmn+adv
,carmy sblsth a'wayroffto support the weight
of s b t h and takethemit away:A strongcurrent
carried thedinghy awnV.
ev+n/pm*adv + v+adv+n
b g e t ,carded a k a y to be so excited and
enthusiastic about 9th that you lose control of
your feelings and may behave in a silly or
thoughtIess way:
lgot socurriedaway withshop
ping that IcompkteIyfo~ofthe lime. oDon't get
mrrfedaway- it'snotthatexciting.
belget+v +adu
,carry sb 'back(tua*) toremindsbo
f 5ththat
happened in the pask Thesong carried Irer h c k
toher childhd.
PEj take sb back (to sth)
v+ nlpmn + adv
,carry 5th 'forwad 1 ( a h,-my sth ,over)
Lfm?re) tomove a total sum of moneJ: or atotal
amount,E
m onepageor column tothe next, or
from one week or year to the next: Thefigurn
were mrried forward Jrom the preview m e ,
lE3 brlng sth forward In this meaning
carrysthforwardisoften used inthepassive. 2
to belpsth to make progress or suwed: Shewill
carry theprojmfforword afferIleuue.
@v+nlpron+adv+ v+adv+n
,carry sb 'off 1 if a diseasecarries sb off+they
dieasaresultof it: Sheruascarriedfl by theepi-
demic. 2 to capture sb: The enemy mrried off
myprisonars.
ev+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
,carrys'bisth 'off=CARRY SBESTH AWAYIOFF
,carry sth 'OH1to win sth:Shecarriedfl?nust
uf Iheprizes. 2 to succeed in doingsth difficult;
to deal with a diftrcult situation successfully:
She'stlreonlypmn Iknow whocanm r adress
likethatandcaw f t o r
Q 1v+a&+n v+pron+adv + v + n + a d v ( h
Iww~)
2v+Wpmn+& + v+adv+n
,carry'an1(with slh)( o b,carry'ondolngsth)
leswhllySrE) tocontinuedoingsth ormoving
in a particular dimion, without stopplng
Canyon workinglmithyo~r
m& EuhileJbarway.
oIf she curries on shoplifting, she'll end up m
jail. o Sheignored me and carried on wrlfing o P
mlledou! tohim,buthcarrlwlontbown therond.
90 On, go OH dOlw 8th +See also CARRY
STH ON 12tomanageto continue livingor work-
ing in your usual way in spite of d r f i d t or
unpleasant circumstances: LVe m w d on as
wuaI a&r thefire. o We'reall going to carry on
M if nothing has hafrfred. m go on:con-
tlnw 3 lwlth 6th) to continuespeaking or doing
6th after a short pause: 'Well', she corrled on,
'then I realized whemI
'
d met him t
w
f
o
m
!
'
o Ted
look& up brieflj then mrried on .with w h t he
was doing go on (wlth 8th) 4 to last for a
particular time: How l o n ~
can this sitlrarwn
carry on?= go on; fast 5 (at ~ b )
(about Bth)
(iIrforrno0to argue, quarrelor compla~n
noislly;
tomake afuss: Slop corrylnipon about how hard
yokr lifeis.oHowlongoreIheygolngtokshoui-
ingondmrrylngon l r k e t h a t ? ~
go e
m (at sb)
(about sth) B(wtth sb) (~Id-fagshioned,
irtformof)
to have a sexual relationship with sb. She's
carryingon wtih her boss.
+u+arhr
1alsov+adv+4ng
3alsov+ adv+ speech
b '
a
m
n 7 [usually sing.] W E , irtrormnb
excited or noisy behaviour over sth that is not
imponant;a a
s
s2 ( A m a small bag or mse
that you carry onto a plane with you: I'm hnvel-
h n g l ~ h t - I j w t h a w a cartyon. oDoyouhave
anymrry-onluggage?
,carry ath 'on 1to continue 5th. especially 6th
that sb else has begun: Our c h i h will curry
this tmdifiononqf#rus. + ~ Q ~ ~ O C A R R Y
ON 12
.carry 'onsth,,carry WMem britodothe activ-
ity rnent~oned:We'w 6ry1neto mrry on a very
rmportnof con-lion! o Theycarried on omr-
resmndencefwowfor2y years. o tocarw on a
bwiinessltmde EEi wnvsnatkn, cornspond-
ence,busl- ,srH1conductsth A noun
must always follow on, but a pmnurln comes
ktween the verband on.
a1v+adv+n+ v+nlpmn+adv
2v+adv+n + v+pmn+adv
,carry sth 'out 1t~ do sth that YOU youid you
would do or that you have W
e
e
n asked to do: to
mrry out aplnntuprommI~~n
o w oHe And no
intention of canying out his thwls. o She hnd
carried out a!! hts insfructionsElZithreat,
promlsa, order 2 to do and complete a task: to
carryoutaS U ~ U ~ ~ I M
inue~tngufion
o tomrryout
repairslcWtesa otoa
r
t
y out researrh o of is
nnfyetclear whocarrledout theattack.
+v+adv+n 4 v+pmn+adv+ v+n+adv(kssfre
quent)
b %arry.outn ( A d ,SmlE)am
e
a
l that you buy
m k e d f
r
o
m a restaurant and take away to eat
somewhere eke:Let'sgeta mrry-out.
,Carry sth I 1toelaysPhuntil alater time:
X h e p m h a d t
abe carried- until Wed-3
o You cam c a w over 4 days' Iwve to m t yeat
pastpone 8th 2 to keepsth fmm one situ-
atlon and use or deal with it in a new situation:
YoushouId mrry ouer what you h r n in schmf
int~yourt&l(f@. 3=CARRY STH FORWARD 1
+v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+abu
b 'carry- n 1mnam)atotalsumof money ,carvesbMh 'up(Ed,
f&rmnb 1towound sb
or an amount that is moved to the next ml- or their face badlywith a knife:Hegot c a d np
um?b'papelyear, etc. 2 something that is kept outside thepub &t night. 2 to gd past a moving
from ones~tuation
or time andused in mother vehicle aheadof you and then suddenlymove in
,carry sth 'round(wlth you) (wpeanlly BrE) =
CARRY STH AROUND (WITH YOU)
,carry 'through( o n M h 8th) (Am47 to do and
finish what you have promised, agreed or
arranged to do: He wnuInced us that he would
wrrythrough wfthlonhispromist.
Qv+adv
,carry sb 'through;,carrysb 'through4th
to help sb to deal with a d
i
m
c
u
l
t period: Her
&terminntion mrried her through.o Hrs mur-
age helped lo carry them through the digrcult
times.
Mntof itinadan~rousway:I~~a~~~~ruedu
a lunatic inaPornhe.o W
esaw thevan wrueup
sewmi mrs. worn turning lefl.E E person,car
EX9 cut 8Wsth up(BrE)
ev+niprontadv * v+adv+n
, c a m sth 'up to divide a oompam an area of
land, etc. into parts and sharethem out: They
cnrvedthehelerrilolyup intothreeprovim.o T h
thiewshurriedlycar& up the Zmt.
@v+adv+n v+nlpron+adv
b '
c
a
- n [sing.] ( B E . i r & m O the act of
dividingsth up into partsand sharingthem out
Qv+ntprcn+adv + v + n l p m n + p ~ cashi k ~ /
,carry sth Yhraughto finisha task,a plan,etc.
suocessfuUy: luas delemi& carry ,cash'
E
n(on*th)(informa0 togainanadvantage
her pplons, om Heh
h ~ s
smrld
a from a situation in a way that p p l e think 1s
m
k
,
she'llcarry it lhmughlo theend.
wrong or dishonest: Maw busiwsses m s h d in
IGE plan,pmposal,deelsln,ref- on the massivegubIic in&& in herdeath. o The
& v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv newlaw meansvideopimlesmnm [ongermhin
by selling iflegnlmph.
,cart sth a'mund(&a ,cart sth a'boutrmund
espacially Brm(wlth you) li&rmaD usedto talk
about carryingsth large,awkward or unimport-
ant f
r
o
moneplace toanotheror everywhereyou
go: Ihad i
oa r t q s h o p p n g a r ~ ~ n d ~ i l h
mealI
dqt oHecartsolImrtsof lrselessst~ahuL
carry atharound(with you) ( ~ ~ f O r ~ ~ ,
lug5th around (wlth yw)
Bv+nlomn+adv v+adv+n
- .
,cart sbtstha'wayl'oWFinforrrm0 to takesblsth
away with some difficulty: Two phwA lucre
carted olf to hosp1taI. o The polin? a r r t d and
c~ned40rwters
o x tojail.
I
E
E
)
take sblsth awey moref form^
Cart sWth away/& Is often used h the
passive: Hewascarred a m y by turopolicemn.
+v+a&+n v+n/pron+adv
,canre sth "
o
u
t 1/& , a r m ath 'out of 8th)
&eahgyl to make a physical feature in the
earth's surface over a long perid of time
through the actIon of water, ice, weather, etc:
The wllIry was c
u
r
v
e
d out by gk.clers. In
this meaning carve s
t
hout is oftenused in the
nassive. 2 (for vourself~
tobuild a sucoessful car-
Qv+adv
,cashsth 'Into exchange8thformoney Cash ln
any remaining Wvellers' chegm when you
return o You will lose m o w ifyou m h your
policy inearly
aharm, @Icy
t v + a d v + n+ vtnlpmn+adv
,$ash'up(Brm ( A d ,EMh 'out)t
o munt the
money that has been taken in a shoplstore, r
e
!
+
taurant, etc. at the end of the day: W
emsh clp at
five o'c[ock.
Qv*adv
Cast/kast:AmE m
t
/
(east, cast)
,cast a'round(BrE a b ,,cart #bout) (for ath)
(formal) to l w k around you to try to find sth;to
try veryhard tothinkof sth:
Hecapl aboutfor rm
~ m p eroule.oHe was desmnately crssling
aroundforan excuse,o Xhemmpny whaviwi to
castam& fewrishIyfir ways tocut itsCosts.
-This phrasal verb is usually used in writ-
ten Cngl~sh.
@ v+adv
,castsblsth *'side (@rmo0to get rid of,or give
noattention to,sblsth that younolongerwantor
need: Shejusl cast him asidewhen shegot borerI.
o Sheh a henable f.ocaslaside (=stopusing)her
kr,a good rephation, etc.,oftenwith difficulty whwlcharr
or hard work: She carvrd out a unique n~chefor dqgtad sW8th
herself in themusic businers.o He's mrvedouta V*adv'n v * n l ~ * a d v
smssful career in Me buikding industry. ,cast sth a'sideV ~ m f i
1to throw sth to one
career,name,nl&e alde:Hecastas;& themwwpr impntkntly.2to
e v + a d v + n e v+nlpron+adv get rid of feelings+attitudes, etc. that are Md or
1alsov +nlpron+adv+ prep

28. cast away 4
:
...,......,......,,,....,.......
..................... ..*...
..............................................
negative,or that stop you achieving sth: He&
astdealIhisinhibilwm. o Thespmkmcastmod-
esly aszdeond mk& a h #their summ,
EE)threw sth aslde; toss sth all& (lass
forman
e v + a d v + n + v+nlpmn+adv
be ,=st a'way (on ah)to be left samewhere
after your ship has been destroyedat sea: What
wouM you & if you were cast away on o desert
island?
9be+v+adv
b ' = m y n a personwhoseshiphasbeendes-
troyed and who has managd to swim to an
island, etc.
,cast 8th 'back (to s W M ) to make yourself
thlnk about a particular time, a situationin the
past, etc:IEasi my mind back .
t
o ourfirst m t -
ing all t h ey
e
a
nagogo
E
F
%
l
onfyywrmfnd
Qv+n+adv
,east sth 'down(Iimry)
if you ~118t
YO~V
eyes
down, you lmk down: She cust fm eyes down
modestly whileJack wus1QIkingabuther:
Elonlye p s ,srH, I m r sth(b
formal)
ev+nlpmn+abv v+adv+n
b 'downcast (aka ,cast 'down h j b q w n f l a d j
(irteruly)downcast eyesare lookingdown
+SeeaIk2 UOWNCAST at BE CAST DOWN
be ,east 'down(by sth) 0to be sad or
unhappyabout sth:HeisnotmiIymstdmn
ebe+v+adv
b 'downcast( a h,mat ' d m h j k q l l e n t )M
Ilitemry) sad or unhappy:edownmpr mp-n
o H e b m k ~ s l l d o w ~ E I ~ k p i t y o n
him
-
iwealsoDOWNCASTat CAST $TH DOWN
,cad'OW; ,caststh 'dl
toundo the ropesthat
areholding a boat m position s
othat It can start
to mwe 2 (in knitting) to remove a r
o
w o
f
stitcheshmtheneedleinawaythatmitlmakea
hished edge: Whenthe mtf rs ther@htlength,
m t oJTEJstkcher EBcaston,cast sth on
(f)v*aW4 v+actv+n+ v+pmn+adu +
Y +n+edv (rare)
,
-
t ath 'off(formal) 1to take off a piwe of
clothing and throw it to one side: Thqr cast o
j
'
f
theirclothes andjum@ in thepool. Jackat.
shoos,clothes B
E
E
)take stb o
f
f(lwsformnl)2
to get rid of sth bad or sth that you do not likc-
She tried lo cast ofj+
her upbrtnging. oIt'stime to
costoff those winterbluesand burst intospring!
+r+abv+n v+pmn+adv r v+n+adv(mm)
t ' c a a t 4(especbllyBrE) (AmE usually 'hand-
M o w n ) n [usuarly pl.]apieceof clothingthat
the orig~nal
owner no longer wants to wear
Sha'sfd up with wtrrriw herswm'scost-@s.
'east-off d j [only before noun] that the ori-
ginalownernolonger wants towearor use:mst-
off chthi~omst.@ffpIasficbn@
,-st 'on;,caslsth 'on(inknitting) tomakethe
Arst row of stitch- on a needle, or add new
stitches:W o nandknitlOrows.
EFlstltchesEEB cast On,c w t sth off
@v+adv v+adv+n v+pmn+adv
v+ n+acfv(mre)
,cast sbtsth 'out; ,cast sbMh 'outof sth
VormaO to drive sb away; to get rid of sWsth,
esmially by using force: She ws & out by
swiety. o Heclaimed to beabietomst ozh$emw.
o Thevilhgemhmibeencastoutof their homes.
Cast &boutisoftenusedI
nthe passive.
6v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv
v +nlpmn+ah.+prep
b 'outcast n someone who is rejected and
ignored by other people and often has to leave
their home and friends: Shefelt likea socihlout-
cast.oHe was treated l i b a n oulcast by theother
chiIdrr~.
t 'outcad Q@lonlybefomnour~]
ignoredm not
aocepted by other people: o m m k r s o
f
m
i
e
l
v
,cast sWa)l 'up(on sth) ( l i t e m ) 1if the sea
casts sWsthupontheland. it carriestherdt in
and leaves themlit there: A whuk bone zuasmst
upon theh e h . E% wash up,wash ~ r h
up (less
f@f-!mO Cast sWsth up i
sottenused mthe
passive in th ~ s
meanmg. 2 if you cast your eyes
up,you look up: Shemsl her- up tothe ceilrng
andswhed l
@
3onlyeyes
+v+nlpron+adv * v+adv+n
'Catchat MUsbto try togethold of sthquickly:
Shefrtedtomichutabmnchbut muldn't mch.
E E sb%hmWarm!sleeva BETO dutch atsb/sth:
grasp at sWsb
0 '+
P"P
,catch'on(WrmaP)1(to sth)tounderstandsth;
to realizethe truthof stkHe3~quiCk10mkh
on. o Thesiudenlssooncaught on tathe Idw thnt
p h m l verbsomnot redly dilfrcull.o Peapleare
mtchingon lo thefcrcl that he's ofmud. EEB cot-
ton on (
t
oah)2 (wittt sb) to k o m e popurar or
fashionable: li!r agod idea, but it'll nevercatch
on. o Payrng by credit card hns only caught on
m n r l y hum,o 3-DJilmsnever mught on with a
msaudience.
+v+adv
,catch sb 'out 1to Mck sb into making a mis-
take or doing sth wrong;tod i i r that sbdoes
not know much or is doing 5th wmng: The ikst
&nutdesigned 0 cukh you out. It> to see hour
muchyou'w learnt,o The interuhwrmqv try to
mtchyou out with irick questions.o She reacled
Ukeachiklcaughtout ina lie. 2 (especinllyBrE)lf
a situat~on,
bad weather etc. catches sb out, it
surprises them and puts them into a dimcult
situation: Them w o a W w out eww war (=
we are not prepared for it). o Mnny inwslors
werpmught out by lhecolbpseof thecompnny.
B
E
U
RCatch sbout isoftenused inthepassive.
@ u +Mpmn*a& + v +adv +n(Iessfreqwnl)
,catch 'up(wlth sb/sth) ( B Ealso , d c h sWsth
'up) 1to reach sWsth ahead of you by going
fasterthan thedit: Shewaswalkingsofust Ihad
lo run to mtch up (with her). o T kpolice car
finally caughtupwith thevanut &junction. 2 to
reach the same level or standard as sblsth else
that was better or more advanced: We lo
culchup wilh our cump?tilorsin Europe.o You'll
haveto w
r
k hardtomtch up with themtqf the
cksss. o When Iwem back toschool Ifound i had
a lot o
f catchlrlguptodo.
+v+adv + v+nlpmn+adv* v+adv+n(ram)
,catch 'up(wRh nth) 1 to spendextratimedoing
allthe work,tasks,etc.thatyou shouldhave done
earlier I m so behind with my *work, It5
goingblak@maweektomrchup 2tofindout
about things that have happened. &me and stay
for ofew days,so that we h u e a cham to catch
up. .olwant t
o catch up with all your mm. o
We'uegola lot ofcatching up todo&ralI this
lime. t seealsoCATCH UP ON STH
Qv+adv
,catch rb 'up (on sth)[AmEj to tell sb about
things that havehappened: Youm mlch me up
on thenew?.hter
Q v +nlpron+adv
,catch a m 'up(BrEj 4 = CATCH UP (WITH
SBISTH)
1 Yo16 go a M . I'll mtch you up o She
caught the Imder up and then ouwlmk her 2 =
CATCH UP (WITH SE~STH) 2 Thk MmP(lW dS th#
mosl likely 60catch up the mrkm hmk o S
h
e
'
s
mininghard locatch hersister up.
betget,,caught'upIn sth1tobecomeinvolved
inanunpleasant event or situation that youmn-
not escapefrorn: Anumberof tourislsgotmught
up in the riots.ochildm caught up in crfmeo
SorryImIaie-Igot caught up in a i r t ! ! j a m .
rlolence, war, w n h , traffic 2 to t
w com-
pletely absorbed in an activity. your own feel-
ings,etc:Shegot caught upin the excitementand
d r u mof theauction. o Ididn'l hearyou comein;
Iwassomughf up inthis book+fS3exclternent,
book
Q belget+v*adv+prep
F,catch'uponsb=CATCH UP wmr SB2 Old age&
catchfnguponme.
,catch'upon sth 9 tospend e mtime doing all
the work, tasks,etc. that you should have done
earlier: I've got a .
b
t of work 60 catch up Oh o I
spent rhe weekend mlching up on lost sleep.E
Z
Z
l
work,sleep2 to 6nd outabout things thathave
happened: it wasgmi to s@@ Przrsy a d catch up
onallthegosip.
see0 . b CATCH U P (WITH STH)
+ v + a d v + p p
,catch 'up with sb Iif the police or people in
authority catch upwithsb,they Rnally Rnd out
that they havc done sth wrongand punish them:
T W were inuolwd in burglaryfor wars Wore
thepolicem&qht up wilh them. 2 (alsocatch up
om sb lessfrequeni)i
f sth you have done or sth
that hasbeen happening toyoucatches up with
you,itstarts tocauseyou problemsthatyou have
so h
rmanaged to avoid:Hispast wfinally catch-
ing up wilh hrm. o The lute nighls were begim
nlng tomtch upwith h.?~
3(irIforma0 tomeet sb
you have not seen for a while and hear their
news: Hejust wants lo rest and aatch up with aid
friends. o Catchup withyou later! o We'uegot a
lot o
f cutching up to do after all lhbr;trme!FEl
friends
Qv+adv+pmp
eater/ k e ~ r ) /
'caterfor sblsthtopmvide everythingthatsb,a
group of people or a situation needs or wants:
The careersservice&rs(or the needsof young
pmpople ond dulls. o T
h
e resort also m m for
W Intersporbs.
E E needs, children, Intere8tn
IEjlCaterforsWsthcanbusedinthepassive:
All aRegroupsare wellmteredfor
b,v + prep
'eater t
o s h t h (d&ppming) to provide sth
that satnsties what a particular typeol person
wants:EndfPssmediawwmgec
a
- w thepub-
Itc'sinlesestinthescandal.
Caterto sblsth canbe usedi
nthepassive:
Tlr~ireuery
?wedwasmtered t
o
.
eV + P ~ P
caveJ ~ W
,cave'InI(omsb/sth) if aroof.wall,etc,cawsin,
it fallsdownand inwards: Theroofo
f thetunnel
c a d in on the urorkrrren EEiZi root, wall 2 (
t
o
sth) to finallydo what sb wants you to do afIer
you have resist4 for a long time: T
h
em g e -
m n t ref& tocaw intoihetr demands. o Under
hisfire questtoning she cauerl in and told him
thetruth. EEi demands,pressurn
Qv+adv
b ' w d nn 1thefactof a roof+wall,etc. falling
down and inwards:
Forthepop& fnsldethetun-
nel there luasa seriousrtsk o f w i n g or a caw
in. 2 an instanceof agreeing under pressurnto
dosth you donot want todo

29. 'centrearound s k t h ;'centresth around
sblsthIBrEnlso 'mntre mund sblsth, 'centre
8th round sblsth)tobe, or make sblsth, the most
important person or thing around which most
actlvity takes plaw: The debate centres around
the guestion o
f p o w t o The casecentredaround
the muple's adogled children.o Her life m a
cenhd entirely around her family. o T
h
e night-
lfe of the totun LS largely centred wound the
hob?.%.
C m h stharoundhnand~ W 6 t h
i
soften
used inthe passive.
g v+prep dv* v+nlpmn+prep
'centre on 5hth; 'centre sth on sblsth
Ioko 'cenblB upon sWath, 'centre 8th upon
nblsthmoreforma0 to give a lot of attention or
thought to one particular activitSf,idea or per-
son, etc: The discussions centred on the Aosmge
tssue oPuMic interest centred largely on rhe
teurn'sshrs.o Thegmuphasmnlrwlitsatlention
on the needfor reform. oHis research is centred
on theefectsof unenrpbyment.
EBEiCentreath onEupons
W
& Isoffenusedin
the passive.
Qv+prep + v+nlpmn+pmp
chainItsern/
,chaln sbrsth 'up(
t
o(ta) to fasten sWsthto s
t
h
else with chains to stop them escapingor being
stolen: I'd churnyour bi& up((to ihefenoe)just in
wse.o Theprisoners wexechalnd up in a dark
cell.
E U U Chain~blBth~tosth)can&obeusedwith
thls meaning.
Qv+nlpron+adv dv* v+a&+n
chalk1t1a:kl
,chalk 'up 5th;,chalk IMhem 'up(informal)
to achieve asuccess, avictory a score ina game,
etc, Theteamhnschalked up itsfif?htoin inamu
o Thisw k k Brotherschoiked up ~ W y w r s
@f
business inthrstown.
suceers,vlctory,wln
A noun must always hUow up, but a pro-
noun comesbetween the verband up.
@ v+adv+n r v+pron+adv
,chalksth'uptosth(i@rnntominkthatsth
happens as a result of 8th else: Wemn chalk our
m n t uicforiesup loa btof luck. o Whenthegml
was dlsalbtved they chalkad tf up to a bad w-
ereedeciswm
~~ttrlbuterthtoStti~orma~,pulsth
down ?osth
Q Y + rdpron+adv+ prep
chalk It up to sx'pwlmca (spoken, mp?-
craily AmE) usedto say that you canlearn from
sth bad that has happened toyou
chanceI ~ ~ P S ;
AM t s r n ~ i
'chanceonlulpon s M h(formcll)tom
e
e
t sbor
find sthwhen you do not expect to: Ichwrced on
an oldschoolfriend m town. o HeEhnrPcadupon a
uolurneof Japanezmtry ina bookshop.
Qv+prep
change/t~ema/
,change sblsth a'mund (mpdally AI@J =
CHANCK SHISTH ROUND
,change 'back 1 (Into sth) to take off your
clothes and put on what you were wearing earl-
ier I'll lust change brrck inlo m
y tracksuit. 2
(i-o ~Wsth)
to return ta an earlier state or
form: When you double dlc&on SELEC?: the
screen changesback lo the main design screen. o
Slowly !he angry animal changed back into its
normaImlm seg
&v+adv
,change sth 'back (Intoh nth) to exchangean
amount of money into the system of money
(currency)that it was in before: Crrn f chanw
lhesedolkzrsk
R
:
intosterling?
Q v + nlpmn+adv * v+a&+ n (lessfreqwnt)
,change'down (
1
- ~ t h )
(BrFIto move the
stick that controls the speed in a vehicle into a
mition suitable for slower speeds (a lower
gear):Chrrngedown inm sewnd asyou approach
thecorer
IEB chmnge up (Intolto sth)
Qv+&
,change'Intosthtoput ondifTerentclothes:We
quickly changwl inlo our swinassits. 01 didn't
brrng anythingtochangeInto.
Ov+prev
,change 'Intosth;,chanw sbmth 'Into sth
to change, or to make sblsthchange, intosthdif-
ferent: Themflehns chon@ into o hotel,o The
handsomeprincewaschanged intoafmg.
IE3turn lntoath,turn ablsth lntosth
+v prep .v +nlpron +prep
,change'outof sthtotake off theclothesyouare
wearing and put on difTerent ones:1must clrnnge
aul o
f thew wef clothes b@ore Iget a chi![, o She
c h n ~ o u t q f ~ r s u i t m m n a s s h e ~ ~ l ~ h o m .
@ v +a&+ prep
,change 'overI(from nth)(to ah)to stopusing
one system or thing and start using another:
The magazine changed o m r j h m pink paper SO
white zn 1917. o Wp're changing ouer to a new
mmpulerwstem DZD =witchwer(fmm ath)(to
sth)Z(to sth)[BrE)
tochangefmmwatchingone
telw~sionchannel to watching another I
chnrmdow toBRC1tu~l~e
the~%tbaII.o Canure
chanm owr?,av*, switch over (fmm sth) (to
sth).turnm r (tosth)
@v+adv
b 'ehangearPrn a change f
r
o
m one system or
M n g to another T
h
echangeowrlothe new qs-
tern wilf take place gmdunlly.oa chagewer
p a r a
,change 'avertround (Brm if t
w
o m l e
change .elround, they mwe to where the
otherp m o n wasbefore ordowhat theotherper-
son was dolng: a nyou and Phil changeround?
You're mtali lo stand in thefront mtu 4 UWn
youget tiredof driurngwmnchnwowr
5swapamund/ow#rlmwd
(informal,espp
cinlIyBrE)
.(3v+adv
,change s M h 'rountl(mp~cklly
Bra (AmE
wwlly ,changeSUMa'round)tomoveobjects,
such as furniture, or w p l e into different pas-
itions: Who'schunged t h e mo m u n d o You're
always changing ihts r w m round!I=
making it
look different by moving the furniture, etc.) o
The Yankeeskeep changing theirpInyt'~~r0und.
E
B
lrwm, furniture swap sbhth amundl
overlround( e s ~ i a l l y
HrE)
gv + dpmn+adv dv* v+am+nI ~ ~ ~ t ~
,change 'up( l n W ath)(BrE)to mow the stick
that contmls the speed in a vehicle into a pos-
ition suitable for faster speeds (a higher gem):
Change up intofourth gear now
EE9 change down(Jntohnsth)
e v + a d v
chargeIUQ:~~;A~EUCC~~SI
'chargesb wlth ah;'chargesb wlthdalng
sth (formd) to give sba duty, responsibility or
task: A solicilor wmchafged wIfhadmlnlstering
the eslnie.
Th- phrasal verbsare often used inthe
passlve.
O~+nlpTOn+prep
charm/tJam;ArnEt$am/
,charmsth 'od of sb if you charm money or
hnformation out of sb, you obta~n
it by using
your power to pleaseor attract people: Sheman-
agedlo chnrmM o u t of him.
@v+nlprm+adv+pmp
chase/t~ers/
,chasea'mundW E a h ,chama ' W m u n d )
to be very bus~lrushing from one place to
another: I've been chnsing omund all morning
trying rofindagiftfir mysktm
Qv+adv
,chasesblstha'wayfoPTroutto f msb~sth
to
run away by running after them or threatening
them: He chrrsed the atlackem away by firfW
shotsInlotheail:
6v*n/prnn+adv + v*adv+n
,chaw SM
' d m (AmE,i q f m n to try
hard to get sth or find ~ W s t h
that you need or
want: I'w been mIn~
tochase Sumdown allday!
Bsnek s b / M out (moreformafi, tracksblnrll
down
@v+nlpron+& dv* v*edv+n
,Chase M h 'off = CHASE SB/STH AWAYIOFF!
OllT, ETC.
,chase S
- 'out = CHASE SBhTH AWAYIOFPI
OUT, ETC.
,chase'round(BE)
=CHASE AROUND
,chasesblsth 'up(Infbml) 1tocontactsband
remind them todosththey havesaid theywould
door that they ought todo:I'll Ehneehim and
findout whnl'sgoingon. o It ishisjob tochaseup
clientswith ouistandingdebls. a Cbuldyauchase
upthose lute replws(= remind peopleto replyl2
to try to find sblsth that you n d ; to try to get
moreinformation aboutsWsth: We'rechasingup
twoolherpmpie whoweeat Iheprm o I'IIchase
u p l p m e s t o thebnttk In th~libmry.
&v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n
chatIt$&/ (a-)
,chat sb 'up ( k $ f m f l1 (BW to hlk in a
fr~endlyway to sb because you are SexuaLlY
attractd to them: Whu was lhnt girl you were
chaltrngup last night12 (especiallyAm& to talk
to sb in afriendly way becauseyou want them to
do sth for you or to give you slh: You'll h u e to
chat the bossup Rgoum n t mmednysofl
@v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
b 'chat-upn( B E ,ir#ormaO anattempttotalkin
afiiendly way tosbyou aresexuallyattractedto:
He wastryingsomeoldchat-upl i m
cheat/tri*/
'cheatsb of sth ( a h ,&at .
b 'out8f sth) to
prevent sb P
r
o
m having sth, m i a l l y in an
unfair or dishonest way:He had chwted ed@x-
manof f60Wll.oHerwrscheatedautof hisright-
ful mherrlance.
~v+n/pmn+prep
r v+n@mn+adv+pFBp
'cheal on sb to be unfaithful to your huband,
wife or partner by secretly having sex with sb
else: He uros the last io know ihul she had been
cheatinRon him
W wlC, partner,%tc.
Ov+pmv
' c h e l on tofailtodosthyouhaveagreedor
promised to de: Thegovernment hovechwtedon
lhelr cvmnmitmrmtnot iomist laxes.
E
E
3 agreement,cornmitnmnt
ev + prep
,Cheatsb '0dof d
l=CHEAT SB OF 6TH

30. ,Check 'In1(at sth) to go to an oficial desk at a
hotel, an airport, etc. and tell sb that you have
arrlved:Afterchecktngin,wewent outfora meal.
o YoumrsstcMinatdesk25mlnow~o~~ke-
OR
-B S
S
? U!SO
CHECK INTO STH 12 (With ~ b )
( ~ p e -
c i a l I y A m ~
tocontact sbtolet them know where
you are or what you aredoing:I h w locheck m
wish my boss euery three hours. report In
(toeblsrb)
Q v*adv
F 'check-Ennl lCTj the actof telllnganofticiatat
an alrport that you have arrived,showing them
your ticket, etc: the --in desk 2 [C][U] the
placeat anairport where you go to say you have
arrived, show your ticket, etc: There were long
qmmat thecheck-fn.
,checksb 'Into takesb's name when theyarrive
at a hotel or an a m r t , lookat their ticket, etc:
Writeail the names of thegwsfs in thls Book as
they are checked in oAll the pzwngem have
beenc k k d in.
E
E guests,pnsmngen
&v*nlprnn+adv + v+adv+n
,check 8th 'intoleave or accepttaw,cases,etc.
tobe put onaplane or a train: Whenwearrfuedat
theairponvxch-wkdour$ags instrtaighta~vc~l
BE luggage,baga
v+nlpron +adw * v+a&+n
,check 'into sth .
1to arrive at a hotel, private
hospital, etc. to beglnyour stay there:I arrived
in Boslon and &M inta my hotel,oSRa's
checked rnlo a private clinicfor drug rehablIitu-
twn.Eihotel,motel,cllnlcI
E
Wb00kInto8th
Check O M Of Bth+M ? D hCHECK IN 1 2to
try tofindoutmorea'boutsthordiwver thetme
facts about 5th: Thepolice are checking mto the
museof t h e m h . E W lookInto sth
ev+prsp
,che&kstn 'off4 toputa mark besideitems ona
list toshow thattheyareoorrect,present orhave
been dealt with: I'vecheckd ofl all fhefurnitm
on the lasf. o He checked everyone5 name ofl as
f h g arrrued tlck atk off 2 (#pecialiy
AmE) to put a mark In a box on a document to
gtw an answer to a question, choose sblsth,etc:
Some uorers wrote in names iwEeadof checking
off thecandidrrtesImW. W Check sth 1
susu-
alIgused with this meaning.
+v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
"heck on sb/sth 1to makesure that sbis safe,
happ~!
etc. or that sthisprogressing as it should
be. I'll jwt check on dinlaar o The doctor visited
everyday lochecKonmyprogms+EZE prepas,
children, patlent 2to find out if 5th is G-ue or
correct, especially sth that sb has said about
themselves: Do you always &k on future
e m p w s P o Willyoucheck onhis address?+ see
ako CHECK UP
Check on sbhth can be u& in the pas-
sive: The children were put t
o bed and then not
checked onagain.4 Check sth can also be wxl
with thesemeanings.
*v + prep
,Check 'od(esmial[yA m if fa&+ etc, check
out, they canbe s h m tobe corrector true: H
i
s
srory~Pch@ckolrr.
WElstwy, reference
d)v+adv
,check'out;,check'outd s t h I mn
ttlfor-
maL becomingo.Mfashioned)to leave a place or
finish an activity: Theclimb w mt
md m u l t soI
checked out early. o He can'tjust check out an us
hke that! oM's Caeck out of here. 2 to leave a
hotel, a hosp~tal,
etc. where you have been stay-
ing: Shechpckedoul thismorning. o Hekided lo
check out of tkhospilalandgo home.W hotel,
motel,hospltalEZB chock In;check Into sth
+w+adv r v+adv+pwp
b 'checkoutn(
A
m
[utheact or timeof Im-
inga hotelat theend of yourstay:Checkoutis10
a.m.o checkouttrme
+ S B ~ U ~ C H E C K O I ! T
atCHECK OUT,CHECK SB OUT
,check 'out: ,check Sb 'out (AmE) if you
check out ina shoplstore,orsbche~ksyouout,
you find out haw much you have to pay and give
sb the money: Youmn ch.?ck out raftc
a
i
s
keight. o
The girl who checked me out Iwked n
F me
~ f m n g e l ~
+v+adv r v+nlpron+adu
b 'checkoutn the place where you pay for the
w d s you are buying in a sumarket: There
were huge queues at the checkout. o a supermar-
ket checkout
+$
& U ~ F O
CHBCKOUT atCHECK OUT, CHECK OUT
OF STH
,check stusth'outI( ~ l I y A r n E j t o R n d o u t
if sthistrueorcorrector if sbishonest,tntW,
reliable, etc' Checkhimout hyiomyougiuehim the
job. o Palm?hauecheck& out his sloq o Wewed
lo check out whather the comwny b wlinbie.EEi
=tory, clalm, company 2 (tnjurmnl, ~ w l a l l y
A m mtolook at sblsthbecausetheylitseem inter-
esting or attractive: Check out our new fwhwn
mn&o It's wrth checkingoufthat ~ I I I
mmur-
ant. o W o u ifhntgorgmusguyowrthre!
@v*adv+n 4 v+nlpmn+adu
,check sth 'od (AmE)
to borrow sth such asa
h k ora video from alibrary:Icheckedoutt h m
booksfromthelibrary.
rnbook,vlden
Qv+n/pmsr+a& v+adv+n
,check sbMth 'werto examine a person or an
animal to make sure that they are healthy; to
examinea machine,etc.to make sure it is work-
ing cormtly: Thedocforwuld like lo c M y o u
over o Igot thecarcheckedowrkjiore t
h
etrip.
look sbfsth m r ; ekaminesblrth (more
f o r m 0
+v+ntpron+adv + v+adv+n
,cheek sth 'war( o h ,check mrwgh 8th) to
examine sthwrittenorprinted carefully tomake
sure that it is correct: I'wgot to check c~ my
uxlrkJormlling b
f
o
r
e
i
h
a
n
dit in. o Youshould
getsomeonetochmk thetellerowrfiryou
+v+adv+n a v+pmn+& r v+n+adv(hf;e-
gwnt) v +prep
,check 'throughsth(also,cheekIt,them, e
t
c
.
'throughlessJmp~nt)
= CHECK STM OV'R Check
ihroughyour n
o
m
o
t
e
scar&lIy o Themwere23fih
l
o look at, and Trm sfreni h
n
v his day c h k i n g
t h m q h themail
- A noun must always follow through. A
pro~oun
canrnmebetweenthe verband through
or afterthroagh.
+v + prep v *pmn+a d v I k s j k q m 0
,cheek'up(especiallyBr.Ql (on sb)tamakesure
that sb is doing what they should be doin&or
that what they have said about themselves is
true: They crloays check up on prospective
employw, oI won't h u eyou checking upon me
like that!ol
'
d better check up to see the Irk3 am
OK. 2(on sth)tofindout if sth istrueor correct;
to And out what is happening: Ilhink thebrrrin's
attenoVLxk,butI'iighone thestatiun locheck !
p
.
o I went t
othelibrary tocheckupon afewthings.
Checkandchecksthcana l m busedwith
thesemeanings.
+&?r?trhCHECK ON SBlSTH
@v+&
b 'cheekupn an examination by your d W rto
see how healthy you are: 0gofor acheck-upoa
routznechmk-~rp
cheerrtMr);~rnEffrrl
,cheersb 'ontoencourage sb,especiallysbi
na
race or wmpetition, by shouting: T
h
e m
u
d
cheeredthem n e n o n .
+v+ntpmn+adv * v*adv+n
,cheer'up;,cheen*b&ourseW 'uptobecome,
ortomakesblyourself, happierormmcbexful:
She seem lo haw cheered up s
w Saturday. o
C h w up! oNothing muld cheer him up. o She
boughtsomechwlafes toc M hemelf up.
B
E
!
) brightenup:llven up.llrsnsWdh up
e v + s d u + v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
,cheersth 'up to makea room,etcbrighter and
more cheerfbl: F l o m a l m y s ~ u p
a room.
EEi r w m IEE) brfghten8
t
hup; Kvnnsthup
+v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv
c h e w l t m ~
'chewonsthl (u(aLw'chswatrth)tobitesthmn-
tinuously,especiallybecause you arenervous or
totest your t&h' Hechewed onhis httom lipas
he wnsidered thequestion. 2 (it(lbrma0 = CHEW
STH OVER Whydon't wedreu on rtforaruhila?
ev+ prep
I &lp awayat
.......................................................... .*...... .......-.
,,.......,.....,,,......,,...
,chewsb 'od(AnaE,W?rmal)to teSlsb angrily
that theyhavedonesthwroncHegot c ~ o u t
byhi7 teach?for kink' hk.
tell sb oW (for sthlfor doing sth):mprC
mandsb(forml)
@v+nlpmn+adv v+arhr*n
,chew8th 'aver(also'ckewon ath) (both i M r -
ma0to think a b u t or discuss sth carefully and
in deta~l:
He spent the weekend chewingo m the
prohlem
E
E
J pmbkm, Idea
+v+adv+n + v+nlpron*adv
,chew sth 'up1to bite sthuntil it is completely
soft or destroyed: Thebaby chew the cookfeup
and swallowed it. 2 (inflrmal) if a machine
chews sthup,itdamapor destroysit: 7'hws-
setfephyer'schewed
thetapeupagoin.
+v+nlptwr+a#v + v+adv+n
chickenr-I
,chicken 'out; ,chicken 'out of sth;
,chicken 'out of doing sth (iqformallto
decide not to do 6th becausc you are afraid:B I
dnn'tfghthlm, everyone wrllmy thut I c h k w
out. o She~hickenedoubofi e l l i ~
himthetruth.
,sr*, bonk out, -1s out oli sth, bottleout d
doing sth
+v+adv v+adv+prep
chill/t$rll
,chill'out{Informal) torelaxcompletelyand not
get uwet or excited about anything: Chill UUL!
We'll get #me on llme! o I spnt most of th@
weekendck!Ilingoul at myfriend'shouse.
Qv+adv
b ncha~+utadj
[onlybeforenoun]that helmyou
torelaxormakesyoufeel relaxed:chill-autmusic
oa chrll-outroom (= a placeata club, etc. where
youcanrelaxwhen you donot want todance)
chime1tm11
,chime'in(with 8th) tojoininaconver-
sationsuddenlyor Interrupt sb:Xbmlulely!'shP
chrmsd in eagerly oHe kept Ehimirng in with his
ownopin,inions.
+v+adu + v+adv+speech
,chlmrt 'Inwlth stk'chimewlth a t h V o m 0
toagreewith sth;tobe s
i
m
i
l
a
rtosth: Hispolicies
chtmdin wlth lhenathnalmoodat fhefime.
EZ3 Rt Inwlth sth
These phrasal verb are usually used i
n
writtenEnglish.
+v+a&+prep 4 v+prep
,chip aWay at sth (uwdespecfatly in the p
gnssivs l
e
m
)
tomakesthsmaller orweakerby

31. chlpaway 4
.
9
I--
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. "
.. - -. * -...- v r
'
'
I
s
. Vigumt've) 'Iae gowmw xem
be 'chopat 8th;,chopa'way at sthtoaim blows
chippingawoy a1peo~le8rkhls
Av+artu+nrpn at sth with a sharpheavy tml: Thw chonaed at
. --. * -" - ..
the undergmwthwith their mhetes.
,chip sth a M ~ r o f f ;
,chip d h of^ sth to + .v+adv+prep
remove sth by continuously breakingoff small ,chop rrth
to make as a tree
plews:Sheba Rnmrtochipowu~tksEona' down by
it at the base with a sharp tool:
o JchipWthem
t offthe hmwzthukn&.
v+a&c+n4 v+n/pm+adv .v+n/omn+- Th"'mchoppiwdown thommof every
. .
,chip 'in(with sthl(inform01tojoin in or inter-
rupt a conversation;toadd 5thtoaconwrsation:
Feelfreetochip in if I'veJowom lomentionnny-
thvrg,o She chipped in with some internzing
remurk 2 ( a h.ehlp'Insth)togivesomemoney
so that a group of people canbuy sth together:
Has emyone chippd in for the p m n t o The
mmmny har chipped in with a 8PW donution.o
kt's all chip fnfive dollars. club together
(to dosth)
@v+adv2ahv+adv+n
,chlpSth'ow,chlp~ t h
'off8
t
h=CHIP 8TH AWAYI
OFF,CHIP STH OFF STH
,chip 'OR
,chip 'off s
t
h If paint or a surface
chips off, it comesoffin small pi-: The var-
nish Is ehippimg offo Most o
f the paint had
chippedoffthegate.
Qv+adv + v+prep
,chivvysb a'longW E ,idorma0to trytomake
sb move faster or do sth more quickly: T h
teacherch~vviesthe
chiMrenofong.
)9YH1 hurry sbisth along
@ v+nlpron+adv v+a&+n
ymr:
~ ~ ~ c u t s t h d m
+v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
,chop8th '&,,chop 9
t
h 'off sthto remove6th
by cutting it with a sharp heavy taok The king
had hishead choppedmoShechoppeda bmnch
off the tree.
m cutathoff.eutsththoWsth
&v+nlpm+adv + v+adv+n + v+n/pron+prep
,Chop sth 'Upto cut sthintos
m
a
l
lpieces with a
knifeor asharp tool: Shall mchop t h e Iogsup
forprewwd? o I shall ham t
o chop her* up
w v smallfor hex o Chop uptheonion into smil
Pieces.
m E U t m u p
+,
W
a hHACK STH UP
Qv+n/pmn+adv + v+sdv+n
c h o ~ / t s a ~ t
,Chow'down(enah)(AmE,
in&mal) toeatalot
of fwd: We chocued dourn-onfried chkken and
saIad.
&v+a&
c h r r c k ~ t ~ k l
m C h u c k is an inford way oP saying
throw.
chokeItIauk:~ m ~ t j o u k l ,chuck sth a'way( B ~ E ,
informal)1tonot make
,choke 9th 'back to try to stop yo-If from
showlng a strong emotion, or saying sth that
m~ght
upsetsb:Hechoked hckhistears. oApw
mt rose toher lrs, but shechoked lt k k
@EJteam,sob(@
Choke sthback isnotusedinthepassive.
+v+adu+n 4 v+nipron+adv
,choke 8th 'off1 to p m n t or stop 6th: High
good use of sth;to wastesth:She'schdlng all
APT I?WW
away on presents fir him, o It's too
good an opporturnity lo chuck away 2 ( a h
,chuck 5th but)to thmw sthaway becauseyou
nolongerwant orneed it:Wechuck&the ool$sofi
amy. o DonY'chuckyesterday 'smwout. I still
haven'tabwthecrosst~~rd,
BYE) throw nth away
W*nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
interest mles haw chokd off investmnt. EBl 'chuck it d m -
,
demand, inrestrnent2 to atop Or interrupt sth: d
,
, #h l e ~ ~ f ~ l r e n t )
(BrE, i a f o m b ) to rain
H'swrdswere chowofi bythesuddenmms. very heavily:It waschucking itdournoutside.
Qv+adw+n 4 v+n/pmn+a& )gypl pour dorm(BrE)
,choke 'up; ,choke sb 'up to become, or to m C h u c k it down and chuck down are
make sb, so upset that youlthey are unable to always used withthe subjectit.
6 p e ~ T h a t s o n g ~ f l y c h o k e s m e ~ ~ o H e ~ ~
O v * i t + a & + v + a d v ~ v + a d v + n
c ~ o k e d ~ ~ f m t ~ ~ ~ t h e d 4 v s h e ~ -
,chuck sth 'In (BrE, infomid) to include sth
Chokesb UP i
susually used inthepass* mtr, with what areselling offeringwith.
w ~ t h
beorget. out xncreasing the price. 4you buy thefreezer
@v+adv + v+nipmn+adv and thefrr&e we'llchuckinaW e r :
,chuck sth 'iN'up(&EE injBrmn0 to decide to
stop doings
t
hsuchasafobor a courseof study:
Whutnudeyou dec& tochuck inyour murse?o I
feel like chucking it all i
n ~ n d
going h c k lo
Afrim
EGljob, CW- E D Jack sfk In (M,
m k
sth I
n(BrE),glw 8
t
h up
lmmChuck sth idup cannot be used in the
passive
Q v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv
,chucksb 'out,,chuck sb 'out o
f s hIimfor-
ma0 to force sb to leave a place, a job, etc: HW
paren&chuckdherour lohenshegotprr!gnQ?It.
thmw sb out,t h m m
b outof sth;turn sb
out(fromsth),hrm sb outo
f sth
&v+nfpmn+adv 4 v+adv+n +
v+ dpmn+adv* prep
,chuck sth 'out(spoken,informal) 1to r e j d a
plan, a proposal,etc: Thecommitteechucked my
pmpoSUl0~t2 =CHUCK STH AWAY 2
EX) throw ath out
Q u+rdpmn+adv + v+adv+n
,chucksth 'up(Brm=CHUCK STH INMP
,chuga'long(inform0 tomake steadybut slow
progress: 'Hi! How are things?' "Oh,fine. jusl
chufigimgaiong.'
+v+adv
churn/tJ3m:ArnEtJm/
,churnnth 'out(l#&rmarl)topmducesthquickly
in large amounts: She c h u mout t m h y m n -
tic novels, o T
h
g
r churn out 3 M
A
7 identitot lay
lmimevery dw.
Qv+adv+n 4 v+dpmn+adv
$hum sb 'up (informal) to make sb feel rery
upset, worried, filghtened or angry: When I
droveawayfmm the houwfor the h t tim.I was
churnedupinside.
~v+nlpron+adv
+ v+adv+n
,chumsth 'uptomwesth such asmudorw
a
t
e
r
around and damageordisturbthesurface:&m
and motorbikes had churned up thefield. 4sws
churned up by the a r m o @gumilve)His visit
churned upbitfarmemorib.
@
G
I
earthlgrwnd,mud,water
@v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adu
claim~ k l m l
,=balmsth "ckto askkrsth tobe returnedto
you Chimyourmwawsbackfrom thecompnny.
E d tax, money
@ v+nlpmn+& dv. v*adv+n
dean o d
,.......,,,~................... ~
,clam 'up (on sb) ( i M o r ~ l )
to refuse to speak
about sthbecauseyou areafraid,or wanttokeep
it secret: Healwayschmup when uw ask ohut
hisfamily
+v+adv
clamp/kl-pl
,clamp 'down; ,clamp 'down on sbMh
(informal)to become strict about sthinorderto
prevent sthhappening, especiallyacrime,apm
test, etc: Theg o w r m n t Intends loclamp down
ondrugsmugRIing.
E
E
)
crack down, crack down on 8blstf1
6v+adv + v+adv+prep
F 'clampdm(onsb1sth)n sudden actionthat is
taken by agovernment orotherauthorityto stop
acrlme,apmtest,etc.
',clamp'on sth;,clampsth 'om&bMh(e
crnlfyAmEj to force sb to awpt sthunpleasant:
Tl~e
army clumped on a curfew qfter the riots. 0
Thearmy clamped a cu~$ewonthe m ~ m c a m m
ev+aciv+n 4 v+pmn+adv(mre)+
v +dpmn+prep
claw/kla:/
'clawals h t hto trytocatch 6Wsthorscratchor
tear sWsth with sharp,curved nails (claws)or
with your fingernails: ThemtwrrscIewin~attRa
dwr:o Shetried lo claw ath i s w .
QV+PMP
,clawsth 'back(especInlIyB
E
)1to work hard
to get sth back that you have lost: T!tey'rehying
lo ciaw back their shnre of the market. 2 ilagov-
ernment claws back money it has mid to
pwpIe, it gets it back, usually by taxing them:
Thegowrnmentarechwing bock agea l l o w n m
intnx.
Qv+adu+n 4 v+nlpmn*adv
b 'dawbaek n ( B E , busirtpss)the act of a gow-
ernment getting back In tax the money it has
paid to people;the moneythat ispaid back
clean/Him/
,clean d h 'down(Brmto clean sth thoroughly
by wiping or brushing it: Clwn down all !he
wolLpWoremmintingthem
Q v +adv*n + v+nlpron+ adv
,clean sth '&+,clean sth 'off sth to remove
sth from the surfaceof sth by brushing, wlphg,
etc:She muZdn'tl
w betherd toclmnher make-up
oflo Howmn l c h n red wineoff the carpet?
ev+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n + v+dpron+prep
,cleana h t h 'od,,cleansbbth 'out of sth
(rnforman to use up or take all sb's money: to
take or buy the whole supply of sth that sb has:
Buyhg drrnksfor ewqwne cleaned me out o Ir's
b m a great yeur for soh. We're completely

32. cleanout 50
I.... ............
.......*I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
A
.....................-...I..
","
clsaned out (= we've soTd all our supply). o Tfte ,clearsb a'way to makesbleaveaplace:
smIl w a s c M o u t c
f newspapersby 8.#a.m. o Tkpolimclwmdthe demonstmlors a m .
Burgh3 had chned theplace out (= had stolen @ v+ nlpmn+ adv + v+ adv+ n
everythhg).
Qv*nlpmn+adv + v+nlprcn+arhr+prsp
,clear 'off
(iMorml,m l l y BrE)to go orrun
away: You'w mo right t
o be here. C h r off!a ~e
,clean sth 'outto clean the inside of sth thor- clewed off pr soonas he hwrd thepol& mr o I
oughly WecleanthestabIesourewry@ asked ifIwrrIdphywiththem,but theytoldmto
~v+nlpron+adv
4 v+adv+n rlwrrnff hnmm
-.
--. -
,
,.-. .-,
b 'clean& n IusualIy 8ing.J(especially Bra an Q v+adv
occasion when you clean a room, house, cup
bard, etc,thoroughly;the activliy of cleaninga
room.house, cupboard,etc,thoroughly
,olegn'up(infirm0tobeverysuocessful; to win
a lot of money or prizes: Themouieclearnedup~r
.
t
hhewardscemmny.
e v + a d v
,clean 'up:,clean yourself 'upto wash your-
self or make yourself clean: I'II just clean .
u
p
beforedinner:o They ccleaned themIves up and
put on their k t clothes.olt's time yon got
ckanedupand readyfor theevening
+v*adv r v+pmn+adu
,clean 'up;,Clean sth 'upto removedirt, etc.
from a place and make it clean:J'wgot to c h n
up Worn myparents gel home. o Who's going ta
clean the place up after you?o HOWoften is the
trashand Uiterclwntdup?
E E i mess, house,environment
Q v+adv 4 v+adv+n 4 v +nlpron +adv
b 'elearwpn [usually sb.1the act of removin~
,clear 'out; ,clear 'OMof 8th (idorman to
leave aplace qulcltfy: Wauld it be kt&rfor you Cf
I just cimred out and went back KO London? o 1
told him toc h r out of the h o w by Monday.
,8Yn, get out, get out ofsth
@v+adu v+adv+prep
,clear sth 'out to make sth empty and cleanby
removlng what you do not want: Iclerrmdouf olb
thecupbnards,
ZE3 tidy sth out(BrEj
Qv+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
r 'elear.out n [usually sing.] (i?@rral, e s p
cia!& BrE) the act of throwing away all the
things you no longerwant or ned or of getting
rid of people you no longer want: a chr-our of
s
mtoreducethewagesbi!l
,clear 'up if the weather c
l
- up, it b m e s
br~ghter
and rain, etc.movesaway:Foraweek, it
mrndallday andchmdupintheevening.
brlghtenup
&bv+nriu
-" v --
dirt,etc.From aplace toclean it
3Seea138 CLEAN-UP atCLRAN STH UP
,clear 'up:,ofmar sth 'up 1to make 8th clean
and neat: I'!I he$ you clwr up. 0 C h r up the
,cleansb 'upto clean sbthoroughly:DadctPoned mess m here Wornyou go. mess tldy
meup afterIfellover inthemud. up, tidy ath up Immialljr BrE) 2 if an illness,
~v+nlpron+adv
+ v+adv+n infection, etc. clears up or sth clears it ua. it
,clean sth up to remove criminals, crime or
lmmoral behavim from a place oranorganiza-
tion: Themayor isdetermined toc h n up the city
andnaakeiroWerpIacetoIzw.o Themmp~ny
is
m
l
n
gtocleanup Its rmage.
E B city, Image
@ v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv
IFJJclean up ywr 'act to stan behavhg In a
responsible way
b 'crsamrpn [usuallysing.]theactof remwlng
crime or immoral behaviour fbm a place or an
organization
-B ~ e e ~ t h
CLEAN-UP
B~CLEAN
UP,CLEAN STH UP
clear~wr);
AmE &I
,clearakray;,cleard ha'wey( m l l y ~ r ~ )
to remove things that you have been using and
nolongerneed ln ordertoleaveaclear space: l'bl
helpyou to clear away q
f
#
e
r ten.oto c h r m y
thedisheso CQn you c h y u u r baoksatuay?
+v+adv + v+nlpmn+adv+ v+adv+n
disappears. The m h cleared up wry pukkiY.o
The anbibiolhz shuld clear up the rnfection.
rash,Infection
Qv+adv 4 v*nlpmn+abv r v+adv+n
,clear 5th 'up to sdve a pmbkm; to h d an
explanation for sth:to clear w a mystery o tm
g M we'uechwdthut rnlstmk-standirqg up.
ESl eonfualon,r n m , problem,mystery
+v+adv+n 4 v+nlpron+adu
,climb 'down( m r sth)(ilbfoml)toadmit that
you arewrongorhave made am
i
s
t
a
k
e
:tochange
your position in anargument: Thepmidenr was
+for& loclimbdom and issueanapolo~y.
E D backdown( v n h m sth);glm In(toNsth)
+v+adv
b 'cllrnbdorm ( o w ah)n an act of admitting
that you are wrong or have lnade a mistake; an
actofchangng yourposition in anargument
51 closeolrt
_......................_.................,,,
~
................................................................ ......~
...........
dfngI k W (cluna,clungW l )
'cllngto sth ,cling'anto a hto beunwillingto
stopdoing, believing or thinkingabutsth:lobe
unw~llingto
get ridof sth:Istilicling to theham
that he'saliue.o She'scItnlerngon tothewst.
FZT pest power,tmdltion
Q v+prep 4 v + adv +prep
c l 0 e k p T n k : ~ m ~ ~ ~ k : k l
,clock 'Frv'on:,clocksb 'Inton(Brmw record
the time that you arrive at work,especially by
putting a cardintoamachine: todothisfor sbor
chwk the t~me
they arrive at work: We arriued
andclockd onfor the nightshlft.
punchIn,punch sb In(AmE)
10PP)clock offloul
Qv+adv 4 v+nlpron+adv
,clock 'In at rth to L
p
t
s
t or take a particular
amount of time: to cost a particular amount of
money: Thefmtest runnerchked inat 3 minutes
4 u m n d s
+v+adv+prep
,clock 'oftfow, 'clock sb 'offhut(
B
mto
record the tlme that p u leave work, especially
by puttingacard intoamachhe;todothislorsb:
Zhn'IJor~eet
t
occlacko
nwhenyou hue.
,ar*, punchout,punchsb out ( A m
)OPP) clwk lnhn, clock sb lnlon
@v+adv * v+nlpron+adv
,clock 'On:,ClOCk sb 'On(BrE) =CLOCK INION,
CLOCK SB INION
,crock 'out;,clOCkSb 'OM( B E ) =CLOCK OFPI
OUT, CLOCK SB OPF/OUT
,clocksth 'up(iMormal)to wlnorachieve apar-
t ~ c u l m
number or amount: We'veclockd up 5W
milts (= we've travelled 500 m
i
l
e
s
)W p o The
companyhasclockedupm r de r t s t h i s p r
mllea.years notchsth up
&v+adv+n * v+ nlpron + adv(rare)
clogMas;ArnElda:gl(qg-1
,clog 'up(with ath). ,clog sth 'up(wfm sth) to
become, or to make sth, blockd so that nothing
canmove: Thepipe hardclog& up(withmud).o
Theroadswereclogged upwrlb Smm.
EEImads,p l p s ,svP,block up,blocksth q
Clog and clog ath are used with a slmllar
meaning.
&v+adv v+adv+n r v+nlpron+adv
,close a'round shlsth (BrE a h ,,eloae
a'bouVmund sblsth) to surround sblsth, hold-
Ing themllt tightly: HisfingemcIosedamunrIher
wrist. o (figurutiue) The darkness of the night
waschiwahoul hlm
Q V + P W
,close 'down (BrE)if a radio or telwision sta-
tion closes down, it stops braadcasting pro-
grammesat theend of the day
+v+adv
b 'croae4wmn [sing.]the end of broadcasting
ontelevision andradiountilthe next day
-B Qh
CLOSE-DOWN at CLOSE DOWN, CLOSE
STH DOWN
,close 'down: ,close sih 'down if a shop,
store,business,etc. clawsd m , or sbcloaesIt
down, it stops operating as a business,usually
permanently: Many blrstnmseshaw c M damn
becawe o
f the recession. o The gouernment fm
closed down most of the mines.o The hospital
closed downInstyear
IE3 shutdown,shut sthdown
JDPP)open up,open sth up
Closeand close stharealsousedwith this
m~aning:
TheJacIorywasclowcf l
a
s
l
w
t
:
Q v + a d v v+abv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
c 'close-duwnnK l[sing.]the stoppingof work
especially permanently, inanoffice,factory,etc
3~ e e a k 0
CLOSE-DOWN at CLOSE DOWN
plose 'In1(onsblath)to comenearer toand aur-
round sWsth i
n a frrghteningway or in order to
attack them: The enemy ES chiw in. oThefog
wasclosing inon us.2 (psplailyBrE) when the
days close i
n
,they gradually become shorter
The dnyslnights are closrng in now that
auturnn!follis hem,o Theevenrngsare In
Jut. E
E
)
d m In(BrB
+v+actw
,close sth 'off(to swsth) to put sth across the
entranw to a mad, a room,etc. so that people
cannot ga in: P o l h h u e c M t
h
?arm off lo
t m c . o (l7guratiw) We don't want to c h M
any options.
@v+dpmn+adv * v+a&+n
*close on abMth (BE)to make the distance
between you and sWsthekesmaller,for example
in a race: I m shwb closing on the runner
oflead0J me.
Qv+ prep
'close onlover 8thto surround nth,covering it
or holding it tightly: Hisfingersclosed over the
money.
+ + v + P ~ P
,close 'out 4Am.57 if a shop/store closes out It
sells everything very cheaply before it stow
operating as a business:Thestom rs closing oul
onMonday withdiscountsof uplo 75%.
Qv+adv
t 'closeout n an occasion when a
shogstore sells all remaining g d s very
cheaply before it stopsoperating: acio~ulsfile
EEEllln British English,thk iscalleda closinfg-
down sale.

33. .close 8th 'out 1to Drewnt lipht, sound. etc. clueMU:/
fromentering aplace: eveneedacwtain upthere
lo close out the light. EM IIgM,noiseFEB akut
sblsth out 2 (ArnE,informa0 to bring sth to an
end. The late closed out the fhm-day debate. 3
( A m 0 if you closeout abankacwunt, you stop
keepingmoney in it: I'd f& to close out my mu-
ings account. BEl only acwunt mClose sth
isalsoused with thismeaning.
Qv+adv*n v+nlpron+adv
,Clue sb 'tn{on/aboutsth)(AmE, Injbrml)togive
sb reliable information about sth: Can you clue
me in onthefncls o
f t h e m ?
@ v+ nlpmn+adu
b ,clued-'In (onlahut sth) mij having a lot of
informationaboutsth
WClued-up is used in British EnglIsh with
this meanlng.
$
1
- 'oversth=CLOSE ONIOVERSTH C ~ U S ~
I'klns~r)l
,close 'round sbMh (3r.E)= CWSE AROUND
snlsm
,close'up1toclrwemmpletely: Hiseyehudsw6
ien and cbcd up. o Thecut look a long time io
close up(= ta heal).DEB Open up2 to hideyour
thoughts and feelings:Sheclosedup whenImen-
tioned herfather apen up 3 if people or
vebfcles close up,they mow nearer to each
other:m c wesheavyandmrswreclosingup
behindeachother
+v+adv
,close 'up: ,cfose sth ,up to shut and lock a
bullding completelyfor aperladof time: Yougo
onhome,I'IEcloseup(= shuttheshop/stare).oH
e
closess
h
e shop up nt 5.30,o T T h a y M the house
upand rentedanamrtmenrin fhecig
IF0 open up,open5th up
Qv+adv + v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
,cloud 'ovw1if the sky or the weather clouds
wer, clouds wver the sky and the sun disap
pears: It'sstuslinglocZdo IjZEllt,the sky 2
if your face expression, etc. clouds over, you
start to look sad, worried or angry: His J
m
cloudadouer whenshe walked intotherwm. lsvarl
face.expreaslon,%yes
+v+adv
clownl k l a ~
,clown a'round (BrE also , e l m a'lmut) to
behavei
na sillyway tomakeotherpeople Iaugh
mew around{informan
6vtadv
,club to'gether (to do ah) if people club
together, they eachgiveanamountof moneyso
that the total can be used for a micular pur-
pose: T h yclubbedlogethmf
abuy thear tmcher a
present.
)SYH) cNp In(wtlthah)
+v+adv
,cluster a'round abMth (BrE a b ,
G
I
-
a'bwtrmund sW8th) to form a m u p around
sb/sth~~pDcItssleradam.und
themarkelstalls.
&v + prep
,cluster t o w h e r to come together In a small
group: Thechitdwnclutitedt o g e l k in am r w
o
f theroom
Qv+adv
'clutchat sthkbto t
r
ytogethdd o
f sWsthsud-
denly:She clutched a#her stomach,obvtouslyin
pain.
E 9 wtch atrtMb:grnlp at sth
Q u + m
OZIelwtchat'strawa totryeverymible wayto
escape h m a dficult situation even though
theremms tobelittle hopeof doing so
clutter/'klnta(r)/
,cluttersth 'up(* eth)tofillorcwers
t
hwith
lotsof things50thatitlooksveryuntidy: IMsikk
o
f ailthese booksclutterhgupmyo m .
Clutter 6th i
s uSB~
with a similar mean-
ing
Qv+aUv+n v*ntpron+adv
,coaxsb 'Intosth;,coaxsb '/Wdolng sth
to persuade sb to do sth by talking to them gen-
tly: Canwecwxyou htosingingfirw?
(f)v+ nlpmn+prep
,coax sb 'out of8th;,coaxsb 'mitofdOlng
sth to prsuade sb not to do sth by talking ta
themgently: Try tow h i mouto
f resipnine.
Q v+ nlpmn+adv* prep
,coax 8th 'out of sb:,coax 8th 'from sb to
persuadesbtodosthortogive you&hWtalking
gently ShecoLwedasmilefmmthe hb.
+v +nlpron+adv+prep * v +nlpron+prep
cobblej'kubl;~m~'kmbl/
,cobble sth to'gether (inform0 to put sth
toaether or to make sth quickly or carelessl~
with whatever time and materials you have
milable: UFguraliue)Tlaegouernrnenl s~etlosto
h u e cobbledlogetherthest'pmposnls.
+v+adv+n r v+nlpmn+adv
,cock'up;,cotk 8th 'up(slang,especiutlyBrBrE)
to spoil or ruin sth by doing it badly or by mak-
ingamistake:You'vereuilycuckedupthistinze. o
The trawl agency curnpkkiy m k e d up the
arrangements.o Trust hrm to m k things up
agoin!
)SYHI mms UP,msssah up;bunglea h (&for-
mu0
+v+adv + v+dpmn+&
t ' e o e k ~ p
n (slang,esperiully BrE) a mistake
that spoils or ruins plans or arrangements;9th
that has been spollt because it has been badly
done: She's made a compkk cock-up of the
arrrurgensenls.
,coil 'up;,coil sth 'upto wind into a series of
clrdes; to make sth do this: Themake coiM up
int hsunrhine.o Hewlled ther
o
wupneatly.
E
g
irope,strlng
@ v+adv * v+nlpmn+sdv 4 v+adv+n
,-lour sth 'Into AU a shape, an area,etc with
colour,using pencils or pens: Why don'tyou wl-
ourthepicturnin?
rnpicture,drawlrig
&v*nlpron+adv * v+adv+n
comb/ k m ;
AnaEkm/
,combsth 'out1touse a combtoremoveknots
from your hair or to make it neat: My hair's so
b
n
g that it takeswageslo wm6 it out. BEi hair
2 (also,tomb slh 'out of sth) to remove dirt,
knots, etc. from hair or fur with a comb: She
bmhed herhairandthen cornbedoutthehe?@m.
knots,lEangks
+v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n2also
v+ dpmn+adv+ prep
comem/
(cams/kerm/wms)
,tome a'bouttohappen:It's hardW tutdemtmd
how the midenl c
u
m abut. o a n you tell us
horn it come a h u t thatyou d e d d tostn'ke?
FEE) happen
e v + a d u
,comea'cross( a h,come'over)1(atso,come
'through)[+advlprepI(of anidea,anopinionora
feelmg) to be expressedclearly and understw
eas~ly
Do you think the film's m g e w m
I come after
.............................................................. ........................................
-abwt
- across
-afler
M -along
- a p r l
-around
-a l
-away
-away from
-awaywith
-back
- backto
-belore
-hem
55 - b y
-dorm
- downon
-dormt
o
-downwith
- for
58 -forth
-forward
-from
-in
- In@
-r
n wlth
57 -into
- Of
-off
- on
-onlupon
58 -onto
- Out. Wt 01
-wt at
- w t in
-w t wnh
-over
- over to
58 -past
-round
-lhmdgh
-lo
-logethar
-under
60 - u p
-upagalnst
-upfor
- upon
-uplo
- upwilh
-upon
61 -wih
across clearIy7o These themes m m arrossuery
stronglyin thenovel. oI couldZell shex mfrighG
end. It mme over in her voice o Thefeling of
solidarity amongthepeoplem f l ymmefhrowh.
2(ArnEolso,corne'offi~ormal)
[+advlprep](as
sth)to make a particular impression on people:
Shemmaswoss uwll m interviews 0 At thepress
mnfereixe, he cameowras cooland mMdent.
(gv+adv
,comea'cross(wlth sth)(imrrnal)
toprovideor
supply sth that sb asks for, especially money:
TTzeyevenfuni~y
mmacrosswith rmmther$Z5UWD.
o Westilfhope thecumpunywillmmeacross$or us.
+v*adv
,come a'cross;,comea'cross sth to cross a
room, a road, a nver, etc. towards the place
where the speaker IS: When you'us &w your
homumrk cornucrossto my h o w and we'U lis-
ten to some music. o She waued and mme across
theroom totuik tome.
&v+adv + vtprep
,come a'cms sblsth tomeet or find shlsthby
chanw, without having planned or thought
about it: He's the most unpIeamnl man I'wewr
come acmss.o She m m m s s a pile of OM
phomgmphP whrleshewmchringfheadlic.
encounter sWsth Iformull
@v + prep
,come 'aftersblsth to chaseor followa person
or an animal t o m to catch them: Theformer
cameMer them, thmtming lo call thepoIice.
Qv+prep

34. eame along 54
............................................................................................................................................................................................................... "
,comedong I to arriveor a m somewhere;
tos M toexlst, happenor beavailable:It's lucky
you came a b w when you did or I'd have been
smndedat the bus smpfir an h
o
w
!o Whenthe
right oppwtuni?~
c o r n along, k'll take if. o
There are new desims corning nhw Wrn
up3to go somewherewithsb: We'regormtothe
p u b Do you want to come aZongPo You'd htter
mmealongwithmlothep0Iurestation 3 =COME
ON 4 4 come along!(especiallyBrm =coMeON 1
(bv+adv
,come dong;,comea'long sthto mow for-
ward or fromoneendof sthtothe other,towards
the speaker:Iwailedforagesfor ebus, thenthree
c
a
m along logether!o The lorry luas cumin#
alongthe rwrlolgreutspcd.
E a road
Qv+adv + v+pmp
,comea'parttobreakorfall intopieces: Thew-
got just cum apart in m3 hands.o ~ u m t i v e )
After thefirst act, theplay begins to corn apart
at f l u seam(=
havealotof problems).
E
9fall apart
@v+adv
,comea'round(es@allyAmEj =COMB ROUND
,come a'round ,come a'round sth (espe
cialIyAmt3 =COME ROUND, COME ROUND STH
,-me a'round5th (BrEaIso,come'round ~ t h )
to moveor travel aroundacorner: The bus m m
roundthebend Iwfasf.
EFionlycomer, bend
+ + V * P ~ ?
'wme at sb to m m towards sb as if you are
gorngtoatlackthem:Shmmeatmewitha knife.
oyigurafiue) The questhm c
r
a
m at ms sofast
that Ididn'l have time tothinkabut t
h
e
m
Q V + P ~ P
'comeat 8th to approach,think a b u t or try to
,come 'back 4 toreturn to the place where the
speakeris: Comeback hemat o m !oDEd sheh
e
s
a
y
whenshewascominghck?o Whydon'tyoumme
backto m y p ~ f h r o r
n?ee?o
T~IQ
mme back
fmm the friprelaxed and happy9o Shew n t into
the kitchen ond c
a
m back with two glmw o
f
milk o We'll corn back for the car Eomorrow.o
figurntive) L ~ u e m l
came back from bein$Z-B
down lomm thegame.E
E
O return(moreformal)
2 tobegintoexistor happen agaln:M
y -he
hascomeh c k again. o Herconfidenixis st or fin^
lo come back slowly. ESl returnE B gm m y
3to return to school or work after a b m k . Do
you know when Bill acoming buck t
owork?4 to
kame popular, successful or fashionable
again: Punk hairs&les are coming h c k inlo
fashion. o Punk hairstyh are coming back in.
o Doyoulhrnktramsmilln
m
mback75(of ame%
sage or a reply) to b
z given in answer to a mes
sap, letter,etc. that you havesent or a question
that you have asked: I sent her an e m i fand a
messagemmebock thatshewasaway. 6(fo sb)to
return to yourmemom often suddenly:11:~
aN
mming boclr to me nom 7 (at sb) (wlth nth) to
reply tosbquickly,stronglyor angrily. Shecam
h k at the spaker with some quesfiona o He
came bock simighmway, telling me what he
thought o
f me.
+v+a&
b 'mmebsek n 1 [wually sing.] if a person
makes a wmeback they return to performing
or to publiclife afler a longtime,ortheyb m e
popular amin: Thebnnd'stryingtomkeI.Fiage a
comeback.2 if something makesacomeback it
becomespopular or fashionableagain:Cnrboom
seem lo bemakingummeback. 3awayof getting
paymentor a rewardforsth unfair or wrungthat
has been doneto you: Will Ihaw nocomeback tf
theaontracifalls thmugh?4 a quickreply that is
often anerv. insulting. clever or humorous: For
dcal with a quest~on,
problem, etc. in a particu- ,
,
i
n hiri:Ire,
*he no shrgmmbnck.
lar way: We'm nowhere.Ut'stry wrning ,come ,back to sthto return to a
attheproblemfrom aduerent angle,
Ellproblem
subject,an ~dea,
etc. andstart to talkabout it or
think about it: J'I1wme Lack lo that mint in a
9v+PreP moment.o It always seem to come k k to the
,come a'way;,-me a ' w a ~
from s
* 1t
o o
f money.
leave a place or a person: Come QwaH now. ,-&,,rn to &,(mmformcrl)
There'smthinglosee. o Jammmeaumyfmmthe #
, u+a&+-o
nseettwfeellwangryand~pse1.2ltobecomesep
arated from sth: He pulled a! the dwr handle
untll it come away in ~ L S
hands. o T
h
ephter
had started Socomamyfrom the wall.
+ v + a o + v+aUv+prep
,come a'way wlth sth to leave a place with a
particular feeling, Lmmdon or result: She
mme away from the championship with ihm
. --. -
,comeWfom s h t h~ r m O ( u f
alegalcase,a
prop~ssl
oran issue)tobepmnted to sWsthso
that they can dixuss it or make a decision or a
judgement about it: The caw comm &for@ the
court nert w k . o The bill mme befire padia-
men! Iosl month.
m the cowr?(s), c o m m m , Judge, parllb
rnent
medals. o Weurmeamywfihtheimpmum that &
, v+ pw
~lmelhing
was wrong.
Qv+adv+prep
,comebe'twaensband sb:,comebe'tween
sb and sth to ham or disturb a relat~onship
between two pwple; to prevent sb &om dolng,
enjoying or having 9th:Nobody wSl m r mme
k t w e n themo Idon't want toc
u
m&ween her
and her mrk.
* v + m
,COme'by;,come 'by d h1topasssbkthwith-
outstopping:Somekidsonbikescam &,butthey
dadn't noth me.2 (esp~iall~
A m 0 to wme to
vrsit sb for a short time In a msualor informal
way: Thanksfor comrq byjwterda~
o Comety
onyourway homejsomwork. o Ifyournme &the
oflce tomori-uw, 1
'
1
2 h
a
w it twdy for you. EE)
Ump by;atop by,stop by sth
Qv+adv +v+prep
'-me bybyth tomanage toget sth;toreceive 8th
by chance:Jobsarehard tocorn by thesedays. o
Inf5rmtion a h u t Ihe commny was not eusy i
o
corn by. oHow dfdyoucome by that cut on your
hand?
get sth;obtalnath ( m f o r m i )
Comeby sthcanbeusedinthepassive,but
this is not common:OldpustmrdsarefairIy eas-
1fymmehy
+ V + P ~ P
,come'down1(from...)(t
o
.
.
. )totravelhmone
place to another,especially from the north of a
country to the south,Whenamyougoingtamme
down and see us? 2 d a price, a level or an
amount comes d m , it becomes lower or less
than before: O
i
liscomingdown inprice. oI W -
twn hari comedown twice in the h l month. W
decrease (moreformal), drop; fall go up
-You can also use come back up with the
opposlte meaning if a prlce, etc. is increasing
tosards what it had been before: 011p r m are
coming back Up (= they have been high In the
past, then they feu, but now they are rising
again). 3to break andfall to the ground:Part o
f
theceilinghodcomedown.rmR)cdlapse 4 (of a
plane, etc.) to fall from the sky; to be brought
downtothe ground. Thepilot ~ v a s
forced tocome
down inafild. 5(of rain,snow,etc.)tofall: The
min roar wmingdown hnrdernow.Lausllonlythe
raln,the*now E
F
O fall8(+advlprepl todecrde
thatyousupportor opposesblsthand say sopub-
Ilcly:Ikmw mvmmnls wouMcomedownon my
sister's side. o The cammrtteecam downngainst
the proposaL o Voters came down firmly in
fawur of reform. 7 when the curtaininatheatre
wmes down, it is the end of the performance:
Whenrhecurlain camedown, wallwhebfirr the
extrs. EE9 go upB [+advlpmp] to reach downto
a particular pine My mother's hair comesdourn
to her LunrsZ. 9 (lnfirmal)to stop havlng the
pleasantfeelingsandexcitement that sthsuchas
anenjoyableexwrlence or adrug produces:?Re
mrty wassogood Jhaven't redly comedownyet.
10Ifmm sth)(to Mh)(of aperson selling sth)to
8llggeSt or agree to a lower price: I wasn't pre-
p o d topay.EISW,butYhwmnfual!ycamedown
?o 11350.o Can you c
u
m down aiwiher $309
55 comefor
..................................................................................................
1 4 (from ah) (BrE,@rmnl)to leavea university
(especiallyOxford orCambridge)af?erfinishing
your studies: When did you w m down yi.om
%ford)? FEl come up (
t
o
~v+advlOalsov+adv+n
m w m e (back) down to 'earth (wfM a
'bangl'bump)toreturn tothereality of weryday
lire after a period of great excitementor a time
when you have been living in a way that is not
very practical:Hemme(back)downtoearthwith
a bang when he discDvered that all ~ L S
money hod
runout
r 'komedownn [usually sing.] (i@rmOa situ-
ation whichisnot asgwd, important or interest-
ing as one you haveexperiencedpreviously:It's
abit ola armdown after herpmiolrsjob.
,come 'down:,come "down 8thto moveh m
a hlgher placeor positionto alowerone,or from
ad~stant
placetowards the speaker: Camedown
fmm that bree!o The car u r ~ s
cominjg down !he
roadlowords~ls.
o Jack:wmedown thestaimtua
ata t~m.
E Bcome up,come up sth
@ v+adv + v+prep
,come 'downon sb (informal) to punish sbor
cr1tid7~sb
severely:Themurtsaremmingdorun
laaavily on drug dealers.o h n ' t w m down too
hard onhim -he'sgoung.
Come down on sb is alwaysused with an
adverbsuchashardandlor a phrase witha simi-
lar meaning: If it happens again, we?[ cvme
down onyoum hardthotyou'flwishyou'dneuer
k n born. oH
e m m down om me like a Zon o
f
brrcks.
Qv+adv+pmp
,come'downto sb(from s m h )t
obemssedto
sb from sbwhoI h d in the past: Xf~esfniemm
downtoherfromhergrnn#dM
n_suarlatory,name,tradltlon
&v+adv+prep
,come'downto sthtobeabletmbeexplalnedas
one simple, Importantquestion or point: It ell
comesdown toamatterof p r i o d h i nthemit.o
Whenit mmesdotonto11(= themost important
fact I
S
)
, we can't Uord logo a W h 1 it corns
down b isa choiwbetwenm
o
w orhappiness.
<bv+adv+prep
,came 'down wlth sth to get an iuness,often
not a very serlous one. Im
m
e dam with a h d
cold.oIthinkI'm mrningdown withsomething,
Elflu, a cold rsPa,go rlwm wRh sM catch
sth,getsth
Q v+ adv +prep
%om@
for s M h 3 to #me to sb'shome, or to
the place wheresblsthisinordertot
a
k
ethewit
somewhew: Thepdice mmfbr him this morn-
ing. o Have you cumfir theparcel! 2 to attack
sblsth:Sammmnr me wrthhiFp&
Qv + prep

35. ,cameYwth {litemw)
to appearor be produd
Hestruck lhe rockandmlermmforth
+v+adv
b ,Wh'comlngW1 [only before noun] about
to happen or appear very smn: Whoisin
of promoring the band'sforthmming album? 2
[notbefore nounl ready or made avallablewhen
you need rt: UrIfortunateIymoneyfir the p r o j ~ t
has not ken u m y forthmm~w.3 [not before
noun] (of a person) ready to give Inf~rmation
when they are asked:H
e
:
?not veryforrREoming
about hb hue life.
,come Tornard (wWh sth)to offer to give help,
inrormatlon, etc: Police have asked wttnessest
o
mmeforwurrb.o We'rehoping lhata q w m r will
comeforward wilh the emm mow. o No one
cameforward loclaimthereward.
+v+adv
'comefrom ...<notlrsedfnt h e p ~ I u e i ' e ~ )
to be born in orlivein apwticulasplace:Where
doyoummefhrn?~
Sheramfrom London.
ev+prep
'comefrom sthtostart in a particular placeor
be made from a particular thing: Most o
f Iha
wines that ruesellwmfrom France.o I
&
& your
information come&m n rebiabl~?
mum?ol'm
I
a
w
P That's rich. mrniwfmm you! (= you are
lazy too) o He comes from a wenlthy family. o
W sthat terriblenoise mmingfromPo 93%of
our energycomsfmmfosstS fuek
Qv prep
EElwhew sb Is 'mlghorn (spoken,iqfor-
ma0 a person's situat~on,attitude, ideas, etc.
that makethem say what they havesaid: Iknow
m l y whereyou'mcomingfmrn.
'come from sth: 'come from dolng 8
t
h =
COME OF STH,COME OF DOING STH
,come 'in when the sea comes in it moves
towards the land: The trde ump wmhg n
g
nfast.
EE3 goout2tofinish arace in aparticular pos-
Ition: WIaichhorsem minfirst?3 toarrive;tobe
received: N e m is coming in o
f o tmh crash in
Scotland.o We've got more w r k mming In than
lw can handle. 0 Imm all the heins that m min
from London o We've gat j u t enough money
comingin& month &pay thebills.4tobecome
available: English stmwhemies uslurlly c
u
m in
inJune. oNewjobammmln@Inallthelime.5if
a law or a rule comes in, it is introduoed and
begrns totake effect: New legislation coming m
m t monthwill tackk lowpnp 8to takepart ina
discuss~on,
sometimes by interrupting sb: I'd
like to come in here. o 1wish he woutdn'l k&p
coming in wilh his stupid sugges2w~s.
7 to come
toyourhome, mce,etc. inorderto repairsth,or
do some work:A plumber's cornink in faIwk at
#heb0& +M?
a hCOMB IN, COMB IN STH, COMB
INTO STH; COME IN,COME INTO STH;COMB INTO STH
Qv+adu
m
,
c
o
n
mIn 'handyPudut to be u
s
&
& T h
hxes will comein handy whenuwmovehouse.
b 'Incomen money that YOU receive reguhlx
espcc~ally
asw e n t for work
F 'Fnwmlngd
j[only Wore noun] 1t
r
a
v
e
l
l
i
n
g
towards a place and arriving there: incoming
Jlighrsl-ngers 2 (of the sea) mmbngtowarrls
the land 3(of a phone call, letter or message)
that has k n sent toyouor received by you:Thts
phone only takes i m t n g calk 4 recently
appointed or elected: tha incom~ng
Sacklist gov-
ernment
,came 'in;,come I n 8th:,come 'Into nth to
enter a room or a building; to pass through 5th
suchasaho1e.a window,etc:Iknockedandheard
her say '&me in: o Therainkconzing in through
that hole. o 1'12ask him lo mll you asswn ashe
comes in (= arriveshome or at work). o Thesun
wascorning in at rhe windows. o When you mme
in the d m ;you'llfind Reception on your left. o
Shemme intothe m m crying.
3F&'CSkoCOMEIN: COME IN. COMB INTO STH:
COME INTO STH
+v*adv r v+prep
,come'in:,come'intosth9 togotoanofficeor
the place where you work,in order to do some
work: Am you mming into the offroekvnorroru?
@L the office+
work 2 to havea part to play in
sth;toplay a useful role:Ilike theplan, but whee
do I mme in (= what is my mle)7 3 to became
fashionable; to start to be worn or used: When
dzd platrorm h i s ccuns in?o Trolleybumfirst
mmein m 1923.oPunkcbthesmtotw earning
inlofashion again. lE9 go out4togot
oa hos-
pital to receive treatment, tests, etc. t 3 n you
mmeinfor rheX-mysonFriday?
+se@also
COME IN;cohrE IN, COME IN sTH, come
INTO STH;COMEINTO STH
Qv+adv * v+prep
,Come 'In for sth to receive sth, especially sth
unpleasant: The government hns come in for
severe crrticism from all o T
h
e company
mmeinfor a htqf stkk(=a lot of crit~cism)
with
theirodwrtismgcamprrign.
E L (severe) crirlclnm
6v+adv+prep
,come Vn wRh sb(msth),,come 'In(m
sb)
on sth if somebdy comes in wlth you, they
join you In a particular project, activity, bus]-
ness, etc: Dowu wont tammeinwithmaonJoe's
presentlo My brother h o d ImuId comeinwith
him when he started his own busin=. o m
y
o
u
want lomme in onthe dm[?
@v+adv+mp
,come 'Into sth T tobeginto exist, h a m , etc:
Thtcherrydreesarecomfngh l obIossom.o The
band only c
a
m Info being in 1995.o When do
she ?ww regulations come inlo foW&xt?o
When did the Labourparty a
o
mrnto ofiw?od
variety offactors mme intoplay when chming
an employee. 2 to receive a large sum of money
when sb dies: S h rampwUdIy mme inta afor-
tune when hercousin d&. E J a fortune.money
3tobe important inaparticular situation: Igol
thejob because I WQS the hest. My looks didn't
c
a
m into It, o He sook the job bemuse he liked
the work. M o w didn't come into the equalion.
it,the cquatlon
+S@@ak0CQME
1N;COMEIN,COMEIN STH,COME
INTOSTH: COME IN,COME lNTO STH
~'v+P*P
mcome Into'Ilne(wkh*blsth)tobehaveinthe
s a y other people behave, or in the way you
shouId behave eome Into ywrnts 'ownto have
the opportunity to show yourltts qualities or
abilities:After two m t h e r m r games,hejimlly
wminto hisown in the game against Germany.
o This bike mtZy comes into its own on rough
#round.
'-me of slh:'come of dolngsth(ah'coms
from sth, 'comef
r
o
m mlng sth) to happen asa
result o l 5th: He p m m W to helm but I hn't
think anything WIII mrne of it.o That's What
comes of not Ilsiening to my aduice! oI had the
feelmngof scstqfactiun thnimmespvmdoingadif-
ficuitjobmil.
W Comeof sthisoften used with anegative:
I~ l d
hcm nogwd wuldcomeo
f it.
0 V+PEP
,come 'off1to be ableto be removed:Does thrp
knob comeoflT (inJorma0 to takeplace; toh
a
p
pen: D
i
d your Pip loNew York ever come OF
3
(informl) if aplan, etc. mmesoT,it issuccess-
ful or it has the result that you intend: Her
attempt to b m k t
h
etvorldm r d nearly cameo n
4 [+ adv] (inform0 if somebdly comesoffwell
or badly in a fight, a contest, etc, they finish the
fight in a god or a bad condition: He always
comes off wmt infights. 5 WmE, idorma0 =
COME ACROSS 2
+v+adv
,come "off; ,come 'off sth 1 to become
detachedor separatedhmsth: nLehandleCUm
off m my h a d . oA button hnscomeoff wcocrt.
2 to fall from 5th: My glasses came off when I
tripped. oShe bmked shnrply and mme off her
bike blcyele, horse 3 to mow away fmm
sthlargeor importantand go i
na differentdime
tion: A mmw rwd comes flon the kft. 4 to
leave the stage, thesportsfield,etc,during aplay
or a game: Twoplayers c a m ofljust before half
time. 5 to leave 5th suchas a vehicle or a road:
s~ehked~~&asshwmoflIhepiane.
o mme
off (the motorway)at jwMIon five. 6 if m
amount of money mmes otT a price,the price
becomes lower by thatamount: T
i
m
p
s
ma UKW
iscoming ofl thepriceof pelrollgasoline.
+v+a& v+prep
,came 'off8th T tostopusing sth;tostop taking
a drug, medicme, alcohol,etc: It's time sheW i d
tommeflsleepingpi1.k 2 (of heat, a smell,the
wind, etc.) to start from a prtlcular place or
thing. T
h
e
r
ewasamist cumingofftheM.
ev + prep
.come'otrItl usedto tell sbthat youthink or
know that what they have said is untrue or that
you disagree with it: Come o
n if! EngInnd wit2
never wm!
,came 'on 1(also,come a'long e s ~ l l y
BrE,
kssfkquent) usedto encourage sbto do sth,for
example,tohurry:Comeon, uw'll Be late. o Corn
on, thrngsmn't LM that Bad! 2 used to showthat
you do not believe what sb has said or that you
disagree with them: Come on! You dm't m l l y
m t me oklieua that doyouP3 (of a light,the
electriciw, etc.) to begin working; t~ be switched
on: Does the heating come on automattmlly?~
flue set the h
e
o
w to t
o
m on at pue.E E lights
go of1 4 ( a h , m e a'long) to make
progress: to improveor develop in the way that
you want: Your Renth Is really coming on+o
Tim's w m o n well with theguirac o How's din-
m r comingalong? 5(of anactor or a performer)
towalkonto the stageand starttoperform: When
am Westlirecoming on?6(msport) (of a player)
tojoin ateam msteadof anotherplayer during a
game:Robsoncumon inplumof Wilkins.7(of a
telwlsion programme, etc.) tostart to be shown:
What time does the n e w m m on? 8 (pspeclaIly
Brm (of a season. a period of time, an illness,
etc.) to begin:Pt'sgmfng c o k Winter's wming
on, oIthink I've gor a mid corningon. oJtcame
onlo win. W Inthis meaning,comeanisusu-
alIyused in t h ~
pmgresslvetenses 9[+adv]togo
toaplace: Cumeon m andmakeyourself at home.
oMy wifekmmingon hter
+v+adv
,=me on 'shong to speak or behave i
n a
very forcefulway,especiallyin a way that shows
sb you want to have a sexual relationship with
them
k 'ancomlnld
j [only More noun] advancing
towardsyou.approaching you
,come 'on; ,come 'onsthtobedn speaking to
sb on the telephone: I had a long lalk WWmy
mthLlt: then my dad mme on. o Suecome on the
linefor achat.
Qv+& * v+prep
'comeonnrpon sblsth&mi)
tomeetorfind
sblsth by chance: I m m upon thismutiful uape
in theattic.
Qv + prep

36. comeonto 5B
....,,,
,
.....,
.......,
.,
.....
..... .......
,
.......*.....*,....*,......,
,
,
...-, ,
,
.
..-,,
,
.........
.. ....-..... ......
....... ......
........
.......
..... .......
.......................
....-
,come 'on to sb (ir&m@ to behave in a way
that clearlyshowssbthat you wanttohaveasex-
ual relationshipw
i
t
h them
&v+adv+prep
b '
- n [usuallys~.l
(InJbmaO aremark
or anactionthat is intendedtoatkactsb
,come 'on to sth to start talking about or dis-
cussing a topic: I'll mine on lo the sub]eEf of
m
u
minnminm.
EElquestion,-. subJaEt
@ v+adv*prep
,come'out1when the sun,moonorstarswme
out, Uleyappear in the sky:Thesun m m but in
the qfieron. BY3 -r 2 when flowers
comeout,theyopen: Thed
n
m
1
l
smme out In#
thisyear: 9tobe published orproduced:Hernew
noveI's~ust
#me out. o Whendo theplramresuits
mme out? appear 4 (of news, the truth,
etc.) to bewme known after a tlme when It has
beensecrct: Thetrurhfiraallye~laolrb.
o Itnrme
out that she'd ma& the whole thing up.5 to be
shownclearly:Hts armgotue mmes out in ewry
spemh he mh.
6 (wtth sb) to go somewhere
with sb for a socialwent: Willyou come w t lo
dinnerwith me @night77 if a photographcomes
oat, the picture can be seen clearly: My photos
didn't mme out wv 11x11 WQWthere m
m
'
t
enough light. 8 when words Emne w t they are
spoken:Io m my mouth 10amlogire, bud the
words uxlukin't mmeout. o He trred lopay hero
compliment but it m mout all wmw. 9 I* prep1
to state publ~clp
that you do or do not support
sth: Members o
f the commit#?e have come out in
opposition #othepmpxnl. 10come. out and do
5thto be bmveenoughtosay ordosth thatother
people m
i
g
h
t Bnd it hard to say or do: Has she
miwlly comeout and udmit&d ilyet?oOnly om
membmof singmme out and mioI1Ant thework-
ing wnditwns loere unwrtisfactoty 11 (BrE)to
stop work and go on strike: The miners h u e
corns our on s
t
r
i
k
e
.I 2 to say openly that you
are a homosexual (= a pemn who is sexually
attracted to people o
f the samesex)13when a
young girl came ont in the past, she was form-
ally inlmduoedmtas~~iety
A"+&
. ".
,come 'od,,so- tout o
f sth 1 to leaw a
place or a
- from insidea place: C b m&
!I
knowyou'reinthere!~I?Ispmktoherassoonas
s h e m m e s o u t o f t k ~ ' n g . 2 i f
anobjectmmes
out of sth,it i
sremoved from the place where it
is fixedorbcomesseparatedProm8th:H
e
r tooth
mme out when she bit intu the apple. o,411 the
pages have mme out of this book o This m w
won't come out of the wall. 3 i
f a mark or dirt
comesout,it i
sremovedfromsth by washing or
cleaning: The bhdstuirn mn't m m out of
myshin 0 St m a veryexwiveskirt, but mas#
the w h u r mme out Lohen I ulashed it.
4 [+advlpmp(adJ]to finish sth in a particular
state;tohaveaparticularresult: Shemmewton
lop in the ewms. oHis reputnliorn m m out
undnmoged.o T h e f m ~ l y
drdn't comeout of the
affairuerywlL In this meaning,wme out
and cmneout of stharealwaysusedeitherw
i
t
h
an adverb, an adjective or a phrase begmnlng
withaprepasition.
ev+adv v+sdv+pmp
,-me 'ant of pllrwnto relax and become
mure corddent and friendlywithotherpeople
,come 'oul at 9
t
htoadd uptoa micular cost
or sum: The lola! bill m m out at over u thou-
sundpoundP.
+v+acb+pmp
,come'out In sth if apersoncomes oat ins
t
h
such as spots, their skin betomes m r e d In
them:T&mmmadeherf~emmewtinamsh.
W spots, rash. lumpsBY3b w k out Insth
&v+adu+prep
,come 'out o
f sth 1to return to normalafter a
dficult tune:Themunby isslowly w i n g out @
recession. 2toresult ordevelopfromapmcessor
an event:At k t somegood mme out of all our
hard work.o Thebook mmeout o
f her hnuelsin
Jamn. 3 to be taken away Rnm a total amount:
T
h
emoney will haua locomeout of your wages.
+v+adv+prep
,-me 'outwith sth (i@rman tosay sth,espe
ciallysth surpr~sing
or not polite:ImnZ laflew
the things he comesout with!o WhenI uskd her
why she WQS shejclu mmeo~lt
witha h d of
MnS?W.
ev+adv+pmp
,come' W r l(to-
)
t
o moveacmssamm,a
road, an ocean,etc. towards wherethe speaker
IS:C
n
mouer and meetmy hmhnd.o Whenare
you coming ouer t
o Ewland amh?olots I
$
peoplean?mingoverfromAmariafor the &-
ding,2(tosth)tovisitsbforashort time,usually
at their home:H
e
r sononly wmesouer tu see her
m i o n a l Q o Ollrn m neighhumcamouerO
our h
o
w dasl nrghl.3[+ ad]] (RrE,informal)to
suddenly stan feeling sth. to come owr
fmny/drzqr,Iaint o lmmeoverallshywhenewrI
m h e ~ 4
=COME ACROSS 15 =COME ACROSS^
e v + *
,-me 'M sbEsth(of afeelin&amod, etc.) to
afFeEtsblsth:l'msony-Idon'tknow whatcum
ouerma(=I don'tknowwhatmademebehave in
that way), oA m r k n b bchnwe has#me over
t h e g r o u p ~ h e ~
QV+PW
,corn"aver ~bEsth
to leave one group of
people in order to jom a c o m ~ i n g
group; t
o
change from one opinion to another: %me of
#heirmbershawmmeomrP ours&.
+v+adv+prep
,come 'past: ,come 'past sbEsth to pass in
Front of the speaker or the place where the
speaker is:As I walked down the mad, Charlie
mrnepapl onhis bike. ool?I bring the b w k round
thiseveningon my way 60night s
t
&
! -I'wgol
Eocompasty~whouse.
Qv+adv * v+prep
,-me 'round(BrE)( a h , m ea'mundA d ,
BrEj 1 (ta sth)to visit sb or a place; to come to
sb's home to see them Tor a short time: &me
round and see us sometinee. o Do you wunt to
come roundfor111mh7+ see a h C O M E OVER 2 2
(of a regular went) to arrive; to happen at the
usual time: I con2 believe Chrlsrma~
has mme
mundagain!3tomow amonga groupof people
inorder togivethemsth: Themitersmmround
roilhdrznk, 4 (
t
osth) (i?!fotmal)to agraeto sth
that you were against before; to change your
opinionaboutsth:She'll never c
u
mround toour
w y of I h i n k i ~ .
o Don't push him; he'll c
u
m
round intrme.
+v+adv
,coma 'round(BriT)(ArnE,=mea'twnd) (a&
,=me '
t
oBrE,AmE) to-me mnsciousagain
When she came round, her sister was sitling
h s ~ e
her bed.oHe h m ' t yet m m round rIffer
theenaesihetic.
+ S W Q ~ P A S S OUT
+v+adv
,come 'round: ,come'round 8th (Bra( a h
,comea'round,,come a'mundsthAmE,B
r
O 1
(ofaletter oradocument)to be passed from one
person to another. The card mrne round for
eveqone tosign.2 totravel to wherethe speaker
is by a longer route than usual, especially
m u n d theoutsideor 5th:Them d roas bsacked
so wehadtocomeround by thefreIdsIds
@v+adv + v+prep
$oms 'roundsth( B r a=COME AROUNDSTH
,come 'thmugh1(to sth) ( W o r m 0uwdespe-
ciaIly to ask sb 'loenter a room or a building, or
movefrom oneroomtoanother: Combhmughto
my o m . 0 MI:Dole mn see you nour Will you
mme throragh? 2 (of news, a message, a docu-
ment,etc.)tobe receivedbytelephone,
radio,etc.
or Inan&cia1 way:f'vegobm internationalmll
cuming throughJor you. o We're going to buy a
new nu when tfm insumm m
o
w c o r n
through. oHe's still aw flingfor hrs dimm to
mme through. 3 (with sth) to provide or do sth
that pwple expect or that you have gromiwl:
Theinsurancew m p n y has fin all^m mthrough
with them
o
w
3 4 =COME ACROSS 1
v+adv
,come"through; ,come 'through 5th Ito
enterandcross amom,anareaof land atown,a
country,etc.; to pass through sth: o Put slh o w
theh i e W stcp the mincoming through.2 to get
btter afker a serlws illness: to avoid serious
injury or damage: He's very I12 but his doctors
I -me under
,.......,,......,,,h~,...,,,,...~,,.....,,
~.....................~
m t him 10 #me Ihmugh r ? ~
opmtton. 3 to
start to appear &om under or behind sth: The
hby's front M h were corning through.o The
sun's m i n g through the clouds at lasL=
emerge(moreforman4topasshmone stageof
a competition to the next; to be suocessful I
n a
test or an exam: Chris did well 60 wme through
#hegml@tng rounds of the tourmrnent (= for
example in tennis).o Most of thestudents cam
through (them m ) withflyingcoburs(=were
very successful).
Qv+adv + v+pmp+pron
,come'to=COME ROUND
'come to sb 1if an idea cmnes to you.it sud-
denly enters your mind:The rdeocometome in
the m u l e of thenight. o It suddenly m m t
aher
that she had been wrong. 2 (esw'ally BrE) (of
money.property,etc.) to pass to sb else when sb
dies:All my money 1~~~1conretoyou
whenId&
*v + prep
,come to youfself (oIdfashwned) to return to
your normal state:It tmk her a wkib lo w m W
hersdf again.
a$~ v +prep+ pmn
'comet
osthI
toadd upto sth;tobeequalto8th:
Tht bill c
u
m60 $50.2 toreach aparticular state
orcondition;toarriveat 6th:W
e h t hm mt
othe
sameconcIusion.oIdon't know what the ulorld's
mming lo (= I think things are gettingvery bad
and unpleasant),oAll her dmms hnoI come lo
nothing. this, that, mthlng -In this
meaning come to ilth is often used ulth thisor
that The doctors wzlI opemte @ Isecessaq but it
may noswme tothat.
Q Y + P ~ ~ P
when Itcorneatosthltodolngnthwhenitis
a case, matter or question of sthlof doing sth:
m n ifcomestamkmng, h hmuch berter thanI
am?
,comeb'gdheri
f twommmpeDple orthings
come together, thgr form one group or one
plece:Several Ioml groups mmetogether b a h t
the proposed housingdewlopmi. o During the
h t t h e days of rehearsals, eveqthing am
togmet
+v+adv
,come 'under sth 4 be included w
i
t
h
i
n a par-
t~cular
group or collection of things: Severaldlf
@rent typesof schoolsc
u
munder the W i n gof
privcrte schaok'.E L I hsadlng, banner, cat-
egory2tobemanaged, controlledorownedby a
particuar group or organization: The prisons
now comeunderrnntrnlgovernmnt cunlrol. EEl
wntml, authority, wlng 3 if you come under
attack, criticism, etc. sb attacks criticizes,etc.
you. Thegouernmnthascomeunderattack ouer
the new brll.o She's mme under intermpressure
to cchange lam mzd. lB3 sttack, pressure, flre,
scrutiny, critlclsm
Gv+prev

37. ,come 'up4 (to ...) (fmm ...)to travel !hm one
place to anothecusually h r n asmallerplaceto
a largerone,or fromthe southof a countrytothe
north: They'uemmupFomTk& o W
ethought
~WgoupuprOLondon~ora~kendinihebigaty.
2 (to sblsth) to ga towards a person in order to
t d k t o t h e m h o k i g u y m m e u p l o m m t h e
s t m a n d a ~ ~ m f o r m n e q :
o Thegmuphder
mme up to themption desR look~w
nnsiow. 3
(of plants) toappear above the ground: Thepst
snowdrops are just mming up. IEB appear 4
when the sun or mwn comes up, ~trises in the
sky. We safand watched the s m mming up
behind the h i i k I
E
E
ionly the sun, the mmn
E53 riseEB9 go dom 5 to rise to the surface
of water or another Irquld:lmmeupgaspingfor
air:o Rubbh weremmrng uptothesllr/ace.6 to
happen, espxially when you do not expect it:
Sowhlnz: urgent has mine ug;I h u e to ga o
Opportunrtta like this dun't come LIPevery dcUl
,sr*,cmp up 7 (always wed m tfwprngrastw
lerrses) (of an event or a time)t
obe going to hap-
pen very swn: Our m
m
sarecoming upmn.o
Comingup n
m rs the news. 8 to be talked about
or d~scussed:Thesubject didn't mme up in wn-
m t i o n Inrrnight. o Moty 'snamehpswmiw
up name,qwtion, subjecl9 to b dealt
with by a court of law. Her cose comes u
p nexi
month. 10 if y
o
u
r name, number or ticket
comesup ma bettinggame, it ISchosenand you
areoneof the winners: Mjr numbers mmup and
I won a million pounds? 11 (spoken, informi)
(usualIy wed in the progressiw terns) to b
m d y soon;to be coming swn: X cup of lea
p k . ' 'hming up!' 12 (of ~nformation)to
appear on a computer screen or a board, for
exampleinanairport:HerflighthnsjWmmew
antheatrim&board 13I+
adJladvJ
( B r a(of an
object or a substance) to appear in a particular
way at the end of a period of tune or when 6th
has beendone to it: When the luooi is m ~ h e d .
it
wmesuphutVufysoflandfluffjr o I'uegruenit
a g
o
& clwn and if'scome up like new. 14(of
lights m a cinema, a theatre, ctc.) to become
brighter alter the Almhnovie,plm etc. has fin-
ished:TIPelightsmmeuptolormlapplause.15(to
8th) (BrE,form0 to befin your studies at auni-
versity (especially Oxford or Cambridge): She
up (to Oxford) in 1m.IEE3 ccome down
( h m nth) 1&{tasth)toreachas farasa particu-
lar point or level: Thelaatercameuplo mychin.o
My sister hardly c o r n up to my shouht o Hirl
scnW cameupover hiseyes. D muchsth
@v+&
be coming up 'mam (h@rmaIE(of a s
i
t
u
-
at~on)to be developing in a sucomful way:
Everything's corning up roses!rxwne 'up In tha
world to bearme more important m society or
moresucwssful inyourcareer:Sk's m f l y me
upiniherwrldsinceshe b school.come upEturn
up 'trumpstodomorethan peopleexpectand so
BO
,
,
" ~....-.
makeasituation verysucmduk !!Re&mn'snem
ph+wmmeuptmmpsandmmdthreegwLF.o
Thai wm a MMUS
m l r You've m m up
trumpsogain.
t .upand!comlngadf lonlybeforenoun1(iw-
mall maklng g m l progress andlikely to besuo
cessful in the future: an u p n d a m i n g ngywng
actor
t 'upeomlmgadj [only beforenounl (espaially
A
m
D about to happen soon: the hemming
psdentral ektlon
,emme'up;, m e'upsthtomow fromalower
place or position toaMgherone, or upstah ina
building, especially with the speaker or towards
the place where the speaker Is: Who wants 0
comeupt
oihetopo
f the hill withme?oM
y upan-
menl is on the fhirdjloor:Are you cumin^: upPo I
mnhwrsomeWy wming wthestaim
EEid . s t e l m E 9 comedown,commdarmi
l
h
Q v+ adv 4 v+prep
,come 'up againsl sbtsth if you m e up
against sWsth.you havetoface sblsthdimcult:
We- tommeu p a g ~ i w t a
lot of oppositionto
t h s c h w . o You'll comeupuguinstthe migncng
chnmpion in theheround,
Qv+adv+prep
,come 'upfor sth1tommetothetimewhensth
must bedone:Hekwmhgupforretimmntmn.
o She mmes upfor reelection wet yeal: o W ? m
d m your wndract m m up for r w u i ? m
renewer 2 to becomeavailable for a particular
purpose: ThathousepuIike hasmmeupfor saie.
ESTi sale,awtlon
Qv+adv*prep
,come 'up on sth(A- tobe h o s t a particu-
lar timeorage: It's comtnguponyour W
t
i
m
e
.
Qv+adv+prep
,come 'up to sth I to appmach a particular
place. an age or a period of the: Yw'mcoming
up&aburivtwdnora ~ I l ' s f u F t m m i n g u p t o h ~
pus #web.2 to reach an amptable level or
standard:Thepmformamx didn't comeuplo our
mpxiatlons,o Youmay b y o u r j o br f you don't
come up t
o swatch. standad, expect-
atlom -Inthismeanhngcome up to sth is
usualiy used in thenegative.
Q v+adv+prep
,come 'up wbh Sth 1 to think u
f an Idea, an
answer to a question or a solutionto a problem:
Shamme upwithogreatideaforinmmingmIes.
Mea,a
-
I
. suggostlon,explanatlm2 to
find or producc sth that sb needs: I
f you want m
buy my m
c you must come up with the monej o
He always comes up with the goods (= does
what heis- todo)onthednq:
+v +adv +prep
'comeuponsblsth=COME ONICIPONGBISISTH
81 c O ~ M C ~
Up
*,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,...
l
*
.
l.....,,,...<'<*................................................................................................
~.......................... -......................,,......,,.....,,,,...,.
'wmewlth sthtobe included with or aspart of be COrI'finedto sth 1if apersonor ananimal
sth:A new c a r c o r nwith thejoh isconfinedtna place, theyarekept inasmallor
eV+ PBP c l o d spaceand not allowed to go out:Thechil-
dren m
r
e confined to theirm
o
mfar theemiw.
commune/ka'Wwn;RirPIE~ r m - I
oorn'munewlth sth(formnf) if yon commune
with sth such as nature,you spend time think-
ing deeplyabout it andsofeelc l mto it
EEl nature
Q V+PP
complain/kamplem{
complain o
f 8th tosay that you feel ill or are
suffer~ngfrom a pin: Sevmt childmn mm-
plainedof sew- s2omachpainx
E lpaln,headache,symptoms
ev +prep
condemn/kann~emj
con'damn sb b sth Itosay what sb's punish-
ment will be: to be m&tlPd lo dmihlhalrf
Indour 2 to farce sb to accept a difRcult or
unvleasant situation: They were cundemmd 0a
o The soldiers wncernd were con##!& lo bur-
racks(=had tostayin thebamcks, asapunish-
ment),2~faperson1sconfinedtobed,etc.,they
have to stay in bed,etc.because they milllsick
or mnjured:ShewasconJTned lo bed with theflu.
o He lvas#@Red to u w?zeeIchoirafter the Mr
mcuiens.
+be+v+prep
confrontpacan8~.mtl
con'frontsb wlth 5th tomake sb face or deal
with an unpleasant or difficult person or situ-
ation:Hewflontedherwzthochorcektmher
careeror their reloli0ndtip
+v+nlpn+prep
be con'fmntedwlth sthmhavesthinfront of
you that you have to deal w
i
t
h or react to: Most
people whenconfronW wwttha horsewflllpaiif.
@tw+v+prep
lifeof hardship. BEQ sb (tosthl ~0flJufe
pknnd3alr)l
Condemn sb to sth is nsually used in the
passive.
,conjure sWMh 'uptomake sWsth appearaud-
&v+nlpmn+pmp
denly or unexpectedly#
as i
f by magic: Shecun-
jured uua ahree-cvursemealinhalf an hour!
Conefiaun;AmE kwnl
,cone 5th 'offto close a rmd or part of a mad
with specid mloured plastic objects that have a
roundbaseand apoint at the top(trafflccones):
P
a
s
lo
f the rod wusmned ofl whilerepnirs
done.
Cone8thofYisusually usedinthepassive.
e v + a # v + n v+ntprm+adv
con'flde In sb to tell sb a secret or a piece of
information that you wouldn't tell other people:
Can I c o n w inyou?oDoyou haus nfriend that
you canconfidein?
@
g
mdmr,trlend
+v +prep
confine/kan~am/
eon'flnesbmth to sth;con?ltwyoumlf to
sth to keep sblsthlyourselfinside the Iimjtsof a
particular activ~tJI
subjed, area, etc: T h w r k
will not be confined to rhe Ghgow a m . o I will
co@mmysewto h k i w at thepenbdfmm 19IW
lo 1916
llmltsthtoIbllth,nMFt uWfithlywr-
self (to sth)
Confine ~Wsthlyoumelfto 8th is oflen
used m the passive.
Q v + nlpmn+prep
v + a & + n + v+pron+adv r v+n+advlless
fmueno
,conJuresth 'up1tomakea picture, amemom
erc.appear in yourmknd: word 'bltrhday'm-
jures up images of p m h and parties. o The
song conjuredupmemorits o
f rwrmsummmewn-
ings. ESTi Image, pleture, dskns, rnemorler
l
a
v
.
,evokesth(mreforma~
2to askaspir~t
of a
dead person toappear,by usingamagicceremony
@v+adv+n + v+prcln+adv* v+n+adv(less
fwuen0
conkh ~ k ;
~ m ~ k a a k ,
kaakl
,conk 'out(ii@rmal or humorous)1if a vehicle
or a machine m
l
r
smt,it stops working: Our
cur mnked oui 5 m~le~Jsom
home. 2 ~fa wrson
conksout,theyfallasleepbecausetheyarevery
tired:She wassotrmd she camehomeand conked
. - -
aut at eight a'cIock.3 (aid-fashioned,5rE) (of a
person) to collapse or become unconscious 4
(Amm todie: Theokfguyloohasif he'sgoing to
mnkoutnny minute.
@v+&
connect/kahekt/
con,nedath "up(@ a:
con,nen3'up(to rth)
tojoln slh to a supply of electricitx gas, water,
etc. or to another p~eceof equipment; to be

39. COSY (AmEcory)I'kauei;dmE'komil
(cosies,eosylng,c m i d ,wsled)
, m y 'upt
osb(tnforml, eqmhllyA m totry
tobecome friendlywith sb,especially inorder to
galn an advantage for yourseK She's only
cowinguplo him bemusesheneedrhishdp,
EZ3 evdtik up to sb{BrE,l f sfrwwnt)
Qv+adv+pmp
cotton/btn;AmE'kam/
,cotton 'on (to sth) (Informl) to come to under-
stand or realize sth without being told directly:
Shemlfons on quickly.o It t w k him a whik
lo cotton on towhatIwastrying tosay.
ZEW catch on (to 8th)
+v+adv
'cotton to sbtsth (OM-fashioned, AmE, wor-
man tobegintolikeor approve of sblsth: IdiXn-i
muchmiton tothe idmalfirst.
Cottonto sb 1
soflen wed in negative sen-
tences.
0V + P ~
,cough "ppcough sth 'up(irbfom0l(mw-
ciaIly RrO topay forsthor givesbmoney unwill-
Ingly: You o m me f20. C
v
m on, wugh up!o
Don't rough up the money mtlf thejub'sfinIsheoI.
IEE) payup2(BrE)toadmitsthorgivesbinfor-
mationunwillingly: Comeon,coughup:where've
you been? ownup(tosthnodolng8
t
h
)
;wn-
fess (to sthlto doing slh) (tnoreformd)
@ v+adv 4 v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv
,coughsth 'upto Toroe sth out of the throator
lungs by coughing: He'sbeen coughingup b M .
EE blood
6v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv
,count a'gainst sb to be a disadvantage to sb:
I'm surethat being latefor the interviewmunted
ugrsinstme.
)8YN) wlgh eplnst sb(fb-rrmO
A v+nrrm
v . F - F
,count a'mong sbMh: ,count stusth
a'mong sth to be conside&, or to consider
sblsth, to be part of the group mentioned: She
muntsumong theloptenmarathonrunnersinthe
country. o The h n d count John Lennon among
thew illflllems..01 no W e r munfed myself
amow hisfria&
,count 'down(
t
osth), ,count sth 'downto be
waiting for an important or exciting day#event,
etc. and be comtmg the number of days, min-
utes,etc. therearebeforeit: Thewho&worldwas
counting &wn to the m w millennium. o I'm
countingdown thedays untilmy trip.
+v+abv v+adv+n* v+nlpron+adv(mre)
b 'cwnMorm (to ath) n 1the act of counting
backwards to zero, for example before a space-
craft is sent into space 2the period immed~ately
beforesth importanthappens
,Countsb 'Into include sbln agroupor anactiv-
ity i
f you're going to Iha theatm?you can count
mein.
dealsbIn( h f l r r r m R raPP,wunt sbaut
Q v+nlprm+ adv
,oounl 'off (
A
m
if people count off,they say
loudly in order the numbers they have been
glven: Hemndeewryonemwal
+v+adv
'count on s h t h ; 'count on dolng sth;
'count on sbisth dolng sth (also 'eount
upon rblsth, 'count upon dolng ath, 'count
uponsblsthdoingsthmoreformal) torely onsb
todosth; toexpect sthtohappenandmakeplans
in an appropriate way: You can munf on me! o
?
'
m sure he'll heb us.' 'Won't counl on 1s. ' oShe
M n ' t counled on going swimming when she
packed.oJ'm counting on your support, o I
'
m
coun!lngonyou tosupport me.
BE3 bank on sblsth, bnnkondolngsth, bank
an sWsth ddng sth;reckon onsblsth, reekon
on dolng sth,reckon on sblsMdolngath
UEjBThesephrasal verbs can be used In the pas-
S ~ V Y
S ~ P
can !
w counted upon to conrribulegood
id~as.
Q v +prep v +prep+nlpron4toinf
,counl sb 'out: ,count sb 'out d sth (@for-
rttu0 to not inctude sb In a group or an abivlty:
You m y enjoy thosegmws, bratyou canmunf me
out.
E B deal sb out,deal sbout of sth
)OPP) wunf ab In
6v+ nlpron+adv * v+nlpron+adv+ pmp
.Count sth 'out to count coins, etc. one by one
and put them somewhere: He munted out the
exactm o m (on ttwmunm).
EZElmoney,change, notedcolns
+v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv
,count toWards sth ( a h ,wunl to'werd 8th
esminlly Anal3 tobe includedas part of sthyou
hope to obtain or ach~eve:
MarksJrom thIs lest
Count g ~ s * among s ~ s t h
i
s morp fm munllowrdsyourfinalgmde. o Thesesaleswill
quent than count among &b/$th:
~ g y p t,um notcount toward meeting theh
e
t
a
m
.
countedamong the mostmwerf~~l
wunvrps In the EEiQ Counttowdslkoward sthcanbeused
world. the passive: These payments may be counted
Q v +prep * v+ nlpmn+prep towidsyourpension.
( ~ v + P ~ P
,counts b t h 'uptoadd together the numberof
t h l n ~
or p o p einagmup: Countup#henumber
of timyora'w beenabroad.
E E l number
W Count sblsth iswed with the same mean-
ing.
6v+abr+n v+dpmn+adv
'countuponsbtsth:'eountupondolng8th;
'count on sbisth doing sth = COUNT ON
SB~STH,
COUNT ON DOING STH, COUNT ON S ~ S T H
DOING STH
couplepknpil
'couple sbMh wlth shusthtolink onepwson,
thing or s~tuation
w
i
t
h another: TheInrgenum-
ber of new graduates, coupled with high
memploymt, meansthat thereisfirce competi-
tionforjobs.
Cauplesblsth arlthsbhthi
susuallywed
in the passlve.
+v +nlpron +prep
,Corersth 'wet Iwlth Ith) to cwer sth com-
pletely, especially to hide or protect it: Put the
bulbs In a bowl and w w r them over with mil.o
Theshopping mll is covered over with an m r -
mousglmsrmj!
Cover 6th (with sth)is used more often
with thismeaning.
+v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n
,cover 'up;,cover pummtf 'up(with sth)to
put on more clothes: Make sure you m w r up
before goingout m thesun. o Cover yourself up
It'smkl,
@v+adv. v+pmn+adv
wet 'up(for sb/sth), ,owsr 8th 'up to try
hardtostoppeoplefinding oulabouta mistake,a
crime, etc.; to hide the truth about sth: He's
aIwop cowing up for he^ o The government's
attempts towwr up thesim&I failedled
@Elscandal, rnlatake, truthFEE) conceal *HI
(rnomJormC),
hMssth
Qv+adv v+adv+n 4 v+prorn+adv r v*n+adv
(lessfwwnt)
b 'corer-up n [usually sing.] an act of hiding a
mistake, a crime, etc: Theoppositionaauwd the
governmentof amuer-up
,cover sblsth 'upto put sthaversbMhin order
to hide or protect themlit: Youmn cover up ugly
g r w wlth mcdmboxes.o Therewassomething
on thetablecowredup wilh acbih.
e v + a d v + n + v+nlpmn+adv
I crankup
.........................................~..,...........~
crackm k {
,crack' d m :,crack'dawnan sbtstht o m
harder to prevent people breaking a rule, using
sth harmful, committing a crime, etc. and deal
severely with t h w who do: Police am cwcklng
down hard ond r u ~
dwIm.o Thgouexnment is
cracking downonmisleadingfood labelling.
Bclamp down,clarnp down on sblrth
@v+adv v+adv+prep
b 'cmckdown(on sWsth) n were action that is
taken to prevent m p l e mrnitting a crime,
opposingthegovernment,etc: apoIicecmckdown
onm r c r i m
,crack'on(wffh sth)( B E ,inj%rmal)t
owork hard.
and do sth quickly: W'd bettercrack on with the
painting Woreitgetsdork.
Bget on (withBlh)
(g v+adv
$rack 'up(informal) to bearme physically or
mentally ill bemuse you are under pressure:
She'scmEkingupunderthestmin.
+v+adv
t 'erackup n (informal, espddfv A m a
period of mental illnesscausedby pre88ure
,crack 'up; ,creek sb 'up (infoml) to start
laughinga lot; tomake sb laugh a lot: - M y
crocked up when hefefl ouer o She'ssofwrny -
she cracks?
?
I
,
?
up!
)av*) creaseup,c
- sb up(BrE)
Cracksb upisnotusedinthe passive.
.Qv+adv v+nlpron+adv
be ,cracked'upto krth (infwmnl)tobeas
good, clwet exciting, etc. as people think or say
sbtsthis:Stardom isnotoll rt'scraclred up lok,
o
She'snotasgmdasshe's#up tobe.
cram/ b m / ~-mm-)
,cram 'Into 8th: ,cram s h t h 'In; ,oram
sblsth 'Intlnto sthto go into a placeor space
that 1 s t ~
small foreveryoneleverything: topush
or force sblsth Into a place or space that is too
small: Six of us cram& inlo Rob's Mini, o l
only hadthreedaysin New Yo&, butlcmmmed i
n
asmuch sighwingasIcould oHem m m d all
the sweets into his mouth. o You wn'l crom eight
children in&thecur!
e v + p r e p * v+nlpmn+sdv e v+adv+n *
v* nlpmn+pt6-p
,cranksth'out~lnfoml,esp~cin~ArnC)topm
duwsthquickly and inlargeamounts: Theghnt
mncmnkoul about63rrarsanhour
chumsth out;turn 8
t
hout
&v+adv+n * v+nlpmn+adv
,crank sth 'up(informnoT to makea machine
startworking orwork M e r l l ' s t i m B m k up
theaircooditioni~.
2tomakemusic,etc. louder:

40. crash 66
........,,,.."...-
.....~.......~......~..m............-.... -.....~.......................~........r...~~.....~........m............~
.................-
TiW mnked the music up when the plrty
*F
a
3 muse, rnlumornturn Ith up
(morelbrmal)
+v+nlpmn+sdv 4 r+adv+n
crash1
-
1
1
,crash a'round(also ,emaha ' M m u n d mpe.
crnlly B r a (iqformal)to move around makin$:a
lot of noise: I hmrd her mashing about in the
bathmm
(bv+adu
,crash 'dormtofallwithawry loud nabPa?i-
sewem hud a lucky esmpe whm a huge t m
crushsd down om%a bus. o John3 hod c
a
m
m h f n gd m n on the hble (= he hit the table
hard with his hand).o @gumtiw) All m
y
d m m s c
u
m ElPshing down around m8 (= I
complebelyfailed inwhat I wanted todo).
=Crash down is usually followed by a
phrase beglrmrngwith aprepition.
&v+adv
,crash 'out( i m m l , BrE) to go to
sleep becauseyou arevery tired: I uxrs soti& I
crushedout tnonmmchail:
IBB Rakewl (BrE)
6v+adv
,Crash 'adof 8th(h
sport)tol m agamevesy
badly and sonot be able to continue to take part
in a competition. Englnnd crashed out of the
WorldCup
W T h i s phrasal verb Is used espedally in
newspapers.
@v+edv+prep
,Crash'round(-2yBrE) =CRASH A R O U ~
crawl~rs.11
'crawlwfth sbl& (usuallyt&d in theprog?~
srw tenses) tobe fullof moving people,animals,
Insects, etc. in an unpleasant way:The plum Is
cmwlmg withmpsl
mpoll-, irn&
@ v + w e ~
,cream s W h 'offto take away the bestpeople
or thingsinagroupor a
namountof money,
usu-
allyfor yourown advantage: Thebestpupiilsare
creamedof into special classes.o Themmpany's
direnorsareverrrnrng of fhepro$rs.
Q)v+a&+n + v+nlpmn+adv
,crease 'up;,ereamsb 'up(BE,tqformak)to
start laughing;to make sbstart laughtng:We&I1
m a d up whm we m w her hrri!oHkprc-
gmmm olways cremesme up.
BE)crack up,cmk sb up
Q v+adv * v+rdpmn+adv
'credlt A with 8;'credit B t
o A 1to believe
that sWsthisresponsibleforsth orfordoingsth,
espec~ally
sth good: Bath is credited wrth per-
forming thefirstsoloon a p h o S h e d i t s her
gmd looks and InieIIigem lo herfutk'sside of
thefamily. 22 considerthatsblsthhasaparticu-
lar g o d qualityor characteristic:Ihad cdlfed
him with more m.
o NumemushaollhW t s
arecredit& lo thisnatuwloli.
Credit A with B is often used in the pa^+
sive. 4 You canalsousethepatterncreditsbisth
as sth, especially in the passive:Thecheetd i
s
generallycredit4 asthe world'sf~shtanimal.
@ v+dpmn + prep
,creep 'in;,creep 'into 8th to start happening
or effecting sblsth gradually: I thought I'd
H d ,but then doubts slarterl io cteep in, oA
hint qf samzsm mpt mio hls voh. o Mare and
more @reign wards are creeping inlo the h-
gmge.
Qv+adv+v*prep
,creep~rsbMhifafaelhgcreepsoveryou,
or anexpression creepsover your face,it grad-
ually affectsyou: Afeeling of tiredness haan to
creepoverher oAsly smfkcrepr over her lip,
B?3steal oversblsth
Qv+prev
,creep'upl if aprice, anamountptc.-ps up,
~trisesvery mdually HouseprLm aresmrrtng
to c m p up.2 (on sb) to mow nearer to sWsth
slowlyand quietlywrthoulbeing seenorheard:
Wn'f m p up on me like thni!o JacR crept up
behindme. ,sr*,-1 up (on sb)
+v+adv
,Creepk ~ p 8b1if anevent,adate,etcci-eepa
up on you, it arrivesbefore you arereallyready
for it: Theexamsjwtseemd io creep upon me.2
if a feeIin& etc. cmps up on you, it starts to
affect you More you realize it: Anomio mn
creepuponyounggirls when they h s t p ~ ~
It.
+v+adv+pmp
,crop 'up(Wormdl to appe91,happen,etc. when
it is not e m e d :Imn'l make it tonight -some
thing's #p& up.o Her rrcune keeps cropping
upeverywhere.
corns UP
+v+adv
Cross/hm;AmEhx/
,cross M h 'm,cross s h t h 'off nthto
removesb'snameoran itemfrom alist by draw-
ingalinethroughk
tbecauseyouhavedealt with
themlit or theylit are no longer involved: Ows
flany items m'walreadygot, o Jane w n 2 &
coming,so~wnaar;sherofthelist.
d
a
W rth(moreformal)
ev+nlpmn+adu v+adv+n v + n l p m n * m
,crosssth 'outfthmghto remmwordsfrom
a text hy draw~n~
$ line Ull?~~gh
tYlem,usually
becaugc they are wrong:Icmwd his name out
and wmle mine r~1~6ead.
4 You've spell it wrong
Crossit out ondmWUZR
EEl word, namelE9 &I& 8th(mom~mal)
@v+n/pmn+adv + v+adv+n
,cross 'wer 1( a h,
- 'overrth) (@@dally
BrE) to go h m one side of sth,for example a
roadlstreet,a room, etc. to the t
h
e
o
t
h
e
rLet's rross
over lotheotherside.o Sheoossadouer themad.
roed,brldgm2( I Weth)tom m h m o n e
style or typeof music,cultwe, politim, etc. to
another; to wmb~ne
parts of different stylesor
types:They're e blues h n d who hnue smmz&d
in cmIngouer i
o
.
K
l
z
z
.
elv+a& hr* v+prep
2v+adv
' e m - n a mmmfulmmbinatlonof dif-
ferent stylesor typesof music orcul- a s
u
o
m s l lchangeb m onestyle ortypetoanother:
a fresh and lexciting m k & e e c m roa
m w rartist
, o m ss
t
h 'through=mossSTHOUT~~HROUGH
crouchm ~ t
'emuehover sbMthto bend aversWsthsogrm
are near therru'lt:She crmch&dover the injaved
m ,
checkin$ his ~uounds.
e
' V + P ~ P
,crowd a'round; , e d a'mund sb,sth
(e~mblfyAmF)
=CROWD ROUND,CROWU ROUND
SB/STH
,crowd 'In;,cmwd 'Into8th to move In large
numbers intoasmall place:As swnas hdoors
OpeneoI people hgan .to crowd in 0 w
e all
cmwdadinto the I#. o @guratiue)Memories she
would mlher f o m mme mdhg I
no@g-
nmtiue)Dottbtscroded indomy mind.
E B pllein,plleIntosM
&v+adv + v+prep
,crowd s m h 'In;
,crowd rbmth 'intofonto
8th to put a large number of people or things
into a small space:I doubt iS we canm
u
d any
marepeople i
n-lheploceispcktdalmzdjt o We
wem ell crowded inio a smfla m behrnd the
goal
E
Z
E
)crmmWath In,cmnrbhthIMnksth:
packlbhth In,p c k sWsth into sth
Qv+nlpron+a& v+adu+n + v + n l p m n + m
,crowd 'In(on ab) i
f high b u U d ~ .
mountains,
etc. m d i
n
,they seem to surround you and
threatenyou orhavea strong erect on you: The
high l u a l C F d lom
u
r
o
I in(on her).o @urn-
tiw)H
etried loreststthefmm that werewowding
in onhim
+v+abu+prsp
,Crowd 3
- 'OM0S
t
h = CROWD S B ~
IN,
CROWD SBlSTIl INTO/ONTO STH
,crowd sblsth 'out;,crowd sbrsth Tout d
sth if a number of people or thinp cmwd out
other people or things,they arepresentinsuch
largenumbersthat there is no momfor anyone
oranythingelse:Touristsm mudingtheregu-
lar customers out of the bok oVigumttw)Small
shops are mrreosingly king mwded out by the
big supmmarkets.
EE@ squ- sb/m out,sq-s sblsth out
ofsth
+v+nlpmn+arhr v+adv+n *
v +Npmn*adv+prep
,crowd 'round:, e m 'round abmth(EW
ctnlIyBrE)(AmBusually, c da'mund,,WOW
a'mund ablsth) to gather in large numbers
around sblsth h p k lwre #loding omund .ta
see w h t mas g o i w on. o Faw crou&d round
himlo&for hisuulograph.
&v+adu + v+prep
crumple~IWAWW
,crumplesth 'upto crushsth.espedallyapiece
of paper, into a ball:ShemunpM his W r up
lullhoutewn lookingat ft.
mm
p
s
r
+v+nlpron+adr 4 v+adv+n
'cryfor sthto askforor d m d5thIna
f
o
-
orurgentway:Thefmliesof thevuictimsumrry-
ingfir justim o Lirrlen! That sounds Iik# m m
aodV v i n g != d i n g M o r help
k3G help, mercy
ev+ prep
,cry 'off;,cry 'off sth: ,cry 'off ddw sth
(BE)
to dwide not to do 8th gnu have promised
oragreed to do: We'damnged Dgo together but
Luis crawat the last moment.o W b didyou
ctyORfrair~mg
h tnighi?
E
Y
B pull cut,pullout o
f ath,pulloul d dolng
ath
+ s e @ n I s o ~ ~ ~
OFF,BEG OFF STH,BEG OFF WIND
STH
Qv+aduav+pmp
,cry 'out to make a Iwd sound without words
becauseyouarehurt,afhid, surprised, etc:She
criedout irtlwithpaim
+v+am

41. ,cry "out sth to shout 5th loudly: Re s u d d d y
mled out. 'Stopat om!' o Shewuki hear a yoice
cryingo uhername.
a)v+adv+speech + v+edv+n
for ,clyTngout 'loud!Is&en, ir$ormaBused
to show that you msurprised or angry about
sth: ForayrngoufIolrd! Whntdtdyou dothatfor?
,cry'OMagalnsl sthtoprotest strongly about
sth: m p l e haue been crying out agoinsi this
ahlrseforyaars.
&v +adv+prep
b 'adcry (againsWaUmrsth)ra [C] a public
reaction of strong protest against sth:There fs
suretoh anmsiveoumyagalnsCthepro~ls.
,cry'out tor sth(usuallyused in thepmgmsiw
tenses) to clearly need sth very quickly: The
m u p ~cryingoutfornewmemba.
o Thewhole
sy$tmwascrying~u&@re
mdimlmu~w.
+v +a&+ prep
cuddle
,cuddle 'up (tdagurna m
b
)
, ,,cuddle 'up
togetherIf children,pets, etc.cuddle up,they
sit or lie close to each otheror sbelse, because
they need warmth or comfort,
or want to show
afFection: Jack cuddkil up 50 his mothel:o The
cubscuddk uptogetherfor wurrmth.
IE9 anugglnup(totagalnst sblath)
@ vtadv * v+adv+adv
,cuddk 'up ta s k t h IBrE, fr&md,
mre) to
try to be friendly to sb inordertogain anadvan-
tage lor yourself: Just bf&r@the eMIon thay
starredcuddlinguptothrgouemment.
F
B
3
3cosy up to sb
&v+adv+prsp
'eulmlnateIns
t
h(aIsul'culmlnatmwHha
t
hb
frequent)(formal)toendwith aparticular result
orconclusion,or at a particularpoint: Then
e
w
t u r t i o m c u k m i ~ t & h c a n ~ ~ g m n t ~ p t a b C &
aI1sides.
@ V + P ~ P
curllk3-1;AmEkxrll
,curl 'up;
be ,curled 'up 1to lie down or sit
downwith yourback curvedandyourloleaand
armsclose to your body: Ihue curling up in an
nrmchair with agOOdh k .o Thecut wasc&
upasleep under thebush.2 if the edgesof pages,
leaves, etc. curi up they bend towards the mid-
dle:Themeshadal[carled upat fhemrws.
Qv+adv b e + v + m
,curl sth 'up:,curl yourself +upto h d
sthlpurself intoa tightcurvedshape: ShecuM
b~rlegs
upunderheronIheso/a. oHenvledhim-
SPYup undPrlhemver~
and went tosleep
9 v + nlpron +adv
CUT* M:s;AmEkxm1
be 'cursedwith sthtohaveor suEer Bnm5th
bad: He was c u r d withpmr heulthfrom,chiW
hoad or'uealws beencursedwithbad luck.
+be+v+pmp
,curteln ath off (fmm 8th)to ~epmak
part of a
roomwith a curtain or curtains:A comerof the
rwmrwscurloinadofl
@v+dpmn+adv + v+adv+n
c
U
f~kntl(cutt~ng,
cut,cut)
-
-
,cuta'cross8thI (ah,cutmmugham)
totake
a shortroute(a shortcut)acrossaplace instead
of going around it: W'lbgelthemquickerIf we
cut m s s #he@&. 2 to affect or be true for
p p l e in different groups that usually remain
separate: Opposition lo the proposal cuts m s s
w r t y bornrips.@
!
!
I
boundary, dlvlslen 3 to
interrupt and stop sth: The sound of the fire
akarmcutacross h~~attempi
loe*phin.
+ V + P ~ P
,cut sth a'way( h m sth)to remove5th by cut-
tlng with a knkn or a sharp tool: W a m y m
y
dead branches.
Qv+adv+n r v+n!pmn+edu
,cut 'back (on sth)1to reduce 8th such as the
amount sb spends or produces: The rslaesslon
meansthat everyomeIscutting hck o We'vehad
to cut back on stuff t
asaw mnqr 2 (especially
dmE) to eat, dr~nk
or use less of a particular
thing, usually for yourhealth:Ismoke toomuch.
Imusbcutback.o Thedoclor'slold melocut back
on redw t .
4 S&?akO
CUT STH BACK 1;CUT DOWN
Q v + a d v
r 'cutback(lam)n[usually p1.Ja reductioni
n
sth: cutbacksinpubIkspe~ing
,cutsth 'back1to reducestha lot,especiallyto
savemoney or improvethe envimnmentor your
health*Governmentfunding Isking back. o
Wehaue agreed locut back CFC e m ~ l o l l s
by the
end o
f the centup?E
k
C
i pmductlon, spending,
pllutlonIG9 paresth down (to sth), pnmsth
back (to8th) Cut s
t
h back isoffen used m
the passive in t h ~ s
meaning. 2 to reduce the size
of a plant,a bush, etc by cutting parts off:That
rosebushneedscutting back a Iot.EB3 bush,tree
FEE) prune nth
e v + a d v + n4 v+pron+adv v+n+adv(less
f w w n t )
,cut 'down(on MI)
1to reduce the amount or
quantity of sth:R&lng cubdOwn on w
i
e
.o
f 'uespentEwmucha l d y thismonth-I'lthave
locut downr! bit C= spend less money). 2 to mn-
sume, useor buylessof 5th: TAedoclor's told me
to cut down on fatty foods. o I h u m ? sloppad
smoking,buiI'wcutdown lofiveadas:
+See~lkdCUTSTH DOWN 1;CUT BACK
e v + a d v
,cutsb 'down@
m
i
,
&A') t
e
Usb:H
ew
a
s
m
down bypnewmnloatan early age.
Cut sbdownisoften used i
nthepassive In
this meaning.
Qv+dpmn+adv v+&*n
,Cut sblsth 'down(AmE, & f i i l ) to make sb
fwl or look stupid, especially in h t of other
people: He always cuLs her d o m infmnd of his
friendsh o She'saiwa~vscutting
downm
y li&&k.
put ab down
+v+nlpron+adv b v+adv+n
cut sb dOIYnte 'aimtoshowsbthat they are
not asimportantasthey think theyare
b 'culdownIAmQ (BrE'put4own) n(in@rnwO
aremark orcrltictsmthat isintendedtomakesb
feelor look stupid
put sih 'down1t
oreducethe amountor gum-
tity of 9th:M w s m wen fntrd&ta cW down
the numbw of road&n#s inwlulngchildren.
o Themiicy a i m at cutlfng down exhulrst emis-
sions. number,wsw, amountB
Y
K
) redwe
sth (moreform0 W Cut sth can also be used
w~th
thls meaning.Cut sth,not cut 13th
down is
uselforlPduc~ng
the costor the prlce of sth:Pet-
m0gasprrceshnve beencuE.-tseeabcuT DOWN;
CUT STH BACK 12tomakeatree,etc.fdl downby
cutting it at the base: Eumy time we cut a t
r
e
e
down, ure p h t o new one.BEl heeI
E
9chop
sth d m : fell stt~
((more
furma0 3to redurnthe
lengthof sth. Pkcutyowartlcle downlo1DW
words, shorten sth(moref o m n W Cut
sthcanalsobe used with t h ~ s
meanlng.
Qv+adv+n * v+nipron+adv
,cut'Ind (onsblsthFto interrupt sblsth: 'Listento
me!' sfu cut In impatknt$ Interrupt
( s b l l t h ) + w a h ~ u ~
INTOSTH 22(on sWsth)(of
avehicleor adriver)tomovesuddenlyin front of
anotherwhfcleinadmgerousway, leavinglittle
$paw betweenthe two vehicles: Thelorry cur in
Ion me)sradde* andlhad m bmkesRarpIy.3(of
an engine, a motor or a piece of equipment) to
start working automaticalb especially after
anothersourceof powerhasfailed:fl rhpowff
fails, Ihegenemtor will cut in.E
E
)
kick in 4
( A M ,irlfbrmab to push in front of people who
have been waiting In a line: Someone trred 6ocut
in infront of us. o She saw somefriends in l h
andcutin with them. push In(BrEl
~v+advlalsov+adv+qeech
,cut sb 'in(on am) (tr&md)to includesb in a
dealandgive thema shareof theproAts: Doyou
think w a ncart Harris fnon thedwl?
v +nlpmn+adv
,cut 'Into sth1tomakearnark,an openingm a
woundm sthwithakniieor&
sharpobject:Make
.
?
o
m
pm'l guidelines M
r
n you cut inlo the
W.o The mp?was cutting fnto her wrists (=
becauseit was very tight). EZicake,mmat,e t ~
2 tointerrupt9th:His i
t
s
i
n
?cut intoher thoughis.
E!El thoughts3to begin to use part or too much
of sb'stime, 9th that belongs to sb else, etc: My
mrh-3cuamnginlomyfree I m at I
k mml.o
The rndependent stations are cutting inta our
audience.E E tlnm mcmach M u p n sth
(moreformcrD
ev+vrep
,cut sb 'off 1torekwto letsbhaweanyof your
moneyorpropertyafteryoudie: Hecut hlssonm
without aperwx EIJ Mn,daughterEE)dlaln-
hedl s b ( m r e f o r m a ~ + s e e s s h c u ~
SR OUT, CUT
ss OUT OF STH 2 to end a relationship w
i
t
h sb
because you do not want to see or talk to them
any more: Hlsfnmily hue cut him ofl since he
&Id them what he'd done. 3to interrupt a tele-
phone conversationby bmklng the connection:
Opemtoc I'wjust been cut fl Cut sbo
f
fis
usually used inthepassive In this meaning.
4 l,lv+ntpron+a* v+adv+n(lessfmquent)
3v+nlpmn+adv
be CUI off In ywr 'prlme to dle s u d W
when ynu arestillyoung,strongand~uc~essflll
,cut sbrsth 'off 1 (also,cut Fu-W 'off) (fmm
sbtsth) to separatesWsthlyourself physically or
soclaUyfromotherpeople orthing?.:Hisd&aess
cut him Mfmm hisfamily andfriends.o She rut
herself oflfmm music ofzerhermurriuge. o Why
h
m he C&f off all contact wlEhh r ~
family? o The
farm gels mmpletely cut ofl in the wlntez o Vig-
umtlw)Politicmm are cut flj?um the reality of
powrly. lsolate sb/sthlywmetl (fmm
sblsth) bEmCut ~Wsthlyourself off is often
used in the passive inthis meaning: 1heEhfIdwn
were cut off 8 the tide. 2 to interrupt sb when
they are speaking:He cut me o r m mtd-senlence.
o My expbnntion luasabruptly cut fl3 to stop
the supply of gas, water or electricity to sb"s
home:Thew cvmpunyihrenlenedtocut themofl
U they dkfn'lpqv thebill.o ThelutriersupplyRad
beencutofld ( A m 0=CUT sslsm UPA sporls cor
cut m ofl as I turnedinlo t h ~
h
e5 to prevent
sb &om reaching or leaving a place; to stop sb:
T?ytocut him ofl at thetrqfEc lighis.
~v+nlpmn+adv*v+adv+n
b 'cut& n anacto
f stopping sth
4 seealsoCUT-OFFa t c u ~
STH OW; CUT-OW at
CUT STH OFF, CUT STH OFF STH

42. ,cul sth 'off:toblockorgeththewayof sth,etc:
Thepolioe cut off all their amp?mules o The
newhotel cutsoff o w ulewoft h e m
E
Z
i
l rwta,aid, wpplbs
v+&dv+n + v+nlpmn+adr
b '~~4nagointorallmitwhenywstopsth:a
c u t ~ f f
m oid o Whot Is them t f l datefor mgb
tratwn?
-tseeaLFoCUT-OFF atCUT SBISTH OFF:CUT-OPFat
CUT STH OFF,CUT STH OFF 8TH
,cut sth '
&
, ,cutsth 'off8thto removesthby
cuttingitwithaknifeorasharptool:Xeculofla
metre of clothfrwn theroll. o Mint9you olon'fcut
yourfingem off!o She's had ail her hair cut 08
o~lhephloislooh~forfhef~m,cutabirofl
theitp. 0 ~~fyrumtiue)Fiws~condshasbeencut
off
thew r l d m r d .
chopsthetf,chopsUloWsth
ev+nlpron+adv * v+adv+n + v + r d p n ~ + w p
t 'cut& n [pl.]tmuse&pmts that have been
madeshorterby cuttingoff partof the lep
t 'cvl-df udj [only before noun] cut-off lmu-
$ergpantshave beenmadeshorterby cuttingOR
part of thelegs
+see alsoCUT-OFFatCUT S B ~ T H
OFF: CUT-OFFat
CUT STH OFF
b 'offevl n (es~ially
BrE) a piece of wood,
pawr,etc. thatremainsafterthemawpiecehaa
beenc u t
,Cut pumetf ' d ( f r a nsb/ah) =CUT SB OFF 1
,cut 'outif an endneoramotorc
u
bmat, itsud-
denly stopsworking:Oneof rhenlmqWsersgines
cut our.
Qv+adv
t 'cut-outn(qwddbB
E
j a safety device that
stops an el-ic current f
r
o
m flowing thmugh
8th:A mt~utslops
thehele b i l i n g d r ~
-,see a hCUT-OUTatCUT STH OUT,CUT STBOUT
OF STH
,cut'out;,cut'outof sth(A@ '
I(ofavehicle
or a driver)tomovesuddenly sideway8out of a
lineof irafiic:DHyousee theway the carinfsont
cut out?2 (oldfmhioned,slang)to leave:l
hcut-
tingout(of here).Seeyou kter
+v+adu + v+adv+prep
,cutsb 'ow,put sb 'outo
f sthtonotallow sb
to be involved I
nsth:U w de[iwr She- our.
selws, wemn cut out themiddlemn. oDan't cut
yourprpnis out of your limfo Shecutme out of
her wiii (= refused to let me have any of her
moneyorproperty aftershedied).
+ s e e a t s o c u ~ s a 0 ~ ~ 1
ev*adv+n v+nEpron+&*
r+nlpmn+adv+prep
,cut sth 'out1to makesthmmmwry:Cutout
some of the &inntrailon by cvrnpuiarriing
your mu&. o Thenewfost tminmiceculsout
the &for a long bus jwmey. E
!
J need 2
(&r&~rmol)
tostopdoing,usingoreatingsth:I've
cut out SWWU10hy 10IOSewight. EZEi smoking,
d
m
k
, *w*str 3 (flyornmf) to block Ught or
sound:That tminfront o
f the window cuts out
the lighl. llgM nolsermFO block ah wt 4
(imrmanused totell sb to stopdoingorBaying
sth that is annoying you: Im sick of you t w
orguur~-jlrsl cut it w t !o Nowmtouttkjokts
andpay ablention!FEi It, (hat 5 to make sth by
cutting:T h g mnnn~ed
tacut out a m t h through
thejungle.
&v+n/prm+adv + v+&+n
,cut sth 'od,
,outsth 'out d 8thItaremwe
sth you want h m sth larger by cuttIng to cut
the shapeof s t h h m apieceof fabric,paper,etc:
Simply cut oul and return the @upon. o She cut
the article out of the n e w w m o 5% children
enjoy cutting shrrpes out o
f mlourerbpaper E
Z
3
4
artlcle,plctwm2to removesth badfrom sthby
cutting I cut out the bad parts of the apple. 3
(infirmi)to leave sthout of apiece of writmg,
etc: Youcancutout the unimportnnt W i h .IE3
omk 5th
+v+nlpmn+edv v+adv+n
v+nlprm+adv+prep
E
P
dhamywr Wwk cutout ( l b r y w ~ ~ I ) t o
faceadifficulttask orsituation:You'llhawyour
workcutout lo baathim.
b 'cuboutn ashapecutoutof pper,wood,etc:rr
mrdhardcutouf
+SW~!SOCUT-OUT~~CW
O W
be ,cut 'out for sth; be ,ed 'out t
o dohe
d h (imrmanto hawthequalitiesandabilfties
neededror 5th: Idon't think I
'
mcut outfor mun-
Irylfe. o He'slwlcutorrtt6 hapolitician.
fEXil Thisphrasalverb is usuallyused in negn-
tiv? Pentences.
6be+v+adv+prep+ be+v+adu+tolnf
,out 'throughsth1=CUT ACROSS S T H ~
Thepath
cuts through ihe urwd o It should be q u W if
wcuathmqhtown.x topassthroughsthbycut-
ting: iW!I thrs saw cut through metalfo Ifigum-
tive) The sharp wind cut through his shirt o
~ r r r n t i w )
ThepaIncut throughhimIikea knire.
3 toovercomeadifficultythat is preventing you
from making progress: Onceyou cut throughthe
technics[ language the r e ~ r t
is msy to under-
ssond. o The yacht cut smoothly through t k
waves 4 to interrupt sth:His voice cur thmygh
her thoughts.
3S
e
eQh
CUT STH THROUGHSTH
@V*PP
,cutsth Thmughsthtemakeapathorwsage
thmugh sth by cutting They hod to ltse their
knives tocuta m l hthrough th8vdergmwU1.
mPath
3S
W 0 h C U T THROUQWSTH
+v+nlpm+prep
,cut sb 'up(ln@rmal)
1to injure sb by cutting
them with a knife, a piece of @as.etc: He was
very bndly cut up in thjEght. 2 to rnakesb very
ernof3omUyupset:She'sstill very cut up abut
thedivom. Cutsbupisusuallyuwd inthe
m i v einthis meaning.
4 I v+nlpmn+adv + v+edv+n
2v+ nlpron+ adv
,cut sb!nth 'up(Brm@mF,wf .blah 'off)
(of a
vehicle ora driver) to suddenly drivein ftont of
another vehicle in a dangerousway:Did you see
how hecutme up?
PZEj -we sblsth up0
&v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
,cutsth 'upto divide sthintomallpieceswitha
knife or a sharp tool: Who'sgoing to cut up the
vegelabks?
BE)chop sth up
Qv+nlpmn+adv r v+a&+n

43. dab~drebi
(-bb-) d
m
n
w l~own
a=tivi*rin the hous~tt~
mwket. 4
(mi)
to makeasurfaceslightly wet by SP~~YLW
%
l
a
b ata tWthsth)totouchsth,especially your
asmall amountof watetover it
face,severaltimes, quickly andlighw She-
+@&+ .+won+ + w+ "+a& (
-
1
c r v h and dobbitrpat her eves with a hndker.
ch&f% ~t-gent~ydabbedothIsc~s
withapim4f
coL?onml.
mmwr,-m
Dab 9th mnbe wed wIth the m e m a -
lnr:Shedubbed her- with& handkernhid
Q V + P ~ P
,dab sth 'ottt
oremovesth such as a stain, sth
yan have spilled on pth, etc. wlth quick, Ught
movements: Dab t h cornoff mith yow hand-
kerchlex
ev+nlprwr+wh+ v+adv+n
,dab~th
'on(wnlrrth)toputsthonamdth
quick, light movemen&: h b h p n i n l on with a
sponge. o Shedabbedon a littleperfurn.
Qv+rdpmn+adv. v+edu+n
dabble~dcebl/
'dabble In sh to takepwt In an activity or a
sport, but not very seriously: Shes w i m t w h a
weekand hrsshen dabbling inwekhtiminiw.
eV * P ~ P
%laallywith sthhb(oklfimhlorwd)tothinkabout
sth,do sthor treatsb in away that is not serious
enough: They'ue k n dullying loith the ideafor
rn
mI~,thOught~tqoysth
ev *prep
,dams
t
h 'upto stop the waterflowingi
nariver
by buildingsthacrossit(adam):Thestmuma w
dammed up loform ornamentullakes.o@gum-
tiue) Ttrradtodamupmytears.
&v+adv+n + v+n/arcm+adv
damp/damp/ (ahdampn YdmtwnI)
,damp sth 'downIto make a fIre burn more
slowly or stopburning:FiMghum weredamp
ing doLontheembms hoursluterc Heput sandon
thefire loOy t
or
o
d
r
r
wrtdatO% o Thefirehadhen
damped down but not exliwished. F
B
I
iRre 2 if
,dangle&
I k'fone rblsthto &r 5b5thvery
attractive to try to persuadethem to do nth: It's
the b ~ e ~ t f i ~ R C i a [
iIIC€'tIttLM
tthW&?tg[sd h
f
0
1
p
BrirrshfmtbaIlers.
I
nkont ofcanbeusedInsteadof before.
b)v +nlprm+prep
dashICIFSSI
,dashe'bout(eqmfuuyBrE) =DASH AROUND
,dasha'galnst ath(of rain,waves, the sea,etc)
to beatviolentlyagainstasurface
Q V+PWP
dash a'round i n h .&sh a'bwtrmund e
m
-
' crally BrO to move very quickly RPm plakto
place, being v
e
r
y buay:I'M hdnshingaround
ail dayfoAtthescemofi h a m i d e n t , ~ f l ~ m
dashing ahut all m m theplace.
E
E
O rusharound
v+adr
,dash a'wayrdto go awag fmm a place In a
hurry:H e d a s h a p o f l e ~ d a y a t 4 o ' c ~ L
+v+adv
,dash sth aWay I
f you &mh team away. you
remove them quicklyfium yourface:He dashed
a m y the lrrvs welling up In hk eye$ witfa an
imwtient hand
&v*ntp~on+adv + v+Bdv+n
,dash'off =DASHAWAY~OPF
,dash8th 'offtowriteordraw sthveryquickly:I
dashed offaqurCRktmbmy brother
EE)scrlbble 8th
+v+adv+n * v + p + a d u b v+n*adu(mm)
,darrh'round( e s m l l yBrE) =DASH AROUND
date/deal
,date 'back ... (also,dab 'back to rth)to have
existed since a particular time In the past orfor
thelength of timementioned: A'sa lmdftionthat
dates back at k to tfwu~and
years. o Her pro&
Zemdnleback toherchild-. o Thea w ndales
h m k Ifl Romnn t i m
--- - -- - .. --
somemy or something damps down an em* +
, +a& +adv +prep
tlonor afeeling,It becomeslessstrong:She lrted
tu damp down herf~eeUn,p
of despair E E l smo-
Idate from harreexlsted
if somebody or damps down
time in thepast: It is0 bauiWl varcedatinghn
a situation or an activity, it bxornes slower or ohut 1715, o Thestrikewcrsth?kaInlestIilageina
weaker:The lalea incrwse In interest ratas has dispukwhkhhC8dhm lgW'
Q V + P ~ P
dawnI ~ W
' d mon sb(also'dwmupanrbmorejarml)if
an idea, the truth or a fact dawns on you. you
realizeIt forthefirst time:ItsuuXenIy d a w d o n
ustho!m werelost.o Thea~wrpnully
&wrrPd
onme.
Bstrlkesb
ev +Prep
'deal In sth1todobusin-: to makemonwby
buying andselling a particularproduct or kind
of goads: He made afortune &ling In s10CKs
and sham. o Thqr rdenl pxclrrsrw!y in Chinese
art, 4 Themmpany dm[s in mmputer mflmre.
shams,art 2 tomake money by buyingand
sellinggoods illegally, especially drugs: Thqr're
rumured to be beling In stolen goods.E!Ei
drugs,arms9 to be concernedwith or involved
in sth: Thisnewspoperdwsn'thl t n m i p ,only
infacts,o She'snot thetypetodeal inrumom.
Q V + P ~ P
,dealsb 'in(ilaformal.espciallyA m to Include
sb inanactivity: I#soundPllke agrmip[an!DBal
me i
n
!
rneountsbln
lE3dsalah wt,deslrb out of s
t
h
@ Y +nlpmn+ a h
,dealsb 'out:
,dealsb 'outof 9th@
i
d
%
,
War-
tnai)tonotincludesbinmactiv~ty:
Youcandm1
me out of thh.I don't want loget involved inanp
IhlngflkgUl.
count sb out,ewnt .
boutof .th
Fp3 deal sb i
n
gv+n/pron+adv + v+nlpmn*adv+pmp
,deal9th 'out(tosb)l tosharesthamonganum-
berof people, groupsof people ororganizations:
We'1I deal out theproceeds tosemE churrties.o
The p m t s were dealt out among the i n ~ l o m .
EEB d l s t r l h e ath(moreforrn2)2(inagameof
cards)to give caruls to eachplayer.She &lt out
sewnmnlslo eachpluyer W Dealsthcanalso
be used with th~s
meaning 3togivesbaparticu-
lar punishment; to say what punishment sb
should have: ShedeaM out ilre somapunlshml
loall thechildrrn. o Severepenaltles aredealt out
lo persfslena affmdm. punishment
rdmlnlsterstkVormclO
+1,2v+adv+n + v+nlprm+adv
Bv+adv+n + v+pron+adv
'deal with sb 1to Iwk afler, talk to or w n m l
people in an appropriate way,especidy as part
of your job: H
e
rjob tnuolvpsdeuiing withyoung
oflendem. o They're uery dmcult p o p k t
o dm1
with. EB)handk sb 2 to take appropriate
action in a particular situation or accordw to
whoyouaretalkmgto,etc:Canyoudeal
withthis
c ~ ? o
W
e haw lo deal with s t w h t s and
handle a load of p a p e r d as well. 4 MQSl
patienls am dealt with within fur w&s. 3 to
take appropriate action to punish sb who has
done sth wrong: Your@tRer will deal withyou
whenhegetshome.oAthIeDesfound gull@of tak-
ing drugs were sw$tIy dealt with.IF) sMt sb
ovt
@'+prep
'deal with 1lo do business regularly
with a person,an organIzaUon,a government,
etc: We p @ r to &at only with wpulrrble mm-
panlps, 4 It is bpss to dm2 d i m l y with fmlgn
suppIkrs. @
G
Ibusiness, cwnpny 2 to talk to
sb. an organization, a government, etc. in order
toreachan agreement or settleadispute: Iprefm
# dml with somebody in authority. o It wouid
helpif Iknew exactly whoI'm dwhng wiik
ev+prep
'deal wlrh ath 1to solvea problem, carryout a
task,etc:Codeal withe n q u t r W I s s u e s l w h h ~
o The police dwli with the incident wry &?-
cienth.o Them's am urgmt c o r r n n d s m
here that hasn't hen deau with.EZEJ pmblerns,
matter, ~Ruatlon,
cdsIn2(of a bmk.poem, art-
icle, etc.) to be about sth. The next programma
dmls with the S U ~ J ~ C ~
of d i w m . subject,
question, IssueI
E
X
)Epver 5th S li yo11 deal
with an emotion such as anger or sadness,you
learnto control it or become less affected by it:
He is beginningto den1 with his anger In a con-
strucdim wax o 'You'vegot b try nndfoqet hm
and get on withyour lve''I'mdeoling with it!' o
She'sgoodot deaUngwithprmwm.
E B an(lar,grlef, loss E
!
f
!
O cope (w(th ath)
Deal with sthcan beusedinthepassive.
0 v + Prep
debarlwh<r)l{-n-)
de'bar sb from sth de'trar nb from doing
9th VormaOto p m n t sb from doing sth, loin-
Ing an organhtion, going somewhere,etc: Stu-
denrswhohnvenotgaid their- will bedehrrad
fmm taking mmnatinns. o H e was dehrred
from holdrngpublicofice.
Q v+ nlpmn+prep
de'clde on sbBth ( a hMclda upon sMsth
more f i r m 0 to choose sWsth &er careful
thought: Wehawn'ldecWon aahtefor thed-
ding yet. M a v e you decided an whether to take
shejobormt?
,arH, settleonluponrlh
Em3lDecide onlnprm canbe usedInthe
passive:Nothing hnsp?lh?nd@d@don.
+ v + P ~ P

44. rlsck 74
. ....... ......-...... .....-......-......-~..... . . .............. ..... ........................... ............................ .*................-
deck{dekl deliver/dflnrdr)/
,deck sb 'out;,deck yourself 'outIlnladl1ke de'lhr on sth if you deliver on a promise, a
9th)toputonintemtingandcolourfuldothesor threat m an agreement you do what you have
fewellem, usually for a specla1 occasion: He said you would do, or what you are expected to
deck& himself oat In hisbestsuit oA lot o
f sup do:Qln hebe trustedi
%
deliver onhisprornims?~
m e n weredeckedour.
hfhetmrn'smlours. T Wfailed lodehwron#heagreement
I
E
T
)
drew up (as ath),dresss'blywnelf up E E pmmlse,ngresnrant
(assblath) eV + P ~ P
Deckab oat i
sW ~ Y
usedi
nthe pass*- deJiver sbfsth 'mrtup (to .
b
)
: de,llver
neck s w - l f I
-
t
h smis also used yourself 'oversup {to sb) &rml)to give
wlth thismeaning. sblsth/yoWf to sb in authoritJ: offen because
+v+adv+n + r+ntpon*adu you have been ordered to do so: The &fendant
,deck sth 'Out (wftMnnlb sth) to decorate eth, has been ordered io deliusr up the WP.
o She
especially a mom or a buildmg, for a special daliveverwllhe bnby owr to the coreof her skier o
occasion: Th@ m n t m wm d& out with Hedeliveredhimself upW#h@rru#mrities.
Christmas Gkvmlioru.o The m was &kpd hand sblsth over (to sb), handyoursett
outlo h k liketheinsid?@ a s p x h i p owr (to sb)(&ssformaf)
Ei2l mom @ v+aUv+n vtnlpran+adu
Eli33Dwk 8thoutisusuallyusedi
nthep$ssfve.
+ Deck 8thmnw
b
eused wlth thismeaning. delveldelvj
Qw+adv+n v+nlpmn+a&
dedicaterdetxlkeal
,delve'IntosthtoW M t o R n doatmoreinfor-
mationabout sth:Weshu.!d nor delw toodeeply
rnfothisminfu[matm
'dedicate sth t
osbtosayatthebeginningof a EEisub~ect.-masons
mi9pmh(rMnnta sth)
book, apieced musicoraperformance thatyou @ v + prep
aredoingit forsh,as away of thankingthem or
showing respect: This baok Is d&icui& m my demrttrl~'pal;mam.-tti
parenis
rnb p O k , w O r k , ~
Qv + dpmn4prep
'dedicate youmelf~stl~
to sth,ddekate
yourselfhth to doing sth to give a lot of
your time and effort to a particular activity or
purpose because you think it is important: She
dedicateshemy toher m*. oHe dedimled his
lifet
ohelping thepoor
v+ Wpmn+prep
defer/d~%xr)/ (n-)
tte'e'fer to sMth (raaherj%rml)
to accept sb's
opinion or do what they suggeat h u s e you
respect them:IM w t
ayour judgmwm in them
mariers. o We are h p p y to clefer to the mrnmif-
tee'sl
o
&
.
mljudgpmwlt, W l h
Defer to sblsthcanbewed i
nthepassive:
TlrqwereW
e
r
r
P
dlojwt h u ethey mncen
e
' V + P ~ ~ P
delightjd~lartl
delight insth:delllgMIn dolng &togeta
lot uf pleasure ftom sthorh m dolngsth,e s p
c~aIly
sththat annoysorupsetsother people:She
swmed todelelSgh5 in making her parents angry.4
(rulher(ormaL)Fmm chiidhood she dellghfdin
rndtn#
Q ) v + P ~ P
de'part frwn sthtobehavein a way that is dif-
ferenth m whatisusualorexpected:Thekwh-
ers are not ermulylgd lo deplrl j h o m the
sstlabus. o Theyhpurtcdj?om hnditbnondgot
married inaRorel.
EBX primlplw.r u h ,trndflh,rkelslon
Depart from s
t
h can be used in the pas.
sive: T h s ruk should only be detmrredfronm in
exeeptioml crmumtam,
Qv + v ~ p
dependtarpendf
de'pencl on s h t h(abd#pmnd upon rblsth
mrefirmot) 1(for sth) (not wwfly used in the
pmmssiw tenses)to need help or support h r n
sWsthin order to live or tomanagein a particu-
lar situation:Theorgunkation depended hmuily
on voluntary help oShe came t
o depend on her
daughlerfor suppnrt.o He depends on medica-
tion tostay ague. ISD bly onlupon sbhth (fw
stht 2 (notuFed in theprogressive lenses) to be
atrwted by or decided by sblsth, I don't know if
I'll comeornot.It all dependson how tM Ifed
this evening.o Thr~
m a y be n webmachangeor
not, depend* on your point o
f view. In
informal English it IS quite common to say
depend rather than depend on before words
like what,how,orwhether:It de-7 how tired I
feel. o Aalldepends what hapms 3 to rely on
sblsth; to be abIe to trust sb:I h o pyou'll be able
t
ocome-I h
idependingonyou lo helpme.o We
& m w m rohomn h w m r m a )
~ w n t
onluponWrth:
relyonluponsblsth
Inthis meaning depend outuponsblsthcanbe
used in thepassive.4 (notElseoIm thepmgmive
tenses)to be sure that s
t
hwffl happm Youcan
dependon m
y skter tosmil things(= she always
d m ) . I E 9 cwnt onEuwn sblsth;rely onlupon
sblstk In this meanlng depend onlupon
sblsthcanbeused inthe passive.
+v+prep+v+pp+nlpr~n+to~nf
de'prfve sWhiyourseH o
f sth to prevent
sb!sth from having 8th important; to take sth
away from sb: In prison they w m rnrved and
depriued of sleep o The bnby's bmin had
depndofo~gendurtng
thebirth o Thereisno
d ro deprive yoursel o
f f d on this diet.4
(humorow)Imuldn'tdapriw~ou~f
(=takeaway
fromyou)your Instpwpm.
Q v + dpron+prep
derive~armi
de'rlve from sth to come or develop&om sth:
The word his$op d m i v ~ j h m
the Latin word
'htslorh' meaning story. 0 T
T
h
ectt#&.iSmderftw
from a misundentanding of ouraims.
ev+p-ep
d e ' msth hwnsth I (formal)
toget or obtain
sth h m sEh: She deriwa gmtdeal of s a m
tionfmm IhbacRuuemnl.E
?
plmaure,
fadlon, Infwmation, bsnents 2 to obtain a
substance from sth: These remsdle~
are
mainly f i m the natural world 3 to wme or
develop f
r
o
m sth: T
h
e Rubik nrk &rim its
namefrom its inwnlor o The m of themwni
tarn appwn: to h?d d v e d fmm an old Norse
towards sb/sth as I
f you are going to attack
themlft: T
h
emosquiloes&
a
?
W
on rrs as swn
as night feU. o (humomus)A larlge womnn i
n a
had u ~ s s
&amding on them.
@V*PW
dss1eendta sth t
o do or say 8th that makes
people lose their resped fm you: fl you insult
Arm back,ymdtwnd tohIshveL
IEQ stwp to rth,stoopto dolw rth
Q v+prep
despalr/dr'spee(r):ArnEd~'-/
de'spalr of sWsth; de'spalr d dolng 8th
(~ormnior
Rumrow)tofwlthatthereisnohop
that sblsth will improve,get bete etc. or that
sth will happen:I da~pntr
of you, Ian-Qcfyoltr
age! o l'd begun to desmir o
f ever swing him
a ~ a i n
e
y
+
P
f
B
P
de'trad from stkt (not usually u
s
& In WpW
gmlveienses) tomake 5thseemlessgoodthanit
really is: These ?-euelotiomshould not detmd
from hi. achievements.oHer tattered clothes in
no waydetractedfrom her kuuty
E
B
@ dlmlnlahath
ev +prep
devolvejdr'volv;m-vdv/
de'wlveonltolupon W hWorm0(of work,
duties, pmer or responsibility) to b?given tQ
person or anorganimtion by sbat ahigher Ievel
of authority:All the respmslbility has dewlwd
uponhim. o AddltionaI~wrs
wi1ldewlwPthe
rzgionalgovernmnls.
Av+area
word.E
l
in a w ,w o d v . ---
l5llInmeaning 2and3, dwive8th- gth is de'mfolve
sth =Wh
to dw mrk. dun'=%
frequently used mthe passive. power orresponsibility tosbwith lessauthority
Q v+ dpron+prep than you: More porn me gmduoI[jr being
dewlwd lbtheregrons.
who Iived a1ongtmeago:HecIaimedhe~des-
cendedfromShe Vikings.
E E ancestors+
Hne,f a m b
Qbe+v+prep
des'cend into sth to get Intoavery bad oondi-
tion or state: The sitlmtioion has deswntM inW
lola2 chaos.oThere loete@arsthat the munhy
was&scendIng into turmoi[ormncivilw m
I g ~ + p r e P
des'oend on s M h ( a h der'cond upon
swsthmoi-eJomi)1 t
om
v
esomwrhere.espe-
clally suddenly and une-edly and in larm
numbers: Dozens o
f police descended on the
building. o{humomus)My slster and herfamily
are de.~cendin$on m this wwkmd. 2 to go
da'votesthto s b M ;dewbe nthto dolng
sth to bve an amount of t h e , energy or atten-
tion tosblsth:HedevoipulhisljSe6othestmgglefir
justice. 0 Shegaw up wrktodewtemtelime to
her children.o T km a u r n Ish
o
s
t
i
w un exhib
itron h t e d t
a her mark. oSeveml c o u m c4re
devoted toiimprouingcWmermm.
EEtlme,attenblon,mlrergy, Ilfe, c h w
+v +nlpmn+prep
de'wte yourself to s m de'voh your-
self to doing sthtospendalargepartof your
Xlme,energy and attention anaparticularactiv-
ity, especially stb @
?
i
d
:
Mer her marrrage, she

45. mldnl dewbe hemew t#tuIly t
o her musk o
They had&wiWLkmsehent*p[y lobuilding
wthir business.
+'v+pmn+prep
,dial 'In:,dial 'Into sth(aka,dhl 'upak)(cum-
puHng1 to make a connectton between one com-
puter and another using a telephoneline: I d h l
infmrn my PCathomeloget ShepLeslf . o
Ewry timlfryJ
% dial into thelnternetlcan't get
amnnwtton.
i@v+adv*v+pQ
,dial 'Oldtomakeacallto sboutsidetheb
-
you are in:You mn'tdiol outfrom IImlphone-
il hfor i n ~ 1 m i L s
onljr
Qv+&
,dFal 'up sth,,dial MRam 'up1 t
oc
a
l
l
shlsth on the telephone. WouM you dial up the
doclor's ofimfor me7 -It sb(* up; call
ablsthMmE)2 =DIAL INTO STH C
U
S
!
O
T
t
W
F
T CQn
dral up the oentml wmpuiW m
m home and
0 c c e s s i h a d n t n ~
A noun must always follow up, but a pm
noun m e sbetmeentheverband up.
Qv+adv+n + v+pron+adv
dictate/d~k'te~~rn~'drkted/
dlc'tatetosbtod
v
eordersto sb,mpeciallyi
na
rude or a g v i v e way: You can't diclate to
peopk how they should limn4 IJm notgoing loba
drcrntedt
oby m
y I!ttL?brotIper.'
Dictate to sbcanbeused inthepassive.
ev + prep
diddle/'mi
Piddle a'round( A d , Informnl) to spendyour
time doing things that are not important: SEop
diddltngamundonddosome&
!
)SIH) fiddleabouVamund( E d ) ,meum n d
6v+adv
diel
w (
a
r
*
.
,
wng.dkd,a)
,dle a'nray1(ofa sound) to becomesofaint or
weak thaty o u a nolonger hearit: Thesoundof
the w r e@m dial uwy.o Her Iaughtw died
awayrahenshesawhomangryhe~(~~.
EQ M e
away2( a h,die'out){of rain,wind ora storm)
to gradually become weaker and stop: The ruin
wili lnrjply die o w q omnight.3(of afeelmgor
an emotion) to gradually become weaker and
disappear: Theexcitement over their flair soon
died awaj fada away
+v+adv
,dl9 'back( o h,dP.
'm)
I
f a plant dies back.
it* IPAVP~ die, although the roots are stillalive:
TheImu@#diehck
in urfntex
Q V + A ~ V
,ale 'down l(of a swnn or flames)to ~ M Y
become less loud or strong:He witeoIfor the
applauwtodiedown. o TheJSmhnddieddownby
#hemorning.2 (ofwind, rain or astorm)to gmd-
ually become less strong or violent: As zt got
cfurk, the wmd d
l
& down. E
X
9 subhdo 3 if
something suchasexcitement or canfusion dies
down,it gradually bewmes less: When all the
fuss had died down, he just quIefly ~um
h c k
home.FDB subside4 =ole MCK
Q v + m
,die 'offif a groupo
f peogle or animals die ofP,
they dle one by one overa shortperlcd OF time
until:therearenone left: Thesuruiuomamdylng
o
rdoily
+v+adv
,die 'out 1if a famm race or amiesdies out,
thereanno longeranymembersleftalive: T h
areseumrrl #hmies
h u t whyd z m u n diedoul
so sudden& o Maw plmrs and anftnukare In
d-r of dyingout b o r n eatlnct 2 (of
a custom, traditionor skill)to nolonger be used
ar practised:Many Ntw Yenr and May Doy cere
monies have vrrtuallydied out now.3 =nrE AWAY
2 Theoutbreaks of rain wrli die out later in the
dsx
+v+adv
,dig'in1(irtfomr)tobe~toeat:DLg*rIdrIIeit's
hot!oAs m n as t
h
e
marrtved he dug in him
~riljr tuck In (eswiallyBYE) M g in
is used especialIy to tell sb to start eatlng. 2 if
mldkrs dig in,they make a Mfe place in the
groundandprepare fortheenemy to attack: The
W p sdug in and organized their &fern. 3 to
wait for or deal with a difficult situation w
i
t
h
great pahence:Hospitalluorkersdugin,p m p d
for a long battle with managemant owr pqv
incream
e v + a d v
,dig 'In;,dig 'into sthy l d , infimmfi to bgln
todo sth in a way that showsthat you are deter-
mined to wntinue or finish it, even if it is diffi-
cult: He looked at the stack of mrk a& dug ra
stmight away.o She dug Into the re~rts
andfin-
ished themW
i
-
eIhem&ing
+v*adv + v + p p
,dlg5th 'in;,dlgsth 'into5th 1topush8thinto
sth: The bird dug its claws in and held onto its
prey. o She dug hermils intomy o m . P tomixa
substance into soil by digging: I've dug the
fertilizer into thesoil.
@v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n + v+n(pmn+prep
dlg rwr'heel- Intorefuseto dosth or
to changeyour ideasorplans:Hedug hisheelsIn
and ins~sfedshe
went withhim
,dlgp
u
m
M'in;bedug Into rnakeaWepIace
for yourself in the ground and prepare for the
enemy to attack: They a d d o shorrdis6anm
anddugthemselws in.
Dig yourself In ia used espeddy Inthe
passive.Themarinas-dug inont h e j h n t k .
+v+pmn*adv+ be+v+adv
,dlg 'Into sth 1
. ( i @ m O to begin to eat in an
enthusiastic way: They dug into W p[ua Am-
grily. -tuck Inlo 8th ( e s w l l y BrE) 2 to
examine sth carefully tofmd out information: It
isn't a gwd idea lo dig too deep into hi.pnst. 3
( A d ,inform0 =DIG IN, DIG INTOSTH
CJV+PWP
U3Xi.dlg ( d m ) Into your 'poekNsh 'saving%
etG to spend some of the money mu have or
havebeensaving:I'll hausW digf n h mysavings
to buy u new arc 'dlg ywr 'hands Into your
'pocketa to put y
o
u
r hands deep inside your
pockets
,dlgsb~sth
b
o
u
t
;
,dIgsbtsth 'out d 8thtoget
sblsth out of a place by digging the ground
around themlit:It look lhem t h m huts dig
him out of the rubble,4 The uv buried in
snow andhad tobe dug out.
Qv+n/pmn+slhr + v+adv+n
r+rdpron+adv+ prep
,digsth 'out1(ir@rmaI)tofind8ththathaabeen
hidden or notusedforalongtime:Hed~rgout
#he
shoe7 he'd bughl2Oyears Wore. unearth
5th (mor~forman
2 ( ~ o r r r m n
toAnd out factsor
information by searchingor aslringquestions: I
dugoutsom frUemlmgfacLsarad~u~~~aboat
the
plum. E
j
E
)huntsM downlout;mot sblsth oul
(gv+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
,dlg sth ' M rto prepre the grwnd th-ghly
for plants by digging the mil: ThelTom be&
should be dug over in thespring.
EB grwnd, garcTen
Qv+n/pmn+advtv+adv+n
,dig 8th 'up 1 to break the gmund Into small
pieces, especially before building sth,taking8th
from underneath it, etc: Some Romnn -ins
werefound undera mrparkwhichwaskingdug
up !
@
i
l
l
d
,
garden 2t
oremove sth Earn the
ground by digging Arrhaenh~isls
haw dug up
some human remnlns. EZiweeds, mots
unearth sth (mawforman 3 ( 1 n f m 0
to dis-
cover information about sWsth by searchingor
asking questions: See wholyou mndig uponthis
mcan'spt. unearthsth (mornforman
+v+nlpron+adv + r+adv+n
'dlne on athtoeat a particulartyped fwd: We
d i d o n m m h t f i h ina m U n g mtaur-
ant.o Theydinedon adietof mupond bread
Qv+vrep
,dlne'out(j%mOtohavedinneraway b y o u r
home,for example at arestaurant or in sbe
l
s
e
'
s
home:Wedinedoulecmynight whenwsWdin
Paris.
EC9 ml o u t ( h f 0 ~ l )
+v+edv
,dlne 'out on nth(BrE,hummus)totellpeople
of somethingthat has happened toyou in order
to impressthem: She only actually said onesen-
6encetoBmdPinbutshedinedoutonitfor~rs.
@v+adv+prep
,dipsth'lnrinto sth:,dlp8th 'Intoputsthvery
quickly into a liquid and take it out agata:She
dip@ her toesmutiowy intothesea.o She m
k
ofl hershmsundcoutio~~bd1p~a
&in. o The
fruit had kendipped inchawlate.
Qv+dpmn+pmp * v+nlpmn+adv 8 v+a&+n
,dlp 'Intoath1to read orwatch only smallrmts
of a boak,magazine, programme, etc: I'w only
had lime tadip intu thereport. o Themtinuous
news services am inlendedfor people mdip Inlo:
EEi book, .repwt 2 toput yourhand into a can-
tamer to take sth out of it: Shedip@ inlo hm
purse andlookouta min.
ev + prep
mdip ywr 'pocket, *savi~r,
e
t
a
.to iake
an amountfrommoney that you have beenkeep-
ingorsaving:Theyhawdip@ intotheirscrvings
lopayfor theshares.
dlm'greewHh sb (not &In theppngressIve
tenses)d something suchasfwd ortheweather
disagreeswith you, it hasabade f k t onyou or
makes you feel111:Ifel m i & - s o h @ I@
m u ! havedisagmd withm.
E
3upset sb
=Not agree wlth sb is used more &en:
Mushroomsdon't agreewithme.
4 SW(I/SO AGREE WITH SB
Q V + P ~ P
dlsa'gree wfth sth:dlsa'gme with dolng
sth to disapprwe of sth and think it is bad or
wrong: We tutaIly d i w g m with the hm onfix
hunting.o She dhgrees with k p i n g animuls
locked up incages.
t
Z
E
i decFslon, statem.nt, pdnelpla a
-
wlth sM,
agree wRh dolngsth
e'+
P"P
disarsoclate
'SOU-I /,drsa'ga~flert,-~m;~m~
,dlsas'roclate ~marrsdffrom s h t h W
w
-
IMI) =DISSOCIATE YOURSELF FROMSRISTH

46. dlsbe'lleve In ablsthtonot M
e
v
ethatsblsth
exists:lo disbelieve in GooVdwils
Fot believein sWsth isusedmorefrequently
+Ses?U!SOHELIEVE IN SBlSTH
e
' V + P ~ ~ P
dis'mrse ( d h sb) on sth (fwmrjto talk
for a Long time on a subject;to make a long
speech about sth:He w w ubIe ko discoum ar
g m t lengthon thepro6lemsof educulion.
+V+PP
dish/&.rI
,dish 8
t
h 'odIbo ab)1(I@rmal') togive 5th out
to largenumbersof w p l e or in largeamounts:
He's always dishing out d u k e t
o peopk B
B
O
handsth aut (to sb) (moreformaT) Ininfor-
mal spken language diah ab out sth is also
used:H
e dishd me out afew u h i n pills. 2 to
servefoodto sb byputting it On plates:He's bllsy
dishing out the dintiex E B s e m ath {to sb)
(moreformal)
@v+adv+n + v+pron+adv v+n+abv(mre)
,dish R 'oul(disuppmuing)to criticize sb or
attack them: He wasgood at dishingitout.It rvas
timehe Iearnedwhat itfelt like.
,dish 'up:,dish$th 'up(ErE,ir&malj toserve
food by putting it on plates: Youpour the w i m
whileI dish up.o Comeand washyour hands -
I'm jwtgoing lodish upIhedhnet
EI9serve sth out;s m , sewn sth (mom
format)
@v+adv v+adv+n+ v + m + a d v + v+n+adu
~Iessfrpgmt)
,dlh 'up 8th; ,dish lMhem 'up(infmmi)to
present or offer 5th to sb, usually sth not very
god: She keepson dishlngup the sameoldjokes
tn hershows.
) B Y H ) ~ r y e d l U p
A noun must alwaysf
o
l
l
o
wup, but a pm
nouncomesbetweenthe verbandup.
v+adv+n+ v+pmn+adv
dispense~arspensl
di'spensewlth sb/& (JornuzOtogetridof sth;
to stopusingsblsthbecausetheyfit arenolonger
necessary: The progmmme dispmsed with its
mostmpuhr presenbm:o Thespread o
f PCs Ras
d i s p e d with tlteneedfirbpba
E
Jservices,need,requirement
Dispense with sblsth can be wed in the
passrve:Hisserulcesmn now bedbpnwd with.
+ V + P ~ P
dispose~ d r % ~ . - + m ~ d r ~ /
dl'rpose of sb to defeat or km sb: The lerrgw
champromquicklyd i s W of theopposibiom
e
' V + P ~ ~ P
dl'apose of 8bMh(&mas) to get ridof sbth
that you do not want: Shefried 60disposeof the
euidence. o They decided lo dispose of much of
the~rpropeq!
W waste, proparty,m r s e b
Disme of sWsthmni~
used i
n the pas-
sive: Emrare that all the uwte isproperly and
safdy dasmspdox
~ V + P * P
dl'spoae of sth Vormcrl)to s
u
-
y d d
with or finish wlth a problem, etc: Themjust
remainsihe m
i
t
e
r of funding D d i s m o f
E3E pmbfsm,W ,
argumentEfB dealwlth
sth(lessformal)
Dispose of stbcanbeused inthe m i v e .
Q V * V W P
dissociate/wsaiert,- ~ s e u s - ; m - ~ ~
(alsodlsasswlate /,dEsa'sauJiert,
-'-;A&-
'sou-/)
dls'soeiatayourself from e h t h0to
myordosth toshow that youhavenoconnectlon
with sblsth and do not support or agree with
thernlit. ThePmidmt dksodnted himseEffrom
Yhe report.
E
E
!
9 ~~~pu-tf wfthrW#tb
Qv+pmn+prep
dissolve/ a r ~ ~ i v ; r n - ~ & ~ /
dls"olve Into sth 1to suddenly starttolaugh
orcry:TheydissoIwdinboPLsof I
n
w
h
t
e
r oIdis-
solved tntogigsles. o m nInmentionedhk m,
she dissolved into team. laughter, glggles,
team2 tochangegraduallyintoavery bad state:
Htssurprke slowlydissolved irrtoJury
+v + prep
Plve 'In;,dlw 'Into s
t
h 1(IMrmat)to start
dolng sthwithenthusiasmandwithoutstopping
tothink: Shedived in withaqueslionW m I h a d
finrshed s p e a k i ~ .
o They h
o
ddived inlothe new
business without thinking S
t through. 2 (iqfor-
mu0 to start eatlngwithenthusiasm:Asmn as
t h e f d wus served, s k diued i n EEi food, dln-
ner dig In;dig Intasth
ev+adv + v+prep
"dive into s t h t o m o v e ~ u r h a n d q u t c ~ i n t o ~
such as a pocket or bag to try to h d sth: She
dtvedinioherhandhgfofthekqs,
mbag,WkOt
Q V + P ~ P
dl'ved nb&ouraekf ot sth (lbrmnrj m take
clothes o
f
f sblyoup8eIf:He swiftlydivested hrm
sev of hisclothes.
+v+nlpmn+prep
dl'wsl sblsth o
f ath(formal)t
oCake8th away
Mrn sbtsth: Themurl order divasts the m m p y
of all i b s w t s .
strlp sbtrth of rth(IpssfomI)
Q v+ dpmn+prep
dl'& yourself of nth @maul) to get d d of
sth you no longerwant or that is no longeruse-
ful: She manag& h
, divest hmwlf o
f the
unwnnledproperty
seealsoDIVEST SBP~OURSILF
OF STH
@v+pmn+prep
dl'vlde by sth if a number divides by another
numb,the second number1s contained in the
6rst anexactnumberof times:Dws 6l.Zdivideby
13' o 148doesn't divideby 12.
@V + P ~ ~ P
dl'vlde d h by 8th if you did& a n m k by
another number, you find out how many times
the second number Is contained in the first:
Whnt'sddlvidedbyFo48-3=1&
Q v +nlpron+ prep
dl'vlde Into sth fl a number W d e s lnto
another number, it is contained i
n the m d
number a particular number of times:DoRs3aF
divideinlo1270?
&V+WBD
dl'vlde 9
t
h Into sth i
f you W t F e a number
into another number,yw Rnd out how many
times the f
i
r
s
t number i
s contained in the sec-
ond+Onnyou div8e31Minlo12707
Qv+n/prwr*prep
dl,vldesthlsb 'ofF(frwmsthhb)towparate two
thingsor twopeople withabmiersuchasawd
orfence; toforma barrier betweentwothingsor
people:Afence dzvided O Ionesaof thegnrden.
o T-gul upa barrierlo diu& t h women'ss
w
tionoflfmrn themen's.
+v+adu+n + v+nlpron+adv
dl,vIde'up;dl,vldeabEsth 'up(Intorth)tosepar-
ate,ortomahsblsthse~ate,
intogmupaorprk:
D!via!eup into two f
a
a
m o They d i v W the chil-
dren up rnlogroups,o DiuMe upyour tmso that
yoar~n'ispendmo
fongonanyofIheq&ns.
+v+a& + v+nlpmn+adv
dl,vldesth 'up (
a
m
o
n
- m
b
)toseparate
d
l
- smth from 8thto separateam n ,
an id- a subject, etc. fmm 8th; 10 keep two
thingsseparate,They belied thutort should h
diuorcedfmpolitics. o Whenhe was dep-,
hefelt u#er[ydivorced@m reall&
EB sepamta sb/sth (fmmlandsthE
+v +nlpron+ prep
,divvysth 'up(ir@mml,especiatly.4mE) todiv-
ide or share sth,e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
y monw betareen a
numberof people: Theydiuuiedup She bzll.
B3 money EE)sharesth out ( a r n o ~ h w w n
sb)(mrefomnl)
+v+adv+n + v+prwr+adu v+n+&(mre)
doIdu;strongformdm/
(dwm/dnzIdld/&dl
dono /&I)
,do away with sbyoumelf ( W r m a O to kill
sbtyvurself:She Pledlodo away with h
e
m
v
&bv+adv*pmp
,doakaywlth &(#?@ml)TtogetridoCsth;
to stop doingor having sth: They'vedoneruwy
with the uniformat our schooI.IBB almllst~
sth
(mowJ~rmol)
2tomakesthnolongernmsary:
Computers have done away with a iol o
f the
mp?titiue w r k . E
E
)mllmlnatm ah: end sth
( h l hmomfirmafl
EmDo away wIth sth canbe used inthe pas-
sivp A lo$o
f the-TWO* muld m i l y be done
away with.
Qv+adv+prep
,do sb ' d m ;,doy ~ u ~ l t
'dorm(BEb*-
mu0 to criticke sb or yourself in a way that
makesthern/youappearmorestupidor lessable
than theylyoureally are:Don't do himobmn, he's
a good wtlre6oShe's always doing hemu
&wn.
EBputsbdmwn.putywddavn(more
forma0
Qv+dpmn+edv* v+ady+n(lesF~uent)
'do tor nbtsth(BYE,Wormantodamageordes-
troys
t
h
:toinjureorkillsb:
toputsblsthhasitu-
ation so bad that theylit have no chance of
returning tonormal: Thek t bout @pneumonia
m d y d i d f o r k
eV + P ~
F 'done for udj (i?&ml)
in seriousbwub1eor
danger;havingnochanceof succeedingat 8th:B
anyonerecognizesus,we're donefor? (= we w
i
l
l
not be able to e
s
c
a
w and w
i
l
l be in trouble) o
sth intoP
- andgiwone parttomchof anum- m e r three dayshappi in the cave they rho&ht
ber of p p l e : We diuided the work ug ~~ for (= they thought they would
u
s
.0 Themoney wasdiuiderd upnmongall three die)+
winners.
rnwork, v ,
Irn
+v+nlprm+achr v+adv+n
,do sb 'in (in$mmI)1 if 8th does you in. it
makesyou feel extremely tired: That'sdomeme
in, Iifafngall t hboxes.2 ( a h,40youwtl 'In)

47. (Irlfarmtrl, e s ~ h l f y
Brm to kill sblyourself:
When ure splrl up Ifilt like doing mysew in. o
WPskgetlboneinat theend of theJilm?
+v+nlpmn+sdv v + a d v + n ( m )
2alsov+pmnta&
b done 'InW (Wormnl)very tire& I&& a&
lulely &
r
e tn bytheendofthe&y!o Oomeond
sitdown -you laok domein.
,dolsth'In(BrE,idormnbtoinlmapartdyour
m y : Hedidhisback ingIqyingtennis+
Q v + dpmn +adv + v +a& +n (lessfreque?at)
E
E
ldo sbb ' h d In(BrE,Wormal)tomakeyou
feel confused, upset andlor annoyed: Shut up!
You'rvdoing my IaPadin.
,doyourself 'In=no SB IU 2
,dosth 'out(BrE, irsf~fmatj
ta deanor paint and
decorateamom,ahouse, etc:H
e3donethewhole
hollse out inyeilows and g
-
. o They ?mdthe
halIdoneoluinstriparbwllpapep:
&v+nlpmn+adv v+&+n
,do sb 'out of sth(ir&rrmmO toprevent8bfmm
getting or keep~ng
sth they ought to have, in an
unfair or d~shonest
way: She tried t
odomeoutof
my snlnerilance. o Theresi$entsof thehomehaw
beendomout of alot of money.
&v+ Wpron +a& + prep
,dosb 'wer(BrE,irbformnntoattacksband beat
them severely: T
h
e
y threutened mdo her owrif
shedldn'tpay,
@v+nlpmn+adv 4 v+adv+n
,do sth 'overIW E ,W
r
m
Otoenterahouse,
flauapanment etc. by force and steal things
from ~ t :
Igot back &findthe househad And done
over:=In this meaning do sth over Is Pe-
quently used in the passive. 2 (A&') to do 8th
again: Yourhndwrlttngtsmnressy-you'd&-
#r ah d
o
touer (= write it out again).0 I'm glad the
campaign toassucces$ub but I wouldn't want to
do rt over l
:
do sth apln; redo nth{morefor-
mn0 3 (Amm to clean or paint and decorate a
room, house, etc They'w done ouer the whole
store.
Q1,Sv+nlpmn+adv * v+adv+n
2v +ntpron+a&
,do 'up;,do ath 'up ( m I y BrE) to be I
%
tenedwith buttons, skaps, etc.; tofastenorclose
etc. to make it look better and more m d m :
They're lookingfor anold h o w sothat tmm
doit up.o We'wharing the kitchendonsup.
house Rn sth up (esp&ally Am&, decor-
ate sth re-te 5th
@v+Wpron+adv + v+adv+n
,do yourself 'up (informah to make yourself
more amactive by putting on make-up,attract-
ive clothes, etc: Shespent hoursdoing km!f up
for theirfirsla!ute.
Q v+pron+achr
'do with rblsth
eV + P ~ P
IIBdbemaw ' d m wHh H to hlsh dealing with
sth unpleasant,especiallyasquickly aspossible:
Just m r up the m m t and be done with it. I,
you, etc. eanWcowldnY be 'dohg wlth sblath
(nrE,informat)used to say that you do not like
sWsth and find themfitvery annoying: f can't be
doing withmplelike fhal. Q HecouldnY bedoing
with h
e
h
e
r untidiness I, you. ate. could 'dowlth
sthlsb vsed to sny that you need or would llke
sthlsb:Imuld do withadrink!
'
d
o sth with ah used with negatives and i
n
questions to talk about where sb has put 9th:
Whal haueyou &ne wi#hmy shoas?oI hven't
doneanything wrthyourWs(=
I haven't moved
them).
Q v + P ~ ~ + w P
'do sth with yourselfused in questions to tdk
abouthow sbspendstheir time:Slradmm't know
what lodo with herseIf whileIhey'reatschool.
+v+pmn+pmp+pmn
,do with'out;,do wlth'out sb/sthto manage
without sblsth. 4you mn't M
o
r
d a mr;you'll
just have to do wltiwur oI could do wiilhout (= I
wish I didn't have)ail this hassle.
go wlthout,go wlthout sth
Gv+adv hr. v+prep
,deb sb 'In(to sbl orm ma^ to tell sb about sth
bad that mother person has done: Kay m ' t
surewhohad dobhd her ina
,t hteachem,
Q v+nlpmn+adv
sth in this way: Thisskirt UD at the h c k o doleldwl:A ~ E
dwll
Cou~dyotr
doupmy dress?oican'tdo thezipup
BEljacket, butbns, zip IEFJhaten up,fasten
sth up(BrE):fasten,failten ath
lE3 undo,undo 8th
&v+adv + v+adv+n+ v+nlpmn+adv
,do sth 'up~(lnsth)tomakesthIntoagarcelor
package: Shewascwrying sonubooksduneupin
brown pnper wrap sth up (In sth) 2 ( e s p
ciallyBrE)torepair or dworateam m ,ahouse,
. .
,dole sth 'out(to sb) (Inform0to give moner,
fm0,etc, to a gmupof people: She p
u
i
* dokd
out t h e w . o T
h
emoneywas doled out to them
ona weekly basis.
money,bread,e t e
Qv+adw+n v+pmn+adv 4 v + n + a d v ( h
fwu@no
yourself 'up(In sth) (iruimnao to make
yourself look attractive by putting on fashion-
able clothes, doing your hair,etc: fikery F r W
shedollshersew upa n d mout Z
o
anightclub.
+v+pron+adv
bergst ,dolled 'up(ln ;rth)llrbfo-0 to Wget
ready for a special omaslon by puttingon fash-
ionable clothes,doing your hair.etc: Shewmall
dolled up in a black dress and par.%.01 got
dolledupfor tkahepnrty
betget+ v +a&
dopa/ d m ~rnEdoup/
betget,dopd'up(irv3nnal.
apacinlfy8
m
.
Q to
be in a state where you c
a
n
n
o
t think dearly or
act normaUy because ynu are under the influ-
ence of drugs: Some of the path& were kept
doped upmostq
f the time.
<abe/p3t*v+sdu
dose/ a ~ s ;
Addous/
,doses
-
m
m
f
f 'up(wfth ah)togiveswyOw-
self alargeamountof amediche: S h e d a d him
upwithaspirin and sent himlo bed
Dose sblyourself is usedmoreoftenwith
the samemeaning.
Q v + nlpron+adv
,do88 alboWa'round(EWE,irlformal)
to spend
your time doingnothingorvwy HiWe:Ewryone
do- ohut in geo~mphyclmws oHe jwt
do&amundfbraywr Wornhegotah4
+v+adv
, d m 'down(BrE,Irbformal)tosleeponthenoor
or somewhm unarmfortable because you have
nowhere else tosleep: Wedossed down on Thy's
@or aler thepar&
m bed&wn @rE, m 0 ~ f 0 r m
Dws is sometimes used with the same
meanlng.
@v+adv
be 'M
wlth 8
t
h i
fan area is dotted with
things orpeople, they are spread mound Insev-
em1plaws: ThehiiLs* wasdothi withh o w .
Q ~ ~ + v + P P
'dote on sb(also u r n m
b more^^ to
feel or show very great love for sb and ignore
thelrfaults:
daugMw/chlldlmothth.r.
Theydoteon theirda&gh&r:
etc.
Dote odupon ab can be used in the pas
srve:He ruasdofedon[hy hissk&n).
ev+ prep
doubleranby
'doubleas sth:,double 'up as sth tohavea
secondfunction inaddition tothe ma~n
use: The
garagedoubk?sashisworRshop o Theschaol set-
retary doubled upasthe nurse.
* v + p p 4 v*adv+prep
,double 'back (on youwlf, &.) to t
u
r
n
around and go back in the direction p u have
corneftom: Themadaheadwasflood@d~~lwhad
todoubleh c k lopndanother wuy around"o The
lrneof tmdoublesbackon &elfato bendtnihe
river
Qv+*
,double 'cwef,,doubfs sb 'over = wnme
UPIOVER,DOUBLE SBUPIOVCR (INIWITH STH)
,double8th 'werto bend orfold sthinthe mid-
dle+UsemA4sh&doub[edover
@v+dpmn+adv*v+adv+n
,double 'up 1(with sblon rth) to formpairs in
order to share sth: W
e
'
u
eonly got one nwmI
&
you'll h u e todouble up with f W a o There were
enough guihris65 to double up on pnrls (= two
played each part). 2 (on sth) (mm)
t
o do sth in
addltlon toyour main role'T h e ~ a m l w k l n g
for a singer who con &ub& up on guitar (= who
can alsoplay theguitar).
+v+adv
,douMe 'Up aS sth=DOUBLE AS 9TH, DOUBLE UP
AS STH
,double 'upFowr (Inhwlth 8thR ,
d
w
Msb 'up,
'over(irtrwffh ah)tobend your body suddenly or
be ,dmd anbouve,mund; ,
d
-
qulck?Y M u s e you are in pain, for example: to
a,bo und sth (elu Brm if things
makesbk n dtheirbody inUllsway:HedouW up
Wwithpnin. o Shedoubkd upwithIrrughte~
o The
Or mp'e are dotted abOntlamund'thgr are sn punch hithimin ihestomach,doublinghimo m
severaldifferent placesoveranarea:AIewIarm
ri +
"+ Npmn+ am+ "+ adv + (mtej
weredorredabout in the vallw.
++be+v*adv be+v+prep
doze/dawAmEdm/
'dotA onloverB;'dotB with Atospread vwy
small amountsof sth~ndwerentplaceaonasur- ;
d
m
'Off tog o t e s h h e a ~ i a l l y d m f i e
face:W t the sunaeam onyourface in tiny quan- H e ~ ~ f l d ~ ~ t k f i ~ ~
0 Jm
titm and rub rt m W ~ L
h t the iop of t h & ~ f l f ~ r
afew minutes ~~I dMn"thear
withsmollsmeLs.
4v +nlpm + prep
minein.
)arrr) ndoW(kdwma0
,+v+adv

48. ,dr* sb 'In;,
d
msb 'Into s
t
h to ch-
people and send them somewhere for or -special
task: Extra police are being d m M in to m m l
the c
m
L
O
d
S
.o Wlli(WlfS
wasCdraJfedlnro the tmm
toplayFmnw.
@v*arhr+n v+pmn+adv * u+n+adv(kssj-k-
qwnf)+ v+rllpmn +prep
,drag sth 'upto mention in a conmiion an
unpleasant fact&omthepast that sb would pre-
fertoforget:It alihap&ymn-ago. T W sm
point dmggfngztwmu oS h ' S d r a ~ ~ e d
upthat
storyj~ls?
loemburrasme.
E
E
9klng nth up
&v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
dragoon~ d r a ' ~ - /
dra'goon sb I
n
t
o dra'gmn sb lnto
dolng 9th (winenor h u m u s )to force sb to
,dw sbrsth(yourself rWahj to do sththatthey do not want todo:Weweredrag-
make sb or yourself stop doing 8th when oond intothefootball t
e
a
m
.
theylyou do not really want to:She wasenjoylng sb hta dh
h
e
r
s
e
v at the mrh.so much. I couldn'td m her usedinthepassive.
rnh a r sb/sWyoumlf away (fromsbbth) ,drain a'way(of feelingsorc01oum)to dleappw
6v + rdpmn-adv gradudy:hshelqyIn themumbafhalllheten-
,drags m h 'down1(tosth) tobrhgsbdownto
a lower standard of behavlour, ora lower social
or economiclevel:Ihlworried theotherchiMrm
will be dmmd down t
o his level (= bemuse his
behaviouris sobad). 2 tomakesb depressed
or weak:HerparenrP'conslantci+licm be~an
lo
drag herdown.
Qv+nlpmn+adv r v * a & + n ( l e s s ~ ~ )
,drag sblsth 'in:,drag aWMh 'Into Ith .
1to
make sb or sthbecome involvedin a dimcult or
unpleasant situation when they do not want to
l
x involved: When uwkm hr&m out m the
simls, i n m n t people om always dmgged In. o
Don't drug me infoyour argument! l n w h
sb (In sth)(more/ormr)2 tostart talking about
a person ora subjeclt that has nothing t
ndowith
what is being talkedabout:Do you have lo dmg
polilks intoewrymnversatton?
+v+nlpron+&v v+adu+n 4 v+n@m+pmp
,drag$6 'off00 sth!... ) to take sb somewhereby
force: I ~ ~ l s
dm@& off or to Ihakuchms
o m .
Q v+nlpmn+adv
,drag 'on(dWprouirng>ta proems v w sloww
and take tooIow Thedrry drug& on I?ztemin-
oblxoNeg01iations bet- the two sides
dmgged onthroughthesummer
Isuarlmonths,time, meetlng, dons
&v+adv
,drag 5th 'out to make sth lastlonger than it
shouId.Shedmgg& thenwtingmtforas longas
possible.
r
"pmlong.th(morefomn
v+nlpron+adu *v+adv+n
,dragsth 'out of sbto make sb giw you inFor-
matlon theydonotwant to giweyw: 3hqreuenm-
albdw&a mr&wion out of k
confession,hvth
@ v+n/pron+adu+prep
sron d m i d awuy.o The wlour hnd drained
awayfromkface.
anger E W fad.
+v+adv
,draina'wayfd;,dmltt sth a'wayILoW(m
nth) if a I~quid
drains awayloff,or sb drains it
awaylofF,itflowsaway:Xhe woLmdminedaruay
down the pluglaole. o f drained the h e r away
and hung up the bbwe 0dry. o figurative)Pay-
Ing far ptiuaie educationfor the children was
dminingawuytheir resourn,
@v+adv + v*adv+n r v+nlpran+adv
,draw 'back1to move away from stdsth, e m
cially sblsththat makes youfeel Matend:She
dmw k k f i m the windour in case anyone sow
hez 2(hornsthhomdoing&)to decide nottodo
sth, because you are afraid of what might hap-
pen: Thegovernmanthdmwn Wkfromm k -
inga commitmentloreformthevotingsystem.
Qv+adv
,draw 5th 'down(AmE, b u s h )toreducethe
amount of sth,especially mong: by usingIt m
d
spend~ng
it:Higher groductkn & wilI dmw
down cashgtziwfrom risingIarmprh.
mhmda
+v+adv+n + v+nlpron+a&
'draw sth from s
t
ht~ get 9thfromaparticular
source.Mamy aarltsis m
d
m
khaw dmmn their
Inspfmtioion~m
the landmpe oAt timesof crl-
~LS,
s , d m strengfhfrom wchother
EEI lnsplratlon,comfort,support
(bv +ntpmn+prep
,draw 'In (BrB(
&
b uwd In thepro@ve
zenseg)when evenings or nightsaredrawingi
n
,
it is gradually becoming darlter earlier in the
evening because wlnter is coming: The nights
amhtolng l n W nwu o Euening uxrsahw&
dmwingin. o Itwustheartdaf Septembmand the
days had begunsodmw in.
D clomaln E D d w e u t ( % r O
Qv+adv
,draw 'in;,draw 'Into 8
t
h (@speciallyBrE) if a
traindrawsin,ordramIntoastation,itslowly
enters a stationand stops at the platform: The
London Smin d m in late. o Igot totheheplaVorm
jtdstns themin mdmwing Intothestntion.
pullIn,pull lntosth
p2B draw out,draw out d 8th
&v+actv + vtprep
,draw sb 'In;,draw sb 'Into nth:,draw sb
'Intodolngsthtomakesb becomehvolvedor
take part in sth, althoughthey do not want to:I
didn't like the h
i
;
Whrm I stnri%d it, but the
stmnge story soon drew me in.o l Mupe lo bt
dmwnintuthis argunment
~omrersetlon,
dlscusmlm, mg- rltu-
alaon Involveab (In6th)
-This phrasal verb is often used in the
passlve.
@ v + d p m + a d v * v+adrr+n r v+nlprwl*p-ep
,drawsth 'Inif youdrawinabreath,youbreathe
deeply orquick& Shedrew inadeepbreathnt the
magimi sight of thecity belorn o He drew in hS
breathsharply.
E#3only dyour,m k benth
+v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adu
,draw sth M t
o tom some liquid from a
largeramount:Hedmwofluglassof L ~ R
&v+nlpmn+abr v+adv+n
,draw'on(ofatimeoraseasan)toslowiym:As
nrghldrewon, it b.anmchr heuxlsn'bwm*rg.
+v+adv
'draw on ah I(also 'draw upmt .th for-
m
a
ntousesththat youhave or that is available
to help you do 8th. The arrslgntnent asked us lo
draw on our m p r k m while rue m in Eng-
Zund, o I'll have todrawonnpv savingslomyfor
the mr EEiaxperlanee, work, resources,sav-
l n p , tradltbn IZEWDraw o m p n sth Fan be
used i
n the p~lssive
i
n this meanmg:Seclionsof
thcbookshould bedmwn anasrequirprl.2if you
draw on a cigarette or a pipe, etc. you breathe
smoke into your mouth kom it:He drew on his
crgal:E@iclgar,cigarette, plpe
@v + prep
,draw 'outW E )(wwllytrPedin 1Aeprogrt?~sfve
*ass) when evenings or nights are drawkg
out, It IS gradually becoming lighter for longer
in the wening because sprurg coming:
March theevenings starled drawingout.
W draw In(Brm
+v+adv
,dmw'out,,draw'outo
f ath( ~ l l y
if
a train draws out or draws out ofa statlon,It
begins to move and slowly leaves the station: I
arrluedinrime losethermlndmwIngOUI.4The
train drewslourlyoutof thestatton
BE)pullout,purloutof sth
EE9draw In,draw lntoath
e v + a d v + v+a&v+prep
,drawsb 'out.toencouragesbwho Lsshyt
atalk
freely:I W t o d m w hrrnoutonthesubjecld his
llfi in4prlm.
+v +nlpmn+adv
,drawsth 'outtomake sthsuchan a meetingor
an eventlast longerthanusual orlongerthan it
should: They drew the i m W w
r la over on
houl:o Thepnm?mis likely lo be dmwn out over
sewmi months.
Qv+nlpmn+adv + v*B&+n
b dramb'out (also ,Fomg4nwn-'out, 1oonB.
drawn Zessfwgwzl)d
jlasting longerthan you
expectortoolong.T
h
e
n
e
g
o
t
i
n
t
i
o
n
slumadigiculf
and dmwnaut. oIt was another long-dmlun-ouI
m
t
m
g
.
,draw sth 'out;draw sth 'out of stht
otake
money outof abankaccount: How mwhm
o
w
drd you draw out?o Seveml thousand p o d
hnd beendmwnoui@theacmunl.
taka rth out, bke .ffiout olrth;wfth-
drawsth {fromsth)(!?I~ref~rmUt]
@v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
v+ nlpmn+&+ prep
,draw'up;,draw sthrrs-tself 'uptocome
to a stop: to make sthEsb/yourself stop:A t
m
i
drew upoutside o He drewthe carupat t h m t
thx o He was walklng loluardsthedoor whena
loudkmckdmw him upsharply.
pull up;pullsb up;pullyouladl up
-# S W ~ S O
DRAW YOURSELF UP
@ v+ adv + v +nlpmn+ adw
,drawsth 'up 1to make orwrite sththat needs
careful planntng: M
y solkhr fs dmwirqg.Upthe
contrucl.o Clmrguideiimned ib bedrawn un
o We'wdmwnupuplanof action.F
S
lcontrack
wnwment,plan ZE) fonrmlat. sth (morefor-
mu0 2to brimg sth nearer to sblsth' Shedrew up
another chair and sat wzEh them o He drew his
h m upt~ hrschest. EEJchair, kneesEBl pull
ath up
6v+adv*n 4 v+dpmn+adv
,draw ywmeH "up togtand upvery straightso
thatyouareas tall aspossible: She drew hemelf
up fo herfuIE height, handsonhips, a d g h d
at m.
)
g
l
.
) p
l
lpuhwtf UP
+X ~ ~ D R A W
UP, DRAW SB~T-OURSBLF UP
@v+pmn+adr
'drawupcn stb =DRAW ON SPH 1

49. dream/drirn/(dreamt,dmamt/dremt/or
dreamed,dreamed)
,dream sth a'wayto spendtime in a lazy way
thinking about t h w you wouldlike to do but
notachmlly doinganything:She d mher life
awannevermllyachimmgunythi~.
E
mI b
ev+nlpmn+a& v+adv+n
'dreamof sth
@'+prep
EQwwldnr 'dreame
f *ttdof dolngahused to
einphaslze theract that you wouldnot eventhink
aboutdolngsth 'IhnYgowithoulme,
willyou?'?
wouldn'ldream of it!'
b un'dreamedo
fadj muchmomormuchbetter
than you thought was possible: udraamed-of
hGvlptf=-
,dream 'on(wh,
irgbmbused totell sbthat
you arecertainthat whattheyhaveJusta dwiU
not happen:Youm i apay r&?Dream on!
+v+adv
,dream sth 'up (Mrmal)to have an idea or
think of a plan, espxidy one that is not very
practiml: The schemeluas dr;eramerbup by a kml
busimstnun. o Trust you to drenm up a crmy
Sdw like this!
EEi Idea,scheme
@v+adv+n 4 v+pmn+s& r+n+adu(mm)
dredgeIW!
,dredgesth 'up(usuaUydhppivuing)1tomen-
tron sththat sb has forgotten or wants toforget
because ~t Is unpleasant or embarrassing: She
always dredgm up that embnrrnssingstory. B T i
the past2toremembersthor to do sth with dif-
ficulty.She wasdredging up the little she knew
about bnbres.o H e m a w e d todrerdgeupasmile.
&v+adv+n 4 v+pron+adv v+n*adv(Cess
f w w n n
dressI ~ S I
,dress 'dmnn
(mslh)to wear clothesthat areless
formalthan thoseyouusuallywearorthosethat
are usually worn in a particular situation: He
delihmrdy dressed down for the prim. o More
and MOW people are d r m h g downfor #heolfiae
thesedays.
E9 d r e u up(In
6v+adv
,dress sb 'downto critiche sb angrily for sth
wrong that they have done:Them-gmtdressed
down the newrecruits.
Qv+adv+n * v+nlpmn+adv
F , d m s s l q - ' d m n [sing.](oM-+whind, Iqk-
ma0 an ocmskon when sb speaks angrily to a
personbecausetheyhavedone sthwrong
,dress 'up(w Wsth),,drass sblyourseff 'up
(as ~Wsth)
to put on w i a l clothes in order to
pretend tobe sbelse:Thekids low drrssfng u
p
.o
ThqvdmssedIhernselw upasmrboncham*ers.
o IBrE) dressing-up clothes o (AmE) d m w q
clothes
&v+adu v+nlpmn+edv + v+8du+n(lsss
P@Qwnr)
,dress'up(msth). ,dm= yeursetf 'up(mrth)
to wear s- or more formal clothesthanyou
usually do w than those usually worn in a par.
tlcularsituation: hn'i bother todressup-mm
asyou are.o Shedrewedhenelf upinagmysuit
for hwurf appearam.
Bd m d m (In &
I
)
PEmDo not confhsethis phragal verb wlth get
dressed or dress,dress s b l y m e l f , whichjust
mean 'toput on clothes':Ijumpedout of bedand
got d&quickIy.
Qv+& 4 v+pmn+adu
, d m8
t
h 'up(as sth)tomake sthseemdifkent
or better than it rally is by the way that you
present it: You'resacktngm.Wn'tay W d s s i t
upcbs acareermoue.
+v+nlpron+adv + v+adu+n
,drift a'parttokmme lesscloseor legs B.ien$ly
with sb: O w #heyearswejwtdrtfkiamrt.
Q v+adv
,drift 'offto PalI adeep: She soon d m ORo1
driftedofl m s h p o n ihewJawh&Iwm watch-
z gthefootball.
E 9 daQaoW
Q v t a d v
drill/dnl/
,drill8th '#do
Sbto rnakesblearnorunderstand
sthbyrepeatingitftequently:Wehadmultdplim-
lion fables drilled intu u
sor rxhool.a T
h
e
r
e
'
sno
wed lo dn'll thrngs into them -thqr'll h r n a
s
theygo abns
EED drum9th Into sb
-Drill 8th into sb is often used i
n the
passive.
@ v + nlpmn+pmp
drink{8ttgk/ (drank /draq~k/,
drunkIdrmkfl
,drink Bth "own todrink allof sth quickly:He
fif7Iledn crrp with#Id water anddm& itdown in
omgulp.
Qv+nlprm+adv v+adv+n
,drink 'in sth ,drink iVnrem 'Into lwk at,Hs-
hentoor experience sthwith greatpleasureand.
interest:Shewanderedthestreels,drinking inthe
atmosphere.o Wesatgaringatthe viaw,drinkcng
11 all In.
E E l slgM, dw,a
m
-
, bwty
W A noun must always Eollw in,but a p m
noun wmes betweenthe verb and in.+ Drlnk
I
nsthcannothusedinthepawive.
+"*a&+" v+prun+adv
'drinktosbmthtowLhsWsthgoodluck,success
or happiness, 'by raising your glass and then
drinking: Theyalldrank lothe wlrpk'sheulth.o
'Thmn,qsmn anlyget&&I:'
l'lldn'nkto that!'
DEE) toast sbisth
Qv + prep
,drink'up:,drinkMI
'uptofinishallof adrWr:
Drink up If'stimetogo.o Drinkyour mflkup-
it 'sgoodJoryolr.
Drink sth upisnotusedInthepassive.
Q v+adv + v+n/pmn+adv 4 r+adv+n
drive/draw/ ( d m /drew;AmEdm/,
drlven/'dmm/)
'drive at #thto .tryto e~prescr
or saysth:h
a not
sure I understand what y
o
u
'
m drlvfng ar o
What'shedriuingat?
gPt at sth
EESElDrive atsthisonlywedi
nthep m f v e
tenses and in dim3 or indirect questions with
'whai.
O v + m
,drivea'waytoff;,drive sbmth a'wayrotfcof
a caror a driver) to go away in a veXicle;totake
sb away i
n a vehicle: Thecabdrowshwly a m
Q There'smmne to drive your car away und
prkit. o They~drrwnawyinapolimwvan.
+v+adr v+nlpmn+adv
,drive sblsth a'way (from tth)to make sb not
want to go to a particular place orbewith a
ticularpersrm:to make sWsth leavea place:Rls-
ingprices aredriving our cwtomm amy. o Hts
temper andhis uiuknt bzhaviour havedriuenall
hisfamily m a y
E
2
3 business,cua+omam
+v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
,drive 'off(ingoW to hittheballtobepinagame
Q v+adv
,drive'off;, d r hsbtsth 'off=DRIVE AWAY~FT,
DRIVESRISTHAWAY~OFFThew ~ n
d mfla
thigh
speed.o Themr mdrivenoff ats& o Then
h e d m h e r f l lotheairmm
,drive sksth '
&
, ,drive sbtsth 'off sth t
o
force sbfsth to mwe away h m a particular
place: The army wus driwn ufl by the fww
atlacks of the hek.o We were drlven ofl the
hiand by theheo w m
~v+ntpron+adv
+ v+adv+n r v*nlpron*pmp
,drlva'antocontinue&drivingeitherwithoutstop
ping or afterstoppingfor a shorttime: Wedrove
onn?UiIw
m
n
m
etoanopenwuarefulIof mres.Q
Pauh slop& to let PhiIM out of the car Wore
drzvingon.
Qv+adv
, d hl
l
b
l
s
t
h'out;, d MsbMh 'odof 8thto
make sblsth leave or disappear: They'rehop*
lhat their mnpetitiw p r h will driw out the
rivalcompany. o Theytried lodriveherout of the
u r i w .
+v+nlpmn+adv + v+&+n +
v+n/pm+adv+p-ep
,drone'on(abouts+h)totalkabout 8
t
hforalong
time in abaringway:I&yfell ashp whtk he
luasdroningon! o Shedroned onfor brm ahut
them 0 . f i h e p mt ? ~ .
(Bv+adv
drool~druw
'drool aver 8 M htolookatsblsthinaway that
showsyoumeandadmireorwantthemlit, offen
inasillyorexaggerated w a r He m d m l i n g all
overyou ait h e m ! o Theboysdrooled over the
smrlsmrsintheshowrwm
Or+prap
,dropsth a'round =mop STH ROUND
,drop a'way (amiall~
S
y
B
r
l
F
) I ff the ground
drops away, it slopm down steeply away from
where you are: The seabed suddenly drop@
away and I was wist deep in the wa#er:2 to
become lesssWngor disappear. HefiIt his dark
mood dropping away.
Qv+adw
,drop 'backif a m n in a group dmpa back,
they move to a pition further back behind
other people,&n becausethey are not able to
stay at the front: The original Ieader in the mce
has now drvppcd hck i
a t h i r d p h
EXl fall back
6v+adv
,drop be'hind;Prop bs'hlnd shth if sb
drops behind or drops hhiad sb/sth, they
move to a position behind other people: I;ls
d m p M behind lo w l k with Sam. o We mnnot
oflord todrop MMourconapei~tors.
fall behlntl,fall behlndsbtsth
Qv+adv + v+prep
,drop 'by ( a h ,drop 'mund BE, ,dmp a'rwnd
AmEI (informal)tolxy a short, informalvisit to
sb, often without arranging this in advance: I
justdropped byfocheckyouloereOK.o I'mdrop
pm$raund loKate's hm
,9*",call by( p s ~ l a i l y
BrE),stop by
S P ~ U ~ S O
DROP IN (ONSBIAT...),DROP INMITH;
DROP OVER
Qv+adv
PrOp ~ t h
'by(.he) =DROF STH IN (TO SB/SPt),
DROP STH INTO STH

50. ,drop'
I
n(on&
a
t
.
.
.
)
, ,dmp'Intosth(WmO
to payashort, Informalvisitto sb,often without
arranging this in advance: Drop In m y time
you 'repassing, o She drops in on her garents at
M oncea tuwk, o Idmpped ftrdothewflmshop
foraqurckdrlnkonmy m y home.
IEW call In
+!&?@Oh DROP BY
+v+adv v+prep
b 'dropinw[onlyMomnoun]u d t odescribe
a place where you can go without making an
appointment:ndraptnc e n M s u ~ I c 1 i n r c
,dropsbryoulaelf 'inRIBrE,informunto putsb
in a dimcult or embarrassing situation: SAegor
herself aut o
f muble by dmppinglaura init.
@v+nlprnn+prep+rt
,drop 5th 'In (to ~wsth).
,drop sth 'Into ath
(esperrnlly BrE) (AmE usually ,drop sth 'by)
(mn&rmnOtoddiversth, espec~ally
whenyou are
on the way to somewhereelse: She dropped the
report in on her m y out.oT
I
Idrop cr note in lo
you when I RMW the armngements. o Couldyou
drop my m
t Into the ckmr's on your way 50
work7 o 1?1dmp the b r a c ~ u m
by htm
ev+nlpmn+a& + v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+prap
,dropV n t u Sth =DROPIN(ON S ~ X T
...).DROP INTO
STH
,drop 8
t
h 'ht0sffi =DROP STH I
N (
M SBkTH),
DROP STH INTO =H
,drop'off T (ir#orma&espertuilyBrmtof dintoa
light sleep: He'salw~ys
dropping off infrwrl fl
t h e T T E B doze m
n
o
d off{i@oml)21Ta
number, an amount or a quality drops off, it
decreases: The numhm applyingfor member-
shiphave& 0 s faIf off
+v+adv
t ' d m w(h8th) n a decrease:Mamqrm w
e
mncerned by am n tdropof l
nsnles
seealso DROP-OFFatDROP SB~STH
OFF
,dropsblsth 'o9ftostopandletsbgetoutofacar,
etc.; to deliver sth taa place, ofIenwhen you are
ontheway to somewhereel= Ou[dyoudropm
4tJattheslaiion?oI'mgoingpslJunkhow-
I could dmp thecukeon:o Shedropped offsome
cbthesal thedry-chner9.
@v+nlpmn+adv v+a#v+n
b 'dropoff n a place where vehicles canstopfor
people to get out, or where sth can be leff, the
actionof doingthis:It ismskrtogelataxicrrpap-
senger drop-off points thun at fight arrival
Sfand%
+Wt U ~ D R O P - O F F
atDROP OFF
,drop 'out;,drop 'out d sth 1to stop taking
wrt In an activi& being a memberof a group,
etc: Smml membersof the learnhad todropout
at the h i minute.o She had lo drop out of the
mce h
a
v w y through.o The wmpany had lo
dmp out ofthe deal due to rising costs.BE0 pull
w*pullwtd.th:~rm(Immrth)(mom
formal) Zto1
- schml,college,unfvemi& etc,
without finishing your stud~es:
Shedroppedout
of collegeafteronlynfew weeks.oMuny students
drop out orfail h u s e they're MI en~oying
the
mum.3torejectthe accept4ideas,morals and
values of society: Them's a dunger lhat when
people lose therr jobs they drop out (of sockfy)
oltoge#M
@ v + & *v+a&+p-p
b 'dm- n 1a person who leavesschwl.ml-
legeoruniversitybeforethey havefinished their
studies: He might k be amElegedropout but he's
made a fortune in business. o There S a high
dropout mle from some wllege m u m . 2
(rrsunllyd b p p t w i n g , esp~&l!y RrE)a person
who rejects the accepted ideas, morak and val-
ues of society:Many of thetown'sd m m ahang
mund tlnesqmm
,dmp'orer(es&dlyAmEj tovisltsbfwashort
time at their home,without m & g atime in
advance: Ithink I'lljust dropover lo Jim'sfor a
while. o Whydon'tyoudropover ihisevening
pop orerfmund
+swahson~o~
BY
+v+am
,drop'round(&m =DROP BY
,dropsth 'round(BE)
IArrpE,dmprth a'rwntl)
(inJorma0 to deliver sth to sb's home, etc: I'll
dropthosepapprsround late^
+s e e a h m o p STH IN (TO SB~TH),
DROP ~ T H
INTO STH
&v +Wpmn*adv
,drown sbtsth 'out if a gwnd dmmm mt
sbisth, It is so loud that theylit cannot be heard:
Themwic wasplaying adfull wlume,drowning
outmnversatwn.o Herrep& urndrownadout by
apasszng motorbike.
lK!BJ nolss,sound,ruar, rnurlc
Drown sbfsth can also be used with the
same meaning:Her voim was drowned by the
rra~hing
wws.
Qv+adv+n t v+pmn+adu c v + n + a d v ( h
fww8
drum~ M U I
I
-
)
,drumsth 'intosbtomakesbremembersthby
repeating it often: He dnunnapd rmdsafe& into
them Wore lPliing them out on their bkycle$. o
Tmdit~]ml
uaItles m m drummed inb himfrom
an early age. o t had it drummed into me t h l I
shorsldrs'l talk tostmngen.
drillsth I
- sb
+vt nfpron+prep
,drumab 'out;,drumsb 'wtofsthtofomsb
to leave a group or an organimtion, usually
aecause they have done 9th wmng: He uxrs
drummedwfqf theclub.
~thmwsbout,thrmvsbolrtolsth
+v +nlpmn+adv + v + nlpmn+a$v+prep
,drum sth 'up to work hard to get sth: W're
fauwhlngacampaign t
odrwn morebusiness
o Wecouldn't drum up enough cmh t
o keep the
clubpmg.
EEl buslnws, ruppwt,customn
+v+adv+n + v+pmn+& + v+n+adv(mrP)
,dry 'off:,drym h'off;,dryyourself 'off to
becomedry;tomake sblsthlyoumIf dry: Weluy
besidede~Itodryoff
in thesun. o Youwnuse
this iolwl 50 dryyourseIf OR
o Idried the caroff
wrthasqflc[olh.
+v+adv + v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
,dry'out;,dry8b'out(in$~mn
toreceivehat-
ment to helpyoustopdrinkingalcoholor taking
drugs;tocuresbof drinkingtoomuch alcoholor
of taking drugs: Shewent Intoaclinktodry out.
Qv+adv v+nlpmn+a&
,dry 'out: ,dry sth 'out to become wry or too
d
m to make 8th become vety or too dry: WrrZer
rheplnntmgularlynnd don'tIedthesoil dry out, o
Themmdandihes~~nhaddriedoutmy
slrh
+v+adv v+nrpmn+adv r v+sdv+ n
,dry 'up 1 if a supply of sth dries up, it ts no
longer available:Thephn.masahm&nerd w k n
the money dried up..lsuarl Investment, suppty.
funds ran)run out 2(1nformn0to stop talking
suddenly becauseyoumnnot remember what to
saynext or arevery nervous: Shedriedupduring
the secondact. o I just d r i d up kulfway through
the interview.3(ir&ormnO used to tell sb rudely
lo bequiet orstoptalking
@ v+adv
,dry 'up;,dry sth "up1i
fa riveroralake,etc.
dries up, or sth dries it up, it becomes mm-
pletelydry: Thewelldried upfor thefirsttimeina
century. o The sun drierd up all #hepuddles. 2
(BrE, ir&md) to dry dishes after they have
beenwashed:I'lldiyup Vwu w h t h e d i s k o
H
e dried a11 the dkhes up and put them away
Dry and dry sth are also used wlth this
meaning.
6v+adv 4 v+adv+n + v+pmn+adv + v+n+adv
( m m
b ,dlled 'upadj 1mmpletely dry: mmped
ina dried-uprlverberi.2 [onlybeforenoun]Idis-
approv~ng)
(of a person) old, w
i
t
h many folds
andlines ontheskin,s
m
a
l
l
,
andmuallybitteror
bad-tempere4: Thelfbrarbawas a dried-up,bit-
teroIdmDn
b ,drying 'upn I
U( B E ,ir@ormaL)theactof dry-
ingdishesafter Pheyhavebeen washmi todo the
d r y i w U P
dumpon
........................ ~......................................................................
duek/ank,
,duck 'od,
,duck 'out of sth; ,duck 'out of
doing sth(informal) to avoid a responsibility
or duty, especiallyanunpleasant one:Sheducked
out o
f uislting him in hospital. o You have togo.
sodon't t?yducktngout.
Duck can be used wlth an OW
wlth the
samemeaning: &n't try t
oduck theissue.
Qvtadv * v+adv+prep
dudel d ~ d l
,dude yourself 'up( A d ,slang) to makeywr-
self more attractive andlry to impresspeopleby
wearing expensive or special clothes: He seal&
dudedhlmself upfw thepam
+v+pron+adv
dufflanft
,duff sh 'up WE.
Wormnk) to hit or kick @b
severe1y:Amupleqfguysd&hirnup
,sra,beatsb up
Q v+ nfpmn+adv
dukeldjwk;~m~du:k/
,dukeIt'out (wHhsb) (AM
slnng)to&ht with
sbusingyour handstightlyclosed: Youcan't set-
tkewryargumenlbydukingit out. 4 (figutotlue)
You'IlhawlodukeiIoutowrthe2astmok.k
+v+n+adv
dumbldnml
,dumb 'down;,dumb sth 'clown(dfsappm
trig) to make 5th too simple and therefore less
accurateandof poorer quali&,by bytryifigto
make
it easier Tor people to understand: The p w
g m m producers claimed they had to dumb
down. o Thenewproducer hasd y dumbedthe
showdown.
Qv+& + v+nlpm+adv v+adv+n
,dumbing ' U a mn IUjtheactorpolicy of mak-
ing sth trm simple and therefore leaa accurate
andof poorerquality
dummyr h i /(dummlom,aumm)rlng,
dummled,dummled)
,dummy u p p 0 t o s a y n o t h i n g : ~ h d u m ~
up,j u t trya Iittlepemziasion.
E
9 clam ttp
Qv+adv
dumpI ~ P I
'dump on s
i
b (shag)1to m t sbI
m
F
a
i
r
hespe
cially by givingthem toomuchtodoorunpleas-
ant tasks: ThebossdutnpsonJawandshedumps
on the junior ss48: 2 (Am.@ to criticize sb and

51. make them feel unimportant or stupid: Bu[l
dumpingonme. I h tryingmy kt.
Dump on ab can be usad in the passive:
W h y & l a l w s g e t d ~ o n ?
@V+P'BP
'dump on &;'dump sth on rib (slang,m w
ciully A m to tell sb all your pmblems: He
dumsonmeevmydimesheUuows
h i m . oShe
keepsphoning meand dumping all herproblems
on me.
Qv+prep+ v+dpron+pmq
dusttanst1
,dust sbMh 'down (BrE)= DUST s ~ m
OFF,
nvsT YOURSELF OFF
,dustSth ' d m(fim=DUST 8TH OFF
,dust yourself 'down(BrB1 = DUST SBE~TH
Ol F.DUST YOURSELF OFF 2 =DUST YUURSELFOFF
,dustsbrsth'OW,dmtrwrssB ' o f f ( m ~ n b
.dust ssblJth 'down, ,dust youneU 'dmrm)to
remove thc dust or dirt fmm sblsth/ywrself. %r
example with your hand ora brush: Shestwdup
anddusted h e ~ l r d o w n .
+SS?(lhDUST YOURSELF O W
ev+nlpron*adw * v+edv+n
,duststh 'off( B r E a h,duststh 'dorm)tobrlng
sth out after it hasnot beenused for a longtime
and start touse it again: Th@governm
bdlrsl-
ing off its phlnnsfor offshoregas and oil explor-
atran,oSome oj thir early songs have ker~
brought out Mddllsleddownfor re-rehw.
@v+adv+n * v+pron+adr * v + m + a d v ( h
Jmwm
,dust yoursew 'off (3rE a h ,dust
'down) to rewveraftera dlfEcult or unpleasant
experienceand begin again: APer evev d h p
pointmend I jusl dust myself down ond s
s
E
a
r
i
again.
S
@
@ U L ~ D U S T
8BhmOFF.DUST YOURSELQ OFF
+v+pron+abv
dwellrdweu(WR, dwkor#dled,
d w Ifed)
'dwellOA sth( o b'
-
1 u r nsth-
-
I
)
1tn think or talk about sth for too long, a
p
e
clally 5th unpleasant: It's limeyou stopped d m l G
ing on the m
t
.E E l t
h past, problems 2
Ilrleraryl to look at sthfor alongt h e : Hesrniled.
hrrreyesdwlling onh e r f a
* V + P ~ ~ P
ease113,
,ease 'back 1(busiraess)if pmfita, wicm etc.
easeback,they becomealtttlelower,w i a l l y
aftertheyhavebeen high: Thewmpany'spmfifi
eased backfmm £151milfinnlo E14.7miIIlon. 2
(on sthjif somebodyeasea b&ck
they goa little
slower,do sth with a little less energy,are less
strict, etc, than&fore: The r m p h y e d aggm
sively inthefirsthuvo
f thegame,but ~vereable
to
~ a s e
badr in theserond,o Thegovernmentshould
em?buck onfarming mtrkiions.
+v+adv
,ease'back i
n
t
o 8th;,ease abIpurseIf
'back IMo ath to gradually becomefamlliar
again with sthyou have not done for sometime;
lo help sb k o m e familiar again with 6th they
used to do: Smith isgmdunlly easing hck into
running &r his LWpfury. o It's time lo e m the
krds badtintotheschmIr0utiw.o Theeaseback
prams$ i
s designed to reduce thec
h
a
m of ra-
injuly.
-ts e e n b EASE IN'M STH, EASE SB~OURSELF
INTO STH
ev+adr+pmp 4 v+nlpm+adv+pp
,ease'Into d
h,ease sbmrsalf 'Id0sth
to gradually w e , orhelp sbk o m e ,familiar
w
i
t
h sth new,especially a new job: to m into
settrement o a mursefor easing w p l e into thP
w ~ o f
mmpuilng
+seeahEASE BACK INTO m,BASE SB~YOUR-
SELF BACK lNTO STH
@ v+ ;prep + v +dpmn+prep
,ease 'OH
1to gradually bewme less strong or
unplaasant: Eventually ttheminsfumdbeaseoa:
o The pain mwd off alter a few hours. 2 to go
sloweror makelesseffort:Heeased off in theh t
Inpandstillwn. BE0 slack OH
+v+adv
,easesb 'od,
, m esb 'outof sthtmmakesb
leave theirjob or position,especially by making
it difRcultor unpleasant for them over a period
of time: H
e was emed out o
f hisjob aspresand
tin!U d V M
Ease sboutisoffen usedi
nthe pasah.
Qv+dpmn*adv + v+adv*n +
v +nlpron+adv *prep
,ease 'up 1(on sth) to go slower or make leas
effort;to do sth less: Thedoclor told him t
owse
up.o I'd- uponthelruiningabit i f l ~ m y o u .
2 (on sb) to start being less severe with sb: I
thinkyonshouldeaw upon thekl$sa bit.
+v+adv
,eat sth a'wayto gradually damage or dwmy
sth over aperiod of time:Something was d i n g
away thefolinge. oSam o
f the stom had h?en
mtenowaybymllution, o Xhesao ismtingamy
thecaastlim.
+M?CI~SOEAT
AWAY AT STH
@v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+sdv
,eata W y d sbtoworrysbowralong~ioaof
t~rne:JeaIorrsyismrtngawqvrrl
him.
+v+ adv*prep
,eat aWay at sth to grad- rlamage or dm-
troysthoveraperiodof t
i
m
e
:
A,IIutlon Ismting
away at thestone.o F%m!mmt aleaway at #heir
relatwmhzp.
3SBe Qh
EAT STH AWAY
ev+adv+pmp
,eat 'Fn1tohavea med athomerather than ata
restaurant Are you d i n g in tmigN?maP) MI
wt 2 (also ,& 8th 'In) (espscloltyBrE) to buy
andeatloodateirestp~fant~
ratherthantaking
away to eat Is thtsfood lo erst in w take amyP
IEB take alh away(especiallyBrE)
+v +adv 2 alsov +rdpmn+adv
'eat Into 8th I to gradually damageor d e s w
sth: W d w n mhndmien into most o
f thefurnl-
turn Z to use or take away a large part of 5th
valuable, especially money or time: M y w
r
k
kgon loeat intothe weekends EE prolfts,time
Q v + ~ r e p
,eat'outtohavearndina&~rsnt,etc.rather
thanat home: Weateoutahwstevemnight.
E 3 dlne out 0
IEB eat In
v+adv
,eat 'up used to tell sb to eat quickly or to eat
everything they taw beengim:Eat up! You?[
be la@ for schwI.
3seeo hEAT STH UP 1
+r+adv
,eatsb 'upif anemotlonsuchasangw,
guilt,etc.
eats sbup.it wmmieathemd
lthe timeandthey
cannot think of anything else: The anger was
mtrng her up ins&.
BE)consumesb(riormal)
Eat sb up is oftenusedInthepassive:He's
eaten up by]mlou@
+v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
,eat sth 'up 1 to eat all the food youhave been
glven:Eatupyour b m l i It'sgoodforyou.+see
also EAT U P 2 ( i a f o m l , e~pecicllly
Brm t
o use

52. I n t m c h I n g a n d ~ o S h e t r W l o ~
Aim in mnwrsalion 6 He wus engaged in nut-
ninga smaII bwinm.
EEl advltler,remamh,h l w s ,mcu~lm
Q v + prep v +nlpron+prep
q m t l f hof Sth. fora m p l e fuel orelm
bicity:His exdravogorsoeheatingupourprqq?k
o Thewnmlly eatsu p m u g m .
&v+adu+n + v+pm+adv* v * n + & ( m )
- A nounmustalwaysfollowout,buta
pronounmmabetweentheverbandout.
1v+adv+n v+pmn+& v+n+adv(legg
.wmno
2v+adv+n 4 r+prcn+a&
2togradually spreadovermomandmoreof an
area:H m housing B slortlnglo e m h qmn
#&strrr0urldinllfie[hp.EEil tarrftory, land
*v + prep
end/end/ ben'gagedonmponsth(fond) todosth;to
be inv01vedindoingsth:He isemgugedonabiog.
elaborate~ f h b a m f
,ebb akay to gradually b m e weaker and
begin to disappear. His mnjWellceebbad mmp
E
E
Istrsngth,enthuslam,anwr
+v+adv
'endInsthtohavesthasanendhgora&adt:
Many adverbs i
n ElFglish end in -&aHis first
omnpt lo mn a marathon ended in di.mtm o
Theparlnershipbet- the ilwmmplnfescould
all end in tW# (= haveanunhappyorunpleas-
antresult).
EElfallum,disaster,-e, a draw
9v + prep
e'laberab onluponnthtoexplainordescribe
sth~namoredetailedway:
Hesaldhewasm@
ingbutdid not ehhomleonhism w .
EB) enrage on/upMlsth
Qv+prep
enlarge[malam;
A ~ E
-'~a;rdg/
en'large ompon 8th(!%rmaE)ro
say or write
more about sthyou have mentioned:I'll enlnrge
on thispmt later:
EZj elaborate&pon ath
+v + prep
,edgesbrsthWht ,dgsstusth 'outd 8thto
gradually move sb out of theirjob or position.
especially by takingtheirplaceyourseIr;tograd-
uallydefeatsb:&car@ul he dmnY & g e m orrl
of yourjob altogethm oShewased@ outo
f the
semi-mlby heryoungerrim1
~v+nlprm+actv v+adv+n +
v+nlpmn+adv+prep
,edge'up if prim,etc. edge UP,they gradually
increase:IqJhiionisdging up.
+v+a&
,end'up;,edbp doingsthtoreachmcometo
a panr~cular
place or situationthat you did not
expectorIntendtobein:HemaM upinprison,o
I don't wont lo end up m
r
s
e off shnn when f
o I -a Ill end uppaying, as usual. o
Byou dTtwlikeIhat,you muklend up dead'
flnlshup,finlskup dolng 5
t
hwlnd up.
wlnd up doIng sth(infor'mnfl
-In this meaning, end up k nearly a
l
w
a
y
s
used with either an adjwtive, a phrase begin-
ningwithapreposition, ordoingsth. *Notethat
thisphrasalverbdoesnotmean thesameasend:
C I m send at 4pm.
@v+adv * v+adv+lm
,elbow s b t h a'ddefout; ,mlbow a h t h
'OutOf 9thtoforcesborsthwtof apositionor
job. T
h
e story luas on Shefmt page, elbowing
as& the w
w
c
e t
a
l
k
s
.o Wrerlling elbouled judo
out of Ihe 1 9 9 G u m 0 H
e wm e l b o d out of
p o r n
Qv+erhr+n +v+nfpron+adr
v+nlprcn+&+pp
enqwf~ ( a hlnqulmesperdally~me)
/rn'kwmar)/
sn'qulre after sb (fornoto ask about ~b's
health oraboutwhat they aredolng:MY mother
enquired afieryouand thebaby
EL9 ask aftersb(less
forma0
Ov + prep
en'qulreInto sth(r%rmal, e s M U y B r Q totry
to findout thefactsabout8th: Them i t t e e a r e
enquiring intothe employment@childrrn.
IE3 Investigate8th
=Enquire into 8th can be used i
n the
passwe.
ev + prep
en'qulresth of sb ~ r m a t )
t
oask sb 8th: Hm
youa b l e t o m withus?sheanquira2 4f MIL
ev + s W + p r e p
m'barPr ohVupM Sthybrma0toatart todosth
new, imprtant or dE4cult: Xhe@wmnmi has
embarked upon a p r o g r a m of Mrm oHe
trawlledforaymct@omembrarkingongmdw&
studies.
rn~ ~ ~ , # r m * o o u r w , l w m y
QV+PWP
,editsth 'out;,
d
t
t
sth 'out of sthto
words or phrasesb r n a book pmgramme,etc
beforeit ispublished orshown:T
h
es
- mr&
rvere edited out (of she song).oHe must slw
d i l l e d a Ioro
f the ~teruie~u
out. oRead rhmwh
your w r k and Bdrt out anythiRg repcitive or
irrekmnt.
Qv+n/pron+adv + v+tdv+n
v+nlpron+adv+prap
endear/rnn&Nr);Ame-*/
en'dear sbtyourretf ta sb (tbmal)to make
sbtyourwlf loved or llked by sb:He lrurnngwl t
o
endear himutomyentirefami& o Thegovern-
ment'sreco~onmpbymentdic1rtotendear
#ten&
to the wtm.
+v+nlpmn+preyl
,mW 'out;,MW 'outoFSthif aplaa?em?
ties out or pwple empty out of a place. ~t
becomesempty of people:At I1.31)th mtaumnt
emptmfout (= peopleleftit). o m e n a p &
IwoulDfhbarsandcIrrbs.
Empty and empty sth arealso usedwith
this meaning.
b,v+adv v*ahl+prap
enterrenwr)/
,eW'OH
(BrE, A)a rude way of telling eb to go
a w ,USA
Insteadof hrdroff
Qv+&
'enter Into sth @mmfi 1(with sb)to begIn to
drscussordealwIth sth:T h ~ n m a n l
(
I
@
to enter ininto negotintiom,o The -Inm mn-
m
ienterinloany cormpondenceowrtheresulk
E
E
i
I nqotlatlons, correspon-nee, contract
Enter into sth can be used in the passive
in th~s
meaning. 2 (wlthsb) to begin or become
involvedin a formal agreement'Themwrnmnt
has entered rnto an agreement with the World
Bank, c I
f is ui@I that the be freely
enierad mio. E
4agreement= Enter into
sthcanbeused inthepassive in thismeaning.3
to asltuaticmorbe an importantpartof it:
Luck dm'tenter IJUO
it; I won h t m of my
skrlt EEZlIt
Qv + prep
en'dwv ablsth with ath (format)lto give 8b
sth, such as a prticular reaponsibill&
etc:Theyendowed thirchildmn with m r k a b b
names,o Thejob endow 11sholder with g ~ r
prestige.2to t o g l n e orbelievethatsblsthhasa
particular quality: Thqr endowed certain plants
wztha l W magam! healrngqwlities.
@ v+nlpmn+prep
be en'dovredd t h sihtonaturally h apar-
ticular s k i ,qualia feature, etc: He is endowed
wrlhboth ~Wllzgemearndgoodhks,
o muchines
endowd wzlhnmozingpowm o TheIshnds are
well endow& w r l h ~ n d s .
lakesandstmums.
(3 be+v +prep
,egg sb'on(todo~)toenmara9esbtodoSU!~
esmially 5thPOOH& orwrong: Egg& on his
classmates, he dimkd a bit h i g h o Theother
lads wereeggingthemonlofihl.
,svw,uge swathon (tosthbdonth)
Qv+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n
.empty stb 'out;,empty sth 'out d sth to
remowa
l
lthethingsfrominsideacontainer.He
mptied the h g outonsothe tuble. oDon't empty
t h bath w#er
out!o I uxrs askad fo empty every-
thingouto
f mypockets
Emptg sth is used more muently with
this meaningthanemptyathout
@v*n/pmn+adu v+adv+n+
Y *n/pmn+adv+prep
,eke8th 'owt1tomakeasmaUsuppIyofsthlast
longer by usingonly a M e at a t h e or by add-
i n g s t h e h t o i t : ~ e k e d o u l ~ s s n w t o m a k e
anotherm l E.3 Inmme.wpplles 2 ,eke 'out
nth, ,ekslVthem'Mil(litemry)tomanaget
olive
with very little money:She e k d outn lining by
selding what she could m
~
l
l
@
I
IIvlng, exlsb
encroach/n'lawt~;mm-/ 'enteronlup~l
I h(formantomake a starton
sth;toheginsth:T h @ ~ ~ w m y
mfmvdwr ape-
of sustarndgrowth. oIn 1991,heentered ugon rr
turbuIentpolil*rsImmr
-Enter on/upon be used in the
passlve
O v + m
en'croach on sth (aka em'crweh upon sth
moreform0 1 tou@pep too much of sb's t h e ,
personallife, etc.;to bginto affectsb: ShePled
lo prevent her laorkfrorn enmumhe ng&r on
her private l&. cut Into sth IfesPforntal)
an'gage In sth: en'gage In dolng nth:
en'gageab In sth; en'gage ah In dolng
5th (form0to take part in sth;to m
k
esb take
part insth:tobebusydoingsth:Mmrsengage

53. mltmm 82
............ ....-.....-.....-.....-....-... "-...-r...-....-mm..~-....-. .....-.. 4
entitle/ m w / expand~wsmal
cm"titlesb tosthtogivesbarlghttohaveordo ex'pandonsth(ahm'pandups.thmon?Jw
5th- This tickal entitlesyou to o@
e m L oAll mn0 to give more informtion or detailsabout
chzldran are entitled t
o edwtlon. o I think I'm sth you have said or written: C~uklyou
expand
entiikd t
om apbnatbn. onyourwrlkr~lement?
Entitle sb to sth Is offen used i
n the polnt,sMmmnt
passive. ~ E ~ p a n d r m h r p o n s t h ~ a n b e ~ h t h e
e'+
nlprwh+prep paSSlVC.
QV + P ~ ~ P
entrust/rn-,wt/
en'hustA t
oP:enWust Bwfth Ato make~b RXP'~'"
/lk'spleml
responsib!efordohgsthorfortakingcareof sb: ax,prain sth a'way t
o give -
n
s w b you
Jrouldn'fe W tmy chiwren lostrrrngem o &n should not b
eblamedfmsthorwhy sth I
snotas
you entmtanassistnmwiththetusk9 important or as bad as people think: How will
9v+ nlpmn prep you-mpLuinnwaythekmof twcars?
+v+adu+n + v+nlpmn+adv
equateIikweW
e'quak to 8th to beequalto8th: Do my @@- *w larl(e'naorWbm,w
c a t i o r r s e q m t e f o a n y i n y o u r ~ ? o P r o d u c , ~ s b * u p ( ~ l , e s ~ l I y B r ~ t o I w k a t s b
tion m
l
sjor the mouieegllntad toam& 90% of an a way that shows that you are interested in
income. them,espec~ally
inasexual way:She'seyeing rn
ev+prep u p m a s a p o ~ t L ~ Z c ~ ~ :
oHemeyeingupalE
e'quatesthwfth athtoam sit^that 9thisthe t h m n a t h m
s r n a s s t h e l s e , o r ~ u a l h v a l u e ~ ~ ~
(4~+nlpron*adv+ v+Bdv*n
Heequahs- with malerialroenlth. ,eye s
t
h 'up (iwarmal, emiulty B ~ B
to look
+v+nlpm+prep clmly at sth,because you want it or are inter-
ested IIJ it: Am you eyeing up that struwkrry
etch1 4 1 tart?
be 'etched Intoron ath: be #etch& M -Have -we On * a glmuar
sthifafeeh~isPtchedinbo~sb'sficemsb's meaning.
face is etched with a particular feeling. that *
feeling can be s+en very clearly: TrrPdm ond
despair wereetch& inlo hisfwe. oA~n~hea's
face
wulosetdwi withhomz
@ be+v+prep
O
X
6
i01 etched on pur -Pmlnd if
5th 3
s etched on yoar memorg,youremember
it because it hasmadeavery sbmg Lmpression
on you
,ewn 'Out ff sth maxi oat, it bmmealml or
steady after a period when it has gone up and
downorchangedalot:Themthev@nsoutfurlher
on. oHouseprim willewniuully euenout
Qv*adv
,evensth 'outtospreadsthqequallp overanum-
berof peopleoraperiodof time:Shetrkdtoeven
o v t t h w o r k a m o n g t h e ~
@v+adv+n v+rdpmn+adv
,evennth 'uptomakeasituation.acompetition
etc.moresqual:fllgiaeyou anotherfiE5.t will
euenthingsupabit,
+v+n!pmn+sdv + v+&+n
face/fers/
,face sb 'm
(a@aEly AmQ to o p w or
defeatsbbydealingwiththemdirectlyandconii.
dently: ThePmidenl is*mined toface down
hwcsitics.
Qv+adv+n + v+Wpmn+actv
,fa- '
d
m
$ (sprt)toslart a game suchas
Ice hockey: The t
e
a
mf a ORat 2.30.2 to get
readytoargue,fightor competewithsb: T h e m -
d&iesJnce flinaDenwmt~cprimary
lodqv,
@v*actv
t 'face-otl n 01a methd of bglnnlnpa
gamesuchas icehockey2anargumentorafight
,fa- 'onto sth if a room ar a building faces
ontosth,thewindowslookinthatdirection:The
frontbedroamf m o m a mainmad.
ev + prep
,face'uptosthtoacmptanddealwithad~dt
orunpleasantsituation:Whenbshegoing t
o
w
up to her erpomibilitifS? o He mustfaup to
thefact thnt he Lsno Icmgeryoung.
m f a c t , maltty, problsm, rerpwntblll(ho
E
@
square up (tosblsth)
W Face up ta sthcanbe u
& inthepasaive:
Thrsproblemhasgot to b e J d uplo.
+v+adu+prep
,factorsth 'En:
,factorsth ' I d a ath(especially
AmE) to include a particularfact or situation
when you are calculatingsth,or thhkhgabout
or planning sth: Whenyou &hut& the wsl o
f
the mpnirs,you forgot 50 fclor in. the h b o u o
~ L c t w a t h ~ , f s c t o r s t h o u t o f ~
@v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv v+nlpmn+prsp
,fador sth 'out:,fador sth 'oul of sth( w p
clally A m to not lnclude a particuLar fact or
situationwhenyou arecalculatingsth, orthink-
ing about or planning sth: When tnmi~onis
factoredout, thetruded@ilfell12.8%.
EBlactorsth In.factor nth Intoath
(3v+nlpron*adv e v+adv+n b
v t dpron+a&+ prep
fadelre~a~
,fade a'way 1to gradudly -me l w ~lmng,
clear or f'cequent and disappar H
i
s fbohteps
gradwily l
y aawaj oHer enthusiasm wrll
m n fade away dle away Fade can
also l~ used with this meaning, especially in
more formal Engllsh.2 (of a person)to become
weakeranddie:She'sfadingawy mpidly.
.(bv+adu
,fade'In;,fade8th 'InS
f ssoundorapictureina
filmhovie, etc. fades in, or sb fades it in,it
graduallybecomeslouderorclearer
@FB fadeout,tmde ath out
e v t a d v + v*nlpmn+adv r v+adv+n
b 'Me-tn n[Ul[Cja
n actoP graduallymakinga
picture appear at the beginning of a scene In a
filmnovie
,fade 'out;,fa& 'outol 8thtobecome quieter.
weakerh
etc.andgraduallydisappear. Theptvtest
eventwlly~adedout,
o She looMastronr5 mndi-
&to, but f h e n f i ouro
f theglcluw.
e v t a d v + v+adv+prep
,fade'out,
,fadesth 'cutif asoundorapicture
i
nafflm/movie,etc.fades outorsbfadea it oat,
it -dually becomes quleterorIese clew. N w
theend o
f thesonghefadedoz8t#hamusic.
E
E
?fade In,lade sthIn
Qv+a& + v+n/pmn+adv 4 v+$du+n
b V d d nm ][C]anactof graduallymakinga
picture disappear at the end of a scene in a
Almlmovle
faffifref/
,faHa'boutra'mund(&En spoken. ir&mmD to
wastetimedoingunimportantthingsandnotget
very muchdone:Stopf4mngobout.
Qv+adu
,fake sb 'out(AM,
lr&rrnal') t6deceiveo r ~ c k
sb:tomakesbthinkyouaregoingtoda onething
and then do anotherHe thought I wasgoing to
turn L$zV bubIfakedhim oul.
Qv+nlpm+adv + v+adv+n
- l n W
-Into
9
% -on
-on
-out
-oveT
-m
m
-to
-under
-upon
,falla'bout(BE,W m l )
tolaugha Iot: Wea
Z
I
f e l l & v t o t h e r ~ . o H e ' s r s r d e 6 0 ~ a u d ~
andyettheyfull about krughing.
@v+adu

54. fall rparll 9
. ....... .....................,r......... ..........................................................
,fall a'part 1 to be old or in bad condltlon and
break or break into pieces: you buy cheap
shoes, they'llfail w r t after apw months.oMy
dictionary is fulling aplrt now I've used it so
much.,sra,comaapart 2to havesomany prob-
lemsthat it isnolonger possible toexist or oper-
ate: Thewlnalecountry'sfalliwnpart. o@r my
marrrage@Iloport Imowdaruay. 3(IrbformnOto
have so many problems or worries that you can
no longer think or behave normally: Ifel2 aplrf
whenshe left
@ v+sdv
beIrhtlngapsria
lthe'searnstohavealot of
problemsand be startingtofail
,fall a ' w y I(from sth) to break off or separate
from a surface: Thepiaster wmfulling away in
bigchranks.2(ofland,aroad,etc.) toslopedown:
Theground falls away abruptly t
othe right. 3to
gradually disappear:Gradually,allhiscamand
worriesfeil aluay.o When thingsgot d@j%utt,his
supporlem allfill awuy. 4 (esminllyBrE)to get
less or smaller: T
h
e number oJ appilcanls has
f a d h atmysharply. + seea h FALL oFF
Q v+adv
,fall'back1to fail tostaywith peopIeat theh n t
rn a race: Betis M $een lerrding, butpif $ack
wilh lOlapsloga dmp ~ ~ C ~ + % U ~ F A L L
BRHIND, FALL BEHIND SBISTH
2 to move or turn
backawayfrom stb or sb: Whenthe 6rmpsm o d
forward, the mtvdfill back. EE3 retreatEmore
forman 3 (BrE,finam)to decrease in value or
amount:P
r
mroseby morethan 10%kforefall-
ing backslightly
6v+adv
,fall 'back on sbtsth (a& fall 'back upon
sWrth moflfirmab to usesblsthwhen the situ-
anon is dimcult or other peoplelthings have
failed:H's very hard you haw nufamily tufali
back on. o He muld almysfaI[ k k on his old
jokes.
+v+adv+prep
Tallbackn a plan orcourseof action that you
canuse~fsthelsefails:a(al1hckposltbn
,fallbe'hind;,fall be'hlnd stusthtofalltostay
with other people or things,especially ina race
or competition Ifillfurther andfurtherbehind.
o The indwhy isfalling M i n d t h rest of Eur-
ope. o Hefell behind therestof theclass.
BE)drop behlnd,drop hhlnd sblsth
+ S ~ ? ~ ~ S O F A L L
BACK 1
e v + a d v v+prep
,fair be'hlndwithtln8thtonotdo sthorpay5th
at the right time, Shefell behind with the rent o
He beganfolling behind ~nhrsschmlum*.
EEl payments.ach-l wwk
ev+adv+prep
,fall' d m1tosuddenlystopstanding: lthoughr
thewholehou.wwasfalIingdown. oHerlegs were
so weak that shefell down on her knaes.2to drop
to the ground: His tmllsers lwrefailing down. o
A lumpof them~fmgfelldown.
3(onLy&in the
progmssiw 6ases) (of a building) to be in
extremely bad wndition: It's a h u t t f u l house
but it'sfailingdown. 4(ofanidea. an argument,
a method, etc.)to be shown to be not true or not
good enough That's wherethethmyfaaIlsdown,
@v+adu
b 'downfall n the loss of sb's power,position,
money,etc.;the thingthat causesthis
,fall 'down on 8
t
h (BrE,informal) to f
a
i
ltodo
sthcorrectly orsucoessfully: Thesuggestion was
that hewasfuIIing down onthejob.
mjob
Q v + a d v + p p
'fall for sbtsth (&formal)to be amacted to
sbtsth, to fall in love with sblsth:He(ell for a
youn,estudent. o Wefellfort?ufarmho~a$$00~
u
sw m w tl.
9v + prep
'fallfor sth(inform0tobe trickedintobeliwing
sth isme when it is not: Youdioln'tfotlfir that
old trick,didyou?
ev+vrep
,fall 'In9 if a rooforaceilingfalls in, it drupsto
the ground: Therwf of thecavefell In. 2 (ofsol-
diers)tomow into aline EEBfall wl
Qv+adv
,fall 'In wlth ab ( W o r m 0tojoin sb: to become
lnvoIvedw~th
sb:Shefellinwitha badcrowd.
Qv+ adv +prep
,fall 'In wfth sth(BrE)to agreeto or supmrt a
plan oran idea,especiallywhen youdonotreally
want to: He alwuys e
x
m
t
sme tofall in wrth his
phns.
plans alongwfthsbtsth
+v+adv+pmp
,fall'IntoHh1tobegintobeinaparticularptate:
Hefill rnlo a deep sleep, o Thetramwayfill inm
disuse in the 1920s.o We mustn't fall into this
ermr (= make thls mistake).oH
e
'
s fallen inlo
arrears with the mi I=he 1
s late in paylng ~t).
f
E
!
l
dlsuse, dlsmpalr 2 to begin to do sth or
become involved I
n 8th: Ifell rnto the hobit of
having a nap ufter d i n m o Shefell into mnuer-
satwn with her neighbut E E i the hablt of...,
convematlon3 to be able to be divided into sth:
Computeruirvsesfull intothreebrwd mtegories.
E3 two gmups,throe categorlea, gte. 4 to
belong toaparticular grouporclass Only25%of
pwplefull[ into thkgmup.EiJcategory,gruup,
class, ek.
+v + prep
9
:
_,,.....*,,....................................
.
,
............................ ......*... ...-....
,falli'ofttodecrease inquantiwor qua1ity:AM-
ance has fallen off mntly. o The smdurd o
f
ciwking~lloff
whentfheokichef l&.
l
E
!
B dmpofl
+S S ~ ? U ~ O F A L L
AWAY 4
+v+adv
t 'fall-off (BrE also 'falllng+ff less fm&)
(Inlof sth)n [sing.] a decrease in the quality of
sth:afull~fl
ina ~ ~ ~ e l i n l e r e s d m k s
,faall 'off:,fall '
o
f
fsth if something falls off or
falls offsth, it becomesseparatedfromthething
~tis joined to: The dmr handle hasfallen o
no
Put theplchm upproperly -w don't luani it to
fall o r the wall.
Qv+arh. v+prep
Tall on s h t h ( a hTall upon ablsth morefor-
ma0(especiallyB r a 1tobetheresponsfbilityor
duty of a particular person or organization:
Most o
f the mst fell on us.o Wha Re died, the
responsibility o
f she bw'nes-fdl on his son. 2i
f
your eyes fall on sbisth, yw suddenly see or
notlcethemlit: M
y eyefellon a ktler she had Wt
on the iubk 3 to attack sblsth w
i
t
h energy or
enthusiasm: The childrenfill on lhelood with
cripsof delight. om u m t t w )Hefill on thedmw-
ingsand exmined themclose& BEl tood
@v + prep
,fall'Out 1(of hair.teethe k )tobecomelooseand
drop out: The chemothmpy mQd@ her halrfal!
out. 2 (wfth sb) (werlabut sth) (esp&llyBrE)
to have an argument with sb and stop being
friendly wlth them: It's not worth falling out
a k u l this.o Why hnvejmufallenout withhim? o
Theyfell out ouer their father's wrll. 3 (of sol-
diers)tomoveoutof lmes E
5
9fall In
CJ v+a&
b .falling-'outn [sing.](@.special&BrE)
aquarrel:
We'whad abitof afaEIing-out.
b 'falloutn [UjI dangernus(radlmctive)dust
that1sinthe aird e r anuclear explosionor acci-
dent 2 the bad resultsof a situation: thecurrent
crrsisand itspolitica1faIlouI
,fall 'overtobe unable to staystandingand fallto
the ground: (especiallyBrE) H
e bst his balance
andfell o m o Hisbrkefeflo m
@v+adv
,fall 'aver sWsth to hit aWsth with your f
o
o
t
when you are walking or running and fall or
almostfall: Mind you don3fill ouertheboxes.
)av*) flsp over rblsth
9v + prep
,fall'm
yourself t
odo sM (iqtkndjt0be
very eager to do gth:Remrding cumpanh were
fnllingouerthemlm tosignthehe8and.
,fall 'throughto fail tobe completed:tonot hap
pen:O w lravelplans havefillen through. 4 The
dmlfill through.
EiBTdeal
@ v*adv
i farm
............................................ ~
'fell ta sb (to do ~ t h )
to become the duty or
responsibility of aparticularpemn: TheFaSkof
telling them the newspll m me.o It fills lo the
piice to emwe that demonstmlurns are well
organized.
Qv + prep
'fall to sth;Tall to dolng sth ( I i m y y )to start
doing sth: Little Red Ridlng H d orid the w
2
.
f
fell totalking. o Theyfell toit ~uithgrrsto.
v +prep
'fall under I h1toMongtoor beinduded ina
particular group of things: Whul heading do
thesel
l
e
mfail under?BEl headlng2to begrn to
be controlled or influenced by sblsth:ImIizedI
wasfalling u d r her spell. o Theedumtion
syslernfell under the mntrnl of the church. FEZ
spell
0v+ prep
'fall u r nsblsth =PALL ON SBlSTH
familiarize( u b f n m ~ h ~ s e )
~ f a ' r n r l t ~ l
faknlliarlzesbrywrself with sthtoteachsb
about sth orto learnabout sth unt~l
you know it
well:Ifamilbrlzd myseEf with eaeryow's name
wore themeeting.
+v + dpmn+prep
fanlf;~n!(-m
,fan'Quttospreadoutoverm~hmaoentral
point:Seamhersfamed out ouer the a m where
themiss~ngchiIdmla~t~ee~
o FivemntnrondP
fan outfrum the vilIcrge.
Q v + &
,fan sth 'out if a b W faas out its feathers, it
spmdsthemout: T h e ~ k f a n w d o u t
i
t
?
, lail.
&v+adv+n * v+rdpmn+adv
,fancy 8th 'upw5
worml)to make 8th look
more attractiveby addingdeeoration toit:I@W-
~eduplhedresstuiih~~me~rls~
o YoudonSneed
tofamy upyow webgages.
+v+&+n v+rdpron+adw
farm/fam;AmEfam/
,farmsb 'Ovt (msb) (in.I%rmul,dhppmving)to
arrangefor sbyou areresponsiblefor,especially
a chtld, to becaredforby otherpeople: Whenhe
was little, he was @en farmed out to farnib
p
l
e
n
d
s
.
gv+ntpm+adu + v+adv+n
,farm sth 'out(to sb) (imfoml') to sendor gfve
work to other people to do: W e f ma lot o
f the
workout toothermrnpanias.
Qv+rdpmn+adr 4 v+adv+n

55. ,faea'round(BrEa h.
h
r
tanbout)
(A,
s h g )to
wastetime, especially by behaving inasillyway:
Slop~rrmgaround
and behaveyourself!
A more polite, informal way toexpress this
i
s mess around or, in British English, m
e
s
s
about.
Qv+adv
'fasten on skth: 'fasten 8th on s M h if
your eyes fasten on sblsth,or you fasten your
eyeson sbisth, you lookat them for a long time:
A
I
L eym in t h m m fasten& on me,o Shefa$
&nedhergazeonhim.
@v+p-ep 4 v+nlpmn+pmp
'fastenoniontost)l (also'fwten
up011sthmore
Jormn .
1to hold 5th firmly: The c M ' s j a w
fmfe?xdon the gazelle3 throat. 2 to choose sth
and gtve it all your attention or merest: When
shefaslenson onW ,
them'~mSlOpping
her E E i
Idea,word,fact
Qv+prev
'fasten sth ontonto s M h to direct feelings
such asblame, hope, etc. towards sb:The blame
h n ' l beenfaslendonrrnyMy yet.
!
E
lblame,hopes
Q v+ nlpmn+prep
,fasten 'up;,fastensth 'upU3r.E)to close+
orto
make sth close, with buttons, straps, etc: The
dressfastens upat t hfront. oFoslenyourjacket
up- it'sgertingmld.
ESIljacket coal BBl do up, & ah up ( e s p
crallyBrE)
E E H'Fasten and fasten sth can also be used
w ~ t
hthe samemeaning.
Q v+a& v+nlpron+adv r v+adv+n
'fastenUponstk=FASTEN ONIONTO STH
fathomI.-!
,fathomsblsth 'outWrE)tounderstand howsb
thinksand acts;to find an explanation for sthth:I
Mn'E fathom her out -she says one thtng then
does anoihr o Have you fothomd out how O
work tlw Videoyet?
mworksb0OWt:~SthWt
=Fathom sblsth out is not used in the
passive.
@v+nlpron+adv
fatteny f ~ t n l
,fatten'up;,fattensbisth 'uptobecomefatter;
to giveananunaloraperson a lot of focdsothat
they becomefatter: T h e s h pf a t t e d upguickl~!
o We'refattening theIrwstock upforslaughtm
@v+adv + v+n/pron+edv v+adv+n
fax/fa?ksI
,fax 'in;,fax 8th 'Into send a fax I
=
a message
sent using a machine that sends and rece~ves
messages or documents along telephone wires
and then prints them)toan organization, acom-
pany,a television or radioprogramme,etc: View
mare invited tofax in with lherr mm-. o
Ordersmnbeeitherphnedorfoxed inlo US.
+v+adv + v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
,faxsth 'on(
t
oswsth)tosenda fax(=amessage
sent using a machine that sends and w i v e s
messages or documents along telephone w m
and then prints them) that you have received to
sbelse for them to seeor deal with: PIeoseemaiI
orfm this onloafriend.
,faxsth 'outtosendafau(=am
e
s
s
a
g
esentusing
a machine that sends and receives messages or
documents along telephone wires and then
prints them) to a largenumber of people at the
same time: Drqft propos~kwrll befaxed outfor
commentat Wendof Muy
@v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
,fax s
t
h 'through to send sbafax I=
a message
sent using a machine that sends and receives
messages or documents along telephone wires
andthen prints them)w ~ t h
detailsof or informa-
tion about sth
@v+nlpron+adu + v+adv+n
fearl ~ r ) ;
A ~ W
'fear for s M h Ilitemy] to be anxious or wor-
rledabout sblsth:Ifmrforh.?rsc&t o Whenhe's
awaynlsea.IrwlIyfearforhim.
E
S
JIb+
safety,future
Ur+prsp
feedm
u(M, M/Fed/)
,feed 'back(lntoltosth)if sthfeeds backtorinto
sth, it returns to the place, situation, idea, etc.
that it started fromand has an sect, usuallya
good one, on its development: Rising import
prices tend to J
d
bacR into d o m t f c prices. o
What the a z d hsaysf& k k inta the dew!-
opmento
f theprogramme.
+v+adu
,fed sth "ck (
t
o sb) to give information,
advice or opinions about a product, sb's work.
etc.,especiallysothat it canbe improved:Wewill
fad this lqformalionbock fo the campon$ o The
resultsof fheleslswill befedhklo theschmb
IBB lnfonnatlon
Q v +ntpron+adv v+ adv+n
b 'fssdbaclrn [m1
information, advice or opin-
ionsabout how good aproduct, sb's work,etc. is:
We got a lot o
f positive feedback about the p m
gmmme. 2 an unpleasant now? pruduoed by
some electrical quipment when some of the
power returnstothesystem
,feed8
t
h 'In;,feedA 'into8:Teed IBwfth A
to put sth into a machine: You'll Med tofeedthe
m w in by hand. o lo feed irlformtbn inm a
cvmputero He fed mins into the meteK oHe j2d
Ihemier withcoins.
+v+nlprwr+adv + v+adv+n r v+nlpmn+pmp
'feed mlM ath 1(of a
n animal,etc)tollsesth
as food: to eat sth;to be nourished or strength-
ened by sth: T
h
i
shtf&onfruit. T(
@
e
n dhp
proving)to become stronger becauseof 5th else:
Tharndiafeed4ffwchother:rsioriPs.
+v+prev
,feedYhrough(to sWsthnntoM)
:toreachswsth
aRer going througha process or a system:Rfses
inpricesfeed through to higher ruogeclaims.o It
willtnke timfor the higher mlestofeedthmugEn
to invesetom
+v+abv
, f e dsb!sth 'up t
ogiveextra foodto aper-
son or an an~malto make them stronger and
momhealthy: Youlmk asif you needfeedingupu
blt.
+v+nlpmn+achr + v+adv+n
'feed B A = FRED STH IN, FEED A INTO B,
FERO B WlTH A
' b F for sb to have sympathy for sb: I mllyfilb
for her bringing upher chl[drenalone.oI dofeeee[
foryou, honest13
QV + P ~ P
,feels b ' u p ( ~ ~ ~ t o t o u c h s b i n a s e ~ ~ l l 1 w a y
whenthey donot want youto
@v+nlpmn+&
,feel'upto 4tk ,MI'upto hlng nth tafeel
capable of dolng sth, physically or mentally: 4
you feel up lo it, we could wulk inio awn.o I
don't w l ! yfee! upCoseeing anyone.
Qv+adv*prep
,fencesb 'Intorestrict sb'sfmdom: W'ue h n
fenced m by rulesandregulatfonsfiriw long-
hemswath In
EEZEIFencesb inisoffenused inthe msive.
Q v+Wpmn+edv + v+adv+n
,fence eth 'Into surround sth with a fence: The
grnund.7 oref e d i n by turbed wire.
IlEZFlFencesthin isoftenused inthepassive.
@ u+rrlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
,fence5th 'offtoseparateoneareafbmanother
w ~ t h
afence,o h tostopm p l e o r animalsfrom
entering: W e ' v e f e d off the vegetablepatch to
slop therabbitsfrorngetting im
Qv+adv+n +v+dpmn+adv
,fendfor youl'seltto takecareof yourself w
i
t
h
-
out needingany help Sromothwpwple: Wem m
brought uptofendforoumlws when w werestill
quiteyoung.
Q v+~rep+pmn
,fed sblsth 'otfto defend or protect yourself
from sWsth: The mink## had tofend offsome
awkwi-d questions.o She mnaged t
ofind her
attackersoflprsometlme.o She heldup hrarm
sofend himoJj?
attack,q u d o n ,cdtklmm
&v+adv+n + v+pron+adv + v + n + a & ( b
W u e n t )
,fewel'out8th;,ferretlMhem'outllMrma0
to discover sth by searchingthoroughly or ask-
ima lot of questions: She's determined loferret
out the truth.
E E lnlorrnatkn,tha M h
A noun must a
l
w
a
y
sfollowout, but a pro-
nuuncomesbetween theverbandout.
Qv+adv+n + v+pmn+adv
fesst f e ~ t
,fe!ss 'up (to *
)
!
(
t
o ab) (about sth) ( W r m a l ,
especiallyAmE)toadmit that you have done sth
wrong: Comeon,&sup. Iknow ther~'ssumthing
you 'renot tellingme. o How many s t o h CUR
drd
theyfess upto
own up(to sthltodolngsth);comka (to
a t h h doingnth)(mom
form0
@v+adv
fetch~fet.r/
,fetch 'up (Wormul, mmAally BrEj to arrive
somewhembychance:Thebwlpm[g
fetchedup
an a sandy beach oH
e muelled around Europe
fnr a mhiIeandfinnlly- upinNaph.
I
s
r
*
)Bnd up
@ v + &
fiddlej ' ~ d l /
,fiddlea'boutm'rwnd( B E ,inj%mi)
tospend
your time doing nothing or doing5ththat is not
Important:H@'sfiddlrgaivundin t h e ~ a m ~ e .
EE) messarwnd
Qv+adv
fight/fad/(fought, fought /t?xt/)
,flgM 'back(against sWsth) to defend m I f
sith actions or words when sb attacks you or
causes you problems: T
h
t Wrnfought back lo
w m thegame. oDon't let them buI@ y
o
u Fight
bock)
+v+*

56. Ilght back 8
3
..---
~.---~---~.-----
.......~..n...........
............................. ..........
,fight 'baek sth: $lgM Mhem 'back to !ry
hard not to show your feellngso r not to do sth:
Shetried Zofight back thetears.
EGtears, urge
W A noun mustalwaysfollowback, butagro-
noun comes betweenthe verb and back.
+v+adv+n v+pmn+adv
,ffght 'down 8th;,fight Wthem 'downto try
hard not to show an emotionthat you are start-
Ingtofeel: Hefought down arush of punk. oShe
fought down theanger that mrising in her
EEidealre,Impulse,panlc
W A noun must always follow down, but a
prurloun wmes betweentheverbanddown.
6v+edv+n v+pmn+adv
,fightsbtdb 'offto resistsWsthor makethemlit
KO away, by fighting against thedit: She man-
ag& to fight her nttuckem oflo The company
fought off loughmmp?tition
attack, Illneaa
@ v+dpmn+adv + v+adv+n
,ffght 'out Wh
,fight Il 'outto fight or argue
about 6th until it is settled: Wernrrslny interfire.
l
a
b lhemjight ft out between t h e m h s . o The
lwmsJolyeht out a DOdrnu~
battle,StrUggle,d m
W A noun must always follow out, but a
pronoun comesbetween theverb and out.
@ v+adv+n v+pmn+adu
figurerfiagr);ArnEafi&ar/
'figure on sth:'figure on s h t h dolng nth
(mnformal,
espmialIyAmE)to include sth in your
plans; to plan sth: We hudnY fiBured on n long
delay at the airpon. oI f i ~ u r e
on being in New
Yorkin January.
<3 V+PBP
,figureS b M h 'outto cometo understand sMth
by thinking carefully: I muer couMfigure him
out. o Canyoufigureout whut'sgoingon?
B
!
B work sb out:work stt~
out
=Figure sblsth out is often followed by a
questionwordsuchashaw,what, why,etc:Imn7t
figureout why he quit hisjob.
6u+nlpmn+adv v+a&+n
,figure sth 'outto calculatethe total amount of
sth: Haueyoufg&outhow m h i t wIILcost?
work 8th wl
Figure sth out isoftenfollowedby a ques-
tlun word suchas what,how much,etc.
Qu+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv
,file eth a'way to put papers, documents, etc.
away in a placewhere you canfindUlemeasily:
Everything is~?M
a m yin drawem.
&v+rJpmn+sdv v+abu+n
filljnz/
,flll 'In(lor sb) to take sb's place for a short t h e
and do the work they normally do: Who'sfifling
infiryou whfleyou 'matmy?
Qv+adv
,fill sb 'In (em ah)to give sb all the detailsabout
sth that has happened: Can you Jill me in on
ulha~a~nhQppenhgwhfkI~asalutry?
Qv+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
,flll 8th 'In 1( a h ,fill sth ' o u t e l l yAmE) to
complete a form, etc. by writing information on
it: You could fill in an applrmtion firm now o
Fill fnfhe Blank- wflh aneof thesew~sds.
o
I've l$t gaps on the sheet for you lo fiII in the
details. fwm,dstslls 2 to fill sth, such as a
hole, a crack, etc. completery with a substanoe:
We'll h u e to fill the holes in with cement.
hob, crack 3 (espchlly BrE) to spend time
while you are waiting for sW5th: How shall we
fill in the time until hearrrves?
Q v+ adv+n v+ nlpmn+adv(~~~
,fill 'outt~ become larger, rounder or fatter: 7%-
baby's~IMo~bu
lot m t l j
+v+adv
,fill sth 'oul Ito make sth larger or more mm-
plete: We'llneed 60Ji1I thestoryout lomakeafull
pageankle. 2(especiallyA m 0 =FrLL STH IN 1
Qv+nlpmn+adv 4 v+adv+n
,fill'up;,fllll8th 'upI(withs W M ) I
facontainer
or a pTace fills up o r sb fills it up, it becomes
completely full: Themtaumnr wap kginning to
fill up,o She filled her g h s up again. oPeople
began$Ilm~upfhee?npty m
L
s
.X(wlthsth) tofill
your vehicle with pelrowgas,etc:Ineed tofill up
wrthpelrol kfore zue go. o Fill the lank up with
diesel.
+v+adv + v+nlprm+adv r+adv+n
b YII1-up n ( A ~ E J
the action o
f Wing sth, par-
ticularly of fillingacar with petmugas
,fillablyoumdf 'uptogIvesbalotof fmlsothat
they feel full; to eat as much as you mn: The
m l s at school neuer fill me up.0 Eat lots @
pasta tofill yourself up.
Qv+dpmn+&
filtert~rlte(r)/
,finersth 'outtoremove5thh m a substanceby
passingit throughaspecial substanceordevice:
Useasunmom lofilterout ultmvloletmys.
Qv+adv+n a v+nlpmn+adv
find/famd/ ( b u d , found{faundo
'findagainat sb(lawjtodecideInacourt of law
that sb is guiIty: T
h
e murr feud againrrl the
defendant.
@v+ PWP
91
...
........
.....-,.......
,
,
,
.....,
,
,
..*. .-,........... .....
........
..............................
Y l d for sb(lnru)to decide inamurtof law that
sl~
I
sInnocent: ThejuryfouIKdforthed@endunt.
QV+WP
find 'out(about sthlsb,that....how....ok),,find
sth 'out(about sthlsb) tolearn a fact, a piece of
information, or the truthabout s t h b : Sheruon'l
be happy when shefindsout a b u t this. o 'Whnl
drd she s
o
y
'
' You'lI find out s w n mugh.'o
When dfdyolrjEnrIou! [that)shewas dl? o Jneum
found out exactly what happened.o Howdidyou
findthatout?
W Find out isoftenused w
i
t
hquestionwords
suchashow, what, whw,etc:lllmkmea whilelo
Jrnd out wlmt he was rmlly like.oDid you ever
p
n
dout whd did it?* If you &d sth oat, you do
soeitherby chanceor byaskingor studying,You
can dIscwer a pi= of information that other
people know but you didn't. You can also dis-
cwersth before anyoneelsedoes.
+v+adv 4 v+abu+n v+pmn+& c v+n+adv
(mm)
,flnd sb 'out(hform) to discover that sb has
~E+XY
dishonest or has done8th wrong: fl you're
everfoundout,you'llgo toprison.
W Find sb out isoftenused inthe p m a h .
Q u +nlpmn+a&
finishI
T
r
n
r
U
,flnlsh 'off
(wfth&), ,finishsth 'off(withM)
(~nformnI)
to have 9th as the last part of sth; to
make sthend bydoingoneIastthingrAffmn deli-
ciousrnwlmfinkhedfl with mJTeeand mints, o
The#nc@lJinished off with the h n d ' s late9hit-
o Thebandfinishdoff theshow wtth their latest
hit. oI how lo go now can I leave you tofinish
oflo Her outfit mfinished4ffwith nnuyshaes.
IEIHFinish and finish sth are also used with
almostthesamemeaning.
Q v+actv v+nlpron+adv v+a@v+n
,finish sb ' o f f ( i d o m ) tomake sbsounhappy
tired, etc. that they cannot continue what they
are doing Rwnniw m thud heal nearZyfinished
hrmoff
W Finishsbcan alsobeused withalmostthe
samemeaning.
v+nlpron+ adv v +a&+ n(m)
,finishsbMh 'off(ir&m)*I
todestroy orkill
sblsth, eswially sWsth that is h d y i n j d :
Helhought the soldterswould cvmbackandfin-
u h hlm on: o Weought lofinish thepwr unimnl
on: o (tigurative)The businesshad bmfinrshed
off byfimncinld~ulties.
2(insport)todefeat a
person or team that you are campetlng against:
Agassifin~hed
him oflin threesets.
&v+ntpion+sdv + v+adv+n
,finish 8th 'Mltowmplete sth:I'mgaingtotry
andfinrsh ofl my work tonight.2 to use the lsst
part of sth,especiallyfodordrink:He'sJinisW
ofl olI the Icecmm!
t flrm off
........
,
.......
,
,
.,
.....,
,
,
,
....,
,
,
,
...........
........
........
.......-........
.................. .
m
F
l
n
t
p
h &his d with almost the same
meaning.
Qv+nlpmn+& v*adu+n
,flnlsh 'up 1[* adI/pmpF ( o h pnish u p dahg
sth) (fsp&ufI~BrEj to reach or come to a par-
t~cularplace,stateor
situationafteralongseries
of events, often without planning it:Helost con-
trolof th.e m r undfinlshd up in the r i m o She
slorttd out washing dishesandpnwhed up nsa
chexo Theyall ~ n t h e a n d I f i n i s h e d
updo~ng
most oj the ckaring up. i
3
E
9 snd up, end up
doing sth; wlnd up,wind up dolng 8
t
h (infor-
man mIn th~s
rneanlng,finish up is always
used s ~ t h
either an adjective, a phrase begin-
ning w~th
a preposition, or doing slh. Note that
finish up does not mean the same as finish:
Classespnishat 4pm.2(AmE)tocomplete what
you are doing; todothelast part of sth:l'llfinish
uphereandjoinyou Iah?,:
Q I v+a& 4 v+a&+-lng
Tv+adv
,flnlsk 5th 'up(es~In1ly
A ~ t o d o t h e l a s t p a r t
of sth:tousewhat islei? of sth: Hestayed hornem
JTnrshuphisassignmmi,
Finish sthup isnot used inthepaasive.
+v+a&+n v+pmn+arhr a v + n + & ( k
fwuent)
Inish wRh sb ( i q f w r )1(BrEJto end arela-
t~onshlp
withsb:I'uefinishedwithAn6onia. DE3
break up (wkh m
b
) 2 to stop punishing sb:He'll
neverdo that again oncel'vefinished with him!
QV + P ~ ~ P
'flnlsh wRh sth 1to no longer need to use sth:
Crmyou washyour cupluhenyau'vefinishedwith
117o Cnn Ikeeprhebook a Iittlp longer?I haven't
finished with ityet. W FinishwithBth is usu-
ally usedinthe perf~ct
tenses m this meanmg. 2
(BrE,informl) tostopdomg sthbecauseyou no
longerwant todoit orenjoyit: Hemidhempn-
ishad withfoolball. Finishwith sth16usu-
ally used in the perfc'cttcnscs or in the form be
finishedwith sthin this meaning.
QV+PWP
fire/Tara(r)/
,fire aWay (spoken, W m ) used to tell sb to
begin askingquestionsor tobegh tom k :'Can
l askyou wmgu&iorr~7"Fhu~y!'
Q v 4 m
,fire sth 'off Ito shwt a bullet from a gun: He
firdfla uolbqr o
f shots. BEII gun, shot2 to ask
a lot of questions, etc. quickly, one &r the
other: He fired off a wries o
f qwSIwns.BE
queuthm3towrltealetter, report,etc. quick%
oftenbecauseyou areangry:Shewouldfire o r a
letter of protpsl in t k morning. letter 4 if
youk eoffanm i l ,you sendit:I'mgoiq tofire
4ffone m i l toa newsgmyp.K
F
3ernail
+v+adv+n r v+pmn+adv 4 v+n+adv(mrp)

57. ,Are sb/sth 'upto makesb/sthbewme excited or
enthusiastic about sth:The mnnngerfired th@
team upat hawtime.
+v+nlpron+adv * v+adv+n
,fire sth 'up1IAmE)to light a Rrr; to make sth
hot: I Z I get the burgen-youfire up thegrill. 2
( e s ~ i a l l y
AmEjto makeanengine start operat-
ing:Shefireduptheengine. E
B
lenglne
&v+adv+n 4 v+nlpmn+sdv
flrm~ m ; ~ m ~ f s m t
,firmsth 'up( a h,Rnn'uphsfreqllent) 1if sb
firmsupan arrangement, an agreementetc, it
W m e s more definite or less llltely to change:
I'll phone on the25th lofirmup thedetails7the
meetrng.oPrices willfirm up hler Ihis yeru:EEl
plans,agreement2tomakesth,especiallypart
of theb
o
d
sharderor more solid: Theseexercises
will8rm upthosedtfficulla m q f your k d ~
&v+adv+n + v+pron+adv v+n+adv(mre) +
v+adv
fishtmt
Wsh for sth (often in #hepmgmsiuel
e
m
)
totry tomake sb tell you $th,
saysthnicetoyou,
etc. by asklng them a question: Areyoufishing
for wmplimnis?
E!Ei lnforrnation,compnment~
an@fefstti
ev+prep
,fish sbtsth 'out: ,fish gb/sth Mt o
f sth to
take or pull sblsth out af somewhere: Hefshed
some change out of hi% pocket. o Several days
later hwmr wasfished outof thriuer
Qv+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n *
v +ntpron+adv+ prep
fit/m(nttlng,fitted,Rthd,AmEusunllySyffnlng,
fitRtexoept Inthe passive)
,fit 'in[withah)if sthdts in,It looks pleasant or
suitable with other things or in a particular
place: The buikling M t fit In with the sur-
roundingarea.o 1:'san old horn, but ourfumk
lurefitsm w U .
@v+adv
,Rt 'In;Ft'intosth1tobethe right sizeor ahape
togo in apartlcularplace:Willall~urfurniture
fit in?o ThepianoumuIdn'tfifindothemm. 2 to
liveorwork easily and naturallywith agmupof
people: Tim neuerfitlerI In ai college.oJanejit-
s t d la weflwiththerest of thes~oShe'sfit&d
inlo the tmmwell. 5 to have a particular role or
part in a plan,a situation, etc: Whered m ReJt
rn'o I like ro know wherelftF in and what I have
lo do. o Wheredo131intoall Ihi.9
&v+adv + v+prep
,m&lath 'in:,fits b t h 'Into sth 1to find a
place for sbtsth, espscially when there is not
much space: We mn'tfita sofa in here. 0 Wewill
try mfit you I
n somewhere in the organization,
DEEl get sb In,get rb lnto sth; get sth In, gel
sth lntoath2 to managetofind time to seesbor
to do sth: Then u m willfir you in b e t m n other
apporntmrs. o How da you manage to fit so
much intoyourduy?
&v+nlpron+adv r v+adv*n + v+dpmn+prep
,fit 'In with sth 1if an activityor went Bt8 in
withsthelse,theyexistorhappentogether in an
easy or convenientway: Myjobfits in with look-
ing qfsermyfarnil? 2 to adapt to what sb else is
planning or to sb else's way of doing things:
Tw'vegotbo h r n tofit in with our rnedhds. 4
I'rLfirinwithwhntyou ~ n 5
mdo.3toagrw with
ideasor information that you alreadyhaveal~~ut
sblsth: Thal fits in wzth ewqlhing I've hPnrd
about he%
Qv+&+pmp
,Rt sb/sth 'OM( a h,Rt sb/.tk 'up)(Wnth)to
supply s b t h with the dothen fwd, equipment,
elc. they need:Theshiphad to out Wore
the myage.o the high wsr of fitting.out o m s o
Wefitfedhimout withawtof dry clolhes.
W
t sbMhout ISoffenused inthe passive.
Q v+adv+n + v+nlprwa+adv
,fit sb 'up(for sth)(BrE,irgfoml)to make sb
appeartobe guilty of a crime that theyhavenot
committed: m y "retyhg lo fit me lyl fir the
theft.
)SYHI fmmm ub(morpformaO
&v+nlpron+adv r v+adv+n
,flt s h t h 'up(wlth ah) = FITSEI/STH OUT (WITH
STH)
fl~lhkpl
'fix on sth to decfde to choose sth: We hawn't
f
u
c
d onadalefor tkmtingye#.
FEE)decldeodupon ath; settle mnluponsth
QV + P ~ ~ P
'flx sth on s h t h if you Ax your eyes or your
mind on sbtsth, you look at or think about
themlitwith greatattention:Shefixed h r mon
hisfm.o HISattenth w a s w o n a hrgedark
ca,:
E E l eyes,
gaze,athmtlon
W F i x 9th on sblsth is oFten used in the
passive.
&v+ nlpmn+prep
,fix sb 'up;,fix youmetf 'up(hfommr)1(with
sth) to a r r a n a for sb to have sth; to provide sb
with 8th:Icunmyou up withmmwhere losiup
o I h p e she mngets h e r s e i f w u p with ajoh
In Informal spoken language Rx sb up sth
is also used: Cunyou& m rap an appointment
for tomorrow? 2 (wlth sb) to arrange for sb to
meet sb who might become a boyhend or girl-
friend,My broihermys he1uanbm-eto& him up
wrlhoneof myfriend%
i,seealwnxYOURSELFUP:PIX STHUP 1;PIXUP
TO DO STH,FIX UP FOR 88 TO DO STH
+v+nipn+adv v + a d v + n ( k s s ~ ~ O
,flx sth 'up 1 to arrange or organlze sth; to
m n g e for sb to have 8th: Hew you &@dyow
holmby up pt?o Shall we~ L X
up a meetingfor
nextw
e
e
k
?
m
meeting arrange sth +Me
( I ~ P I X UP TO DO STH, FIX UP FOR SB TO DO STR 2
(espinlly AmE)torepair,decorate,etcarwmof
ahouse: T
h
e
yspentMaWfiing up theirhow.o
Wejixed up the onit esastudy.E
S
Jhame, room
lB3 do sth up (Brm3 (espetkllyBrE)to build
or make something quickly, to make sth ready:
We&edup ashelterforlhe night.
+v+adv+n r v+pmn+adv v+n+adv(hs
J e p U t )
,fix yourself 'up(
A
m
,
infomO to makeyour-
self neat and attractive: Canyouwoit?l'lljlrslgo
andfirmyse-Y UP
seeah FIX SB UP, FLX YOURSELF UP
+v+pron+adu
,fix 'up to do sth:,flx 'up for sb t
o do sth
( B E ,yformcrb to make arrangements to do sth
or far sb to do sth: He'sfixed upfor her loseethe
doctor on Thrarsdny.4I'm fixed up with the
schooltostmi in&pft?mk
BE) arrangsto do sth;arrangefor abto do
sth
4 S ~ B I I ~ O
AX STH UP 1
;FIX SB UP,FIX YOURSELF
UP
+v+adv+toinf v+adv+prep+dpmn+lolnf
,fix sb with s t h (fornoif you IIX
sb with a
look, etc., you look at them directly for a long
time: Shefixedhrrnwith amMslare.
@ v+ nlpmn+p g
,fizzle'outfirm0 tofailor toend in a weak or
disappinting way,often &er having started
skongly. The mmancefizzLd out offer a month.
e Themupattempt scwnfizzled out
Qr+adu
flagtnreal{ a - 1
,flag sblsth "own to signal to the driver of a
moving vehicle to stop, usually by waving your
arm: He managed lojlag down apzsing motor-
ist. o The mlice amp jlngging abwn all heat?'
g c d s vehicles.
ElWxtlcab,motoristE?Bwavs sbl8th down
Qv+adv+n r+nlpmn+adv
flake{n&t
,flake 'out(tnfbrmao1to collapse or fall asleep
because you are very tired: I was so e r h a ~ k d
that I&ked out on thesofa.2 (AmE)tobegin to
behavein a skmge way
Qv+adu
flarelflea(r);Aml%fler/
,flare 'up 1 (of flames, a 51% etc.) to suddenly
burn morestmngly:ThefirnMred upRYI rrdded
more wood. 2 if fighting, tension, anger, etc.
flaresup, it startsvery suddenlyandviolently:
Vrolencefkmd up in seueraI cities,o Thedispute
multdfiw up into a major crrsm. 3if a person
flares up, they show sudden anger towards sb:
HeJhred up in afury and shoutedat he^ 4 if an
illness or injury flares up, it suddenly starts
again or becomes worse: Her asthma h f l a ~ d
upagain
+v+adv
r Tmrwrpn [usually sing.]1a sudden expres-
son of anger, violent feeling, etc:the [ntmtmm
upW w e nthetwocountries2 anoccasion when
an illness or injury starts again or quickly
bmmes worse
,flash sth a'round(also,flmk ath a'boutR P ~
cmlly BrE) (disapproving)to show sth valuable,
especially money or jewellery to people, or let
them see it, to impress them: St0pflashing.w~
m
o
maround.
+v+nlprwr+adw
,flash 'Lack (to ah) if your mind or your
thoughts flaah back to sth that happenedInthe
past, you suddenly remember rt: M
y mind
flashed back tomyfirstd
a
y atcollege.
Q v+adv
b 'flashbackn 1[C]nT1a scenein a filmhnwie,
bwk,etc. which showssththat happened earIier
2asudden,veryclear,strongmemoryof sththat
happenedtoywinthe~stthatissa&youfel
that you are living through the experience
again: She still has nightmores and vividrnh-
backs o
f tlaeaccident.
,flash 'byrpast:,flash 'bytpaat sbrsthto g~
or pass very quickly; to go very quickly past
sblsth: The &
s jusf W h e d & 0 F h miWted
themryjTmhpast thelmin w i d w .
Qv+adve v+prep
flattenl'fldl
,flatten sthtyoumlf a'galnsW1onsbtsth to
press your body or part of your bDdy on or
against sblsth: Shejlattened her ~ K W
nnd [ips
oparnst the window o Illattened mysev agoinst
thewalllo I e t t l L e m ~ .
@ v+nlpmn+prep
,Ratten 'out t if a road, an area of land, etc. flat-
tens oat.itgraduallybecome8flat:qfterWordthe
munbgvsidejhtlem out. 2 tostop growingorgoing
up. SnIesh n v e ~ a t ~ o u f
intheInstfewyeam.
Q v+adv
,flattensth "outtomakesthmmpJetelyflat: She
jratlened out theerumpkd Later on thedesk.
Qv+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv

58. flesh 102
.......~.........,.
'.* ~......................... ........r...~.............
fleah/flex/
, f k h rdh 'out(with sth) to add more detailsor
information toan agment an idea,adrawing,
etc: Younepdtofishout thehrresof your tdea e
bit more.o Thgr must be prepamd loflesh out
theirstrategywtthsomdetails.
Qv+adv+n v+nlpmn+adu
flickIWI
,flfckAI ' d t oswitchsthoff quickly:Hepicked
the light ofl
~ l l g h t ~ s w f t c h s t h t h o f f f f f c k ~ h o n
&v+nl~ron+adv v+adv+n
,fflpsb 'off( A M ,shng)toraise yourmiddle An-
gertosb inaveryrude gesture
ev+nlpmn+adv v+a&+n
,flip 'Out (irlformaL esperially Am&) to become
veryangryorexcited, orlosemtml
W Flip isoften used wlth thismeaning, espp.
cially in British English.
@v+adv
,flip'over:,flipsth 'owrtoturnover,ortoturn
sth over,ontotheother sideor upsidedown: The
dolphmflippedowrontoits back.oA huge wave
flpfrw' thedinghyover
+v+adv v+nlpmn+adv 4 v+adv+n
- .
,flick sth 'onto switch sthon quickly:HeJicked through sth turn Over the pages of a
onthe arr-conditioning. bmk, ekc. quick]# or look through a pile of
papers, etc. without reading everything: He
llgM IEB w%chsthon D D flick sth off
Ihmwh thepAotoSqurcMy.
@ v+nlpmn+adv v+adu+n
EEl pages, magarlnsaIEE) tllek through Ith:
,flick 'through ath to turn thepages of a h k , leaf sth
etc.quickly.orlook through apileof papers,etc. A, + ,
,
,
withoutreading everything:Heflickedthmughrr
"' --
magcuirre whilehe woited.
pages,book,papem Rlpthmughsth;
leaf through sth:thumb throughath
O V + P ~ ~ P
flingml (flungIfhol,flung)
'flingyourself d sb(k&oml, disapprwing)to
try toohard toshowsbthat youate interestd in
them in a sexual way and make them interested
in you
BE)thmvv ywmalf at rb
9v+ pmn*prep
WInnyourself I- athto s
t
a
r
ttodo5thwitha
lot of energy,enthusiasm and effort: When lhey
split up sheflung herself into her ~ r l r
ro to
Jormhim
EZE) throwplmetf lntosth
e v + p r ~ + p r e ~
,fling sth 'off (ir&rmal) to take clothes o
f
f
qu~Ekly
and carelessly:FZingingfl heromt,she
sankintoan armchair:
thmw stkoff EE3fllng 8
t
h on
Q v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
,flingsth 'on(inforrrm0to put clotheson quickly
and carelessly: Just Jlhg a cwt on over your
pyi-
,gW*, thmwLfhon IEBRlngsthoW
Qv+n/pmn+adu + v+adv+n
Wip hsblsth(AmE slam& to begin to ljkesb
very much; to suddenly bwome very excited
abutstb attractive.pleasant,etc:Shefiipwfor
hts redhis ondfmkles.
Qv + prep
Yllp for sth; 'flip sb for sth0=TOSS w~
SPH,TOS9 SB POR STH
'flirt with 8th (writren) 1 to think abut or be
Interested in slh for a short time, but not very
seriously: Ipirted brWy wlth the M m of emi-
p m t i n ~ . Idea, W g M toy wlth sth 2
to take risks or not worry about a dangerous
sltuatlon: toflirt with dangerldwthldlroster EEZi
danger,dlsastar
ev+ prep
,float a'round;,floal a'rourtd s
t
h ( B E a h
,float a'Wround, , h a t a W W m n d sth) l
(usu~lly
uwdin theheprogres5rwtenses)if an ~ d e a
or a piece of news is floatingamundtalmut, it
1sbeingtalked about by alot of pwple: Therp'sa
rurrrurflwtingabout (them w )that she's h v -
ing. EEL rurnwr, Idea BE)go around, go
arwnd sth2 if yousay that anobjectis floatlng
aroundlabout you mean that you have swn lt
somewherebutde not know exactlywhere it is:
Isthereapenfibstirag ohut here.wrmewhere.P
&v+adv 4 v + m
. .
floodIfid/
,flood 'back if a thought or a memory f l h
back, you remembersth suddenly an8it affects
you strongly: S M y all myfears cameflood-
ing buck.
EEiQP l o d back is often used with the verb
come.His ruordFcamej7muhgback lome.
+v+abv
,tload 'in;, f f d 'Into8th 1
;if water,etc. floods
in or f l d s into aplace, itmwes t o m orcover
lt. Heowned thedwrand walercame~Ing
m.
c.Sunshme.ft#ded intothem m .2to wine toor
arriveataplawinlargenumbersorgreat quan-
tities: Letters of supma have been flooding in
from alIouerthmuntrjr
pour in,pourInto sIh
e v + a d v v+prep
,flaod sb "ut to force sb to leave their home
becauseof aflaod:W
ewre-out byn burnt
wtermln.
FloodsboatIsoffenu& inthelmssive.
Q v+nlpmn+& + v+adv+n
,nod 'overlYhmgh sb if a feeling floods
over/thmugh you,it a
i
T
& youverystrongly:d
grwtseweof reli&p@ t h l l g hher
lsuarlrellef
O V + P ~ ~ P
'flood sth with sth to send sth somewherein
large numbers or amounts, sometimes more
than is nwessary: T
h
eswitchboad wasfloodd
w!th c
a
l
k a@r the programme. oflgumlive)
Theworn w a s j h i e d witheuenlnglight.
W Flood sWsth with 8th isoften used in the
passive: Theofice wasflood& wrthmmpluinfs.
@ v+nlpmn*prep
flounder/VIavnda(r)l
,floundera'round(BrEuLFo,Rwndera ' W ) to
struggleto move or get somewherebecauseit Is
dimcult, or because you do not know where you
are going: Pwpk werejloundering about in the
wteq shouting and scswmzng.o~gugumtiw)
1
p u n d e d around trying 50 dec* whnt I ought
todonext.
e v t a d v
'flow from $th(formooto comeor result from
5th: WhatbenefitsmightjTowjrom Rouing a stn-
~ l e
European currency?
IsuaJIbendtslahntag~a,
consequencas
eV+PWP
fluff 8
t
h 'auVuptoshakeorbrush feathers,fur.
ham etc. sothat they look biggeror softer: The
brrdflufed ml itsfmealhers. oLet meflfl upyour
prllowsforjvlu
EZifeather9
g v + a d v + n * v+nlpmn+adv
Runkjmkt
Funk 'nut;,flunkout of sthWmE,Wrma.0
to have to leave school or college because your
markslgrades are not good enough:H e f l m k d
out(of culkge)k t y m
Qv+adv v+adv+prap
flush/WI
,flushd h a'wayto getrid d sth with a sudden
quick flow of water: S h e p m the un& tub
letsow
Qv+nlpmn*adv + v+adv+n
,flushsbmth 'out:,flushsbtsth'outof sthto
f o r e a person or an animal to leave the place
where they are hiding: Thedogsflushed out the
deer that mere lefl in the wc& o The police
flushed thegunmen outo
f the building.
Qv+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv*
v+nlpron+adv+prep
,flushsth 'od;,flushsth 'out of sthto wash
sth out, to get rid o f sth with a rush of water:
Drink lots 4f water t
oflush the poisons out 03
your M y .
(Bv+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n *
v +nlprcn+a& +prep
flutter a'round: ,flutter a'round sth ( a h
,flutterm'bout,,nuttera'boutmth especiallyBrE)
Ilf a bird or an Insect fluttersaround, it flies
somewheremoving ~ t s
wmgs very quickly:But-
terfliesflutte~
around (thegorden). 2 If a per-
son flutters around,they move quickly In a
nervous or excited way: My motmother fluttered
abutpickingthings upundpuahg thingsawaJ
&v+adv *v+prep
,flutter 'downto mow gentlythroughtheairto
the ground: WMshmkthe branchesand sewn?[
leucresfluIuf~
down.
@v+adv
fly/
f
b
/
(fllos,ftylng,f l w /flu:ltlwvn Iflavn:
A m E ! l m / )
,fly a'round;,fly 8"muttdsth ( a h,ffy a'bwt.
,tfya ' Wsthespthlly B
r
a (usmIIyusedinthe
progressruefm.ses)i
f astory or apieceof newsis
flyingaround,~ti sbeing talked aboutby alot of
people and passed from one person to another:
Stories about hu.w t areflying around among
thestudenis. o Rumours h u e henflyingomud
the ofice.
+v+adv v+prep
fly at sb (ofapersonor an animal) to attack sb
suddenlyand violently: Shejlew at him, hitting
and kicking.
Q V+PWP
,fly 'byrpast1when time ffles bytpnw,it seems
to pass very quickly: My three ywm at col&
Jkw by. o Whenyou havelobsof things t
odo,time
ju.stjlies@st. EE3time, days, hwm, etc. W
Fly can also be used with this meanink espe-
ciallywith thesubjectlime: Threwassomuch to
do the time ju$t o w . 2 when miles, etc fly
bylpapt, a journey by car, bus, train or bicycle

59. seemsto passveryquickly:As the hemihfIewput
Md wgot c b o n d c h r lothem,thekidsgot
moreandmoremlted. rsusllrnllas,countryslds
+v+adv
,ffy 'irrrout;,fly 'Into sth:,fly 'out ot sth to
arrivelleaw a plaw by plane: Sk'sflying out m
join him inNuhbi nexI week.oSeuemI h& o
f
stareflew intoLondonlast nightfor talks with the
PrimMlnister
-tseea h FLY SSIBTH IN~OUT,
PLY SR~STH
IHTOIOUT OF STH
e v + a d v r v+prep * v+adv+pmp
,fly sbtsth Virv'out;,fly sbEsth 'Into &
, ,fly
sblsth 'outO
f 8thto bring sWsthby plane to a
place or take them away: Theyjlew us Ln byheli-
mptet 0 M supplies arebeingfrownout imme-
dmrely. o Thetmvel mmmny rsjlying m ~ p k
out of theamlomarrow.
3 Seeah FLY IN~DUT,
FLY I
N
T
O STH, PLY OUT OF STH
Qv+dpmn+& 4 v+adv+n
r+nim+prep e v+n/pmn+adv+prep
,fly 'Into sth if sb fliesinto a temper, etc., they
suddenlybecomeextremelyangry:Heflies Inton
ragewhenyou m i i o n R ~ K
E3E rag*, ternpr, panlc
ev + prep
,fly'off;
,fly'off sthtocomeoff sthsuddenlyand
with force: T
h
m
l
lcausedhergIosresbflyM
Qr+adv*v+prep
tly off the 'handle(
i
m
r
m
a
0to became md-
dcnly veryangry
,ffy 'Out,fly of ~ t h
= FLY INXIUT, FLY INTO
STH, FLY OUT OF STH
,fly sb/sth 'out;,fly sbhth 'out o
f 5th = FLY
SBtSTH I N ~ U T ,
FLY SBlSTH INM STH, FLY SBJSTH
OUT OF STH
,tly'pas(=FLY B Y ~ A S T
. .
,fob sb '
o
f
f(m
sth)IBrE) I to try to make sb
stop askingquestions or complaining by giving
them answersor excuses that are not m e :h n o t
6rytryfobmefl wilhmcws. Ztogivesbsth that
1s different from or not as good as what they
want. Wethouphiwe'd henfobhdoff with w~r-
lor~ o o d 9
EEZ sbo~ (wtth~ t h )
@v+nlpmn+adv v+adr+n
,fobsth 'offontontosb(BrE,inforrid)totrlck
sh into accepting stb that youdo not wantorsth
that 1snot genuine: She i M tofiball herJunk
arf onlome.
6v+nEpmn+adv+prep
Yocus an shth;Yocus $th on s h t h( a h
'focusupon sblsth, k u a athu p n sWathmore
forman 3 to giveall your attention, effort,etc,to
a p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
rproblem, subject or person: Srrspi-
c i o n m ~ ~ ~ d
on her hushnd. o The grogmrnm
was inteRded hfbclls atrenttanongIobal warm-
ing. 2(of eyes, a camera, etc.) to be adjusted sa
that things can be seen clearly; to adjust sth so
that you can s
e
ethingsdearly:Rest your eyesby
ieitlng hmJDCILSon disiunt objects,o The c m -
em lw~sfmlrserIonon
OMwoman.
*v+prep v+nlpmn+prep
fog !fba:AmEfz@,
fast(-lla-1
,fog 'Up if a glass surPace f
o
p ap it becomes
coveredwith steamor dropsof watwsothat it is
difficultto we in or through ~t:
The windsmm
started20fog up
I
E
Z
)
mlst up,mist rtu
u
p
;steam up,stearnsth
UP
Q v+e&
'
f
o
i
s
tsthsbmfself on sb ( a hW f rth,
sbllpumetf upon sb morefirma0 toforce sb to
accept sth that they do not want or take careof
sb that they do not want to: Hedoesn't by tafiisd
his beIiefson everyom. o Sheresented having the
childforsledon herwhiletheprents went tmveI-
lrng abroad.
Foist 8thon ~bisoftenused inthepassive.
+ v + n l p m n + m
,fold a'wayfdown;,fold sth a'wayt'downto
be able to ;be bent or arranged ~ n t o
a smaller or
flatter shape that you can store or carry more
easily; to bend or arrange sth in this way: The
bed canfold awojl o You canfold the u l e awy
tom k e i r w r p m m
W
l
f you want to talk about s newspaper,a
pi~ce
of paper,etc. usefold urr.
(9 v+adv v+nlpmn+adv ;*a&+n
b 'foldaway( a b'fdd-down, Yoldup) udj [only
bforc noun1that can be folded so that you can
carryit or store~tmore easily
,fold sth a'wayto fold sth and put it away: She
folded the newspaper aw
a
j
.
&v+nlpmn+adv + v+sdv+n
,fold sth 'back, 'over,'down,etc.tobendsth
back, over, down, etc. so that one part of it Ties
flat on another: Hefolded the mrner o
f the page
overlomark h i s p k .
@v+nlpmn+adv t v+adv+n
,told 'down; ,fold sth "down= FOLD AWAY!
DOWN, FOLD STH A
W
A
Y
l
D
O
W
N
,foldsth 'Into8th;,fold sth "In(incooking)to
mix one substance gently with another, usually
with a spoon:GentfyfoldZhefiur info the mix-
ture. o &Id inlw eggulhfiW.
&v*ntpmn+prep * v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+a&
Told A In & Told B roundlmr A to wrap
sblsth insth:ShegentlyJoldedthe baby ina h n -
ket. o Shefolded a blanket mlrnd the baby o He
folded her in his arms (= be put his arms
amundher).
+v + nlpron*prep
,fold 'up;,fold Mh 'upto bend 8th or fold it so
that it IS smaller: Themapfolds upquftesmcrll.
o
Shefiided theklesrarpandpui it Inherpxkel.
lE3 u M d , unfold8th
@ v+adv r v+adv+n * v+nlpmn+adv
b 'fddvp d j = F
O
L
D
A
W
A
Y Zit W L D AWAYhOWN,
FOLD STH AWAY~OWN
f o i l 0 ~
/To1w;AmET d m l
,follow'on1(fmm&)to oontinuewresulth m
5th m a naturalor logical way:
List@nmmfullvlo
theamwwandnaakesurefhalyournarlqwstion
Jolblus o n oFollowing on from what JrlI has
said, IU like to tolk about thefulure of the corn-
p n j t 2 to leave a place after sb else and meet
them later: Youga now,I'IIfoIlowon N
1
I
n
l
e
r
Qvtadv
'foil-n n (especially Brm something that
continues or resultsfrom sth: the action of fol-
lowing on h m sth: Themuie Brthur 2
' ump a
sruxesSfulfollown 50 Arthur'. ofollow-on tpat-
mmUtulks o aJol[owan wlI
,follow 'through( s p a )to complete a strokein
tennis, golf, etc. by continuing to move the club,
etc. after you have hit the ball
Qv+achr
b ,follm'thrwgh ( a h Yollow-thmugh e
s
m
chlIy AnaE) n (smrt)(in tennis, golf, e k ) the
Analpart of a strokeafter the ballhash e n hit
3SWQhPOLLMW-THROUGH at FOLLOW THROUGH
(WITH STH),FOLLOW STH THROUGH
,follow 'through, ,follow sth Through to
complete sth you have begun or already done:
Thestoredid mtfolIotu through with Ihepromu-
twn. oHe ~ w r f o l l o w s
thrngsthrough.
&v+adv * v+adv+n v+n/pron+adv
b ,follow-'throughn the actlons that sb to
completeorcontinuesth: Yourfollow~hmughon
theprojd wasnot veryscatrs;factorjr.
3see a hFOLLOW-THROUGII atFOLLOW THROUGH
fool/ftl2l
,foola'roundI(BrEalra,1001 a'bout) sth)
to waste time or behaw in a silly way: Stapfoob
ing about wrlh that knre! 2 (wlth sb) (especially
Am& to have a casual sexual relationship wlth
another person's partner or with sb who is not
yourpartner: H
e
'
sk nfw1ingnround withother
women.S(AmE)
if twopeoplefool aroundthey
kiss and touch each other in a sexual way: We
werefmlzng around on the much when my uhd
wlked in.
.(gv+adv
,force 'back sth;,force ltrthsm 'backtotry
very hard not to show an emotion: Forcing brick
thewars,shemid& ond smiled.
EEi Wan
A noun mustalwaysfollowback,but apro-
noun comesbetweenthe verband back.*Farce
back sth isnot used in the passive.
@v+adv+n + v+pron+adv
,force 5th ' d mtomakeyourself eat or drlnk
5thwhen you donot want to: Sheforred downher
brealfast.
ev+adv+n r v+nlpron+adv
'force 8th on sb (alwYo- sth upon sb more
form/)tomakesbaccept sththeydonotwant to:
Idldn't want lolakethe m
o
m bulshefomd iton
me. o Teachersfeel that c h - are kingf o r d
onthem.
ehnnw.cuts,
bclslon
@ v + nlpron+prep
'force ItseHhhemsdves on sb @lso T
O
-
Itself(themsslvesupon sb moref o m f ) i
f sth
forces itself on you,youcannotavoidbecoming
awarp of it. When he mad the letter the truth
forced itself onhim.
+v + pmn+prep
Yoroe yourself on sb ( a h Y
- yourself
uponabmoreformal)toforcesb tohavesex wlth
you when they do not wantto,by using violence
or by threateningthem
E
E
)r a p sb
Qv+pmn+prep
, f 0 l l 0 ~
'Up;,follOWSfh 'Up 1(with nth) to take '
f
a
- sth upon sb =FORCE sTH O
N $8
further action about sth: You shuuldfolIowyow 'force ltselffthmselves upon sb = FORCE
letter up with a phone call (= you should write ITSBLFITHAMIELVES
OX SB
first and then telephoner 2 to find out more 'fa- yourself uponsb =N R ~ E Y ~ U R ~ ~ ~
ON SB
aboutsth sbhastoldvouor s u ~ e s t e d
toyou: The
poim areforbwing i p all theid.o ~ t b
w o ~ h f ~ e g e , f ~ d ~ ; ~ d b a ,
following uphisidea laad, Id=, cornplalnt,
matter EEL) dmaatipte slh ( ~ r e f o - t )
,fofo'$e
a'head 1 to move forward qui-: He
+v+adv v+nlpron+adv r v+adv+n Jorgdahwd,prmtingand breathless.2(wiM8th)
r 'follow-up (
t
osth) n [usuallysing.] something make progress quickly: he wmpany i
sf o p
that continues sth. Tha 3-y IS Q ~ ~ l o w t l p
to iw~herrd
with itsplans.o Jane's lungungeskiifs
thegraastromire.oJolloru-uptteo-tlstudies embled her tofomahwd ont& mreerladder:
BE)press aheadion (wlth ah)

60. fork{f~k;
A ~ E ~ T ~ I free/ M I
,fork 'Wt (for sth),,fork sth 'Out (
W
o
n 6th ,free s h t h 'uptodo sthsothat sbis able to do
(i@rmnl) to pay a lot of money for sth, espe- sthelse;to makemoneg:time, ete. availablefora
cially when you do not want to: Ihad tope out particularpurpose:Hauirag a m t n p f mme
for e cab home.4I had tofork out m f o r a mb up50workonother t h w ,o Insad50 freeuamre
horn.
- .
drsk s p m .
E B shallout (
h
sth),*hell stk aut(for 8th) Free sWsth I
s also u& with the same
Q)v+abu * v+adv+n + v+pmn+adv + n~ean~ng.
v+n+adv(mre) @ v+adv+n * v+pron+adv4 v+n+adv(hjte-
,fork sth 'orsr@mE+i@omO to pay for 8
t
h 4wnt)
especially when you donot want to: IhaoIlofork
overtheSIOIotwiher freezet t i - i z / ~ l m w ~ m ~ ~ m ~ & o u z l m ~
Bv+adv+n 4 v+pron+edv + v+n+adv(less rfraum:A m E ' h f )
Formj f m ;AmEbm/
sth (informa0toprwent sbfmm beingmrt of a
gmupor takingpart inanactivla buslnesa etc.
,form 'up;,formsb 'upif sold& fo- up,or by being vesyunfriendly or making things very
sb forms them up, they get into position in difficult forthem:Mycolhgues wrefreezingme
lmes: The generalformed up his rnm0 Out. O~mericanrke Brmers mmploined t h t
Iwmgformd UP intolines. theircrops werekingfmzen out of the market.
Qv+adv v+adv+n + v+pmn+adv+ -This phrasal verb is often used ~nthe pas-
v+n+arhr(mre) sl-e.
@ v+rdpmn+adv v+adv+n *
foulIfauli v * n t m + a d v + m
mfOul
'up;,foulsth 'up(imformt)todosthbadly:
to swll sth,especially ;by making mistakes:The
team can't G o d lofoul LIDin this game. oHe
admitted he'd compleblyfi~~led
things up.
)9YH) mesa up,mess sth up
@ vtadv v+adv+n * v+n/pron+edw
b 'foul-upn (inlormnl) a problem causedby bad
organmationor astupidmistake:an adminlshn-
true foul-up o There luas a mmpuler foul-up at
the bank and cusfwnm were sent the wrong
staiemnk
found/fauna/
'found stb on sth ( o hYQUW d h U ~ Msth
morefirm0tobasesthon sth: TkirmI1cZusions
tveW la&y~oundedongm~rk.
,sr*,basesthontuponath
W Found 8th onlupon sthis usually wed in
t h ~
wss~ve
(3v + nlpron +prep
,freak 'ovt: ,freak sb 'out (WmOif sb
freaksoutor If sthfteaksthemmt,!hey react
very smngly to sth that shocks, angers,excites
or frightens them:Idon'i know what happened m
thexcsms.Ijustj?eakedou!. o IthoughlI'dmn a
ghost -itreullyfmked meout.
=Freak and freak sb are used less often
with thesame rneanlng.
4v+adv4 v+n/pmn+adv + v + a d v + n ( h
f w w
b T r w z ~ u t
n(info&l, & ~ ~ l l y ~ r n ~ )
a
nact
of prwenting sb from being part of a group or
hwntaking part inanactivity, abusiness,etc.
,freeze ' m rtob o r n ecove& by ice: Theriwr
mmfimsfmmzover:
Iceorrerlup
@ v+adv
,freeze 'up 1 if sth ft.eemup, it becDm
blocked with h e n liquid so that it cannot be
used: Thep i w hadfmzen up. 2 if sb freezes
up, they are so nervous,frightend or excited
that they areunable to move. I was sa wrmusI
froze up.
+v+adu
freshenl'ft.e~n/
,freshen 'up;,beahenywrself 'up to wash
and make yourself lwk clean and tidy after a
journey, befom a mwting, etc: I?l just fteshen
{nayseflup bfmdinmr
e v + a d v* v+pmn+actv
,freshen ath 'upto make slh look cleaner and
more attractiw A w
t o
f p i n t willfmhenthis
mom up.
Qv+nlpmn+adv v+edv*n
frighten
,frl@Men
slusth akrayfoPI;,frightensksth
a'wayfrom sth I to make a personoran ani-
mal go away by making them feel afraid: The
nowefrighted the birdsaway. o I m t i m m lrse
a gun bfrighten dagsawayfmm the hens.2 to
make a person or an organizat~onso nervous
107 fumble
.._
.............................................................................* ........*-
.............................,,..---
. ---.
that they are no longer interestedin sth or no
longer want to do sth: Inuestment wmpanies
h
a
w &en frigh- off byfearof losingmoney.
E E l scam swathm y l o f f
@v+Wpmn+adv+v+a6u+n*v+nlpmn+prep
,frittersthalnay(on sth)towaste timeormoney
on things that are not usefblor importatant: He's
fr~tteredaway
ihemoney hwfalhmleft him.
EEl money,time
Qv+adv+n+ v+nlpmn+adv
front/rt.hntt
'front for sbrsth to reprrsent a group or an
organ~zationin order to hide a secret w an
illegal activity or protectthe person who i
scon-
trolling it: Thepolice muld not discover who he
~uesfrontin$$o,:
ev+ prep
,front'ontosthif a building frontsontosth,it
facesit: TheqparlrPlentfronBonto theh h .
QV+PW
,fucksb a'round(BrEuhio,fuck sb &bout)(A,
slung) to treat sb badly or in an u n h e l w way,
causing them adelay:Don'lfwk mearound.
W A more polite informal way of saying this
is mess sb aroundor, in British Englrsh,mess
sbabout.
+v+nEpmn+adv
,hck '&(A, slrmg)usedtotellsb veryrudely to
go away:Moff and leovemealone!
Qv+adv
,tuck sb 'overU
m
E
,A, slang) to treat sb very
badly or unfairly: The companypromised me a
b i g m f l but thqrreallyf w k d meover:
W A more polite informal way to say this i
s
mess sb around.
&v + nlpron+adv * v+adv+n (lessfwm0
P c k 'up:,fucksth 'up(A,s h g )tospoilsthor
dasthbadly;tomakea stupid mistake: If u ~ l s
my
fault -Ifucked up. oHe'sfuckedewrytnfw
w.
A more pollte informal way to say this is
mess (sth)up or foul (sth) up.
@ v+adv + v+nipron+adv + v+adv+n
b Yuck-up n (A,
shlrg) 4 a problem c a d by
bad organhation or a stupid mistake- A
frosf / h s t ;~ r n ~ h s t l
more polite informal way to say this is foul-up.
2 (Amm a person who does sth badky or make3
,frosl'ovlarl'upto becomem r e dwith frost:All stupid rnlstakes
the windowsfmsled up owmight. ,fucksb 'up(A,sdang)I toupsetorconfllsesbso
Qvtadv much that they are not able to deal with pmb-
Iems in their life= A more polite informal
frown/fraun/ wav to sav this is mess ~buv.2 M
m
E
)to hit or
l
f
- on sbmth(also-,,wn s ~ s t h
more kick sb iard many tunes &A more polite
forman to disapprove of sb/sth: om m w - i ~ f o m a l
way to say thrsisbeat sb up.
anisfrotun onmen notuwrzngjadrets. +v+nlprcn+adv *v+adv+n
~ r o - on/upon is often used in the .fueksd'UP@ ( A , s h ~ )
thoroughlymfised
passlve: Suchbehauiourtsfrowned upon. or disturbed
+seeahSMILE ON~UPON
SB~STH
A more polite informal way to say this is
A %
, r nmn rnwsedup.
fry/fra11(files,hying,Md,Mod)
,fry& 'uptocmkfwd inoilespecially in order
to make a meal quickly: Hepied up someeggs
attdpotlrhses.
Qv+adv+n v+nlpron+adv
h '-up n (BrE,enfirman a meal of friedfood,
especially bacon,eggs,etc.
,tuck a'bout (wlth sth) (BrE)= FUCK AROUND
(WITH STH)
,fucksbae'oout(Brm=PUCK SB AROUND
$uek &round(BrEaka ,fwk a'bout)(wlthsth)
(A,slang) to w
a
s
t
e time by behaving in a silly
way:S~pf11~kfngmlrndandgivemee
hand.
W A more polite informal way of saying this
IS mess around or, in British English, mew
about.
6v+adv
'ruck wlth sb to treat sb badly in a way that
makes themannoyed
A more polite way to express this is mess
wlth sb.
O ' * P ~ P
fuelPfiwalJI-11-, AmE -I-)
,Fuel'up;,fuelsth 'uptoput he1intoavehicle:I
need tofuel up b@re 1 h?ginthe tfipo mum-
frw)OnocoIdmrn~ngIIikelofw1
upwitha hot
breakfmt. o o p L ? m a hurry canfuel up their
mtsand Fhamseluesinomslop.
+v+adv e v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv*n
,fumble a'round(aka,fumblea'boutesperially
BrE) to move awltwwdlx especially using your
handstodo sthor to5nd sth:Hefumblad around
inthednrk ttying&find the l
a
w
.
@ v+adv

61. furnlsh
."..... .. ......-......
=.......-..nm..- . . . . . . . .. -...................
108
.llll....l...... ..................................... ...............*.............................
furnish/%mrJ;ArnE'fs:nu$/
Yurnlsh sbsth WItb 8
t
h Vwmar)to supply or
provide sblsth with sth:Shefurnished him with
theloas surround~ng
the case.
Bsupply sblath(with sthE
@ v +ntpron+prep
fusslfnsj
'fussat sb(A,&') tocomplain tosbabut sWsU!
veryoneni
nanannoyingway:She'saIwaysfuss.
ingatmeabourmysmokim.
eV + P ~
'fuss over sbmthtopayalot of attention,ort
w
much attention,tosblsth S& likeslohauesome
one lo fuss OWE 0 When she gels rtervow she
f u m werunirnmrnntdelaik
-Fuss over sb can be used in the passive:I
harpkine- owr
0v * ~ r e ~
futz/hts/
,fWa'mnd (ArnE,spoken,slang)tespendtime
do~ng
unimportantthings:Ijlrstfulzed around
all morningandgotmthiwdone.
messaroundlBr0
@v+&
aabblehebit she's had tw kidnw tmnsphm and now her
- . - ,
,gabble anwayton
.(abut ah) t~ talk quickly
famiKy Ore Fnbling On Q'oWQfion.
We regambling on theweatherkingj'ine on SaG
and foralongtimeaboutsthsothatpwple find it ..dA..
dlmcult to understand you or become bored: "'"uJ
,k,mmneon theradio wasaabblimrrmylnafor- '
eKn language. oNmla gabbledon abut her
SgeeDl
hyfraeM'for hours.
4v+adv ,gang 'up (agalndon ab) ((irdbrmab to join
together,especially to oppose,threaten, hurt or
gadl s ~
( 4 - 1 frrghten sb:My brothersareahmys gmging up
,gad albouUa'mund(o[d-f&foned, ii@rmal, z'
humorous, esw5ully BrE) to go to different
plaoeslookingforfunandexcitement,especially
whenyoushouldbedoingsthelse:I! 'strhubtim "gPeS1'**'
he stopped~nddtg
about ond settleddown. .gas'up;,gasd h 'up(AmE,i@rmaD toputfhel
&v +-a-dv - ~na vehicle:I'll have togasup wore weleave. o
Haveyou&upthecar?
gagis=%/ <ss-> E
O fuel up, fuel sthUP
be 'gagglngfor sth(BrE,slang) (onlywed in
Qv+adv 4 v+adv+n + v+nlpron+adv
the-Pron-ive lenses) if somebody is ga@ng
for sth,they want ~t
very much:W
eiwuereollgag-
g!nglbraburger o Nofallmkstfzssaregag~i~d
for it (= wantlngtohavesex with s
b
)
.
Youcanalsousebegag- todo~ J O O G
baIlersgagging toplqvlor theircountry
0 V + P ~ P
gainisem/
'gain In ath to get moreo
f a particularquality:
Thestudents areslowlygaining inmr@em.
E
!
Z
i popularfty,contiden-, strsngth
Q v+prep
'gain on sbMh (aften d In the pmgmsIue
f e r n )to comecloserto sblsth.especially sblsth
that you are chasing: Wew e r ~
gain&? on t k cur
infront.
~ V + P W P
gatherr9-r)~
,gather a'round; ,gather a'round s h t h
(nrEa h,gather 'mund,,gaYker 'mund bbIsM)
to come together ln onc place, forming a group
aroundsblsth:Everyontguihered aroundlo hwr
shesong.o Theyollgathered round the table"
+v+adve v+prep
,gather ath 'In to collect a quantity of t h W
especially amps,andputthemalltogetherinone
place
Dharmatcmp
@v+nlpmn+adw + v*adw+n
,gatttw'mund.,gather'roundsbMhISr.T)=
LATHER AROUND, GATHER AROUND SBkTH
,gather sth to'getherrup to bring bogether
objects that have k n spread around: She
gathem9 togetherher Mongings and l
@
.
Dpapem,belongings,Mlngs
D l 3 Gather sthisusedlessoftenwith thesame
-
,gamble sth akay to lose 5th such as money,
your possessions, etc.by risking it/them on a
cardgame,horn race,etc:Shegumbled awayan
our m n q r
EZEJ monq
+v+adv+n + v+nlpron+adv
'gamble on sth; 'gamble on doing ath:
'gamblean sbrsth doing sth to take a risk
with sth,hoping that yoit or ~t
will besucceasful:
gearInMr):
AmEgrI
'gear sth tottowards sb/sth; 'gear sth
toflowads dolng 8thto makeor change8th
so that it is suitablefor a particular need or an
appropriatelevelorstandard:Thegrogramme rs
clearly geared to a leennp alld*. 0 We uy to
gwr our muices lo cuslomers' requhment o
The poi& is geared lo~uardsonratting nu-
back towork.
This phrasal verb i
s u s d y used in the
passlve.
Q v + n l p m n + w

62. ,@ear
'up(fMahlto do sth),,gearsbmthryour-
self 'up(forsthtlo doah)tobe prepared, ready
and able to do sth; to become or make sWsth1
yourself ready, prepamd or able to do sth:The
phyers are gearing up(or the big game. o The
hospituI i s gearing iisev up t
o dm1 with new
pltlenls.
Gear shth up is usually u& in the
paaswe.
@v+adv r v+ntpmn+adv v+adv+n
,gee 'up(BrE)
u& t
otell a horse tostartmoving
orto gofaster
Qv+&
,geesb 'Up(BrE)
t
oencowagesbtoworkharder
or faster or to perform better: TheirsuccessInrt
week willgcethe lenm up,
v+nlpron+adv 4 v+adv+n
,gen 'up;,gen sb@ou-W 'up (on 8th) (old.
fashioned. BrE, idormu0 tof
i
n
doutabut sth;to
get or give sb information on sth: I must gem
mysekf upfor #hernhruiew.
@v+adv r v+nlpmn+achr
Wt/set/
(gemnab
got,wtIgnt AmEsnal)
IEfEi
nspoken AmericanEnglish,the past par-
tlc~ple
gottenisalmosta
l
w
a
y
sused.
-about -In
-sbwe 174 -Inon
across -Inw@h
-aRsr -into
-ahead, aheadof 115 -off
111 -along -offon
-around -offffer
-aroundto -off onduiw
-at -oWwih
-away 1
1
6 -on
-awayfmm -on at
-away* -onto.on t
o
-back 117 -out,OVtd
112 -backat -OM@
-backinto 118 -over
-back t
o *past
-back m r -round
-back wilh -~ u n d
to
-behind -through
-beyond 119 -to
-bv -logether
-down 120 -up
113 -downon -upaslin
-d m to -up t
o
,geta ' b wlIBrEalso ,gela'mund) if sb who is
old or illgets about,they m
e abletomove m
m
place to place without difficulty: Shegets about
withtheh l p 4f a slick. 2 (BrO=GET AROUND
Q v+adv
,geta'bodsth(Brm=GET naouw STH
,geta'boveyourself( @ s p e c t a l l y ( &
I RIheprogressiwEenses)tohavetoohighanopin-
ion of yourself; to behave as iE you are better
than other people: She's bmz w i n g a bit uhve
herself sincewinning thataward.
Ov+vre~+pron
,get a'Cmss(
t
oab) tobe communicatedlosb or
understood by sb: T hmegsnge isjinnlly getting
a c m tothepublic.
+v+adv
,get a'cross; ,gel a'cross sth to move h m
one side of a river, a bridge, a street, etc, to the
other:Howmn wegetacrossm the khndPo The
o n b w q v l o ~ ~ o s s I h e l a k e r s Q b o Q I . o C a n
m get across the city without Raving to use the
subway?
+v+arhr * v+prep
,get8
t
h a ' c m(ah,gst 8th 'averlessfrequent)
(to sb) to communicate sth to sb; to make sth
clear tosb: He'smt wrymadgeltinghu.Idws
acrrrsst
a the class. o You'll have ED *ink of new
masof gettingyour msmgeacrosselfectiwly.
E E mensage.polnt,idea EfR) put 8thacross
Get sthacrossisnot used in the passive.
Q wtnlpmn*adv * v+adu+n
,get sblsth a'crtws sth (also,gel sWtth 'orsr
8th)to move sblsth,or to help sblsth mow, fbm
onesideof 8th such as aroad,river, bridge,wall,
etc. to the other W'vs got toget supplies n c m
the border somhoul o Wegot all the injured sol-
d
i
e
r
swmss therivel: oRiEIygotthemny overthe
jumps withd W l [ y .
Get sblsth acrwss sth is not used in the
passive,
+v + nlpron+prep
,get 'Met sb (irllbrmal, e s m l l y Am& 1 to
keep asking or telling sb to do sth,often in an
annoyingway: She's beengettingafter me t
otake
u vacation.o I had toget after Jack t
oclearn his
room. 2 to try to catch sb, especialIy after they
havetwmmitteda crime: W e d t obe lougheron
those who wmit crimeandget after drugu s m
more.
* V + P ~ P
,get a'head;,get a'head o
f sb to make more
progress than other people, companies, etc.; to
k o m e successfulin your ltfe or your career:It
isn't eusy toget ahead in themoviebusiness. oBy
doing extra homework,he h e n got ahead o
f his
ciassmases.
Qvtadv v+adu+prep
D Ugel a ' h a d of p u m U to tell sb pth before
you havefully expla~ned
the background or the
detailsthat they need toknowfist
, g d a'long(informal)1( o mwedi
nt h e ~ m
siveimses)toleaveaplaoe:16'shte.We'd belterbe
getlmg along. o One morecornand then I musf
getalong.+ s e e o l s o ~ ~ ~
ON 57Iwlth sWtOg6ther)
=GET O H ~ ~ ( W ~ ~ ~ S ~ ~ ) = C W O F I ~
+v+adv
,get anround
(BrEafm ,gat a'bout) I (informal)
tomwefromplacetoplaw;togotolotsof differ-
ent places: You certainly get around! Paris om
minute.Bonn the next.oShemn uwmy cortoget
around whsle s b ' s here. 2 (of news, a piece of
information, etc.) to -me known by a lot of
people: The news of her mignation swn got
around o Word soon got amund lhut lhey were
hauing an aflai~3to have an active social life
andbe awareof what is happening: It'stirneyou
m t around more. +aa h GET OUT 2 4 (Mar-
ma{,
disapproulng) to have sexual relationships
w ~ t h
lots of dmerentpeople 5 =GRT ABOUT 1
Qv+adv
,gel a'mund;,(let a'round sth = GET ROUND,
GET ROUND STH
,geta'mundsb(apciullyAnrE)=GET ROUND SB
,get a'roundsth( B r E e h ,get a'bout sth, ,gd
'rwnd 8th) 1 to mwe around a city a countm
etc. It's caw to get around Am&m on a
hrcycle.3(of news, a piece of infomation, etc.)
to become known by a lot of wop1e: News soon
gets round the o m .oM didn't lake longfor the
rumour to get aall mound town. 3 (especially
A@ =GET ROUND STH 3
Q V + P ~ F
,get a'round to eth: ,get a'round to doing
~ f h
= GET ROUNDlAAOUND TO STH, GET ROUND!
AROUND TO DOING STH
'get d sb (Wrmao1(uswilyb
r in thepm
gressive t e r n ) tokeep criticizingsb:S mk p r -
en& are always getting at him o Shefeels she's
being got a
!
. 2 to influence sb, especially
Lllegally, for example by threaten~ng
them or
offer~ng
money+
in orderto persuade them to say
5thuntrue oract in anunfair way:Oneof the wil-
nesses had ken got a#.o They e m tried gehling
at thejudge.
Get at ~bcanbeusedh thepassive.
Qv + prep
'get at sbtsthtoreach or obtain sWsU1;toh da
way of enteringa place,talking to sb,lookingat
sth, etc: Thefllesarelocked up andlcan'tgel at
them. o Imn'tgeiatmy inherifamuntilI'm21.
llEll3Get at sblath can be used in the passive:
putitlnap[ace urhmitmn btgotatmsily.
B v + prep
'getat sthtolearn,discwerorRndout~We've
got toget at thetruth.
E E t r u t h ~ V t n d 8 t h o U
+v + prep
m
w
h
a
l are you. w he, &. pettin@at7
(spoken) used toask.often inana
n
mway.what
sb islwas suggestmg:Whnt m c t l y areyou get-
trng ot701 see what you're getting ai, but Im
sfraid fcan't helpyou with thut.
,get a'way 1to have a holidaylvamtion: We're
hoprngfogetawayfora&w&ysrrtEastm 0 WlII
you manage get owny thisywr?2(fmmsthl...)
to succeed in leavlng a place It tlms rnisdqv
before we$mlly managed t
og& almy.o I won't
be obIetoget awayfrom theofice WoreZ3(fmm
sblsthl...) t
o escape kom sb or a plaw: The
thievesgot away in a blw uaa o You're not g
e
i
-
I r n g a m y f o r n me so asily!4 ,* 'awry (with
you)!(BrE,spoken,h m ~ n g o I d f ( ~ ~ h i o n e & u ~
to show that you Rnd it djmcult to believe what
sbhas just said:Get away! Youwuld n e w run
thatfar! o 'I'mgorng to Isve in Chrm"Maway
withyou!'- go on
@v+adv
'@away n[usuallysing.]1the actof leavinga
place in a h u m , especially after committing a
crime: Theymadeaquickgehm~t
2ashortholi-
daylvamtion; a place for this: Ihepopuhr hhnd
~eiawwofpen an^
,geta'wayfrom ath;,gela-y from ddng
sth to start doing sth in a difFerentway or talk-
ins about adifferent subjmt. Theclubshouldget
away from rts oldfmhioned rmqge and try to
atlrm younger m p k . o IfrWtogetaluayfmm
thesub~ectof
hbies,
Q v+ adv + oreo
h a&; *om all (immnto haw a
short holidaylvacation in a quiet place where
you can relax them%nogetting a'way firom wth,
you can't get amway
from sth you have to admit
that sth unpleasant is true: There's no getting
awayfrom thefact that hb mistoke lost thegame
fir hLs#emn.
,get sbrsth a'way from sth to removesWsth
from somewhere: Gef that doga w f m mme!4
Someone was hying lo gei An~ela
awayl7vmthe
lufndo~.
~ G e t s W B t h a w a y ~ s t h I s n o t u s e d i n
the paqsiw.
+v + nlpmn+adv+prep
,get a'way wtth sth I to steal sth and escape
with it: Thieues mirled the h
b
o
n
k and got away
with ESOWO. 2 (also .get a'way wlth d D 1 ~
sth)
(informanto do 5th wrong and not be punishcd
or criticized for it. I can't Wleueyouchealed in
the exnm and got away with it! o NoWy gets
away with iinsultingme like that. 3to receive a
relatively light pmiphment: For s
& a serious
ajJhcehe was lucky tog& a m with afine.EEJ
flne, warning
Q v +adv +prep
,get 'back1(hodto sthl...)toreturn,especially
to your home: What t i m dfd you get back Inst
nwht?o Weonlygot bockfromoar tripypsle&p

63. gel back 1
1
.....
..............................
........................
-1 *
l
.
I
I
I
.
*
o It'll takeustenmneinutes#ogetthemand$vemln-
urn&getback.2(fromsWsth)(usedespecially
to
giworders)tomove away from aplace, aperson
or sth that is hapmmg: Gel back or I'll s h t !
EE)
atand bnck:back oW
+v+adv
,getsb 'baekT topwsuadesbtobegin amman-
tlc relationshipwith you again, afteryou have
been apart for sometime: I'wh n e ewerythingI
cun@getherbrick.2(forsthlfordoing 8th)(infor-
=GRT BACK AT SE
Get 6bback isnot used i
nthepassive.
Q u +nlpmn adv
,get sbtsth 'back(toa
h
!
.
.
.
)to take sblsthback
toaplace afkertheyhavebeenawayRomIt: We'll
get herback home &fore
midnfght.
ElllGet sWsth bnck isnot used inthepassive.
@ v + nlpmn+adv
,get sth 'backtoobtainsth again afteryou have
lost 11, spent it,lent it to sb, etc:She'sg~t
her OM
job h c k . o I never lend mp.k books: y ~ u
mewr
gel them back.oIf ldon't Like thedress,mnIget
my monwbnck? o Thereisn'tmuchof a& m o f
getting thewalk k k (= it has beenstolen).
EE5ilGetsth backcannot beused inthepassive.
Q v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n(mre)
0
3
I
Igel your 'breath k k (BrE)to startbreath-
Ing normally again after physical exercise: It
look me a whlleto pd my breath tuck qfterm-
aing for the bbu 0 (t5gurative) I hown't hQd a
moment lo g
e
t my b m t h back (= T've k e nvery
busy)sincewecumbackfrom Plllgrae.
,get 'back at s b ( a h,getab 'back)(for s t m r
dolng 5th) ( W o r n 0 to punish or hurt sb
because they have done sth unpleasant to you:
Thisi~
his way of getting back at m ~ % r
arguing
withhim, o I'lIgetherW k f i rwhatshe'sdone.
pay~bback (for sthtfor doingsth)
@ v +adv+prep v +ntpron+ adv
,get back 'Into sth to start being interestedor
lnvolved Ina particular activityagain:She'If#y
to get k k intojournalism when the kids start
school,o How soon sburruld lgei back inlo serious
Iroining?
+v+adv+prep
,get 'back to sb to reply tosb or contact them
againby letteror bytelephone:k u e a m
e
s
s
a
g
e
andI'I1get back t
oyou a s s w n a s I m . o T h q
nevergot bnck tomeabout myordm
+v+a&+prep
,get'backto sffrtostartdoingortatklngahut
sth agam:to return to sth: Toget back lo whatI
~ y r s
saying earliw...oOm I m s awake I
couldfl'l get h c k to s
h
&oLei'sget BncR fo the
win?.
Q v+adv+prep
2
............... ..........................
...............- - .......................
,get 'baek with sb; ,get baek te'getherto
begin a rumantic relationship with sb again,
aRer you have been apart for Bome time:Jack's
getting back withhisexexgirlfriend.
o Jackand his
grrifriend oregettingback m e
+S W C I ~ G E T
TOGETHER 2
ev+adv+pmp v+adv+adv
,getbe'hlnd(wlthsth)tonot goasfastas Pnwes-
saryorasother-Ie; to not produce sthat the
r~ght
time:O m I @ behind (withmy d)
it's
vephardtomtch ufi o We'regettinghhM with
t hrent.
EE)dmp bahlnd,dmp behlnd~Wsth;
fall
behlnd,lall behlndsbEsth E g get ahsad
&v+adv
,get be'hiild ~ b M h
1 to move into a pition
behind sblsth:I
f yougetkhindth tree,she won't
seeyou. o HeswmslogomndwhenhegetsMind
the w h l oJ acm2 toreveal theperson or thing
responsible far starting or developing sth: This
isaprogramnm@
that really gets behind the w
r
l
d
@ m
p musk. 3 {especiallyAmE) to support
sWsth and help themto s u c d The wholetown
got behindhimtthewmpnign.
~ V + P ' B P
,get be'yand sth4 ( a h,get'psasth)tomove
or advance further than a particular place: I
hauen't been able to get kyond chaptkr one.o
When we got kyond Yo& it started to smut 2
(also,get 'm~t
sth)to makeprogress sothat you
no Ionger do or are interested in a particular
thing: Hasn't she got kyondlmt the slage o
f
sucking her thunabyet'?3 to become more than
sth: Whardourlossesget beyond lo%?
+v+~rev
get W a 'joketobecomeannoyingand
no longer acceptable:Thbm f nisgettingbeyond
ajoke tel'sgoins&*
,get 'bytomanage tolive or doaparticular thing
using the money, knowledge, equipment, etc.
that youhave:Howldoesshegetbyonsuchasmall
salury? o Wreyou mmiw mom money now?' 'T
ge~bjl'oShePgotadwdIiwlomeet,
soshe'sget-
ling by on uirtmElynosleep oJdon't kmw a lot
QJ Italian, but I mnget by. o 5% begh with,you
can mt by with a few simple mls.o Getting by
isn'lgow'enoughforme.I want toksuceessfuI.
Qv+adv
,get 'by;,get 'by s M h = GET PAST, GET PAST
SBISTH
,get 'down I (from sth) to mow from a higher
posit~on
toalowerone:Thedrivergotdown~m
his t m k tohelpme. getup2tobend down-
wards from a standing pwltion and sit,kneel or
lieon theground:Thechildrengot down on their
handsand Wandpwtendad tobelions. o He's
going t
o s h t ! Get downlmPP,get up 3 (to
sthl...I tovisit or arrive at a placefurthersouth
in the country than the place where pou live:
How long did it tukeyou logetdown here?ED
get up 4 [from sth) (BrE)(of children) to leave
the table after a meal:Please m y I g
e
t down
(fromthe mbk)?5 (to sth)(spken,inform0 to
go toa p h w I'll get down there slraighi m y . o
I'ue got five minutes logel down 50 !he store. 6
(A&, informnf) to relax and enjoy yourself.
especldy in a very lively way: kt'sget down
andmriy!
+v+adv
,get 'down; ,get 'down Bfh to move h r n a
h~gher
place to a lower one,for example using
stairs,arope. aLadder,etc: Whatmyoudoingon
the 1abW"t down nowIo Didyou get downthe
hzll without any d&%ul@?0 How does watergd
downtheback of thesink?
get up,get up sth
+v+adv+v+prep
,get sb 'down(i?$orman to make sb Peel sad or
depressed: This wwther is m l i y genhg ma
down.o Don't let itgetyoudowntoommuch.
depmS* 5b
EElIAGet sbdownisnotused inthepass*.
Q v+nlpron+adv
...
,get sb~sth
' d m1(to sthl ) tosend or move
sWsth to a place, oftenaplace further south ina
country:Getsoiwlmdy down herestmight amx
o We'll newI to get !ha boat down t
o the south
amst. rapp,get sWsth up 2 (
h
ah)lo move
sWsth rroma higher positiontoa lowerone:Can
yougetajar downfromiheshe[fforme?oHegat
thehbydownfmm fhehr,~hchairandputkon
thejlml:o Gelyour head down! I= bend so that
your head is low) He's goiw 0 shoot!= In
informalspokenlanguagegetsbdown sth and,
less often, get sb sth down,are also used. Cnn
you get medournthat h o o k 7 o Canyotigetm@that
h k d o w n
E X W Getsbkth downi
snotused inthepassive.
+v+n/pmn+adv
,get sth 'downl ( a h ,gut sth 'dormM p u
i@rml) toswallow sth,usuallywithdifficulty:
TheWicinewassohorriblefmuld hardly get it
down.o Gelthistmdownyou,thenyorr'llfwlbet-
ler DYQ swallow sth 2 to make a note of or
record sth: &t it down in writmg.oIjust m-
aged loget down the car'sreglslralIon numbe~
o
Dzd you get hrs name and telephone numbm
d o w n l m note nth down: take ath dorm;
writs sth down 3 to reduce sth, especially the
cost orpriceof sth:lfrwbrrr$nin,wemayha&
to get the price down,4How can 1get my b l d
pressuredown? BE) bdngsth d m :lowers
t
h
-Get sth d m cannot ke used in the
passive.
Q v+dpmn+adv + v+edv+n (hsfreqmt)
1also v +nlpron+ prep
L3 min
.............................................................
......................._...........-
,getsblsth *downnthtomanagetomweshlsth
from a higher plaw ta a lower one,for example
using stairs, a rope,a ladder, etc:I wn'l gei the
h k m w down rhesmlrsonmyown
W GetsMsth dawnrsth cannot beused Inthe
pas~ive.
Q v + nlpmn+prep
,mat sth 'doWTl sbwu (
i
m
i
-
W
I
U
0= GET S
W
DOWN 1
,get 'down on sb/sth(for sth)L4mE,s h g ) to
think that sWsth ISwmngand to criticizethem:
She's alwuysgetting down on m f o r coming in
late.o I l ' s ~ l o ~ e t d o w n o n W @ m d a y t o d a y
andfoixet the~rgoodpoinfi.
+v+ adv+prep
,get 'downt
o sth:,get'downtodolngsthto
begin to do sth,to give serious attention to sth:
Let >getdamn tobusinessstmkhl aluay.0 Isn't
it about limeyougot down to work70 RPnd the
text all thc way through woreyon get down to
trarnlaft~
Lt.
E
E
C
ibusiness,work
Qv+adv+pmp
,get 'In,,get 'Into sth 1 to arrive at a place:
When do you normally get In I= arrive home)
f m m tuork?o What time do you gel into work m
themorning?o T
h
etmingot in loti?. o Whatfrme
doasyourjlrghtgetintoHmtWw?Z ( a h,get 'In
sth informal) lo sucoeed In entering a place,
especially a buirding:How did t k bbrghrs g
e
t
in9 o Theybrokeawindowtogel intothehow. o
Youmnbtg&
in(=toamncert.part): etc.)without
a ticket. oMaybewemn@in the wlndow7EkB
get out, get out o
f sth 3 ( a h,get 'In szh)to
enteror goinsidesth:Heranh thecaegar lnand
dmwflo I saw Jan getting intoa cnb. o Hurr).
up u n d ~ e t
into bed. o Get in thecar! o He needs
help gefting in the both. olwkily the poison
hasn't got into her bloodstreomo The smell o
f
smokegot Into all my c l o t h . ZEl get out, get
out o
f sth 4 tobe electedto a political pos~tion:
They need 326 smrci lo get in. o The Republimn
mndidale go! in with a small rnaloritg o When
didsheflfintgeiintohrlinmentP5to gain aplace
at aschool, college, univelgitx etc:S h ' suppiled
for Cambridge,hut doesn'tknow if she'[lg@lIn.o
Itriwltogei 1nloHanmrd,butIwasn'tmepled 6
(also ,get 'In sth informal) (BrE, sport) to be
chosenas a member of a sportsteam.Heplay&
wll attheaiulsfor thefootboItteam andgot in,o
11Ineuergei inlothe seniar srde.o Did you ger in
lhet ~ m
+Seeah GET lNT0 STH; GET INTO STH, GET
SF~YOURSELFZNTOSTH
+v+adv + v+prep
,get'insth=GET IN,GET INTOSTH 236
,getsb 'In1tocaUsbtoyourhome,e~todoajob
foryou: W l lhave togPlap1umM in fnm
m
e
n
d
t
h
s
pipe. 2toattracta largeaudience:A p a n i o m h

64. usuallyge&tkcrowdPin.W pullab In3( a h
,getsb'lntosth)tofitsbinasmallplace:Canyou
get another person i
n (= in a car, for example)?
Msbtsth In, fft sWsth Into rth 4 ( a h,get
sb 'Into sth) tomake It possible forsb toget into
aplace,attend an event,etc: lmme tothestage
doo~
canyouget m in?
Getsb incannotbeused i
nthepassive.
+v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n(rrsre)
,get stb 'In1tooollectorgather sthand bring it
insidea plam:Didyougel inthed i n g when it
storlad mining?o Can you gel the bags infrom
thecar? o Weworked hardall weeklogetthecorn
in. EB7 bring sth In 2 to buy a supply of 8th:
Huueyou~ut:otyourcwI
inforthewinteryet?o UWI
YOII be gertrng any more of t h dresses into
(inJiortna0 Who'sgoing toget the beers in (=buy
beer foreveryMy)?3tomanagetodo,have,etc
sth, althoughthere isnot much time:I canonly
get ira an hour'spiampmEk a day.o Weought
to ~ e t
in another m
e
e
l
i
w bef3wthe end of the
month. 2
B
9 fit sth In 4 to manage to say sth,
usually when there are lots of people talking:
She talks so much that it's impossible to get a
word In. o 'Excuse me: I euentuaZ@got mn, T
think I m h l p y o a ' m wwd 5 to manage to
finisha piem of workand give it tosb in author-
ity,forexample yourteacher:Dld you manageto
getyourproject in on time?@(also,getsth 'Into
sth)tofitsthinasrnallplace:Howare wegoingto
get everythingin?EY)fit sthin,Rt sth lnto stk
Get 6thincannot be used inthe passive
6v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
3v+ adv + n + v+ nlpron+adv (Zesspcqwnt)
4alsov+adv+s p w h
(ot) get a word In 'sdlleways (AmE
(not) get a wwd In 'edgewise)to(not)beableto
say anythingbecausesbelse8
stalkingtwmuch:
W h n thosetwoget together:you can't W o w r d
m edgeways.
,get 'in on Sth (irsfot+m~
to become involved or
takemrt in an activity:How did she mmge ro
gel in on the deal?o He's hoping 60get in on m y
d~l~ssionsuboutthenewprrjecf.
+see alsoBE I N ON STH
+v+adv+prep
m@,In on the ' a d (inform0 to become
involved inan activity that sb else has started,
especiallytogetsthforyoupselESimthes~
d thefirstfour-wheeldrives,othermmpm&es
oar@
getling inont
kneacl too.
,get 'In with sb (infotmab)to try to become
friendIpwith sb,espddly in d e r to gain an
advantage for yourself: Have you noticed how
he's trying t
a gel in with the h ? oShe got in
wiinn badmwdtrtschool.
+v+adv+prep
,get'lntorb
bv+prep
what has got Imto Ib?
(spoken)used to say
that sb hasstarted to behaveIn a strange or dif-
ferent way: What'sgut inloyou? o1don't know
what'sgot into Georgia W I y-sheb so bad-
fempetpd.
,get'Into8th1toput onapieceof clothing,espe-
crally with difilculty:Icun'tm into lAeseshoes:
they 'ret
msmall, o Shewantstogetintoosize40.
o Go upstairs and get into your pyjamas 2 to
start acareerinaparticularpmfession:Cnnyou
givemeany aduiceongetting intoM'wrtising? 3
( a h 'getinto ddng sth) to become~nvolvedin
an activ~ty:
to start 5th: Wegot into a conuersu-
iionaboutpIIution.o Hegot intotakingdrugsot
school.o Sam'salwaysgetting iniofi~hss.
oAm
you s m g o u know what mu'wgelltng info?EZTi
convanatlon. tlght, argument 4 to develop a
habit,a routine,etc:I don't aunt loget into bad
hobits. o We'uego1 into a routine wrth the
h b y now, o G
e
t tm the habtr of checkingyour
mrk mr%fullYE E i habit, mullneI
E
E
9get out
of 5th 5 (Worm@to h e l o p a taste for or an
interest in sth: I
'
m reallygetttng intojazz t h e
&ys. 6 tobecomefamiliar with 6th;tolearnsth:
I hawn't mlly got into my new job yet 7 to be
found and used inaparticular way or byparticu-
lar people: I hope the story doesn't get inta the
pupers. o I don't w n t thrsfik geltfng into the
wrung hands I= getting to people who should
not seeft).
+see a hGET r N , GET INTOSTH; GET INTO STH,
GET SB~YOURSBLF
INTOSTH
Q v+oreo
,get 'lnto'sth;,net sbrywnlielf 'Into ath to
reach a prticular stateorcondition,especially
abad orunpleasantone;tomakesbd othis:Jerty
walwaysgettingintoIroubIeusa boy, oHer lit-
tle brother wasa~waysgettingherinto
ttvubk o
M
y sense of humour oftengets me inlo trouble!o
Thecompanyhas got Intod~$vuities E= financial
pmb1ems).oHrs passionfor sailing hrrsgot him
into debt. oThat3 a n o t k fine m r
u
e got
mysew into! o IA
you m i m e whatyou 'regetti&
lvouwu)i&P
EZ9 get out d .
t
h
;get sblyouneifoutof rth
Get sb into sthcannot be used inthepas-
she.
+~ 8 e
U ~ G E T
IN,
GET INTO STH; GET INTO STH
@V+PP * v+nlpron+pre~
D lget ub Into 'bedto persuadesbtohaveasex-
ual relationship withyou
,get sb 'intosth=GET SB I N Q , ~
,getsth 'intosth =GET STH IN 7
,get 'off 1 to leavea placeor start afourney:We
ought loget off shaighi a
m bmkfan, o toget
ofl lo bed,umrk 2 IWWIsth) to escape or nearly
escape punishment:Hegot off with 0 mallfine.
o Companfes who m
2
l
u
t
.
e t h ~
enuimment haw
been~ettilrgqflrlightly.
3(wlth8th)toesmpeor
nearIy escape iwuw in an accident: She ruas
I& bo get withjut afiw b r u k 4 (BrE.
ilaformaDtogotoslep:Iwuldn't#&@ t o s b p
h t night. 5 ( A M ,~ r t f o m l ,
usuallydiwppraw
in@)
to be bold enouRh to say or do sth: I don't
know where you get off saying thnt musicians
don't make much money 8 ( A M ,A)to havean
orgasm(= strong feelingsof sexualpleasure)
ev+adv
get off t
aaRylrtg'start;get off toa Hyerto
make a very good start: The ream have got off
to aflying sari this m n . get off to a good,
bad, slow, etc. startto make a god, bad,slow,
etc.startget off onthe rlghth'mngToot(infnr-
mu0tostart arelat~omhip
welllbadly: Markand
Itnunaged togetof on thewmnc:foot.
,get'off;,get'off sb(irzJorm[)
used to tell sbto
stop touclkingsb.Getoff (me)!You'rehurli~gmy
arm
+v+adu + v+prep
,gel 'off;,get 'off
8th 1to leave a bus,train,
plane, etc. that you a
n
?trawlling in:Ask the
driver whewm get offo Lei's gel off the busand
w a l k f h e r p s l q f I h ~ p ~
geton,gaonsth
+seea h GET OUT. GET OUT OF STH 2 2tomove
yaur body mrn sth you are sitt~n&
standing,
lyin&etc. on, down to the ground: Get 4ff th#
table a! o m ! o Yow bike'sgot afiat @re. You'd
better get of land walk.^ get m,getonsth 3
toleavework withpermission: I normallyget off
atS30,butI'lltiylogeloflmrlier. o W~attimedo
you get oofJwork tomorrow?4 to stop touching
sth: Get ofl thosem h ! They'refor your gmnd-
purents.
Qv+adv + v + m
,get 'off d h I to leave a place where you
shouldn't really be: Get OJT land!ECi hnd,
properky2 to stop discussinga particular sub-
ject: Doesn'tsheewrgetofl thesubjecl of mcrney?
rnsub~ect
3 m stop us~ng
the telephone:Con
you lell rrre w m jrou get off thephone?oGel off
that phone? I'm luaaingJar a mil. phone,
line= get on d h 4to stopusingordo~ng
6th
that you have beenuslngor doingasa habit.I'm
determrnd hgei o r thedmgs. E L dnrgs,drlnk
+ see also CRT SR OFF STB 1 5 VlmD to say or
wr~te
sth amusing
+V+P@P
D X i get off my "baeWcas6 (spoken,f-1)
used toasksbtostopannoylngyoubycriticizing
you or telling you to do t h m p get (m)
off the
'gmundtostart happning successfully;tomake
sth do this: The projwt w w shiu In get off iht.
ground.o togetanew mmpanyolf theground
,get sb 'off 1(to ...) to make or help sb leave a
place or stattafourney:I?icume&rl'vegot the
chiIdrPnoff to school.2 to make a baby, a child,
etc. fall asleep: She go8 the h b y ~ f f
t~ s k p @
rocking her:o When did you eventwIEyget him
on?mbaby 3 (also.getsb 'off 5th)to help sb
to esape punishment: SRt-3 relying on ckwr
lawyers.@get hi-off: oT W mam@ toget Rim
offthecharge.
W Get sb o r i snotused inthepassive.
Qv+nlpmn+adr3alsov+nlpmn+pwp
,get8th'off9 tosendsthbyposthnail:Imustgel
these&ten fllonlght. Dsend sthoff (tosb)
2 to remove sth from sth; to manage to remove
sth from sth: Get your mat fland dmand sit
down. o Her finger was m swlkn t h t she
couldn'tget her ring o
,
+
J BEiclothes, coat BE0
take sth off 3 to have permission from your
employer not W go to work for a particular
period of time:Can yau get some tfmeoff m
I
w k ? ~
I?[ see if I con #el she dny oJTD tlme,
day,w k take Sth Off off SM a h GET STH
OFF STSI 2
=Get sthoffisnotusedinthepaasive.
+v +nlpmn+adv
mt k
t 'otl (with sb) (AM,
A,slnng)to have
s~xual
relations with sb;to havestrongfeelings
of scxual pleasum
,getsb 'offsth1tohelpsb tostopusinpor doing
sth that they arehthehabitof using or doing.I
needpfessmnal help logetmeoffthealwhol t
w also GET OFF STH 4 2 to stop sbfromdiscuss-
ingapartitularsubject.Icoulcfn't#ethrmofl~l-
i t b o r nhe'd started3 =GET SB OFF3
SED gstsbonto sth
-Get sb off sth cannot IW uwd In the
passlve.
Qv+nlpron+prep
,get sth 'off sb (~~~ tosuccedli
ngetting
sb togiveyousth:Dirlywgetthatmoney~hlm?
o Ourmmcouidn'tgetthe ball off them
W G e t sb oft' 6th cannot be used in the
paqslve.
+v + Wpmn+prep
,getsth 'off uth 1tomanagetorernwesthh m
sth; to m o v e sth h m somewhere:Canyou get
thetopqfJ thls bottle?o Shego1ajarof co@@ofl
theshelf oGetyourfetfl thechnir!ltoget per-
mission h m your employer not to go to work
duringa particular period of time:D
o you think
you can get the w k dfmfi?EEtlme, day,
~ ~ + S # U ~ G E T
STH OFF 3
h k 8 8th .off 8th
-Get sth o f f s
t
h m o t t
e uved in the
passive.
Q I v+nlpron+prep
2v+nipfm+prep+n
,get'of8on 5th:,get'off on doingsth(in&-
m
n tobecomevery excited by sth,ofteninasex-
ual way or becauseofdrugs:She seemstoget off
onshoutiingatppt
@ v +adv +prep
,get"ff vvith sb;,gd 'offwether(informal,
espmralIyHrE)tostadasexualor romantic rela-

67. 121
(rO'..W.9! .......9.9..
.....................................
.......
...................
,get stusth toogether
tobringpeople or things
together in one place: She's getfing her Ikhgs
togetherready lo hue. oDoyou thinkyou muld
gei lo~ethero
m J o r Saturday'smatch?o We're
getting.a h n d togetk o (?Tgurutiue)
We71lMed
someiime togel our idm.s togethmandoom up
with a p h oCanyou getthe money tomher by
Friday?o Doyou thinkyou mnget logetkapm
posal by n m w k 7 o I hauen'f got anythmng
logplherflrthealp.
+v+nlpmn+adv 4 v+adv+n
get ywr ' k lwether (inform0tobecome
properly organized in oder to be able to deal
with or achieve sth:$he@&his& t o g d k he
co~tld
beverysucce@ful o Thegouernmeni weds
lo get its c
x
i tugether on unemployment.gel It
t0'gethr (wlthsb) (:nfomL)
1tostartaroman-
ticor wxual relationshipwith sb: Ididn'l know
Bill and Gina hod got it together! 2 to kame
properly organized In order to be able to deal
with or achieve sth: The t
e
a
m naeds W gel it
logetherif tlaey want W ulin themulch.
,get yourself to'gatherto manage to control
your feelinw ina d~ficult
situation:Sham&
outsidethedoorloget herse(flogethes
I33pull youmtf twether
+v+pron+adv
,get 'up 1 to stand afler sitting, kneeling. etc:
I+;veryonegolupwhen thePmidetttmmein. oHe
got upslowlyfrom hischair o Getupoffthemr!
2 [+ advlprep]tovklt or traveltoaplace(usually
somewherefurther north m the country):When
areyou going logel uptoGhsgowfor a vlslt?o He
daesn'tgetupioseemve?yoften. 0 I m ' t beable
toga up thereuntil ~ n e s d u p
mppr get dorm3
if the sea or the wind gets up, lt increases i
n
smngth and &comes violent' As the sun,went
down,a b-got up
Qv+adv
,m-~p.nd-'go
n (informal)thequalityof
beingenergeticanddetermined:She'sgolb&of
get-upand-go.
,get 'up;,getsb 'uptoget outof be tomakesb
get outof bed: WhattfmedoyouusualIy~t
~ ~ l p . 9
o
Could you gei m up mrIy tomorrow?o Get up,
you lazy thing!
&v+adu + v+nlpmn+adv
,get 'up;,get 'up sthto climbto the topof sth
such as a hill, steps,etc: How did the# gei up
there?o He can't really get up the stairs on his
own.o Weused ropes togetup the mountuin. o I
had m get up on the &k and shoud lo get some-
bxty'sallenthion.
E5El mountain, hlll, ataln, steps DPB get
d m ,get down nth
@v+adv 4 v+prep
,(let "p sth1tomakeyoum?Ifteelexcited,Mlof
e n e m etcrI'm tryingtaget up theenfiwhrn
todosomeChrlslmrrsshopping.BEl enthusiasm,
m
m
g
y2 to organize sthsuch as a public m t
or action: are getting up u atition
againsttheclosweof Ihe~lschooI.
o W'reget-
ling u p u ~ ~ ~ m
for her blrshdqy.
el v+adv+n
2v+&+n v+pmn+adv * v+n+adv(mm)
get up ' s w to start to go faster: We'll be
o b i e i o g e t ~ s ~ o m w g e l o n l o ~ m t o ~ a y
,getsblsth 'upI(
t
osth)to sendormow sWsthto
anotherplace. oftena place further north in the
country: We d to get sombdy up there
strarfiht away o How can we ger all our q u i p
men1 up to L
?
e
&
? E
Bget uWsth d m 2 ( a h
,get sblsfh 'up nth)to move sblsth Worn alower
position to a higherone:Curtyou get me up onlo
rhechair?~
How didyou get l h e M thestat&
get ublsth down:get sb/sth downsth
Get sblsth up isnot used inthepasslve.
+v + nlpmn+a& 2also v +nlpron+prep
,get sth 'up 1 to build sth; to put 6th into an
uprightposition:Thgtgotthe buiidingupinjust
ofew months. o Canyouget thetmt up whiklgo
andfind waW72 if sbgets their hopesup,they
start tohope and believe that sth they want will
happen: I don't want to ger your hopes up, but
them will probably k a p h m on the coumJor
you @
G
I
onlyhopes
Getsth u p 1snot used inthepassive.
+v *nlpmn+a&
i
l
3
J get sbb 'buck up (fllSormcr1)to annoy sb:He
rpollygets my back up whenhe hhaveslike that!
get It 'up (slang)(ofa man)to become sexually
excited sothat thepenis is hardand upright
,get swuraelf 'upadnsthtodresssbmr-
self in unusual or strange clothes:She WQS got
upasan Indianprincess.
+v+~lpron
+adv +prep
b 'gabup n (oidfashianed, im~5rmaF)
a set of
clothes,usually an unusual or strange one:He
looked ridiculousin thatget-up!
,get 'upto ath 1 to reachaparticularpint:We
got uptowge 72l
a
s
tlesson.o Pusgot lo@upt
o
mwmediate kuel in Fremh in a ymr: 2 (infir-
man to kdoingmbe involvedinsth, especially
sth that is surprising or unpleasant:Whi on
earth will h e ~ e t
uplonext?o Whnthueyou kids
been gettiq up to?oThe h y s are lively andget
uptomfs~hIefal!&ty
oShe'sbeengedhirgupto
heroM tricksagain!
6v+ adv*prep
,ginger sbMb 'up (BE)
to make 8Wsth more
active, interesting or exciting: Some dancing
wuId ginger up the p~lrljro They need som
mcitemnl togingerthemupabit.
+v+a&+n * v+ntpron+adv
,glw sb a'way 1 (ina marrlage oeremony)to
lead the woman who i
s getting married to the
man she is golng to marry and formally allow
her to marry him:Herfaif gaue her atmy. 2
togive ababy or a child to another person
to take careof astheir own child:Shehad newr
understood why her mother had @wn her awux
+ ~ ~ I S O G I V K S R
UP^
(bv+nipron+adv + v+adv+n
,giw sblsthyourself a'way to do or say sth
that showssth about sbESthlyoum1f that was a
secret. It rws her eyes that gaue her away (=
showedhowshe reallyfelt).o He nevergives wry
much away about A i m K o She ?
I
&
giuen a m y
s t a t e m t s60theenemy 4Ifound Icould tell lies
confi&ntly withnutgiuhgmy numy
EFZlmrthlng,anything,IlttieE3 betraysblahl
youwW(moreform0
Qv+sdv+n *v+nlpmn+adv
,give the 'game away to tell a secret,espe
c~ally
by accident;to show sththat hashem hid-
den:Idon't want tugiueI&garneamy by telling
you how thernouieends.
b 'giveaway n (it$oraal) somethingthat mskes
you guessthereal truthabut sth:Hemidhewas
French, but his accent rn a h d giwalwy!
(=showed clearly thathewasnot French)
4 seealsoGIVEAWAYatGIVE STtI AWAY
,give sth a'way to give sth to sb as a giR:He
~ i d e d i o ~ i t r a m o s t ~ h I s m 0 ~ 1 1 ~ ~ 1 y .
o W e h w
2
6
% tickelsiogiveaumyfme too wviewem
4v+ nlpron+adv r r+a&+n
F 'g4rreawayn { i ~ m I )
somethingthat a com-
pany gives he,usually with a product for sale,
topersuade people tobuy it
sw a hGIVRAWAY at G I V E SB~STH~YOURSELF
AWAY
t 'g-y adj !only beforenoun] (irlformnl)
(ofprices) very low
,glve
sb 'back(
t
onb)toreturna&Id to its par-
ents:W
eloueourgm~ildmn
dear[%butweam
happy mgivethembuck at theendof theaky!
+v+ntpron+adv + v+&+n
,give5th 'back(tosb)toreturnsthto itaowner
Youmn't how it. Giue it back' oHaveyoua w n
backthemoneyyou banodfromyolyfotherl o
CQnyoulend me#?I'llgiveit h t k toyoulater o
Thenew [nwgiues~compwer
back t o i h e ~ p l e .
o (figuralrw) The operation guue him bnck t f ~
uw of his legs.
F?EIhandnth b k (
t
osb); returnsth(
t
osb)
(more~%r~iml)
In informal language give sb back sth
and, less often,glve sb sth back are also d:
Could you giveme k k mypn?oCouldy~ugiw
me my p?n brrck?In very informal spoken Eng-
lrsh,you canalso say:fllgrueyou lt buck lomor-
row orI'll grvertyou bQck lomrrow.
+v+ nlpmn+adv * v+ adv+ n
'glve sth for sth to wy or give a particular
amounttohaveordo sth:How muchdidyougiw
Jot thecar?o I'dglw awthinglbra m
Z
d beet:
Give sth for6th 1
snot used inthepassive.
+v +Wpmn+prep
,give'in(tosbtsth)1toaccept that you havebeen
cleffated or persuaded by sb: I g i w in -you'll
have to lell me theaT1swI:o EuentmlIyIgnue in
to tmpFationand had an Icemrn. 2 to W y
agree to do sth that you do not want to do: We
mustn'tgiw in to terroristdemands.o S h g I w s
In, tothechilden ail thetime $aavaid arguments.
EBB holdout (agalnstablsIh)
+v+adv
,givesth I n(
t
osb)tohandsthtosbb~authority,
forexamplea teaches:PIeasegIveyour test in (lo
thetwcher)whenyou %finished.
E
i
9hand sth In(tosb)
Qv+nlpron+adv4 v+adv+n
'glue of sth; 'giveof yournelf~ormol)to
@w
your time or money willingly to help other
people w~thout
expecting them to do anything
foryou:She's always wininglogfueor her timeto
help the homeless.oThe teacher emurages all
thechlfdmntogfva of their kst.
EEltCme, b a t
@ v+prep + v+pwp+pmn
,give 'off ath: ,give IMhem 'off I to mute
sthsuchas beat.llght,smoke,
etc:Burningapple
u m d giws fl o plwszng smell.E
!
Q
l smsIl,
amma, Ilght,gas +seeolso GIVE STH OUT 2 2 to
give a particular impressionbythewayyou look
or behave:Shegrsveofl'anair 4f mnJidmm.
A noun must always followo
f
f
,but aprc-
noun comes betweentheverbandoK
+v + adv n * v +pron+ adv (kssfrequent)
'glve onto sth (Brm if a door, a window. etc.
gives onto sth, it has a view of it or leads d
i
r
-
ectlytoit:French windowsgiveontoah h ~ .
4v + prep
,give 'out1to cometoan end;tobe uwdup:My
patierrcefirur[Iygowout. oWewerr?Jineuntil rhe
bnwtes In the torchgave out E B run out 2 K
am engine, a machine, etc, given out, it stops
working,especiallykcauseit Is old or damaged:
Oneof thep[one*sanginesgrrveout. o@gumfive)
His henrt gaueourj u t Worehis eightkth birth-
day. 1
S
'
W
,break down
&v+adv

68. , g h 'out7 tohand8thtoa lotof people: The
Wher gave out the eram oI'll write up
there~rtandglue
ltout i
o thewhabd e p n m t .
m-,leMetsmw sth out(t8Sb)
In informal spoken language give sb out
sth isabaused r'llgiwyou out t h e m In& 2
to plpduce sth,such as light or heap Thnl Inmp
doesn't grw out a lol of light BIlgM. heat.
ndsa+swolsoGlvR OFF STH, GlVE I T k H R M OFF 1
3 (Brm to tell pmple sth or broadcast sth:Nu
details o
f the midm1 have h e n glum out yet. o
The lwdm of #heopmition has giwn out dhal
she is resigning EBZl lnformdon BmBGivestb
out 1
softenusedIn the passivem th~s
meaning.
ev+adv+n + v+nlpron+adu
,give 'wer(BrE,spoken,jrdbrmai) wed totellsb
tostopdoingsth: Giueooes!ImnY~ r k w i t h y o u
shouting like thud.
Qv+adv
,$h
sb~sth
'
- t
osb to let sbhavehweblsthso
thattheyrnlookafleror haverespmsibllityfor
themlit: Wegave the h o w ouertomy unclewhen
w m t loliwabrwd.
ev+nlpmn+adv+prep * v+adv+n+prep
, g hsth 'over to sthtousesthonly for a w-
t~cular
act~vityorpurpos~
Tk?zewspa!persguw
slrpanes over the t
m
g
mo Much of Wmun-
rrysrdersgtueno w r m a m l t u r e .
Give 8th over to sth is often used In the
pmsive.
+v+nlpron+adv+prap v+adv+n*prep
,give purww 'mrrup to sth; , g bpur-
self 'overl'upto doinp sth tospend all your
tlme and energy on sth, to dew sth to com-
pletely control yourlife:Mer his wire'sdeath,he
.seemedtogive himelf over W despair oJumnl b
grw mysev owr t
owrllingfull-fim.
+v+pron+adv+m
,give 'up;,give8th "up; ,give 'updolngsth1
tn stop w
i
n
gto dosth,usuallybecause it is too
dficult:ShehnZgrveup w i l y-shehemon
frying.o I tried bfi the car myseK bulgaue up
the attempt qffera mupk of humUTS
o I've giwn
u p h y f ~ i a u ~ & n d h e t t s e e a b ~ ~ v ~
IN(TO
snls~lr)2 to stop domg or hav~ng
5th that you
consider unhealthy. It's about tzmeyou gaw up
s m o k ~ ~ .
@v+adv + v+adu+n + v*pmn+adv + v+n+adu
([essf~llent) u+adv+-lng
,glum sb 'up Ito stop having a Mendship or a
relat~onship
wlkh sb:I'm m
ig
o
* hgiw upol[
myfriendsjust bemuseI'mgetling married oHe
gave herupforayowrgmmmn.2togiveababy
to sb else to bring up: Shegave the bohy upfor
adoption +aaim GIVE sn AWAY 2 9 (also, g h
'up on shellyAmEj to stop hoping that sb
will arr~ve
or i
sstill alive: Wherehawyou h
?
We'dgiuenyouup?
+r+n/pmn+adu + v+adv+nTalsov+abr+pp
m g l w 8b up for Vostrdo~ld
Vormal) to no
longerhopeorexpectthatsbwiuarriveor isstill
alfve
,give sth 'up1to stopdoingor havingsth:H
e
'
s
given up the idao
f beEoming a model.o She'd
given up all hopeof seeinghimagazn. 2{to sb)
to let sb else have sth, sometimes M u s e they
need it more than you: Chi[drenrarelygive up
their =is t
oolder people on buses now (= stand
up so that they can sit down). 3(to sb) to hand
sth m r to sb else: Do I h u e to grve up my OH
passport when I applyfora newow?4t
ospend
time doing 5th when you would normally be
dolngsth e h :!l'honKsfoxgivrnl:upyour timelo
c
u
mandhelp w.
ElltFrne,the mwnlng,etc. 5
(for sbltodo ath)to stop doing or having 5th that
you enjoy SO that you can do or achieve sth that
you consider more Important: I gave w every-
thingfor myfamily. o Shegaue it all uplohe with
him
Gka6thupisnotoflend inthepa~ive.
Qv+adv+n + r+pm+a& + v + n + a d v ( k f i
que~~t)Sv+nlpmn+adv
* v+adv+n
kt's g h IIup for sb(spken,Wml,
e s p
cu~lly
A@ used to askpeopletohit theirhands
together several times (to clap) to show they
approveof sborhaveenjoyedsth
,giveymwrsetf 'up(tasblslh)toallowyourself to
be arrested or capturerl: Mer a u w k on Ihem
k g u w h h I f uptotheplb?,
surrender(to sblsth)
v +pron+adv
,give 'up on sb (tnforml)2 to lmehope that sb
wlll get better, change, etc: I've givm up on her
She never repliestomy letters.oHistmcherssm
to hnw given up on him. 2 (pspwfdlyAmE) =
GIVE SB UP 3
+v+adv+prep
,give *upon 8th (IiyimmD to stop hopingthat
sth will be successful or will happen: I hnwn't
gruen up on my marriage yet I=I think we can
save it). o Haw yougiwn up on the idwcf emi-
grating?
+v+adv+pq
,givepurseH 'upt
osth:,giveyourself 'up
to doing sth=GIVE YOURSKLF OVERKIP TO STH,
ClVI!YOIIHSI?I.F OVERhJPTO DOING STH
glance~ 1 a m s ; ~ m ~ g l e n s l
,gfanm 'off nth if aball,e
t
c gIances oflath, it
touches ~tlightlysnd movesaway k r n it inadW-
ferent direction: T
h
e h l l ghnmd off the goal
post intothenet.
e v + m
,gFance'flronath if light glanoes omonsth
~tflasheson a surface or is reflectedfrom it:the
sunglancingon water
e v + p m
,glance 'werl'throughsth to Imk at or read
sthvery quicklyand not very thoroughly: Could
youglalmce overthisd ~ u m m t
for me? 0 IgInnced
througha magazine whileI walrad.
book, lint
0v + prep
,glaze 'owr if a person's eyes glaze over,the
person begin8 to look very b o d or tired: H
e
r
<yesg k e d over when they startedtalking about
fmahul!,o I stnriedtoglaze ouerat that mint.
Glaze cam aiso be used with the same
nleantng:Herepsg&& with iears.
6v+adv
-a b w l
-about togsther
-about wlth
-aomss
-after
124 -aga~nst
-ahead -
-along
-along with
-around
-around together
-around with
125 -at
-away
-awaywih
-back
-back on
-back orer
-back to
- 126 -before
,glom 'anb s
t
h ( A d , slung) to become wry -beyond
interested in 5th such as a new fashion or an -hv
128 -infor
-In with
-It0
- #
129 -off wlth
-on
130 -out.outuf
-outtor
-out01
-m
131 -averto
-past
-round
-round together
-rwndwllh
-through
132 -throughwlth
-to
-t m e r
-, - -
idea:Thewholenationglommedanlo thescandal. - d m -up against
+v + prep 127 -downm -UPm
-downto -wth
. .
-down wlth - M t M
-for 133 -up against
-fOrth - U D l O
'glory In sth(Zi&mrji)I to get greatpleasureor -forward -4th
Pniovment fmm sth:He ~[orled
in hls son%s w -ln -Hltt.QtA
&s.b Igloried in k"ur;ty the s
c
@
- 2 to
take pleasure in sth: She seemed t
uglory in his ,IIO a'bout;,goa'bowldh:,goa'bowtdo in^
f i i P ~ m d h (
&
a
!
?
) = GO AROUND, GO AROUND STH, GO
AHOUNn DOING STH
'go about sth tocontinue todosth inyour usual
wax especially after sthunusualhashappened,
-
to keep busy with 8th: EwryMy lu~s
going
,$Yoss 'warsth to treat sth such as a problem, rnesLISwUIIL
mistake,etcasif it w
a
snotimportantandavoid Jmur busmess, the knlmM M,.,,-.
discussina i t in detail:Themnnarrerf!Mover . .
the m m .s'mnt ddecrt. o The mo-uiegiosses owr
"'"
t hh e 2 issmo
f the m
r
: ev+prev
~ ; l ~ ~ ~
over sthcanbeusesin p ~ h r e :
,Q""'bout sth; ,go a'but doing fib tostart
~ ~ ~ s q ~ t ~ n ~ ~ n g ~ o ~ o w r ~ y p o ~ i ~ ~ ~ a l L P h
to work at sth, to approach or deal with 8th: I
A ~ r t n w n want toheln bulldon't knowhow togoabwtit, o
V . P1"Y
How should Igo aboratflndingajob70 You'temt
gnaw/nx~ going h u t it the right wa$ o It s
e
e
ma strange
tuoyof ~ l n g
about things.
'gnawat rbtomakesb feelg r a d d ~
moreanx- mthlngs rnSM about **+set a w 601ng
iousorannoyedoveralongperiodof time: These ath;tackle sth
doub~hadkbeen~ingothimforsomtim.
ev+prep ,goa'boutwfthsb;,goa'bouttmgether(BrE)
1 8 " ~ ~
~ ' W Yatslhtomduan~ =GO AROUND WITH SR.00 RAOUND TOGETHER
effect on sth over a longperiod of time: Hisatti- ,go .
,
,
,
,
;,go to a a
zudesowardshergnaupedawyatnerco~~road, a river,etc.in ordertogettothe otherside:
@ v +a&+ prep Weborrowed a h t and went a m mt
uthe&and.
o CangougonrossthermdI0thestom$or me7
90Iw; A d g w l (goesI s m ;AmEmlwent g + + + prep
/went/gone /gon;AmEgxn,gmnl)
used as the past participle
go ,go'me'ahsth tochaseor followaperson or
whensbhas gone somewhere and comeback. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
2
,go a ' b u t ; ,go a'bod 8th (Brm =oo hRoUNn, f she'salIr&hl?2 to try to getor obtain sWsth:
GO AROUND STH 3

69. go agalnmt 12
.........~..... ......
,ge
a'gaimlsbifaresult,ajudgemenLetc.
ageinst sb,it is not in their favour or to their
advantage:Thejuy 'suerdiclwentsgainsthim o
Thewar isgoingagainsfrrs.
+ ~ + P W P
,goalgalfk!sts h t htoresist oropposeswath:to
act m a differentway h r nwhat sb tells you or
advises you t
o do:Anyone ldrogca againsl me
willhepunwhed.oHe m g o i n g again* hisdoc-
tor's advice by contrnuing to wrk.o mn't go
againsryour~mnrs'w~shes.
QV + P ~ P
,goa'gafmststhtob e o p w ormhwytosth;
to not fit or agree with sth: ThIsgoes agoinel
ewyuthingiklieuein. o Payingformy children's
Bdumtiongoesugainsdnry pn'miples.
EEi principles,blM
O V + P ~ V
go agalmtthe'gnlntobesth dlfPerentfbm
what is normalor natural Toryou and sosthyou
do not like doing:It went aguinsl the gmIn ta
haw foagreewithmy brother
,goa ' h d1(also,go
a'heade
fab) togoinhnt
of other people whoaregoing inthesamedirec-
tton as you and arrive before them: She wens
ahmd of him intothehouse.o Yougoahead an$
zue'ilfoilow when we'rereodp2 (ofaplan, aprp
ject, adeal,etc.)tobecarriedoutor happen:The
buikiing of the new brldge mil[ go ahead as
plnnned. oWImlng went ohead m spite of the
h d mther B B pmceed(formal)3{wfth ath)
if sb mahead with sth,they do it. although
theremay bea problem,or sb may haveobjected
or expressed doubts' In spite of her illness,Anna
decided lo go ahead milh the W i n g .o 'May f
start now?' 'Yes,go nhmd (= E give you permk-
s~on),
'BE)
pmceed(wfth 8th)
@v+adv$ alsovtadvtpmp
tthe"goahsad n[smg.]permissionorapproyal
for sth to start:Has the h m g
i
myou the m
ahwdfor Ihepmjecl?
b '-had d j[usuallybeforenounl(BrEjvery
ambitious:tryinghardtosucoeed,&enbyusing
new methods and ideas: a goahead young
dagner
,goa'long1 toprogreps;to develop or Improw:
Thingsoregoingalongnicelp2(
t
osit11(wlth sb)
to go somewhere or toan event with sb: I menl
along lo the club a mupk of t i m . oSam mid
he'd go along60 theparty with u
s
.3 (esjxxhliy
A m 0 tado what sb else suggests or does: What-
ever msad Max uant rightnlom.
g v + a d v
asy a ~
go m k n gwhileyouaredoingsth:He
m a d e t h e s l o ~ y u ~ a s h e m a l o n g . o I l u o s ~
&ugh1 how t
ouseacomputerI i l l s l p W itwas
I uwnrabng
,go anlong;
,goa'long stb to move forward or
from one end of sthtowardsthe other: Theh
m#kdasit mtahng. o Iwentakmgadarknar-
mmpswge,pasl sevmldoors.
+ v + & + "+prep
,go a'long wlth sbmth 1 (mpmial[yBE)
to
agree with ublsth: I can'tgo along with you on
that point. 2 to accept si!h or d o sth,especially
when you do not really want to: Theydidn't like
the &, but thqr urent r n h g with it.o I didn't
m t t o m k s h i m a n g q soIjlLslwnlaIong with
him(=Idtdn't arguewith h
i
m
)
. b
l
l Inwlth
M(SrE)
*v+adu+prep
,goa'roundm=GO Rounn
,go a'round; ,go a'round 8th ( B ~ E
o b ,go
'mund, .go 'round sfh) 1 to visit a group of
people or places, one by one:I'll go am& and
checkalI thdmnomlocked o Wespentallafter-
noongoing roundtheshops.o She wentroundthe
table and snld g&Lye loeveryone. 2 (ofa note,
etc.)to b sent round a group of people so that
everyone can read ~ t :
A mrd'sgoing arwnrl for
pwpk tosign. o A memowentaround thedepart-
ment 3EBrEalso ,a0a'- ,go a'bout sth) if a
plece of news, an Illness, etc m s around,it
spreads hnm one person to another Them%a
rumurgorngarormd f
h
t
Sam ondKa6eamhau-
i n ~ a n a f a ~ ~
o There'sannslyvtrusgoinground
thedwol. float amund,flolltaroundsth4
to move or be placed tn a circle. ThecycIisl m
going round the rormdabout the wmng m y . 0
Theeofih-mund thesun. o lfgumtiw)We're
going roltnd in cimfes in this argument. 5 to be
enoughforeveryonetohaveashare:Therearm't
enough chairstogo round. oIs thereenoughfd
togoaroundaIl thegUPS1S?Btomoveamund the
outsideof 8thinordertogetpast sthorget tothe
other side: We didn't go inio t k city, We went
around rt.08Bmllseof thepmd, tw had mgo
round by the minor roads lo get to school. 7 to
travel in a countryor place and visit lots of dif-
ferentthings:Wetr~ueI
oround by bus. o They're
sauing up togo around the world. o We'rephn-
ning logoround vrsitrgall thetempk Btovisit
werypartofaroomor building:How Iongdoesit
take togoaroundthemuseum7oA guide wrIigo
m u d withyou.
+v+adv * v+pmp
ESlwhat , g m ~
around 'E- around what-
ever happens now will have an effect in the
f u r n
,go a'roundI* advlprepl, ,goa'mund d h [+
advtpmp], ,go a'mund doing sth (BrE o h
,ga'roundlabut I+
adv(prep1,go 'roundlaW
sth I+
advlpmpf ,go
'roundla'hbovtdolng SWI) to
dress or lwhave m a particular way; to do 5 t h
regularly:She around bnrefmt most o
f the
t
m
m
.o It'sno1safe @gouhui thestreets alone. o
Youcan'tgo roundspread*lgmmum likethat.o
The kh% went around in grmgs, dnw& com-
pletely inblack.
Go a r o u n ~ d ! a I x m t
and go around1
roundlabont sth are used with an adverb or a
phrase beginningwithapreposition.
Qv+adv 4 v*prep
,go a'roundsbisth(BrEalso,go 'mudsblrth)
tosurround or go In a circlearoundsblsth:Ifelt
his arm going around my shoulde~
o The belt
tuon'lgo
round my waist!
QV + P ~ P
,go a'rwnd sth (BrEo h ,go'mud rlh)to
move or travel around a corner The mr's t y m
screeched us it m t round the bend.ohfaggie
watched mlL[JPSS
had gone oround the corner
and wasout of sight.
E
E
Ionlycomer,bend
QV+PV
go mund tha 'Ibsndn*vfst( i M r m L e m
clalIy BrEj to go crazy: V I have to slay in this
placeanotherdn~J?lgoround theW !
,go a'round with s b ,go a'round together
(BrEalso ,@aa'boutl'mund wtth sb, ,@ a'bouff
'mund together) ( b r n i n g oId-fihionad) to
spend a lot of time with sb or with a gmup of
pmp1e:AnngoesaroundwrthSm.oAnn and Sue
goaround logethero Thesearelhepwple 1&6o
goamundmilh.
I
s
r
*
,hangaround4th sb, h a q around
together
Qv+adv+prep + v+adv+adv
'go a4 sb to attack sb:He went at me like a wiki
animal.
*V+PW
'go at sthtomake m t a r t stodo sth, towork
hardand withenthusiasm at sth:Theyrwntat the
lob asIf their livesdependadonit.0 He wargoing
a! tRe.fmdasthoughhehodn'teatenfirdqys.
ev+prgp
goat ii,hammerandlongstf twopeoplego
at it hammer and tongs,they argue or fight
w ~ t h
a lot ofenergy andnoise
,goa'way1toleaveaplace or aperson:Coaway!
You'reannoying me!o Goaway and thfnk &out
it a bid.2toleavehomeforaperiod of time,espe-
ciallyfor aholidayWacation:Theymmlatmyfor
the mkeM. oAre you going away on holiday
thisyear? o Shegoes away on businessa lot 3to
disappear gradually:Thesmell still hasn't gone
away. oHw your headache gone aluaylo The
longrngneverwentaway.
EE3 come b ~ ~ k
6v+adv
,goa'way with Bfnto leavea place with a par-
tlcularfeelingor impmslon:IdonY wantpeople
togoawaymiththewrongidea
Qv+adv+prep
,go 'back1Ito stht...) to returntoaplace whem
you werebefore:Can w
g
otackinside?o I&
acupof t
mand wnl back lobed.o WRen areyou
going back to AuFhalia?2 (
t
oath) to return to
schwlorworZfBfterabmk:Thechildmhnueio
gob
a
c
k ioschool n& m k .3(kosblsth)to be ina
situationlthatyou wereinbefore:Wecunnevergo
back lo how things ruerebefore (= m a relation-
ship, for example).oOllEe you h u e taken this
decision, there's no going back.o I don't think
Emily will go back t
u her hwband (= l~ve
wlth
h~rn
again).4 (to sth) to return to work after
being on strike: The strikers won't go back (lo
work) untilS h q . get apoy rise.5 (to sth) (infor-
maO(of sththat youhaveboughtorborrowed)to
be returned to the place where you got it: This
Wterwrlihaw logo backDtheshop-it dwsn'l
murkpmperIy o When d m this vidmhaw to go
hck' 6 (ofclmks and watches) to be set to an
earlier time whenthe timechanw at theend of
summer: Theclocksgo bock loni@hi.Weget an
m m hourin bed.I E 9 goforward
+v+a&
,go 'back...I if twopwple go back a period o
f
time,they havek
n
meachotherand havebeen
frlendsforthat time:Adomand Igo back a long
way. 2 (also .go 'back to 8th) lo have existed
since a parzicular time in the past: Ourfriend-
shipgoes kckffi@enyeam o Thisnudition gaes
back to mediewl times. date back...,date
back to sth 3( o h,go'back to sth)to conslder
stb thathappenedinthepast: 3btracetReorrgins
of thepmblem,wehave iogobuck lo the18thcen-
tury oi'mgoingbackafetuy@arsnow... (= I'm
talkingaboutsth thathappenedsome years ago)
(Bv +a& 2
,
3alsov +adv +prep
,go 'back on 8th to fail to keep a promise; to
change your mind abut sth: She never gioes
back onher word [=failstodowhatshe hassaid
she will do).oHe went back om his promise. oI
don's liketogo hckon whatIsadd.
your pmmlae,your word
+v+adv + prep
go 'back over sth to thinkabut sth againor
oflen: I wen! back o w Me day's euents in m
y
mind.
6v+adv+prep
,~p
'back to sth 1 to start talking abut sth
again: i
% go brick to what you were saying
WOW
... mhlm to Sth 2 = GO BACK... 2
3 =GO BACK... 3
Qv+adu*prep
,go 'backt
o8th;,go'backto dolng 8
t
h1to
startdoingsth againthat you had stoppeddoing:
Tam Islrrred owr and w
r
i
t t m k to sleep 0 I
wouldn't go back 50 living in the cw.o She3
rdecided to go back a0 teaching.o John's going
back io college to get some more quolifimtmns.

70. 2 (ofa situation)to returntowhat it wasbefore
sth eIse happened: Things huen't gone Gack lo
M
~
W
Z
U
~
W
EY returnta sth
Q v+ adv +prep
,go be'fOm(lilemty)(notused f
n theprogm've
terns)to-1st or happen inanearliertime:The
present crisis is luorse t h n any that h u e gone
hfore.
BElGo before is usually used in the wst or
perfect tenses.
h vrarlv
- --
'go before sb/sth(of aleHmse,aproposal or
an lssue) to be presented to sWsth m that they
can discussit or makeadecisionor ajudgement
about ~ t :
Whendoes hiscawgoworethejudge?
ev*prep
,go be'yond sth to be greater,better, etc. than
sth. Thepricewegotforthpainting lvent W
n
d
all ourexpectntiom(=wasmuch betterthanwe
had expected).o T?umatter hasgone beyond a
J o h(= hasbecome very seriousand isno longer
amusing)
e
x
- I
M (mrnm~n
ev+prsv
,go 'by(oftime)to pass:As timgcw by. my m-
oly s
e
e
m to get wrse. 0 The weeks m
t sIowCy
by. o Hardly a day went by without Anthony 3
nameking mentioned.
Qv+adv
'go by:'go by sWsth 1to pass sWsth without
stopping:Dtd you see a boy go by on rr bQc!e?o
Wesatand~wtcRodth
w d g o by(=watched
people passing), o T h y wauwl to rrs as tw went
by the ujindow. pass by, pass by sbl&th2
(AmQto stop somewhere or vlsit sb for a short
time,oftenonyour way tosomewhereelse:I'Ilgo
byand s#e him onm
y wayhome.o WouMyougo
bythegr~cetyslo?vforme?E!Q dmpby;stop by
Alv+arlv + v + m
7 -- F -r
'go by sth 1 to be guided or directed by sth;to
forman opinionorajudgement h msth:That's
~g&ruI~bom4y.o~~pnstapmhcetsany-
thlnle to go by. Tom will bt lase!o1shut1 ~o
enrrreb by whnt my solicrtorsqvs.2 tocall your-
self a ~rticular
nameewhich may not be your
real name:For her crime novels, she goes by the
name of MonicaSimon. onlythe nameof...
0v+prep
,go 'down.
I(to ...lath)(fmm...
18th)to travel f
r
o
m
oneplace toanother,especially M m thenorthof
a country tothesouth: W
e
'
r
egoing down toLon-
donraerrw k . EE!3 goup2tofall to thegruund
She t
r
i
p
* and went down with a bump. 3 to
become loweror smaller;tofall:TheprIceofpet-
roI isgoing downlFe!ro[isgozng down (inprlce).
o Thetemperaturewent down by 10degmover-
nigRt. o Rental m l s / m egonedown (EsO)s i m
lasd y
e
a
,
: o Thef
i
'
dtuaters are going down.o
Mmnbershipnumbershawgonedown m t l j r o
The swelling has gone down n litrte.ZW) d w
tall go up4 I*a&] if aremarka perform-
ance,anaction,etcgoesdownwell or badly,etc.
it gets a good or bad reaction from people: Did
yourmr/ormmmgodown all rrght(=did pe~ple
like it)?o Themouie uwnl down wellinAmerica.
oJokes don'tgodown tw well with mymother(=
she doesnot like them).o Theband m n t down
a storm (= people liked them very much).5 (of
the sun and moon) to disappear below thepoint
wherethe sky seemsto meet the land or the sea
(thehorizon): Wewakhed thesungo down.BE)
set IEB wnn up;rl-6 toget worse: ThequaI.
ity of thep & ~ a has gone down s i m k h com-
pany luassoM. o He's certainly gonedownin my
estimcstion.(= I don't have the good opinion of
hlm that 1.used to). o Thefood'sganedownsince
the r e s t a m t changed hands. deterlorate
(moreJornaaf)E
Z
B go up 7 (computrng)if a
mmputet system goes down,n stops working
temporarlly:IhlaIImy w r k whenshemmputer
lwnl down.8 (ofbod,ameal,etc.)tobe d~gested
or partly digested:Let y o u r . f ~ g o
down kfom
you go swimrnmg. 9 [+ adv] if f d or drink
wilYwill not go down, it is easyldifflculttoswal-
low, or you enjoy iVdo not enjoy ~ t :
M y drink
went downthe wmng way and ISIwted cough-
ing oA cup of tea rvouId go down nicely (= I
wouldlike one).1Owhenthecurtaininatheatre
goesdown,itistheendof theperformance:The
cludiencemcheeringas thecurtarnwent dourn.
~(figuratiw)
ABer 25 ymrs, tlna curtain has
finally gane down on his smrkltng mreer IEEB
go up 1T whenlights go down ina theatre,the
performanceis about to start:ShequickIyfomd
oseat Mom thelightswentdown. go up ?2
f+ advlprepl to reach down to apartlcularpoint:
Peprla's coat is so big ii gws right down lo her
ankfes.13 (of a tyre)to low air My t p ' s gone
down agntn T 4 (BrE, informai'~ to be sent to
prison:He'sgonedownfortwntyyears. 15(oEa
carpet) to be put on the floor: It'IIfeeI a lot
warmer when t& carpet goes down. 16 (of a
plane) to fall f
r
o
m the sky;to be brought to the
ground:'ThepIa~'sgoin#down!'hemred.
17(of
ashlpjtosink:Hundredsdkd whentheferry wnt
down, J8 to Fall; to behave badly and lose
people's respect: thebrrsinessgoes&wn, wego
down wlth it, 19to be defeated by sb, especially
in a smrts game or -petition: Liuerml went
h w n 2-OtoEverton.20 (to 8th) (espaklly BrE)
to be made to move to a Eower position, rank,
class, status, etc: We d lo win the next two
games to avold going damn rapp,go up 21 (In
s
t
h
)(as 8th)tobewritten down;toberecordedor
remembred in a particular way:EveryfhlngI
said went down in hfs Iittk &book o I998 will ga
down as the wmmny's best yeax oHe will go
down in Ahlorymagrml shztamnn 22 (slnng,
mpchlCy A m 0 to be happening: She always
knowswht'sgotng&wn. o Whul'sgoingdom?
23 (from...) (BrE,formal)to leave a university
(especiallyOxford or Cambridge)at theend of a
term or after finishing your studies: She went
downCfmmCumbridge)in1 9 5 4 . 5 go up
@ v + &
,ga'down;,go"down sthtomovefrom ahigher
~ s i t i o n
toa lowerone;to go along5thh m o n e
end towards the other: One end of the see-#w
gwsup whmletheotherend~chwn.
o Thepafn
gws down my arm.o I'velust got Dgo down lo
Jrm's sfiim with thpsepnpm o W
i
l
lwgodown
anysleep hilk?o You'llseetheheusem lf you go
down the swd a bit,o It WRS h r d enough to gel
up Rere (= a mountain,for example),and now
m'w got to go down! o Their company h a
rIecIdedtogodownthe-path (= dothesame
things)mours.
E
S
l road, staim,hlllEEQ go up,puprth
Qv+adv + u+prep
IEEIgo down the 'dmln (BrEalsogo d m b e
'plughole)to be w a s w to get much worse go
down 'thatroadto foUm a particular courseof
actlun,especially a dimcult or h a r M one:He
saui he'd never kwd drugs bemuse he'd seen loo
mnny fahented kidsgodown thatroad.
,go'downon athtoloweryourbody towardsthe
ground, especially so that you are heeling: I
m n t down on my hands and knees to h k f u r
ihepen. o IZn not going togo down on my knees
and beg him tofirgiveme.
E
E
Z hanrls and knees, k ~ 8 ,
one knee, all
fours
Qv+adv+pmp
,go 'dormto .../nth togo toa place near where
you are, or a place you often go to: Shall rw go
downtothebwchforaswim?~
I h g o i ~ d o w n t o
thecornershopfor somemilk
@v+adv+prep
,go' d mwlth sth(esmInllyBrE)
tobwome ill
w1thsth:Ith~nkI'mgoingdown
wirhamId.
,sr.,c ~ n e
dorm wfthsth:nlckenfor nth;
catch sth;get sth
6v+adv+prep
'gofor sMth1toattack sblsth:Shewent& him
wlthaknif~.
o Vigurnfiw)Thenewspapersreally
wentfor hrm over hu ddmce of termrim.2 to
appty to sblsth;to be trueof sblsth:WhotI surd
about Tim helping g ~ e s
for you roo, Alex. o We
may have high u m p l o y m t , but thesame gaes
for many other muntrres. o Terry naads to relux
mom,and the same goesfor you 3 to go to get
sblsth: ShlI I go for a W r ?o She's gonefor
some milk. 4 to be attracted by sblsth;tolike or
prefer sblsth:He's not the typ?I llsuoily gofor: 0
ChiidmnusuallygoforcoIowfuIpackaging.
&V+PWP
(hm) a lot, nothlng,ntc. 'golngIw lVyw
(to have)manyhotmany advantages:She hasa
@job she's &mctiue and intelligent- she
has a lotgotogfor he? oThetown d m n l really
havemmhgoingfor it.
'go for d h 1 to choosesth:I think I*llgoJwthe
s m k . o Which mrnpufer w&m are they going
for7 2 to try to get or achievesth:Did you gofor
thatjob? o He's going for the wod3 m
r
d
.o &
I
forftlYou'wgotnothzngU1he.o Thot'sagrwt
]dm!Gofor It! 3to k sold for the price men-
tioned: These computers usually go for under
£1 m.
Q v + ~ " e p
,go Yorth(litemry)toleavea place and go m e -
where,espxidyinordertodosth goad orbrave
e v + a d u
,go 'forwardItomakep m m tobegintohap
pen or besuccessful:Theprojectisgoingfol~~~rd
nicely. o hrcwthatwehaw Risagrnment thedeal
con gofirword. 2 (ofclocks and watches)to be
set one hour ahead at the beginning of summer
Thec k k goforward tonlght. Wehave an hour
lessin bed. IEE) p back 3 to be suggested as a
candidatefora job or anelectdposit~on,
etc:
name has g o n e f o r d f o r lhe]ab.4 (to sth) to
win one stage of a competition,etc. and be able
totakewrt inthenext stage: Whichh m swillgo
forward tothesecondmurad?
g v + a d v
,go'InI (ofthesunormoon)todisappeatbehinda
cloud: The sun went in and it grew mIdeb S
B
B
come out 2 (fnfomn (of fact$, information,
etc.) to be abort&, understood and remem-
bered:I &p studying, but thew datesjust won't
go in. I
E
E
)slnk In 3 (of a piece of equipment,
furniture.etc)to bebuiltor fitted ina place: The
kitchenmill kfinished oncethefrIrIgehargonein.
+ S e @ ( T h G O IN,GV 1N STH.GO l N T 0 STB; GO I N ,
GO INTO STH; GO INTO STH
Qv+&
,go 'In;,gw 'In sth; ,go'Into 8
t
h 1to entera
room,a house,etc:It'sgetlmng mM:&?go i n o
kt's go in the kitchen -ilk wurmer o Why did
you go in& my o m ? oAm you going inlo town
W y ? 2tofit intoa container,etc. Thesu~tmw
fs
Juli already -thaseshmsdefinibelywon'tgo in. o
3"m mazedthatall the IwgaRe wnl inthewc o
An rhepho& willgointot h ~
ba*.3(infirm0to
join anorganization,especiallyoneof thearmed
forcesor thepolice:He wrs I7 when hewmt inthe
army o Ed wnlsZogo intotheMarines. 4(ofthe
ball msportsplayed w t ha ball,etc.)toenterthe
goal,net,hole,etc.and swrepoints:Didyou 8eeif
theball wentin7o He klckad theballhard enough
to@ intot hM
o
fthegoal.
-f seeaka GO IN;GO IN,GO
INTOSTH;GO INTO STH
&v+adv + v+prep

71. l2
g
o
!
.
"..............................................................
................
...............
,go 'In; ,go 'into sth 1 to go to an omce or
another place of work inorder towork doaw-
ticular task, have some work done for you, etc:
f'vegot to uxlrktomorrow,but I m alwaysgo in
Ia@. o Thecar needslo go In (= into the garage)
fur a ~
e
r
w
k
.
oAm you going in& w
r
k lornor-
row?2 to ga to a hospital to m l v e treatment,
testa, etc: I'm going in on Fridayfor an X-rap o
When isCamgoing intohospitul?3(of soldiem,
anarmx etc.)togo toaplawwherethereis &ht-
ing or a war and k o m e invo1vd in it: Troops
aregoing inlonight.
+~eealsO~o
IN;CO INGO IN STH, GO INTO STH;
GO INTO STB
Qv*sdv*v+pmp
,go 'Infor sth(esperiullyB
E
)I totake part in a
cornpetitlon; totakeanexam: S
h
e
winfor all
thecompetitions In ihem g a z h a n d neverwins
anything. o Whichevents amyougoing infor at
the .whmI spor1.17o She's going infor the b-
bridge First C.rt@cafe.2 = GO INTO STH 3 He
W d d loga inforpofiticr.
I
E
X
)enter ath
Q v+adv +prep
,go'Infor sth;,go'infor doing s t h tolikesth
and regularly use it,do it,etc.; to havegth asan
interest ora h0bby:Shsgoesinfor~ery
brighghiwl-
ours. oHe doesn't m l l y go infor mnking long
s
&
. o My family don'l go infor that sort of
thiw. o Shenewrwent infor dancing.
Qv+adv+prep
,go'Inwith sb (on ath) tojoin sbb aaparticular
pro~ect,
activlM h s ~ n w ,
etc: Jack went in with
somefriends toslarl a car him business,o I'll go
in with you on (= I
'
l
l give you some money for)
Mary' s p m i .o My brothenamopening agar-
ageand theywant me togo In with them.
Q v+ adv +prep
,ga'IntosthI (of avehicle)tohitsthviolenlly;to
crash lnto sth: The mr skidded and wnt into m
t m .2(01avehicleordriver)tostartaparticular
movement: Thetruck went inton spinonapatch
of ice. o %plane mnt into a nosedive. 3 (also
,go'In for sth)todecidetodoaparticular kind of
work as yourjob or career Whm did you decide
togo into palirrcs?o She'sgoing intopublishing.
o Sanjay'sgoneinio businesswith h i i f a r k
politlca take sth up 4 to h e n to l
x in a
particular state or situation: She went rnio a
m m after the accident.o Thewuntry i
s going
into a W i n e .o The cumpuny has gone inlo
laquidation,o Thefamily has gone &lo hMing.
kZ4 Ilquldetlon, production, dacllne, hlding,
erile,a coma Sto begin toactor behaveinapar-
ticular way: He wnl mto u b
n
g explanation nf
the affair o D r m rvere there, ready io go info
actioni
f the stunt went wrong.6 to examine or
discuss sth carefully. I won't 80 into delaib
now o W
e'
etogo into the questlon of costs. 0
She'smtwming, form^ whichIwon'tgoinio
now.7(also,go'IntodoTngah)(of money,time,
fdTort+etc)tobespentonsth:
tobeusedtodosth:
More money needs togo into rebuiwing theinner
cities oI can see that a lot of timeand H o r ihas
gone inloyourpmjecf. 4 A huge amount of w
r
k
uwnilntomakingiheocMslonastrccess.
o Alotof
skill. loueudmrkhadgoneinlolhegrrrden. Bto
start taking part in an exam, a wmpetition, an
election,etc: Icon'!go intothew m unpmpmd.
9 if onenumbergoesintoa Iargernumber, it is
contain4 in that numkr the number o
f times
mentioned: 5gw-sinlo 25fiwtimes.oDwS I3go
info397- Notice also the example: 5 Into 24
mn't go.
3Seeah0 GO IM; GO lN,GO 1N STH, GO INTO STH;
GO IN,GO INTO STH
QV+PWP
,go 'off 1 (
t
oah) t
o leave a place, -idly in
order to do sth:Yougo fland havefun. o W e n
rareyougoingoffonyawtrip? o Have thechildmn
gonefltoschwlyed?o Everyone wmtqjr happy
oIcan't believeEd w e ~ t
on withoutsaying@-
bye! o Mypomntshnvejrrstgoneofft~ &. 2(of a
weapon, etc.) tobefir& toexplode:Xhegun went
flbytwident. o Thebombwentofl inacrotuded
street, D E lgun, bnmb 3(of an alarm)to make a
sudden loud noise or flash: She got up assoon ras
the aIarm clock went o
no The thieues run a w y
when the burglor ohrm went o f l m alarm,
alann clock,fire- alarm 4 if a light, the electri-
mty, etc. goes oft it stops working: Suddenly all
thelightswentolf:o ThehmtingcomesonutGarad
gws off at 9. EEilllghtsIT0 come on: go on 5
[+ adv] if a performance, etc. g w s off welYbadly,
it is successful/not successful: Theshamw~nt
of
vey wil.o Howdtif ihewncengooflo Theper-
f o r m m went ofl wlthout a hitch (= wrthout
anyproblemsat all). 6(Brmif foodordrinkgoes
off-itbewrnesbadandnot fittoeatordrink: ThLs
milk hus gone o
nIsvs.llmllk, meat 7 {especiolEy
B r a ta become worse in quality: Her books have
gone off in m t years. 8 (informal,especutIly
BrE) to fall asleep: Hasn't the h b y g
o
g
o
n
e fl(lo
sleep)yet?E D d repoff
+v+adv
,go'off;,go 'off 8th 1to move away flmm sth
large or important and go in a dfleerentd i m
tion, The road you want goesflon the right.o
(figrsmtiue) She's alwaysgo& ng the point (=
not talking about the main topic). 2 toleavethe
stage, the sports field, etc. during a play or a
game:Hamlet goes4ffin thernrddkqf t h e m .
o Johnmn-wentofl a:halftime.
@v+adv + v+prep
,go Wf s h t h(irsformaf,
especiallyBrE)tolose
interest in sWsth; to stop liking sblsth:I thhk
she'sgoingoff nae. oHe'sgone ofl hisfood.o I've
goneoff therdw of aholiday inhiland.
O v + m
,go '
o
f
fwfth sb to leave your huahd, w
i
f
e
,
partner, etc. inarderto havea relationship with
sb else: Eddie's g
o
w ofl with his wre's be$t
friend
E
@runawaylMwfthsb
+v+adu+pmp
,go 'off w4th sth to leave a place with sth that
d m not belong to you: Who'sgomeofl with m
y
new pen?
E 3 mekooff (with5th)
+v+adv+prep
,go 'on 1(of a situation or a state of f l a b ) to
continue to happen or exist without changing:
Wecan't let thIs disputegoon. o Things can't go
on a
s theyam.o on spite o
J everything,lue must
go on,o WemnYgo on likethis! B
F
O carry on;
continue 2 to last for a particular time: T
h
e
meefing went on for hours.o How much longer
will this hot weathergo on (Tor)? carry m;
lest 3 (wlth ath) to continue an activ~ty,
espe
cially after a pause or a break: f'm sorry I inter-
rupted. Go on wrth your story.o The chikfm
quietly went on with their wrk.olet's tnke a
break. We'ilgaon whenyou're &
p carry
MI (wkh Bth)4(wfth 8th)( a h,go'on dolng sth)
to continue anactivity without stopping: WhenI
came lnto the room, the boss jusi uwnt on miih
what she wm doing and drdn"lk up. o I could
huegoneonlistening ro Tedb storiesall night. o
I'dprefer t o pondoing thmlpsmyownwqy. EiQ
eany on (wfth sm),carry on dulng sth5tocon-
tinue speaking after a short pause: 'Youknow',
he went on, 'I muer liked her'o Coon then! Tell
mewhat happened! o She hesilatedfira moment,
and thenwnl on. E
E
)
carryon6(ofaIlght,the
electrlclty, etc.) to start to work, to be switched
on: Suddenball thelightswenlon. IE?l go eU7
(of time) to pass: Things w~ll
improue as t~me
goeson oShe~ m o r r m i w r a b l e u s
theeuen-
ing went on. go by 8 (uswily wed in he
pmgrmiw l e n . ~ )
to take place: to happen:
Whntkgaingon here?o Wha knows what goes on
whenI'm away o Thewmust be am g o t n g on
next rdool:o She ignoresa Iot of what goes on. 9
(to HMO
dosth) to dosthafter you havefinished
sth clsc:Wallthest&enLsgoon mwork inmzer-
ingPoLet'sgoontothenerlitemontheagenda.o
The boys went on lo a club, but I decided lo go
home. 10 ,go'on1(informi)used to encourage
or dare sb to do sth: Goon' Haw anothermke.o
Goon! Try it! oGom!Ask b o u t ! Idareyou' 14
(aboutsblsth) tocontinuetalking tosbfor a Iong
time about the m e person or thing, usually in
an annoyingway: Theykeepgorng onabut tkrr
trip o WhofIsshe going on abut?0 My pnrenlg
m n t onand onrrhut h o w s ~ l m y
srsler is.
BE)bang on a b w l sblsth( B E ,i
m
r
m
a
o 1 2
{at sb) (about sth) (especiaI1yBrm tocomplain to
sb about thew behav~our,
work,ctc: My dad went
on a! me ahout not having ajoh. oStap gorng on
atme!oShukeepsgolngonatmelo&m Mter
S
E
E
?carryon(at8b) (aboutstl~);
crftldze mb 13
to oontinue to travel in the direction you are
going:I kn rootired togoan. o They had an mi-
dent and mrrh'l go on.D
E
E
) carry on 14
(aheedfto t
o
a
h
)
to travel,in h n t of sb else: Juck's
going onahead t
oget theh o w &y. o S h l l we
waitfor Ray or shaU wego on inlo town wrlhoral
hrm?4 5(of a mad,a piece of land, etc.)tocover
a particular distance in a part~cular
direction:
Thedesertsaemed Dgoonforeue~
76(of anactor
or a performer) to w
a
l
k onto the stage to begin
theirperformance: ShedaPsn'tgoonliilAa2.17
(in sport) (of a player) tojoin a team lnstead of
another player during a game: Alkn urenl on (in
phce of Bmm)just tqforehnwttm. 18 go on
Ismken, infirm/,espxially B r a used to agree
to do or alIow sth that you do not really want to
door allow,
mer sb has persuaded you: Xre you
sureyou won'! mm7' 'Oh~po
on then, bmI won't
k able to stby long.' 19 go on1 (oldfashiorned,
BrE,spohn, it?forW used toshow that you do
not believewhat sb is saying:Goon! Youdrdn't
earlit allyoum!f!E3B get away (wlthyou)
Qv+&
4alsor*adv+-ing
5alsov+ adv+ speech
be , g o b ''on(for) sth (Brato be nearly a
particular age, time or number: It lws going on
Vir)midnight. o She's 15,going onPI!(= she acts
as ~fshe's 21) enwgh, plenty, ete. to he golng
'an4 t henough,plenw etc.forour presentn d s :
Thatshould beenoughfwd lo hgoingon with.
b .gdnga-'on n [pl.] (rrdormuR activit~esor
wents that areslrange or amusing:Therehave
ken somestmngegorngsanat fheirhow.
c 'ongolngu& [usuallybefore noun]continuing
to ex~stor dwelop: an ongoing process0 the
ongoing dehie oan ongoing situntion oThe
problem Isongoing.
,go bn; ,go'on d h to fit or put on top of
anotherobject: The lld WRY go on.o This shoe
mn'sgoon myfmt atall.
+u+adu +v+prep
'go on sth1(& inneg&uem&nm andqw
lions) to base an opinion or ajudgement on ssth:
The police don't have much avidem lo p on. o
I'm only gorng on what shB C
D
l
d m.2 to begin
doing,following,enjoyingor using 5th:toguona
cowseltripo1% going on a diet on Monday. 0
Whenarer?yogaingonIwllday?o &goon thedole
(= tostart toreceive government unemployment
benefit) o W
h
e
ndothebnndguonlour?
bv + prep
'goon sZ)l;'go on dolng sth(of moneg:time,
energ' etc) to be spent or used for 8th:All his
money gws on drhk. oMost of the e M @ we
wgm onrunning themmpulets.
+ W o & O G O O N 4
e' V+P~*P

72. ao out 1%
.--
.,....
-..,,."
............................... "..........................................................
,go 'out1 (IwRoah)to leave your house togo to
m
l
a
l events, etc: Shall w go out for a m
l
tonight?oElliegm outa Iol. o Shegoesautdm-
cing most weeken&. o Jenny wually goes out
withherfrfendron Fn'day evenings,IEB9 atay In
2 (with sbhgethar) (inform0 (especially of
young pgaple)to spend time with sb and have a
romanticor sexual relationshipwith them:Sam
has been going out with Kate for srx months.o
How Ion# have Sam and Kate been going out
t0mlher70 W
h
e
n did ithey start goirsg out?
d a e , date sb 3(af a letter,a message,etc.)tobe
sent,announced,etc:Have the invitationsgone
out yet7oA memo rvant out about the dimtor's
restgmtwn. 4 (of news, information, etc.)to b
e
madepublic;tobepublishd: Word wentoutthat
IhePrrmeMinwierhacireszgmi.o Themagazrw
.goes out six limesayear 5 (espechllyBrE) (of a
radioor telwisfonprogramme) tobebroadcask
ThefirstepisodegmoufnextFridayataonpm. o
Theshow willga out livefrom the studio. 6 (ofa
flreoralight)tostop burningor shining: Thefim
hasgoneout. o Therewasapower cut and all the
lights went out. Ilghts, flro IEQb m extln-
guishedIformnO7 $ money$foesout,~t1sspent
on bills and expenses: We wed need have more
moneymmingin tlmngoingout. DE3 come InB
(to...)toleaveyour countryand traveltoanother
one,especially one far away: Wewent out t o m
h~rn
when he ulasliving in Australia, o Hawyon
beenoutt
aIndIarecently?9i f the tideor thesea
g m s out, it moves away from the land:When
does Ihe tMep out?lWZlonlythe tlde ebb
(moreformal) EEB w w In f O to fail in a wm-
petition, contest, etc She went out irt lhefirsi
round of thefourtramt.
+v+adv
gooutllkea 'IlgMtofallasleepwryquickly:
I writ out like a light as$canasmy hmd hit the
p~liow.your hwrt 986s ?ovl to sb used to say
that youfeela lot of sympathyforsb:Ourhearls
go out$0thefamilies of thevrcrim.
b 'outgolngadj 1 aufgolng very friendly and
l'ilng to meet and talk to other people: Amie's
sister w much momoutgoing thanshe h 2 [only
beforenoun]aboutto leaveaposition of respon-
sibil~ty:
the outgoinggovermnt 3 [onlybefore
nounJgoing away froma particular place rather
than taming in to it: outgolng wIWflighlslpzs.
sengersoIheoutguingtide
b 'outgoingsn[pl,]
(RrE)themoneywhichaper-
son or a campanyspends regularly on bills and
other necessary expenses: TItey hwn't got
enoughmoneytowwrtiroutgoings.
,go
'out;,go'outof sth 1t
oleavearoom,build-
ing, ett. It's too mid lo go out.o The talking
startwl as swn as the teacher went out of the
m m .o l
E isn't a good idea lo go out alone at
night. oI'mgoingoutfora walk oHe'sJusYgone
out m gel a aewsmpeK oMy Wymolher never
went out Zowonk (=awayfromthehome),o She
rwndstmight out and spent E?W on a new W.
lE!9 go In,go In I
*
, go Inmrth 2tobwomeno
longer fashionable or used:That hirsgrk went
out offashion years go. oStyIes like that haw
mmpletely gone out MU o The word kthern'
has gone olrt of use in modern Englrsh. raPa)
come In,mtnsth, come intosth
Qvtedv. v+adv+prep
,go
'outfor ath ( A mtotryto gaina place In a
sports team,a band or a group that does some
other activity:I had 0talk Greg inlo going out
for f& basketbaI1 aam. o 'Did she make f!u
trand?' 'Shedtdn'tguoutforit.'
try for nths l y out(for sth)
(espe~ialIy
AmE)
Qv+adv+prep
,go "out o
f sbtsth(of a qualimor feeling)to no
longer be present in sblsth; to disappear f
r
o
m
sblsth: He r e i d and the tension went out of
him. o Theheathadgoneoutof thedqv.
(4 v+ adv +prep
,go 'over 1 (to sblsth) to move towards sblsth,
especially crossing a room, etc:He went ouer to
the window for a cioser h k at the parude. oI
mtowrandmtksideJ~~m.
Z(tosth)tovisitsb
forashort time,usually at theirhouse:I'm gofng
over to my daughter" for lunch. +setl a h GO
ROUND13(to ...
)to travelto aplace overseas:My
fami& Iiue in Beklum and I'm ming o w to %?e
them week.
e v t a d v
,go'bvelr:
,go' m rs
t
htopassaboveor m rthe
topo
f sblsth:Planes weregoing over all night, o
Wem s h a k e n as themr went overthebwnps in
theroad.
Qv+adv v+piep
,go
'cver d h Ito domore,spend more,etc.than
a particular amount or than you areallowed to
do:Wn'tgoouerthespeediimit. oDidyougoover
budget on your prujecl7IEE3 exceed ath (more
forman 2 toexamine the detailsof sth;to check
6th: I'll go over thefigurns again to make sure
they're right.o Go ouer your ruork mr&ufZy
b@oreyouhand i
iin.3to study sth t h l l y ; to
repeat sth:I'uegonewerandouerwhathappened
in my mind,oShe m t ouer her lines ( = in a
play)unt!l$heknewthern-ly 4tolookat or
inspwt sthc
-
: P o l k went (back)o w all
the evidenceagain. oM
y dad went ouer the car
Ihoroughlytmdadu*edusnotto
buyrt.5todraw,
paint, etc. over the top of sth that has already
beendrawnorpainted:I'wgoneovertheor~'mI
drawing in pen. 6 to clean sth by passing sth
acrossthesurface Hewensoverthesurfaceswilh
ndusfer
~Eoovernthanbeusedinthepassivein
meanlngs 2, 4,5 and 6: Thm?details have been
goneovera l d y .
Q v+vrep
1
b ,@olng'mrn [sing.]( ~ o r n 0
1 an act of
examining, cleaning or repsirLng sth thor-
oughly:I'ur given thefit agood goingaver (= a
thorough dean).o The garage gave the car a
throughguing-owr (= a careful~nspection).
2a
seriousphysical orverbalattackonsb:Thegong
gavehima r@aZgoing-ouer
,go 'werto sbtsth 1 to leavea groupof pe~ple
in order tojoJn a competing group; to change
from one side, opinion, habit, system,etc. to
another;tostartusingsthdmerent: TwoC a w -
WiveMPs went over lo the opmsitwa o We'w
m t l ygoneo wtoI= we'vestarted using)smf-
skimm?d miIk. 2 (inbroadcastmglto transferto
adlfierent person, place, etc.forthe next part of
aprogramme:Letkgoover lothenews deskloran
hpormnt onnounmment.
Qv+adv+prep
,go
'past(oft h e )topaas:HaVanJIOuruwttprsi
while weweresitting them.
CJ v+adv
,go'pest;,go'past s h t h to pass in h n t of
sWsth:Istoordhck lo k
tJackgopast. o Theshop
Lemply whenever Igoplsfit.
Qv+adv + v+prep
,(p'round(BrE)( A d,goa'round)1 (to8th)to
visit sb for a shorttime, usually at their h o w :
Why don't you gomundand %Annie? o I'uegot
togo around to mysister's(= toher house)int k
morning.*seeaIso~o
OVER 2 2 to spin orturn:
When Ifound the b&k, the wheels ruere still
going round. o (fzguratiw).l'wgol somany idws
goinaoroundinmy headarthemmnt.
Qv+adv
,go'round;,go 'roundath(BrE)
=GO AROUND,
GO AROUND STH
,go'round,go'roundath:,go'rounddoing
~ t h
(Brm = GO AROUND, GO AROUND STH, GO
AROUND DOING STH
,go
'roundsbhth(BrE) =oo AROUND S B ~ T H
,go'round ~ t h
(&E) =GO AROUND ST8
,go 'round with sb; ,go'round together
(mE)= GO AROUND WITH SB, GO AROUND
TOGETHER
,go"through 1(to8th)(ir&C~rmal)
usedespecially
toasksbtoenteram,etc:Shnllluegothmllgh
to my ofice?o Go thmugh and make yourseIf
conlfwlab1.e.2 2 a l
a
w
,a contract, etc. goes
through, it is officialIyappmved, accepted or
completed: The bill went through without any
objections.oThe adoption I= of a child) has
finalIy gone thr0Irgh. 3 if a bus1nes.s deal, etc.
goes through, it 1s completed successfully:We
are almosi certain the deal mill go through. 0 .
?
f
the mergergoes through,we m y loseowjobs. 4
(tosth) topasata thenext stageofacompetition,
etc., havlngwonthefirstpart(s):Four tmms will
go throughto thesemi-final.
Q v+adv
,go 'through ,go 'through 8th to enter and
crossa room, anarea of land,a town,
acountry,
etc.;topass throughsth:TheguW o ~ d o n d
we
wen#thmqh,o Lots of huee frwhgo through
the rown.o Youhave logo through the loungelo
much the kitchen.o The d&nce was 4,
and
th@ball went throughinio thegwl.o The bullet
went s m i ~ h t
throughthe wrnrlomo This is the
holewhere he bulletwmt through,
+v+adv u + w p
,go'throughsbl ifafeelinggoesthroughyw,
~t passes through your body: A shudder wend
through hex 2 if a particular typeof food
though you,you And it difficulttodigestand it
isemptied from your tmwelsquickly or inliquid
form Imn't eatsushi- irgmrightthroughme.
Q v + p w
'go through sblsthto ask apersonor anorgan-
~zation
to deal with sth for you or giveyou per-
missionto do sth: you want lo book thecruise,
you'llhaw logothmughatmwlagent.
QV+PWP
,ga'throughath 1 topm throughsth &amone
end to theother:Wewnt throughthe&loget
to the bke. o lfisuratiue) What went through
your mind whm you saw John siandin~
there
&r alI thistime?T ifyougo through an event,
a period of time, etc., you pass through it from
thebeginningtotheend:Hew n t throught b d a y
i
n a state of s m . oShe mn't go zhrowh Elfe
alwaysdependinffonherporeflb3toexperience
or suffer sth: You don't mlize what I've h n
going rhrough.o She's been dhroug11a badpatch
reoently o We'vekefithmugha at olpther 0 It's
a phosPlstage all hmgm go througkW
phase,experlam, a bad, dHRcult, etc. patch
EE3 und%rgo sm (morefirm0 4 to look at,
check or examine sth closely and m y ,e s p
crallyi
norderto findsth-I'uegonethroughaIlmy
packets but Imn'tfindmy keys.oqltm hbdeath,
h b dnughler had lo go through his papers. Dil
p~ekets,
papers 5 to discuss or study slh In
detail, especially repeating it. Let's go through
theargumentsaguim o Conid wegolhroughAct2
oncemore7FC run thmugh sth &to performa
seriesof actlons;to follow a method: Thais the
pnmss you have togo through to barnmea club
m b m oI m d e a misfaks when I mas lolegtng
out ond had lo fl through the whole proms
again.oHave you seen him go through h*. aw-
c
w routine in the mornings7EEi process, mu-
tlne,pmeedumT touseupsth. Twrnfobegoing
thmugh a lotof moneyat themoment.oHave we
gone through all that milk alre0dy.P- get
thmugh sth 8 towear ormakea hole i
nsth:I'ue
gone throughfRee[bowsofmyjumm~
Gothroughsth can be usedinthe passive
111meanings 4,5 and 6: TheformnIitieS haw t
o&
gonerhrough.
O V + P ~ P

73. go through4 t h 135
,
.
.
.
.
.....
.
.
.
....
.
.
.
. .
.
.......
.
.
.
., .......-,.............
........
......-.........
.......
............,
go thmugh the 'rnotfom (ofs
W
d doh#
sth) f to pretend to dosth: Hejust w n l through
the motions of Ring a m . 2 to do or say sth
without k i n g serious or s i n e about It: Her
heart wasn't in the game - she was just pling
thmugh themtiom go through the 'red1(of
prices, etc.) to rise very qurckly: H o w prices
have gone thmugh the mj 2 ta become very
angry: My mum will go through the rmf if she
finds out!
,go'throughwith sthtodowhatisnecesaryto
complete sth or achieve sth,even though it may
be dficult or unpleasant: She&itfed not 50 go
through wrlhi
hoperathion (= she dec~ded
not to
haveit). o Hesays he'll mke us lo court, but he'll
wvergothmughwith it.
Qv+adv+prep
,go'bI
t (AmE,qmken,Wornma0usedtotellsbto
startdoing sth: Youneedtogetitfinished by 6.Go
toif! o Webatergo W it wore Itgetsdark.
Qv+prep+rt
'go b sb/sthto be given to sWsth; to pass to sb
else when sb dies: Prwdsporn the mmrt will
go ta charity. o Some of the credit for the book
should go lo the illustmtor o Thefirstprizewent
toPeter o Thewniraci h g o mtoaprIuate$rm
0 The property m n t ta his el&t daughter (=
when hedied).
9V+PBP
30 to sth '
Ito startto do sth;to be@ to be ina
particular state or condition: The lw muniries
aresettom fuwurow thedispute. oIhntetosee
food going to wasre.o M
y bmin went to work
on (= startd to think about) what I should do
nexth
l3E onlywer,was~,rmrk2tomakealot
of
etrort,spend alot of mongS etc. 1t-1orderto door
achieve sth: Wn't go to any #roubleon my
hhaK o Whygo to the expenseof buying aw?
o He wetat to g m t pofns lo persuade us. o It's
amozrng!helengthspeople will go tn toged ajob.
@
I
onlytrouble. expense,pama,lengths
Qv+prep+n
ga g
o
o the 'dogs( i n f o m l )to get into avery
badstate: Somepeoplethink thismunhy isgoing
lo the dogs. go to your 'head 1 (of aloohol) to
make you feeldrunk 2(ofsucwss, praise, etc.) to
makeyon feel very proud of yourseEf,especially
in a way that other m p l e find annoying go t
a
'pieces (iqforrnnflifsomebody goes to picoes,
they becomesoupset orfrightend that they can-
not live or work normally: I! seems Ise goes lo
pieces m a crmis, go to 'pot (inform0 to be
spoiledbecause people are not working hard or
taking care of things: His plan to m k e money
hadgonetopot. go to "Imp 1to fall asleep 2 if
part of your body goes to sleep, you lose the
senseof feeElngIn it go to 'tuwn (on sth)to do
sth with a lot of energy and enthusrasm, e s w
ciaIlyspendingalot of money: Theyhodn'tgot a
garden,so lhgr really went to town on indoor
plants. g o bthe'wall ff B company orabusiness
g w s to the wall, it fails m u s e of a lack of
money
,goto'gether1(of twoormoreth-) toexistat
the sametime; to beoftenfound together:Mowy
and happinessdon't a h y s g o logether3seeaLso
GO WITH STH 2 2 to look, taste, sound, etc. good
together; towmbinewell with sth: ThmIours
go together wid. o Cuny and p m t ~
don't reully
go logether W Go is alsousedwiththk mean-
ing. Curry and pasta don't reallygo. o Theseml-
ours don't really go.+seea h GO WITH STH 1 3
(oldfashwned,espmidly Anna (wuaIIyuSed In
the progressiue tenses) (oftwo people) to spend
timewitheachother and haveammanticorsex-
ual relationship: They hnuen? h n @tw
togetherbrig.+seeahGO OUT 2
e v + a d v
'go towards sth; 'gotowards dolng sthto
beusedaspart of the payment for sth;to be used
aspartof sth:Themoney willgo tow& buying
awmputer oAll thmmarksgo~wrdsmyfiiaul
diploma.
@V+PW
,go budder 1to sink M o w the surface of the
water: Thejl had bo swim lo shore when thebwt
went undm 4 Somwrzew h e d lo help him when
he went wtdm: 2 (Irlformal)to fail, lose power,
etc.: ta be unable to pay what you owe: A large
number of small companieshauegone u m h
+v+adv
'goundersth to beknownby aparticular name
ort ~ t k
lbeshegowuiermyothernames?
EEilthe name of..., a rflffemnt,ete. name,the
title of...
-P seeahGO BY STH2
~ v + P W
,goUp 1tobewme higher inprice,level,etc;to
rise:T
h
eprice of cigtsrem b going up,o Cigar-
ettes am going up (inprtce), o My pension h
a
s
gone up (by)L5a week. IsuaJIprice, bmperature
)SYH) riw)OPIP) come down: go down 2 (to
sblsth) to go towards sblsth: He mnt up to the
houseandknackdon the dm,: 3(to ...) to travel
from one place to another, especially from the
south of a countrytothe north: She'sgom up io
ScotIandtosee herson. oAreyougoingup ioloton-
don tomorrowP4 to be built;to be put up: New
ofim bladesaregozng upewevwhm. 5to bedes-
troyed by fireor an explosion: one o
f thegels
t
o
& goes up.there wrll be mapsiue damage. o
The whole building went up inflames. 6 to be
fixed in a public place: Notices hnuemne w all
over & miwrsitr. 7 i
f the curtain across the
stage inatheatre goes up,it israised or opened:
The stage u m empty when the curtain went up.
EEEleurhln coma d m 8 if a loudsound
such as ashout or acheer goesup, it ismade by
lots of people: A huge cheer uwnt up fmm the
crowd. llusrlchwr, cryQ(tollntosth)(of asports
teamor astudent)tomovetoahigher rank,pos-
ition orclass:Liverpol hvegom?up infothe W
onddivistaa o Is shegoing up intoIhpskthfQm
thFPyerrrP~
go d m 10(to...)(Brmtobegin
yourstudiesat a university, especially O
x
f
o
r
d or
Cambridge; to b g m a term at university: Sh@
uwni up(lo Odord)m
n 1976. PFB go d m
@ v+adv
,go 'up; ,ga 'up 8th to move fmn a lower PO%
ition to a higher one or upstairs In a building:
he l w g mupand downu1Eduy o Gouprhelad-
de,: o She went up thestntrs veryslowly. o Julre's
gone z q toher m m tochange.
EEi stalm, hlll, road IEQ ascend, ascend sth
(formai)
)
ogodown, godorm8th;ds-nd, dewnd
Sth ~ormnf)
Qv+adv v+prep
,go 'up agalnst sblsth(AmE,informant
oface
sWsthdrfficult,forexample in acompetition:He
lwnr up against the champion in the semnd
round.o In a consumw mte testtesl
Coke ruent up
against Pepsi.
Qv+adv*prep
,go'up to sthtocomeclosetoaparticularpoint
or tlme, or ga i
n a particular direction: Thk
diary onlygoes up lo November oTheroadgoes
upto theschci~l.
Qv+adv+prep
'gowHh sb(okt-fushioned,
Irlfomtjto haveasex-
ual or romantic rerationship wlth sb:to haveg e ~
withsb:SRe'sbeenguing withhimforquitea while,
+ W Q k U G O OUT2
~ v + P W
'go wlth sbrsth Einfwwl, especially Am57 to
support a plan, an idea, etc. or the person sug-
gestmg it:I'rnprepamd loga with herdacistono
I i k e Ted's idm.Lat'sgu with it. o Whichmndi-
dateshall lwgo with?
QV + P ~ ~ P
'gowlthsthl tolook, taste,sound,etc.goadwith
sth; to combine well with sth: This sauceg m
W B wrEh Iamb~oDoesthk skirr 80 with my
j~rRper?+W a
1
.
W GO TOGETHER 2 (of tWO Or
more things) to exist at the same time or in the
sameplaceas sth: tobeoftenfoundtogether:D b
euse often goes with poverty. o She hues a
U the
nitention that goes with krngfamous. +seealso
GO TOGETHER 13tobeincluded w~thorasapart
of sth:Anewmrgws with thejob.
~ V + P M P
,go withbout;
,go wlth'out sth;,go wlth'out
dolngsthtomanagewithout sthwhichyou usu-
ally have I wuer wont the children lo haw togo
withorit.o Shewent withoutsleepforbhreednys.
do wfthout, do without sth
Qv+adv + vtprep
goad/gasAnmEgwal
,goadsb 'ontodriveande n c o m sbtodosth:
They goaded him an & brPek the window o The
boxersweregooderionby theshriekingcrowd.
@ v +nipmn+adv
gobblep g ~ b k
A d ' g c b l l
,gobble sth 'downrup (ilrformanto eat foal
very quickly: Igobbkl down my bmwest and
ran out o
f the house.
1
8
1
H
)wolf %th down
+v+adv+n + vtnlpmn+adv
,gobble sth 'up (i~rormal)
1 to use a l l of sth,
espec~ally
money#very quickly: Therent gobbh
up half his earnings. 2 if a business,oompanx
etc. gobblesup asmallerone,it takescontrol of
it: Smallfamrly businessesam being gobbled up
by largcrfirms.
m swallow d
lup
e v + a d v + n v+nlpmn+adv
goofI ~ I
,goof a'round (&format,e s ~ i a l l y
Am57 to
waste your time doing silly or stupid things:
Comeon,guitg&ngaround- thisisserious.
mess around
@ v+adv
,goof bff CAM,i ~ & m D
to w
a
s
t
e t
i
m
ewhen
you aresupposed tobeworking
&v+actw
b 'god& n ( A d , illformal, disai~pwvtng)
a
lazy person whodoesnot workhard
,god 'up(onsth), ,god 8th 'up ( A M . irbfor-
ml)
to make amistake; taspoilsthby makinga
mistake or doingit badly: Healuloysgoofs up(on
exams). o He reallygoof& uphisewun
messup,messsth up
Qv+adv 4 v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n
gouge1 ~ 3 1
,gouge sth 'out: ,BOW sth 'out of sth to
remove sth,or formsth,by digging into asurface
with a sharp tool, your fingers, etc: Iwanted t
o
gouge her eyes out. o Glaciersgouged out ualleys
from fhehflk.
meyes
@ v+adv+n + v+nlpron*adv +
v +nlpron+a&+ prep
grablgraebl
'grab at s M h totry totakehdd of sblsth: She
gmbkdafthe branch,misxdandJell.
E
!
Q clutch at sblsth
+v +prep

74. graba
t 134 ............................................................
................................................
............*............................................
..-..
'grabaldhtotakeadvantageda
nopportunity
todoorhawsth: He'llgrabat any Pxctrsetouvoid
doing thedishes.
FSZi chance, opportunMy+-8s I
E
B
mnth
@ V + P ~ P
'grapple wlth sth to try to deal with a difecult
situation or solve a diIIIclzltproblem: I'w spent
allaftermngrappliw withthemaccoum.
EUl problem,issue E B wrestlo wfthsth
W Grapple with sth can h used m the pas-
slbe Thu.rs an ksw that LS klng gmppIed with
b.v the council.
QV + P ~ ~ P
'grasp at sthnb to try to takehold of sthhbin
yourhands.S h e ~ p a 2 n t h l s w .
EZD catch at sthlab:eluleh at sthhb
Q V + P ~ P
'grasp at sth to try to take advantage of an
opportunitxespedally becauseyouareunham
w ~ t h
the present situation: He gmsperd at any
hfwwf=m.
I9YH)clutch at sth
eV+WP
EQgrasp at '
*
r
u
m to try very hard to find a
solution to a ~roblemor
somehope ina dmcult
or lmplcasant situation,wenthough thisseems
very unlikely
grass/gmsAmEgr@
,grasssth ' O W rtocweranareaof groundwith
grass: Thegodenhad Geengrasdover
Grarss6th overisoffenusedinthepassive.
@v+adv+n * v+nlpmn+adv
,grass sb 'Up m,iMormal) to i
n
f
o
r
m the
policeorsb inauthorityabouta.nimeorsthhd
that sbhasdone: Mygirrfrwndgmwdme u p
It is dm possible to say: IWy girZfrlrmd
g m s d (onme).
6v+nfpmn*adv + v+edv+n
gravitate~'~rnvrtert~
'gravltete toltoward(s) s h t h to move
towardssbkth that youareattractedto: Most uFP-
iiorsto New Yorkgmurlate toTimesSqwm.
ev+ prep
grindlgramd, ( w n d , gmud {graundl)
,grind sb ' d m to treat sb in a harsh way or
annoy them for a long t h e u
n
t
i
l they can no
longer defend themselves or flght back: Don't k
t
,grind8th ' d mto rub sthagainst a hard s w
faceinorder tomakeit smoothandshiny
)91M) wear sth down
Q v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n
,grind'onto continueforalongthne in aboring
or unpleasant way: Thenegotiationsground on
formonlhs.
Q v+adv
,grind sth 'out 1to produce sth i
nlarge q w -
ttties over a long perid of time, especially sth
that is not interesting or of good quality: He
g r i ~ o u l a
muela month. E
B
B chumsth out2
to press a burnlng cigarette down firmly wlth
your hand or your fwt in order lo stop it burn-
ing: Ha ground out the cfgemtte with hs heel.
rtubsthout
@v+a&v+n v+nlpmn+adv
'gropefor sthto twhardtofhdsU1: Zsfep@in.
fhedoorondgrodfir theIiphtswlWr. firgu guru-
....
five)'Yes,but 'Hemgmpingforwords.
lFZl Ilght,word,an-r
ev + prep
'grope towards d h (mre) t~ try to find an
apreement,an answer to aproblem etc: The#loo
part& aregropingtowardsa compromiw.
Qv + prep
,gross sb ' O B (AmE,iqi3rmaO to make sb feel
disgusted:Hisgreasy hnirmllygrosses meout!
v +nlpron+a& * v+ adv +n{lessfreguenf)
groundtmtrndl
be 'grounded Inton 8
t
h tobe b a d on 8th:Is
theslorygroundedinfact?
Q be+v+prep
,grow a'padto become less close to sb in a rela-
tionship: We used t
o k g o d friends, buf w ' u s
grown amrr.
Qv+adv
,grow a'way from sb to wme to have a less
close relationship with sb;to depend on sb less:
Shehasgrown atlmypom herparents.
Q v+ adv +prep
,grow'backif hair,b
,
etc.g p ~ w s
back,it starts
to grow again after it has been cut or damaged:
His h r r grew back thrcker o
m he shaved his
hwd.
halt
v+adv
,grow'Intosth 1to gradually become sthovera
period of time: Shehad grown h
f
oa h u t i f u l
young m n . 2 i
f a child gmws lnio clothes,
helshebecomesbigenowhto fit lnta them: This
mt'sloo bigfor him now. but he'll grow inlo i
t
l@Z coat,trousers, sic, EBg m w out of sth 3
to become famiIiar with and oonfident in a new
job, activity, etc. He needs t ~ m
so grow in& the
fob. EEijob, role
eV + P ~
'grow on sb if SWSMgrows on you, you grad-
ually 11kethemllt more and mom: That painl-
tng'sreallygrownon me.
6+Y + P ~ ~ P
,grow 'out if the mlour or style of your hair
growa out, it disappears as your hair grows: I
had my hairmlodszxzueeksogo, bur St'sgmw-
ing out mul
Q vtadv
,grow Mh 'OMto let yourhair grow so that the
colour or stylechangesordisappears:h d e c i d e
logrow f h e I a ~ o u t .
Qv+nlpron+adv 4 v+adv+n
,grow 'out of sth 1 if a child grows out of
clothes, helshe becomes too blg t
o wear them:
She grows out of her clothes sa fast! EXd coat,
trousers, etc. E D outgrewsth grow Into
szh 2 to stop doingsomethmg or sufferingfrom
8th as you become older: He &WLUout of his
eczemaas h got older oHe was cr very rebeilhious
teenurn but he grew out of it. outgrow
sth3todevelop from sth:Thexlowsgrew out of
a need t~protm!
childmn.
Q v+ adv prep
,grew 'up 1 when a person grows up, they
become an adult: Kate's $rowing wfrrst. o Oh,
grow up I= behave in a more sensible way) and
ssopmkingsuchafUss!o He wasad&Ecultteen-
age6 but grew up lo k u apnsfbIeadult. 2
[+advtprep]tospend thet h e you are achild in a
particular place or in a particuIarway: Hegrew
up m Portugal. o Me1 and I grew up together:o
This gensmthn h
m grown up on MTE! 3 to
develop gradually: T
h
e town had grown up
around the abbq! o A cult hudgrown uparound
Rim. E
E
)
develop
=Do not confuse this phrasal verb with
grow Grow can be u& without an object to
mean 'increasein s~ze,
number, cost,&.' Grow,
but not grow up, can be used w
i
t
h an object: lo
grow v@gemb[es.
Usebring sb up to refer to par-
ents caring for their ch~ldrenunttl they are
grownup and teachingthem how tobehave,etc.
+v+adv
b,grown-'up@ (iqfomn 4 mentallyandphye
ically an adult:He has two grown-upchi&en Z
adult mature: Susie isuerygrown-upfor herwe.
'gmwnup n IrnfornrnO (used especial& by
adults when mlking lo chiidren, or by childmn)
an adult person: The grown-ups win sit at one
tableand t h e c h i h n at another
,grub sth 'outrup (mm)
to dig ath out of the
ground:Thollsatuhof miles of r f w s have
beengmbM up
ESdlg sth out:dlg sth up
Qv+adv+n a v+nlpron+a&
guard/g~d:A&gmrd/
'guard agalnst ath:'guard agalnl dolng
sthto do sth toprevent sth happening or to p
m
tect yourself from sth: CIwnt h ~
wound toguard
agoinst the dnnger of infmion. o We should
guard l r g o t M the m i b i i r g of this happening
again. oRegulrsr exercise mn help fu guard
agairrsl heartdisease-
EEi danger,risks,posslblllty
W Guardagainststhlagainst dohgsthm
be used in the passive: This danger must k
guordd against.
+v + prep
'guess al ath to try to imagine sth or make a
judgement w~thout
lolowingallthe facts: Wemn
onlyguessat thereasonfor his actbns.
G u w at 6th can & used in the passive:
H~rfeelmgsmn
onlyk g u e ~ W d ~ 1 .
Qv+prep
gulplanlpl
,gulp sth 'back (rare)to stopyourself showing
that you are upset by swallowing hard: She
gulped back her tears.
EEi bars
Q v+adv+n r v+nlpmn+adv
,gulp9th 'downto swallowsthguicklyandnols-
ilp.HegvlpeddownagIassoJ wter:
!GIwater, coffee, etc-
Gulp sth can also be used with a similar
meaning.
6v+adv+n * v+rdpmn+adv
,gumsth 'up(BrE,Infirmat, ram)toAU sthwith
a sticky substan~eso that it cannot mow or
work: !
@ eyes cuere all gumIPIBd up o The s
u
b
stancegununed themachineup
Gumsthupisoftenwedi
nthepassiw.
+v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n

75. gunIN (4n-j
,gunsb ' d w m z I i ~ i ' ) t o s h o o t
sb,&ally
so as to kill or serlwsly injure them: He wap
g u d down outside Afs home.o Terrorists
guddournsLxrtxp~ople
in thetown htmonth.
m shoot l b
W Gun sbdownIs&n usedin thepassive.
@v+adv+n * v+pron+a& fu. v + n + a d v ( m )
'gunfor sb (Informal)(only used In thep m w -
stw kws)totry toblamesbor causetroublefor
them: She's ken gnnningfor me s i r m I came to
work here.
+v+prev
'gunfor sth (irbfornurb(only usarlin t h e m
slue fmm)
t o m hard to get sth: to aim for sth:
TAW ore h t h gunning for p h m in the chm-
pionsh rp.
Qv+prep
gusSy hnsil (gm*k=. auswlng, gu-fad.
gussled)
,QussysMth 'up;,guSsyyOU~ff
'up(.AmE,
mnform0 to dresssblyourselfinspecial,attract-
ive clothes: to decorate 5th to make it look
attractwe: She glrssted herself up for the big
mm.o Jim's got all gussied up!o My dress
waspbin, but Ijiu~sied
it up wnthsomejewellery.
0 Thedly wasgmied upJorIhePresident's visit.
dollyournelf up (Insth); betget dolled up
(In s t h ~
K 5 W Gusy sblsthup isusuallyused Inthegas-
slrcw~thbeorgat.
6v+adv+n + v+pmn+adu
hackfirekl
,hack 8
t
h a'bout(EWE,Informa[,dkpproving)
to cutor change sth inarough andmrelessway:
The hairdressers hum h k d her hair about a
bit. o Cfigurntiw)Thescripr washacked ahut By
seuernlpuple ~ u r e t h e m v i e
wasfinished.
v+dpmn +adv
'hack at sth: ,hacka'way (at 5th) to t
r
yto cut
sth using strong rough blows w
i
t
h an axe, a
kn&+scissors.etc: She'sreallyhackedatmy hair
Ir's a mmpM mess o H
e mas hacking away at
the t
r
p
e
s wzlh an axe.0 Wn't hack at it! Cut it
rnnghily!
e v + p r e p v+adv
,hacksth'down tocutakee,etc.roughly sothat
itfalls totheground: Theyam hackingdown the
@ ~ L S
tosdi thetimbm:
W tree ES)chop sth down
@v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n
,hack'intoslh(mmputin& toflndaway of look-
Inp at or changing the information on sbelse's
computer w~thout
their knowledge or permls-
sion: A WMMgirl managed to huck inlo the
bank'smmpultr:
@V+PMP
,hack sb 'off( B E , irpformal)to make sb feel
extremely annoyed or irritated:He was hadcad
ofl wrth thp whok situation. o She always m l s
herjobs done in the next I0 minutes. That m
f
l
u
hacksmeon:
~ a c k
sboff i s usually used in the passive
orasanadjective.
Q v +nlpron + adv + v+adv +n
,hacksth 'off:
,hack8th 'OH
sth tocut sth
slh w ~ t h
mughheavy blows: They hhackedofl the
dwd brunches. o He hacked the @pad off the
door o She was alwuys thi-miminl: lo hack her
lowly longhairon withthe kitchenX ~ T S .
W chop ath off,chop sthOW sth
Q v* a& n 4 v +nlpron+adu + v + nlpmn+prep
,hack sth 'upto cut sthvery roughly into large
p~eces
HehQckd upthemeat withalarge knife.
TW chop rth up
Qv+adv+n 4 v+nlpmn+&
ham/heem/
(-mm)
,hamH 'up(Wiorna~O
toact inadelibmtely arti-
ficial orexaggerated way:TheQctors werem l f y
hammingit up.
+v*it+adv
hammer/%=mar)/
,hammera'way at sthtowork hardinorderto
finish or ach~eve
sth: to repeat sth again and
again:HekepthnmrnerIrngawat thesumpoint
all through the Mlw.
+v + adv + prep
,hammer slh 'In;,hammer sth 'Into sb to
forcesb to learn sth by repeating it manytimes:
1'11manage f
o hammer the point in sontehow O
Thy haue hadEnglishgmmmnr harmmeredrnio
them
Qv+nlp-m+aUv + v+adv+n v+n@mn+pmp
,hammer$th'out1todiscussaplan,adeal,etc.
for a long tune andwith greateffort,until 9th is
dwided oragreedon:It taok umkmhammerorat
on agmmnt. E d doel,agreement,polley2to
pt-duce asound,playa tune, etc.especially ona
piano. loudly and not very well: Shehamme&
out ' H a p ~
Rirlhday'on thepiam
@v+adv+n+ v+n!pmn+adv
hand/ h n d /
KUUNU
,handsb 'back to sbmth used by a television
or radio reporter at the end of a report fmm a
particular pIacetashow that themaia presenter
will continue: Now I'If handyou back to Trevor
in thestudio.
v +nlpion+a& +prep
,hand sth 'back(to sb) Ito give sth back tothe
person, country,etc, who usedto have it or who
owns itlegally: Theterritory wap handad back to
Egypt. o W
e wi1I not prms charges if the stolen
money ishandad back. money, control2t
o
give 9thbacktothe personwhogaveit toyou:She
l ~ k e d
quickly at m
y passwrt and thenhm6W Sf
h k .E
E
i p a s s ~ r t ,
letter, glass In mfor-
hail ma1spokenlanguagehand sb backsthand,less
often, hand sb 8th back are also uswl I b n d e d
'hailfrom ...C f o m ~ ( n o t l l s e d i n t ~ h e p ~ t v e
her$ackherpn.oIhanddherkpenkk.
tenses) to come h m or to live i
n a particular ETE) glve sth back (to sb); returnazh (toab)
place:Whichpartof r m m d b h e h a ~ l f r o m ? 6v+nIpron+a& v+adv+n
&V*PWP ,hand5th 'down1( a h,handsfh 'an)(to sb)to
give or leave sth to a younger person: All my
c l o r h were ho&&down t
o me by by bmthez 0
These skilk haue been handed down from

76. gantmthn to generation oH
e
'
sgot no one lo c 'hand-n [C]
IIT]theactof movingpoweror
hand tkfumily houseon lo.E
Q
itradlon, eus- responsibility from one person or group to
tom, skill8IEB pass sth dorm (to sb) W In another: the period duringwhich this happens
this meaning hand sth down isusuaIly used in HANDOVER OVER atHnNn SWSTH OVER (TO
the passl~e.
2 ( e ~ p e ~ ~ l l l y
AmE) /of a courtof law s B ~ .HAND YOURSELF OVER (Tn RAI
or other o!Xcial body) to announce an official
dwision: Thejudge handed down a sentenre @
sixyears.EEidecfslon,sentence,verdlct
~ v + n / p r m + a d v
r v+adu+n
b 'hand-me-down n [usually PI.] (#specfolly
AmE)clothmr that ia no longer wanted and is
given to sb else, especially a youngwbmther or
slster:I used to hate w r i n g my brother'shand-
me-downs.
,hand sth 'in(
t
asb) 1to give a piece o
f work to
sb, such as a teacher, so that they mn correct,
read or dealwith it; to givesthtosb inauthority
-use ~tbelong to them or is lost:Make sum
you hand inyourhomewrkont
i
m
e
.o Handyour
mom keys in by 10 a m BEessay, homework
give sth In(to sbj2 to tell sb Mcially that
you intend to Ieave your job: I'vaju! haadd in
my notice, only your notlee, your resign,
tlon EZ9 glmsth In (to 5b);reslgn
Qv+adv+n v+rdpmn+adv
,hand sth 'on (
t
o sb) 1to send or give sth to
another petson after you have Rnished with it:
Hand on themgazmet o y o u r m d . o T
h
elast
hash?Pnh a d on f0TIW. 2 =HAND STHDOWN 1
IED p a s s s t h m ( t o s b )
+v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
,hands t h 'out(fasbjl to givesth toeachperson
111 a gmup: She handed dexlbwks out to the new
studen&. leaflets, money E
E
gglne rm
out; pass 5th out (to sb) 2 to give advice, criti-
cism, a pun~shment,
etc. to sb The mrvls are
handingouttoughsentenceslofwuent o~en&rs.
Infonnutlon,punlshrnmt,s e n t e m
IEEj dlsh sth out (tosb)(;nformal)
Qv+nlpron+adv * v+adv+n
F 'handoutn 1 something that is given free to
people, especially fwd, money or clothes 2 a
document giv~ne
information about sth, e s p
clally one that is given to a groupor a class by a
teacher,speaker,etc.
,hand 'wer ta s b ,handsb 'overtosb(mp
crollyRrE) to give sb else a turn to speak when
you have finishd talking: I'd liketo hand owr
now to o wguest s w k e ~
oI'lI h n d you ouer to
&dfor achat.
v+ adv+prep v +nlpmn+adv +prep
,hand 'wer to sb;,hand nth 'over to sb to
givesb else your position of mweror authority;
togivesbelsethe responsibility fordealingwith
a particular situatlon: Iam resigrringond hand-
ing ouer ta my depuw oMy father has hafaded
overtheb u s i mtome.
Qv+edv+prep + v+adv+n+prep
v +n l p+adv+prep
. . - .-- --,
,hand sbtsth 'over (to a
)
,
,hand youmew
'met(to sbl to give sW* officiaLly to sb else,
especiallysb inauthority: Theyhanded himouer
t
othepolice. oHeforced me tohand overthekeys
tothew
e
.
E D delhmsb/& avertup(to rb),d d W
yourself m r l u p (to sb)(murefom~
ev+n,'pron*adv * v*adv+n
F 'handorern[CI[Ulthe actof g l v i n g a m nor
athinf:tosb inauthoriw
+S ~ ~ ~ I S O H A N D O Y E R
at HAMD OVER MSB,HAND
STH OVER TO SB
,hand sth hund( w i a l l yBrm (AmEwwlly
,hand8tha'mund)to offerorpasgsth(espxially
food and drink) to each person In a group of
people or in a room: &uld you hand round the
mndwiches,p h ?
v+adv+n * v+nlpmn*adv
hang / h n l(hung,hungthql)
-a h t
-abouttogether
- a W t with
-arwnd
-arwndtogether
-around with
139 -back
-an
-onto, onto
-wt
-OYBr
-rwntl
-roundtogeVler
-round wlth
-together
-UP
140 -with
,hanga'but(Brm1(WrmaO=HANG ON 32=
HANGAROUND
,hanga'bout,,hanga'boutrth( B E ) =HANG
AROUND.HANG AR0l:IUTI STH
. . .
,hang a'bout with sb; ,hang a'bout
togeiher(Bra=HANG AROUND WITH SB, HANG
AROUND TOGETHER
,hang a'mund(&E a h ,'hanga'bouLPlound)
(informa0'
Ito wait: SDrry t
okeepyou hmging
aroundforsolow.oI won't hangarboutfiryouf
you're lute.E 9 walt around (forsbhth) 2 to
delay doing sth;tok
eslowtodosth:Huveyoupw
ished otreudy?Youdon'thang aboutdoyou?
A u + * r h ,
". "".
,hang a'round;,hang a'round 8th (BrEalso
,hang aWutrmund, ,hang a'bouV"rnund am)
(mnformn0 to spend t m e somewhere, without
doing very much:WespentmossoJ the&y hng-
iw about doing nothing.o Children hang
amwid the s i r e e ~ ~
h u s e there's nowhere for
them to p b . o Why are they alwys hangrng
round ourhow?
Qv+adv * v+prep
,hang a'round wlth s b ,hang a'round
together (BrEo h ,hang a'bouu'mund4th
ah. ,hang a'boutrroundtogether)(inform0to
spend a lot of time with sb or with a group of
people. Bob hangsaround with Tim.oBob and
n
r
nhang omund together:o I don't like the kind
ofpwpkshe hangsuboutwith.
go amund wlth sb, go aroundtogother
Qv+adv+prep 4 v+adv+adv
,hang'back1tonot moveforwardsbemuse you
are nervousor afraid: Shehung h.ck m i d logo
nearthedog.2to staybehind in aplacesuchasa
schoolor an officeafter most of the other people
have left:Myfriends rwhed out, but I hung bclck
lo folktolhetwcher 3tobeunwillingto dosth;to
hesitate: Thss is a g m t opportunity We can't
alford t
oRang buck.
Qv+adv
,hang 'on to hold sbisth firmly:Hang on light
and you luon'tfall oflo Thehow suddenly ml-
lop& o r and I t r k ilo hang onas h t asI muld.
+SteabHANG ONTO STHISB, HANC ON TO STHAB
2 (BrE, spoken,inforno used toask sb to wait
for a short time: Hang on a mmute-I'm nearly
ready. o The line's e w & . Would you like lo
hang on? 3 (BrE also .hang a'hut) (spken,
rnformi')used to tell sb to stop what they are
do~ng
or saying, becauseyou have just realized
sth,or becauseyou donot understand sth:Hang
on! I've had an him.o H
a
* on!How much drd
you say it was?oHang on!That'snoEwhatIsaid!
4to ccmtinuedo~ng
sth wen when the situatlon
IS difficult: HOWmuch bnger con their troops
hangon in thntpusitlon?S to wait for 5thtohap
pen:I&nn answersoon-don't keepmehang-
ingon.
ES) heldon
Q v+adv
hang (on) 'In there (irhfibrmnt)to continue
trying to do sth,even though it is very difficult:
Hangon in there! T h e m n uwillsoon Mover
'hang on s t h to depend on sth:My whlef~ture
hung onhisdecision.
E Z declslon dependon sth
@v + prep
'hang sth on sb (Mrmal,especially Ana.57 to
blame sb for sth, often unfairly: Youmn't hang
the damge W your computer on me -I Wasn't
euenthere!
+v+ nlpron+prep
,hang 'onto s t h l s b ,hang 'onto sthmb to
hold sthlsb tightly:Hang o m m y hand whID w
cross the road.
EZi holdon,hold&rlhlsb, hold on tosWrb
+$eeakOHAMGON
+v+adv + v+prep + v+adv+prep
,hang 'onto sb~sth;,hang 'on to sbisth
(1qforma0
tokwpsWsth:tonot sell,giveaway or
fora big trmserifyouwant.oIhopshemnagm
50 hang on loherjob, o Thecompanytvm lobe
impabkof hnngfngon0ikssMoHe'sogreal
guy-youshou[dhangontohim!
EE)holdontosblsth, hdd an tosb/m
+v+prep * v+adv+prep
,hang'out(informan1[tadvlpmp] tospendalot
of tme In a plaw or with a person or a groupo
f
peopIe. Wheretkw h@ hangout them@s?o She
wed to hung out with theh t k s e
s
n thesixties.2
to spend tune relaxmg, doing v g y little: We've
tust beenhangingoutand Lktenlng tom
u
s
i
c
.
+v+adv
t 'hang-outn(Inforrrml) a place where you live
nr oniny spending time wlth friends: apopular
-- ---.
hang-outfnrteetmge~s
,hang 9th 'out to attach things that you have
washed to a piece of string or rope outside so
that theycandry:toput sthsuchasaflag,etc.out
of a wlndow or in a street by attaching it to a
prece of stringor rope: Hewyou hungihe m h -
ing out?o Muny h o w hung out a banner sup
porting them
m
n
r
c
h
.
E
Z
Z
iwalhlng, elothea,flags, benner
+S ~ ~ ~ ~ S O H A N C
UP, HANG STH UP 1
Qv+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
,hang'over sblsth if aproblem, a t h a t orsth
sad hangsoveryou,youthink about it or worry
about it a lot. A question mark hangs over the
future of theclub(= no oneknows what ts going
to happen).o Thethreat of dismlssaI hung over
ourheads.
IsusJlquesffon mark,thmal EElhead,futum
Q v+prev
hana 'round(BrE*infoml)=HANG AROUND
. *
,hang 'round:,hang 'round sth (BrE, irtfor-
7nd) =HA.lG AROUND,HANG AROUWD STH
,hang 'round wlth sb: ,hang Wound
together (BrE,in$ormtJ =HANG AROUND WITH
SR. HANC AROUND TOGF,TIIER
,hang to'gether to be well organired and fit
together well: to have parts that aU agree wlth
eachother: Tlneixwkdoesn'tmlly hang togelk
o Thw m u n t of what happened doesn't hnng
mgether
Qv+adv
,hang'up:,hang8
t
h 'upItoattachsthhmthe
top to a hwk,a piece of string,etc, so +thatthe
lower part is five or loose;tobe attached In this
way: My dress Is hanging up in the wardrobe,o
Shall I hawflw coat up?o He loot offhis suit
and hung it up~ u 2 I y .
B
E
i cootclothw+see
a h HANG STH OUT 2 (on sb) to end a telephone
conversation,often very sudde* by putting
down the part of the telephone that you speak
into (the receiver) or switching the telephone
ofi. Shehung upon me.oDon't hang up I'd like
+- to Dad too.oI wasso uaset I huna uu the
w -
.
,
I - -
losesth:Hong ontothe r m i ~ t
in m y a u w a n *lo phone. phone, -hr~r 3;o finish usingsth
change the d m r e S S
o YOUmn hnng on to h k

77. forthelast time:to giveup auarticulara c t ~ t x hashIhall
.- -*.
pmfession, etc: @r tz&@ &urs p l q y i n g ~ i -
,hash stb 'outMmE, Wonnak)todiscuss8th in
bnll, k'sfiM'9hwingw
Irismk - detaflfor a long time in order to m c h an agree
*"+a& + v+adv+n+ v+rdpmn+adu
ment: Theyaresiill hashingout lhe&iuikof the
get ,hung'up(
A
m
to bedelayed: lgothung UP c o n m f .
10traflc. o Sorry 1'mL
w -1got hung UPat Iha thresh
^ff^^
VJJXC.
eget+v+FIdv
@v+adv*n v+nlpron+adv
'hangwithsb(AmE,skmg)tospendalotd time hatch~ J I
with sb:Awyoustillhanging withthomguys?
,hatch ,od (BrE)when a bird, an insect etc.
0 V + P W
hatches out, it comes out of the e u , when an
'hankerIrfberhr a htowantsthverymuch:He
hankered after bigcity life.
)SYH) longfor slm
9V+PWP
,happen e'fongrby ( i n f m d j to arHve or
appear unexpectedly: A pIice w r h a p w
nlongjusi at that rnornenl.
Qv+adv
'happenampon s h t h(o&Imhbn& t o k d
or meet sWstb by chance: I fmppened umn the
book I m l e d in asecond-hand
hokshop.
,sr*,erne acrosa sblsth
ev+ Prep
e R hatches out it breaksopen and a bird, an
Insect, etc. comesout: Thechi& hutch oulufler
m
e
e
n days. oHave t
h
e eggs hntFhod out yet? o
Whenwrll fhemterpiilarshalchout?
=Hatch is used instead o
f hatch out in
American English. It can alsoke used in Britkh
Engllsh.
Qv+adv
haulI~TJ
,haul sb be'fore s M h ( a h ,but sb 'up
befom sbhM) (infirm0 t
omakesb appearin a
court of law in order to l
xjudged: Thg rn
hauled hforethecourts. o TheyhnuM her up in
front of senioro m s .
,sr*,brfng sb beforesblsth Imreformal)
In front af sblsth can be used insteadof
before: Theyhatiled hmup iinfmntofseniorofi-
cem Haul sb (up1beforelin front o f sWsth is
often used I
nthe passive.
'hark at sb(spoken,humurnus)usedonly in the ,,,I, HAUL sn UP
form hark at sb,to showthat you think what sb +,+ntpron + prep
has just said is stupid,or shows too muchprlde:
lo lose -ht,. 'Hnrk her! so ,haul5b 'offtto -1.. .)(fWormal)to
takesbsome
thinJmn hardlyseeher!' whereby force:Theyh u I d himfltojail.
A I,+ nmn ZE3 dragsb off (to sthl...)
Y . Fmut'
v+ nlpkn +adv + v +a&+n (mre)
,hark 'back to sth I 10taut a b u t or r e m e m b
sth that hapwed inthe past or was mentioned ,haul sb 'up (idormr) make sb a p m in a
You m y t p harking the paF1,
courtof law InordertoWudged: Hewas h u k d
upona chamof dnmgmowdrlvi~,
B E the pasth
youthD
m
3In thismeaninghark
-Haul sb up isoffenused inthe passfve.
hack to sth is often used in the progmss~ve
tenses.2(BrE)toremind youof or to be like sth 'SPeaaLSOHAUL SB B B P O R E S R I S T ~
m the past Themelody harks back toone of hw @ v+REpm"+a* v+aChr+n(mm)
earlier symphonies El74 In this meaning hark
back tosth isnotused rntheprogressive tenses.
ev+adv+prep
,harp'on(aboutsthh 'harpan sth(hfbrmal)to
keeptalkingaboutsthin a way that otherpeople
findannoying:He'sstiflharpingonabout having
hi7 bike stoh. oH
e
'
s always hrpiqq on the
Samthmne.
m @oon(aboutm)
Qv+a&*v+,mp
haveIhav,av,hfwJ(has, M n g ,had, had)
,have sth a'galnslsbtsth ( o hh m ,gotm
a'galnst sblsth). (not used in the progmsive
temes) to dislike sWsth for a parti- reason:
I've got nothing against harfmily m m m l l y
- it's lust that them are so many of them!o 1
don't know what she hadagainsf me,
E L nothlng,anything,sornethlna
Have sthagainst sblsth is not uwdin the
passive.
Q v + p r o n + m
,ham sb a'rwnd (especinlfy Arid) = HAVE ss
OVER
,have il a'way (wlth ab){BrE,slung) =VAVB IT
OFF (WITH SB)
,havesb 'back(esp~chlty
BrE)1 to allow ahus-
band, wife or artner that you are wparated
from to return: He Rrrd his wife bnck lime and
timeagain. F
E
Z
)@a ab b.ek 2 to invite sbto
yourhouse afier you have beensomewherewith
them:m r thecinemauh?hadewryMyhckrfor
wffee..
,
s
v
l
, ask s
s
b b
a
c
k
;lnvltm sb beck (mom
form0
Havesbhackisnot usedinthe passive.
@ v + nlpmn+adv
,havesth 'backto receive6ththat hasbeen bor-
rowed or taken h m you: Cun I h
a
w the h k
buck by Thursday?
Have8th backisnotusedinthepassive.
Qv+nlpmn+a&+ v+adv+n(mre)
l o m o m w ? ~
m l n g ,wnmthhg,a kt
Haventhon is notus& ~nthepassive.
@ v+nlpmn+adv
1alsov+ adv+ n(hfmquenf)
,have sth 'on nbisth( a h b,got rth 'on
sblsth) (imrmao (not u d in the p v i w
tenses)to know sth bad about someone that cen
be used agalnst them: Thepolicehad nothrw on
hrm (= no evidence that he had committed a
crime).
EQ aomethlng,notklna
m H m sth on sb(sth is not used in the
passive.
@ v +nbmn +prep
,have sth 'out 1to have a tooth or an organ of
yourbodymoved:Ihnd tohaueaioothout.EEi
tooth,appendix,tonslls2 (wlthsb) to talk to sb
openly totry tosettle a disputeor disagreement:
Shefinally decided to h u e it out with him.El
,havesb 'downas sth(wmiall~
B
mtothink Aeve s* isnotusedin the passive,
that sb is a particular typeof person,especially
when in fact they are not: I didn't haw you
QV+nlm*a*
downasIhejmIousWm. ,haw sb 'over(also,hWp sb a'mundespecblly
~msb do- sth is not used in the AmE) (RrEa2.w,haw sb 'twnd)to ~nvite
sbto
come to your house: They had somefrtendpouer
- - . .
,have sb 'In ( a hhaw ,get sb 'In) to have sb
doingsomework in your homeor office: TW'ue
got the b u i k in allm k . o WeAnd theinsmt-
oninon M p
W Have sbin isnotusedinthepassive
Qv+nlpson+adv
,haw sth 'In( a hhave .got & "In)(nor u.wd in
Ihepmgressiw lenses) t
ohave a supply of sth in
your home, etc:Do wehnveenowhfd infor#he
hnliday? oIwanted togela newswimsuit, but the
storedidn't haveany inyet.
Havesth In~snotusedlnthep~ssive.
Q u + nlpmn+adv
have It 'off( a h,have It a'way (Wfth 8b))W E ,
slang)tohavesex with sb
@v+ll+adv
,have sb 'om(hformao(usually cmd inthepro-
nmiw &m)
tojoke withsb by pretendingsth
18 true when it is not: 'We've won a new c
a
r
!
'
'You'rehauimameon!'
v +dpron +idv
,havesth 'on( a hhaw ,gotsth 'on)l (m
wed
m fheprogrmiw~~~tobewearingsth:
She's
got her k l dress on. o He had nothing (= no
clothes)on! o Hehad onabkre and white^
shirt andjeans. E E i clothes,#at, hat,ate I33
be wearing rth 2 to have a piece of electrical
~quipment
switchedon: Ididn'l heoryou comein
&we 1had the radioon. @
E
l
televldon, tadlo
3 to have something planned or arranged: I've
hmi a loton recznlly. 0 What doyou huw onCfor)
lasf night. o W
e
'
r
e having people round for din-
ner 6onlghf.
mHave sbw e r l a r o u n ~ d
Isnotused in
the passive.
Qu+rllpmn+&
,have sb 'up(forsth)(BrE.irbformolt)
toaccuse sb
of sth and bring them to a court of l
a
w to be
examined by ajudge: He rnhad upfor dnnger-
ousdriviw.
Have sbupIsusually u
& Inthepassive.
&v+nlpmn+adv
hawk{ha:k/
,hawk s
t
h a'Walroun&mumd; ,hawk
sth a'boutla'roundl'round sth (RrE)to try
to sell things by golngh m placetoplaceasking
pmpleto buythem:Pimtempi~sof
their CDwere
k i n g hawked amund.o T
h
q
r hawked their
news&ter aromdstlldent bass.
Qv+nlpmn+& + v+a&+n(lesP-wt) *
v +nlpron+prep
headmeal
'head f o r m r d s sth ( a h b
m 'head.d *l
towwds s4h tkpciaIIy A m ( o m used in the
propcsiue t e r n ) 1to be going in a prticular
d~rectlon
or to a parEicular place: It's ttmef wus
heading for home. oJane hmded for the door
E 3makefw sblrth2to belikelytoexperience
sth, especially sth bad: They'm W i n g Jor
trouble. o Thecuunfly is headdfor an mmmic
d m t m E E l ~ b l e +
d h t , disaster. vlctory,
aCll
+v+prep ba+v+prep

78. ,head'offtoleaveaplace togommewhemeIseor hearlhra(r~;~dw
(head,heard/hsa
do sthelse:It's tunem m o f l togetthe hebrain. AmE twnd/)
Qv+adv
,headSb 'offtoget inf'rontof sbhorder tomake
them turn back or go in a different direction:
filim tried lo head off the dmnonslmlomWore
theygot tothecityhail.
Isv*1Intercept sb (mure
f o m d j
v+adv+n4 v+nlpmn+adv
,headsb/sth 'offto prevent sth:to stopsbfrom
dorng sth. Their attempts lo tread off crltklsm
hauefoiIed
@ v+adv+n v+nlpmn+&
'head towards sth (also be 'headed towrds
sth@ S p e ~ i d y h # E )
=HEAD FQRmWARDS STH, BE
HEADED FOF~TOWARDSSTH
,head 'up sth: ,head Wthem 'up to be in
charge of sth such as a department,a company,
an organization, etc: She heads w ourfinam
division.
operablon,company
A noun must always follow up, but a pra
noun comes between the verb and up. r This
phrasal verbisalsoused Inthe passive: Thenew
company wrll kheaded upby GmhornHan
Head sthis also usedwith the samemean-
ing She headsour.finanmdiufston.
Qv+adv+n + v+pron+adv
healhi:u
,heal 'uprover if a cut, a wound, etc. heals
uplwer, it closes and bemmes healthy again:
Herkk-mka long timetohm1rap. o Thecut hap
hwledouernotu
W Heal isoften usedwith the samemeanlng.
6v+adv
heaphipi
'hear a b u t sb/sthto be told new3or infurma-
tionabout sb/sth:I'msosorry tahear aboutyour
mother(=forexample,that sheisa
)
.
o Hawyou
hwmloboutyourjobyet (= if you have got it or
not)?
Qv+vmp
"ear from sb; 'hear sth from sb1toreceive
newsor informationfromsb,usually by letteror
telephone: Da you ever hwr from any o
f your
s c b !friends? o (rrmrrmtIm)
I lmkformrd tohear-
ing from you. o I haven't heard mything fm
Kafeforages. 2toformallygetsb'sopinionabout
sthor theirdescription of sth thathashappened,
such as an accident,etc: Can zue hearfrom soma
of thewomen in theaudkm?~
Thepolice would
like lo heorfrom anyone who witnessed the m
i
-
dent. oI'd like lo hearsomelhingJromsomebody
who's had experlenmoJ studying abrmd.
Q v+ prep * v+ nlpron+prep
'heardsbkthtoknowaboutsblsth M u s eyou
have been told about themlit: I'w haard of #he
Alexander iechnique, but I don't know mything
abaur it,oI
'
u
e neverheard of him
Hear of sb is oftenused inthe present per-
fect tensewith h m .
+seealsoUNHEARD-OFat HEAR OF SB~STH,
HEAR
STII OF SI3lSTH
@v + prep
'hear of sbrsth;'hear sth of sbtsthto have
news of sblsth: I lurrssorry tohear of your mi-
dent. o He was hsf hwrd of in UwrpooLo
You'rPgoingcrbroad7This~stlrcrfimt
I've hwtvi
o
f it?o Fmm what I've heard o
f Andy, he's
bemme v e psucce.c.fu1, o ImW we'll hear more
of thisband inthefufullrre
Hearof sb 1
sortenused inthepasslve.
+ ~ # a k 0NOT HEAR OF STH, NOT HEAR OF SB
"eap A on & 'heap 8 with A ( a h'heap A ,
,
,
,
, ,
,
,
upon BmorelbrrnQO1toputalotof sthina pile +v+wep. ~ + " t p s o n + ~ ~
on sth: She hmpedfcd on my ~hle.0
T h f o d ,unhhurd.ofdjthathas neverbeen known or
was A
m
@ on the plate. 0 T h chairs done; surprising:~t3 utmost u n h m d ~ f f i r
it to
hoped wrlhcushions.3toofferor glvesbalotof ,in theminjlllu
sth, especially praise or criticism: They hen&
of sth; not sb doing
h'sprOmmz. oPratsewashaaped On
tonot allowsomethingornotallowsbto do sth:I
the p~licefor their handling of -. 4ffd to go but wouIrInZ
hwr it, TheV
praise,scorn
-These pM areoffenusedinthe wuMn'l hear of wpostmniwthetrip
--- .
.- +~tt0.b
UFIHRARD-OF at HEAR OF SB~STH.
HEAR
pdnatve.
STH OF SBlSTH
Q v +dpmn +prep
9V + P ~ ~ P
,heapsth 'UPto put sthintoapile:A hyge PI^qf ,hearsb awt to listen until sb hashishd say-
washing washeawd upinac o r n
BE)pllesth up ing what they want to say: I k
m
u
r you don't
+v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n beIiewme,butplmsehmrme out!
&v+nlpron+adu
heat,ha/ hemmed in by resbrictiot~~.
rsmr)fen- shIn
,h e l 'up@nEj=HOT w Hem sblsthin isoftenused inthepashre.
.heal'up:,heatsth 'Upto becomewarm or hot: 6,+wpm" +a& .v +adv* n
to make sth warm or hot: T h e p i w will erpand
asthey heat up. o Wemn hent up thesoup in the herdmd;=JmEkrd/
mirroww.
E
!
3 warmup,wsnn sthup
,herd Wgether; ,herd sblsth to'gether to
@ v+adv + v+&+n * v+nlpmn+adv
move or make sWsthm m m a particular d m
tion: They were herded together inio trucks and
hedget
h
m
t
,hedgesth a'boutra'roundtmundwlth sth
{BrE,formal) to surround and limit sth with
conditions or restrictions: Employmi is
hedj,,w'around with Iegblation murodays.
Hdge 5
t
habouUaroundh.Ound
withsth
i
susually used inthe passive.
+v+nlpmn+adv+prep
,hedgeswath 'IntosurroundsWsthwith sth;to
restrlct thefreedomof sbtodosth:Thecathedm1
is hdged in ty other bufMings.o HefiIt hedged
in hy oli the rulesand regulations,
IFEl fence ab In: hamsblsth In
-Hedge sWsth in is often used in the
passive.
Qv+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
dr~uenaluqv.
Herd sbkth together is &en usd in the
passive.
gv+adv r v+nlpron+adv v+sdv+n
hide/hard/ (hid/h~d/hiddan
/'hrdnl)
,hide a'way:,hi& yourn* a'way to go to a
place serretly becauseyou donotwant anyoneto
findyou:She ured tohide away in her rwm when
she got &p&. o She hid hersew army ~lnlil
shefelt bet#,:
g v t a d v rv+pron*adv
b 'hMeawayaaplacewheres
k
igoes t~ bealone
,hidesbtsth a'wayt a p u t s b k t h i n a ~ p l a c e
9 0 that no one else c
a
n 6nd themlit: You won't
help/help/ ,hide'outto gotoasecretphce to escapefhmsb
who istryinglofindyou: Hehidoui in thewoods,
,helpd h a'longtotrytomake5thhappen more +v+
quycklyor easily: M
Ymother a l w s w
sthat Q
,ahweout a ,,hplaoe
whemsbgoeswhen they do
cup of lea helps t h h g ~
along.o His faihr's ,
t tobefound
namehel@aIong hrsmreerm Ihewrlydays.
,helpsb 'offl'onwfth sth to help sb to t
a
k
eofF
orputona pieceof clothing,suchasaa t : Con I
helpyou ofl withyour m i ? o She he[@ himon
withhk dressrraggomn.
Q v+nlpron+adv*prep
,help 'out{with sth). ,help sb 'od(wlth .th) to
help sb in order to make things easier for them,
for example hy doing sameof their work or by
giving them money:ThankyouforAalping out. o
,hikesth 'upI (Informaf)to liftor pull upapiex
of clothing that youarewearing:He hiked uphis
trouxrsonduxldedinlothewa~ hkhath
up2to increasea priceor ratesuddenlyand by a
large amount They h i k d UP the p r m hv 40%.
FEB jack sth up in for ma^, put sth up
Hikesth isused lessortenw
i
t
hthrsmeaning.
+v+adv+n rv+pmn+adv* v+n+advImrt.)
Mydndsnrdhe'dhelpmeuut withmow.
-~ e l p
(with. stn) and help sb (with 8th) hingemd31
can be u s dwfth the same meaning. 'hlngeon sth(ulso'h1nyupanr
(
hmomfwmaD
+v+adv + v+nlpron+edv + v+adv+n(mre) if an action, aresult, etc,hingesonluponsth,it
'helpsb to s
* 'helpyourself to s
& to give depends on lt completely or is strongly Mu-
shtyourseIf some food or drink. a n I hc[pany. enced by it: m whole c a w r muld hmni?e on the
one to more chicken?o Plwse help yourselws lo
reSUILSthese @Xams.*TheWmX5 of thePro-
salad. fect hrngacon how wellweryone workstogether
&v+nlpmn+prep ev + prep
hemhem! (-mm- hintm t i
..- . -.-- , . .
,hem sbMh 'Into S U - ~ S W S ~ ~
with 8th so 'hint stf~
tos w ~ e s t
in an indirectMY that 9th
tllst they move h i y : *hick - IS trueor likely:In h i r s m h thePrimeMinister
b~mmedb~minonallsider,oTheshipluas h i " " d o f a n ~ r [ y @ ~ t i o n
hemmed z
n by the ice. o (yigumiiw) We felt Hint at sthcanb e dMaepwive: The
problem u m only hintedar

80. how out 146
.---.. l
*
l
l
l
.
.
I
I
.
- .*....... *.............................................1*,,.111*.....................................-
,hold'od sthto offera chance,hope or mssibU-
ity of sth: He muy m
,
but I don't hold out
much hope.o Thismethud mmsto hold out the
~mutestpromiseof
success,
D t h e prrrmlsdprospee~p~gIMIIty
o
f
.
.
.
,h v
EEtl Hold outsth rsneverused wlthapronoun.
@v+a&+n
,holdSth 'odtoholdsthsuchasyourhandor 8th
in your band, infmnt of you towardrsb else:She
heZd her cup ooi for more Mee. o 'Youmust be
Kate,' hesaid, holding out hishand.
EEi hand
+v+nlpmn+& 4 v+a&+n
,hold'outfor sthto deliberatelydelayreaching
anagmment in thehope that you will gain sth;
to refuse to accept anything lessthan what you
areaskingfor:UnionI w d e ~ ~ ~ ~ h o l d i n g o u t ~ r a
bener&oL
+v + adv +prep
,held 'Out On sb (ir#?rmd)to r e h e to tell or
give sb 5th: You p m m M t
ogiue me the money.
Slopholdingouton me.
@ v+a& +prep
,hold sth 'over 1 to leave sth to be dealt with
later: Wadwidedto hold the ma&r over until the
next m i n g p o s m m t h 2 ( A m to
show a IilmEmovie or play for longer than
planned because it is sa successful:Theshow is
h~ngheld
overfor another month.
EiilHold sthoveriso
f
fen used inthepassive.
Q v+rJpmn+ath,+ v+adv+n
b 'holdovern (
A
m
a person wha keeps a rn
ltxon ot power, for examplesb who had aparticu-
lar posltlon inonegovernment and who still bas
ft In thenext
,holdsth 'oversbtousesththat youknowabout
sbinorder tothreaten themand tomakethemdo
what you want:Idon't want logiw him anything
tohold o w me.
@ v* nlpmn+prep
%OM
hsthif you hold to an opinion, a belief,
etc., you donot change it: Sheolwuys holdstoher
princlpk
S33 kaeptorth;rtkktosth
Qv + prep
'hold sb to sth 1to make sb keep a promise: T
promue I'll tokeyou outt
odinner iS we win. 'TII
holdyou toihotl'2 (spm)to stop your opponent
in a sports competition winning more points
than you: Spain h e k l h n mloa 1-1draw.
Q v+ nlpron +prep
"old dth to sthtoplacesthcloseto 5thelse:He
held o knreferoherthroat.
Qv+nlpron+prep
,hold to'gether, ,hold 8th to'gether 1 to
remain, or to keep sbtsth,united: The clwlitbn
hes hem together for hnger than expechi. o
Srrang bonds of &yo.!&hold thefamlly t
w
&
t
2 if ~deas,arguments, etc. hold together, or
sth holds them together,theyare logical and
the parts agree with each other His idem don't
really hoM logether o Words [ike 'however:
Zher@ore', 'alihough: &
. nm hokf your iexl
W h e r 3toremain inonepiece: to$tay I
ngood
condition: It's a m i m k that hiscar is slIa how-
ingl o g e t k oHls trouserswreheid together by
iwlefypiw.
+v+adv * v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n
,hold 'up 1to remain health%in good condition
or working effectiwly,especiallywhen thereare
dimculties: Sales have held up w I b in spite q
f
mnomlcd&i2ultiPs, o How didyourrent hold up
m the storm? 2 d an idea, an argument, etc.
holds up, it remains strongwhen you analyse ~t
carefully: Idon 'tthink h a argrament m i l y horn
up. IEB standup
+v+a&
,holdsblsth 'up 1to raise sblsth in the air:She
held up her hand lo stop him. o He held up his
trophy us the m
u
d applauded. 2 to support
sblsth and prevent itkhern from fdallrng:H
e
r trou-
sen wereheid ufr with striw.o The twopillors
were huMi~g
the ceihng up. I
F
@keep ath up 3
to block or delay the progrcss of sblsth Road-
m
r
k
s on the motorway are holding up tmfic.o
Shephond lomyshe'd bmn held upat theoj,%x.
o Idon'i tvnM lohokdgouun4 torob aperson,a
bank, a shoplstore, etc, using a gun: Have fhgr
asught thepeople whoheld upthebank?
Hold sblsthup isd e n used lnthepassive.
6v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
4v+adv+n v*pmn+adv + v+n+adv{rare)
b 'hold-up n Ia delay or sth which causes a
delay: Whut'sthe hoId-up?2 an act of robbing a
person, a bank,ashoplstore,etc.usingagun
,hold sbtsth "p as sth to present sWsth as an
example of sfi. My mother held up my musinas
an examplesf a d s t u d e n t .
Q v + nlpron +adv+ prep 4 v *a&+ n+prep
'holdwith stht o a m with orapproveof sth:I
don't hoId with tthesenewtlneoriesoneducation.
Holdwithsth1sonlyused in negative sen-
tences and questions.
O Y + P ~ ~ P
hale/haul;A&houl/
,hole'up;be ,holed'up(idormnf)
to hidesome-
where. The fhieueshied up in an mpg ware.
house. o The police couMn'l find out where the
gang wereholed up.
+v+adv + be+v+adv
,hollow sth 'out1to make aspaceinside sth b
y
removing part of it: We hollowed out thepump
kin and put a mndle in it oa hollod-out i
m
hvnk 2 to form 8th by making a hole in mme-
thing eke: 17re tuoues haw Iwllowed out caws
along theclifl
+v+adv+n + v+pmn+& + v*n+adv(mre)
homemaum:~~~e~houm/
,home 'In on sblsth 1 to move or be aimed
straight towards sblsth: She homed in on me as
soonasshesawme. 2 toturnallyourattentionto
sth: Thelaoyerhomad inontheimnsbtenciesin
herstov.
e)v + adv +prep
,hooksb 'Intosth;,hwksb 'Intodoing sth
( A d , injbrml)to persuade sb to do sth when
they do not want to: Idldn'i mnt be involved
but I got hwked intu helpzng, o He trted 50 hook
me intogoing with them.
W H w k sb into sthlintodoing8th Isn w l y
alwaysused Inthepassive.
Q v + nlpron+prep
,hook 'up(wsth sb) 1(ftlfbrma0toagreeto work
with sb: We've hmkedupwith afirm mIwInnd.2
(informal,esmc!aliyAmE)tomeetsb and spend
time with them: On vomtion we hoked up with
some Texanr.oLet's hook up whenyou gel bock
from your trip. 3(AmE.r r h f O m l ) to starta rela-
tionshipwith sb: T
h
e
yhooked up a! mle'sparty.
*u+&
,hook 'up:,hooks h t h 'up(
t
o8th) to connect
sbtsth to a piece of electronic equipment or to a
powersupply.AIl#hes~mkershook
uptoasingle
amplifier o The h l ~ v a s
hooked up lo theshore
power suppl~l
o Thqr'whmked him up lo rr life-
supporl machine.
Qv+adv + v+adv+o v+fdpron+adv
b 'hook-upn a connection between twoo r more
pieces or equipment: on international phone
hook-up
,hoover sth 'up(BrEjto removedust, dirt, etc.
fiom a carpet or flmrwith a vacuum cleaner (=
an elwlrical machinethat cleansfloorsand car-
pets by sucking up dust and dirt): Vigumliw)
The US und Canado usually hhoouer up ail the
~oMandsiluer
m d ~ l s a t
the OlympsGemes,
+v+adv*n v+nlpmn+adv
horsep w ~ ; ~ t n E h a : ~
,horse a'round(BrEaLpO ,horse a'bout)(infor-
mu0 to play Ina noisy and carelessway that is
Hkcly to darnage sthor hurt sb: you two don't
stop horsingaround you'll hurlyourselves.
BYE) mess around(Brm
+v+adu
hoseLWL;~ m ~ h w z l
,hose sth 'down to wash or clean sth using
waterfroma longrubberorplastictube(ahose):
lhosedfhervrrdownlogetridofthemud.
+w+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
hotfint: A d h a ? / (-W)
,hd'up(BrEj@mE,hmmt 'upinforma0tobecome
morelively o r exciting: Thingsareholting upas
the electionnppt.wches. oAs thepoce hot& up,
hedropped h c k inmthird place.
6v+adv
houndfiamdl
,hound sb 'out; ,hound sb 'out of a
'houndsbfrornsthtororcesb tolemaplace
or theirjob: Theywluerehoundadoutofthelown.0
She washoundedfromgolitics by her ttvak.
Hound sb out i s usually used In the pas-
SlYC.
@ v+nlpmn+adv+ v+adu+n(mm)
v+nlpmn+adv+m* v+nlpmn*pr%p
huddlef h a i ~
,huddle to'mtherto move,stand or sitdmto
one another for warmth or gmtection: Weh d -
dIed togetherfor warmth.
@v+adv
,huddk 'up(aguinsuto S W M ) to press -
I
f
into a small $pawforwarmthor protection: She
huddled up a~ainst
him lokeepwarm.
@ v+adv
'hungerafter- s
t
h(liwmv)totoastrong
des~rc
for sth and try to get it:She huragm&r
wealthandpresl&e.
ev+prep
hunkerphnqka(r)/
,hunker' d m(esminllyAmE) 1to siton your
heelswith yourknees bent up infront of you: We
hunkered down around thefire. TEE3 squat 2 to
refuse to change an opinion,a way of behaving,
etc: The Democwts haw hunkered down and
won't b moved 330starttowork at sthor study
very hard: It's trrne you hunkered down and
slartdstudying.
&v+a&
huntm t l
,hunt sb 'downto searchfor sbuntil you find or
catchthem: Heuomd tohunt downthek i l h
&v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv

81. huntdown 148
............................................................
....................................................................................... ......................r...........................I.*..-
,hunt sih 'downroutt o h d sth d e r a longand
dfficult search:ImnMged tohunt out t h s e f i ~
you m t e d . c Cun you hunt domn his phone
numhrfor me?
IE@ dlg sthout; mot sWsthout
e v + a d u + n + v+pmn+adv + v+n+adu(m)
,hunt ~bisth
'UPto search for sWsth, especially
shisth that Is hidden or difficult to find: We
hrultedupawnawhomight hnwkmwn him.
Qv+adv*n v+pmn+a& * v+n+adv(mre)
,hurry sbtsth a'longtodoor say sthtomake sb
move or work faster,to do sth to make stb hap
pen faster:Hurry the kidsoQngor mue'l!miss the
train. o Weshould t q to hurry fh-s along a
brt.
+v+ nlpmn+adv
,hurry 'On(
t
osth)tomntinuespeaking, without
allowinganyonet
ointerrupt w speak:She bur-
ned on to the next topic Wore I could object.o
'Juah v ethat lo m;she hurried on.
6v+adv + v+adv+speech
,hurry 'up{spoken)used to tell sbta moveor do
sth more quickly:Hurry up,we h u e to leave in
five minutes! 0 I wishthe buswouldhurry upand
come.o l wish the waiter wouM huny up with
O W M U p .
Q v+adv
,hurry sbMh 'up to encourage sb to move or
workfaster;todo 8thtomake sth happenfaster:
Hurryyour bmtheruparrw1Il$eIate.o Hurry it
ttp -w Arrw't got all d ~ l
o Is therea m y of
hurrging fhlws up?
+v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n(m)
,hush bth 'up to hide information about a situ-
ation, especially 8th bad or shocking, because
youdonotwantpeopletokn~wabout
it: the go^
ernment tried tohushthe flair up.
IDS33Hush 6th up is often used in the passive:
Tlrescandal mxhush9 up.
Q)v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n
,hype s h t h 'up(infomaI)ta advertiseor talk
ahout sblsth i
nan exaggerated way in order to
get alotof publicattent~onfor
~ t :
H~shiestmovie
I S being hypedupbythemedm.
HypesWsthup isoften wedinthepassive.
Hype sblsth 1salsoused with the same mean-
ing.
Qu+rdpron+adu v+adv+n
b ,hyped'up adj (inf~nnaI)
1(of a person) very
excitedor worriedabout6thShegelsueryhyped
up before a m.2 (of a M o v i e , a book an
event,etc.)advertised or talkedabout inanexag-
geratd way to get public attention: a hypedup
mvi.9
Ice/am{
,
b'mrrup: be ,led "
P
u
p to become
covered by a layer of ice: The rwn'hnd iced over
duringthenight. o Thewindscreenhn$Wrrp o
Thelake was M u p .
Em ~ m 0 r , ~ u p
Qv+adv + be+v*abu
F'dentifywlth sb/sthto feelthat you canunder-
stand and sham the feelingsof sb else: He's a
chamcler thot wadersfee1 theycanidentify with.
@ v + m
I'dentWy sb w4thsbisthto considersbtobesth
or to bc closely connected with sbkth:The h t
Ihingshewantedwastobtide?li@?d withherpar-
mts.o Muny of these artists werecfosery idens
fied with Cubfsttpninting
E
E
lIdentifysbwlthsWsth IS usedinthe
passive
Qv+dpmn+prep
i'dentlfysth wlth sthto consider5thtobe the
same as sth else: Beau& k o m k
k
n
w with
youth,
ev+nlpm+m
I'dentlfy yourself wlth s M h ; be
I'dentlffed with aMth to support sWsth;ta
be closely connected with sblsfi He refwed t
u
rdenlifi himself wrthIhenewpoliiicaIpar~
4 ~ U ~ ~ D A N T ~ V Y
SR WITH SBISTH
,Idle sthS'waytospendtimedoingnothingvery
important: They iolM awuy Ihsir time watching
television.
F
E
E
i day, Urne
@v+adv+n s v+ntpfon*a&
Im'bue sbhth wlth sth to AU sWsth with a
strongfeeling,qualkt):etc:He m a W t
oimbue
his employeeswlth lmm spirit o Thepainting b
Imbued wlEhewrgjrand I@.
InfusaBwithA
~ I m b u e s W s t h w I t h 6 t h i ~ o f t e n u ~ e d t h e
pnssrve
@ v+nlpmn*prep
ImmerseI ~ ~ x ; ~ I ' ~ w : ~ s I
Im'rnersesmurself in nthto -e, or to
mnke sb become, completely involved in 9th:H
e
immersed h i m v in his shrdles,o 1 was cum-
plrfr!y ~rmmersed
in thestoyy.
m l m r n e n e sb in 8th is oAen w
e
d in the
passive.
+v +niprwr+prep
impactI ~ ' P & I
Irn'pact on sbMh (also Irn'paot upon sb/sth
moreformal).to haveaneffecton sblsth:Govern-
ment cuss will innpact directfy on etitrmtim, o
Thrsdectsdon m y ~mpacton
theunemployed.
B
!
E
) affect sblsth
e
' U + P ~ ~ P
impingelrmpmdsl
Im'plngeon sb/sth(also Im'plngeuponsb/afh
moreformi) to have a strong effect on sblsth,
especially a bad one:She rlidn'l ailow her per-
sonalp r o m 0mpinge onhe? wrk.
E
% affect ab/-
e'+Prep
imposelmapwn;
~ r m E r m ' ~ l
Im'pow on sb to expect sb to da 8th foryou or
spcndtimewith youwhentheydonothavemuch
time,or when itmay noth
econvenientforthem:
Tim never says 'hb;
sopeople are alulaysimp-
ing onhim.
@v+prev
impress/m@resl
im'presssth on sb(& Im'prpsrnth upon sb
moreformi) to emphasizeto sb how important
or serious sfhis:I wanted toimpresson hrmthat
it was a uery swims offence.0 She i m p m d on
her stcff the importance oj keep~ngmum@
m
r
d
s
.
The object of impresg usually comes&er
on sb.
v +n l p m+prep
Im'press sth!ltself on sth (also Im'pruu
sthntaetfuponsth moreJormQi)tf sbimpresses
sth on or sth impresses itself on your mind,
memory,etc. it has a great effecton you so that
you do not forget iP Her h n f yimpressed itself
on everyomwho met her oHrs worrIs impressed
themlueson my memom
&v+nlpron+pw
Imprint/m'prmt/
im'print A lnmn B
;Im'prlnt B wlth A I to
havea great effecton sthsothat IF cannot befor-
gotten,chmgd,&: Them
n
ewasimprinted on
my mind. o Thepicturew imprintedwrthhisown
style. 2toprintor pressamark or designonsth:
T-shirtsimprmted withthe logosof sports Iwm

82. Improve I
....,..............,...........................................................................
.... Imn
..........................................~
-Imprint sth W-th 8th i
s ofIenused
inthepasslve.
+v +nlpron+prep
~InfrIngermluponBthcanbeu&inthe
passive.
e
' V + P ~
pm 2 to take action to prevent s
t
% unpleasant
happening:This isfo insureogoimt a remtisron
of prezliousdigagtem.
+V+PW
Invests b t d withsthisoftenuwd in the
passive.
Q v +nlpron+prep
improve/rmspncv/ Infuse/rnall:r/
Im'proweon sth ( a hIlm'prorra upDn sth morp
form0 to achiwe or p d u c e sth of a better
standard or qualitythansth else:Thereoreofew
porn& inyour work thatyou muld improwon. o
The Kenyan girl improved on her pnuiow best
performance (= inarace).
W Improve onhrpon 8th can be used in the
passive:T
h
e
s
emsulAr must k implovedugon
Q V + P ~ P
In'fuseA into13.;In'fussB wfth A (formal)
to
fill sblsth w
i
t
h a particular qual~ty:
His arriuul
i n f d new I
r
e and energy into the ieam. oHer
mrk isfq
f
& withanger
E 9 imbue sth with ath
Q v +ntpmn+ prep
in,vltesb a'longtoask sb if theywould like to
go with you toan event oractivity:Shall IinuIle
Dave atong(tothe#&)t
EE) ask sb along(lessformar)
@v+nlpmn+adJ + v+edv+n(m)
'Interestsb In stb to persuadesb to b u ~
do or
eat sth Could I rnlewst you in this &l(= of
c . Sir?
Q v+ nlpron+prep
In,vite sb a'mund = rNwm SB
OVHR~ROUND
In,vitesb'back(to8th)(especiallyBrmtoask sb
to go back to yourhomeafteryou havebeen out
wmewhere together She inuited me back t
oher
m t f o rcoflmo$ter the movie.
E
9ask sb back (to nth);haw sb twckIhth
lessforman
+v *nlpron+adv + v+a&+ nEhsfrequenfl
In,vlta sb 'Int'upto politely ask sb to enter a
room,your house,etc:Aren'tyou going toinvite
me infir emffei??
I
.
Y
H
)ask sbilnwp(lessformafi
+v+nlpron+ adv + v+ &* n~hJ%qwnl)
In,vltea
r
b 'odtoask sb togoout withyou,esp
ciaUyasaway ofbeginningamanticrehtion-
shlp. We've ken muitmi out for dinner this
evening o He ewntunlIy found the muroge lo
inuiteJull0out.
IE9 ask ab out( h s ~ % r m u ~
6v +nlpmn+adv + v *edv +nl[psshueni)
in,vlta sb 'webround (BrEj(AmE, l n W sb
a'ruwnd)toask sb to come andvisit you in your
home:I'w invited afiwpiends round to watch
thegame with us on TlC o Weought 50 invitethe
newnetghboursoverforcoffm.
E D ask sbovertround(Iessfmnafl
6v+ nlpmn+adv
Interfere/,mta%@r);
AM ,mtamj
intetfere with sb (BrO to touch a child in a
sexual way
Interfere with ~b can l
w used i
n the
passive.
ev + prep
InterTemd h sth1to getintheway of sth;to
prevent sthf
r
o
mbeingdoneormaking progress:
wn't let anylhlng in&rfeferewi#hyour fmlning.o
Wedon't wont lo interrere wSth your p k m . 2 to
touch,adjustor changesth withoutpermission,
and damage it: Who's hen iniqfering with the
cImk?p 3 tamper wlth ath 3if sth interfern
with radio or sound waves, etc., it stops them
being heard easily or clearly The wmputer fs
intmfwing with theradio.
Interfere wfth sth canbeusedinthepas-
slve. Theevidencehashen k
t
&
m
d with.
QV+PW
,Ink sth 'in(Brmtowrite ordraw in ink over sth
thathasbeenwrittenor~inpencWId~the
@I3SlueRin penn'lfirsfand then inked them In. o
Vigumtlve) T
h
ecornparry has inked in June Is1
(= madeit definite)
for thehunch.
(Qv+nlpmn+adv 4 v+adv+n
impute/rmpju+t/
Im'pute sth to S M h Vontull) to s
m d e n
unfairkthat s M h is responsibleforsth,or has
a particular quality: Why doyou Impute $e@1b
rnotilleslo her?
&v +ntpm+prep inquire/m'ha~a(r)/
Inwuulre after sbMR (especially An@) =
EhOUIRE AFTER SdSTH
in'quire Into d h (especiallyAmEj = ENQUIRE
INTO STH
In'qlJin~ t h
Of ~b(@I@ Am@ =ENQUIRE
STH OF $5
ln'cline bonowareh 9th; In'cHns sb
to/towerrl~
sth Iformoo to tend to think or
behave in a particular way;to rnakesbdothk: I
incitnetotheuiewthnl w shouldtukenoaction.o
Her loveof tawtmgesInciM her iowurdsacar-
e e r ~
tr branslato~
+v+ prep + v + rdpmn+prep
insinuate~rn'smjuertj
In,slnuateyourmlf 'Into s
t
hybrmul, d h p
proving)toget yourself intoapositionof advan-
tage, especially by clever talk or by gaining the
favour or mpct of sb important:She ckwdy
inrinua&d herself into hhfamilv.
+v +pmn+prep
Inure/~.tljwr):
~rnE~'njur/
indulge~ r n ' ~ & /
i'nure shrylDurseA to d h to make sblsth get
usedto sth unpleasant$0that theyarenolonger
strongly afFected by ik The prisoners puickly
b m e Inured lo theharshcunditions,
+v + rdpron+prep
In'dulge In 8
t
hIto allow youpself tohaveor do
sth thatyoulike,oftensththatisbad for you: She
indulged in the luxury of a IoRg bath.o He now
hastimelo indulgeinhisfavourSte hoblyrphotog.
ruphy. oI'mgorng 60indulge in achmkle mke!
2 to takepart inanactivity,especially5thbad or
illegal:Weshouldn't indulge in speculetionasso
what m l l y happened
E S i l Indulge In 9th canbe used inthepassive:
It 'F a luxury that can only h Mu@d infrom
trmelotime.
Q v + prep
insist/nus~st/
In'slst on sth; In'slst on dolng sth ( a h
In'slstupDnath,In'slstupondolng8ihmomfor-
ma!)todemand sthand refusetobe persuaded to
accept anything else: They are Inststing on a
metrng lomorrora o I aZwuys im'st on skimmed
milk. o HeimistedonwaIkinghomewrlh h
m
Insist onhponsth crtn be used inthepas-
SI%C: Thisformat mwt be rnswled on.
QV+PWP
In'slst on doling sth ( a hIn'rlrt upon rklng
ath nwre forman to mtinue doing sth wen
though other people And it annoying: She will
insisonshouting at thetop o
f her wm.
ev+pr.sp
In,vlteSb 'Up=INVITE SB I N h P
,Invalfdsb 'out;,lnvalldsb 'od of sth(Brm
to make sb leaveajob, especially in the armed
forces,because they are ilyslck or hured: He
was invalided out of the army bemuw of his
1IIjurias.
=Invalid eb out is usually used in the
passive.
@ v*nlpron+adv v+adv+n +
v +W p m +adv+ prep
In'wrlvesb In sth to make sb experience or do
sth, especially sth unpleasant: The new exanas
haw involved W
h
e
n in a lot of enhn paper-
work
&v +nlprwn+prep
in'formon sbtogiveevidenceaboutsbormdxe
an amsation agalnst sb,to the police .orsb in
authority:Oneof theganginformedontheh
e
.
$
,
~ V + P ~ P
iron~mn:AmE'arant/
,ironsth 'out 1to remove the folds that yw do
not want fromclothes,etc.by usinga tool witha
flatm
e
t
a
lbasethatcanbeheated (aniron):
Iron
out alI the m s . EZ!Ei reeler 2 to get rid o
f
any problems or difficulties that are afkting
sth: We musl imn out the p m b h W
o
r
e next
week.EE4 dWffeuItlss, problems EB rwolve
sth(mnr~
formal)
Qv+adv+n 4 v+pron+adu + v+n+adw(mm)
In-st In &h(Wrmal.o mhumorow)tobuy
sth or spend money on sth t
h
,
eswidly sth
expensive: It's time we invested in a new sqk -
thtsonersJhlIing tobits.
& V + P ~ P
In'mrtsb/sth with sth0tamakesWgth
nnrm to have aparticular quality:Being theboss
tnu~sls
herwithmceriainglanaour
infringe/ m ' m /
In'frlnge on sth ( a hIn'fdngsupon tttb thm
JormO ta limit sb's M o m , rights, etc The
medm is m
w
e
d of infringingon people's priu-
my.
mIlbsrty,lhta
insure/ r n n S ~ r ~ .
-8fa:cr):
A ~ E : J W /
In'sureagainst 8th to buy a
n insurancepol-
icy which WIUpay you money if the went men-
tloned happens:Ewryone nee& loinsureagainst

83. 'Issuefrom sth@mnuOtocome,go orflowout
of sth or somewhere: Imukt see smoke L
p
s
u
l
n
g
from thewfndow.
+v + prep
itchI ~ S !
'Itch for sth (usually UrvBd in the p ~ ~ ~ s i w
lenses) to want 6th very much: T
h
e
y w mjust
I tchingforafight.
EB3 a ngM,a chance
Itch to do sth can a h be used with the
same meaning He masitding loflndout mom.
OV+P'BP
jabIWI (-bw
'jab at smth (wlth 8th) to push a sharp ar
pointed object quicklq.or roughly into sblsthor
in the directionof sblsth:H
ekepijabbingal the
paper cup with h b penclf.o She labbed a: the
p a w with herfinger
Q v + prep
Jabbera ' w a y ( i m m f itos m kortalkquickly
in an excited way: Shejabbered mu&):w
i
n
g lo
d k m his umntion,oHe wasjabbering away
I
nRussinn.
+v+adv
jack l@kl
Jack sth 'In (BrE, iirlformcroto stop doing sth,
especiallyyourjob:Shedecided lOjack inherjob.
om s u c h a bad dayJfeeIlikeJnckfngit all in.
E 3 J job E
% chuck sth Inlup;pack sth In
Jack sthIn can notibeusedin thepassive.
Qv+adv+n + v+nlpron+adv
Jack'off(dm,
A,stong) If a manfacksoff he
gives humself sexual pleasure by rubbing his
sexualorgans
&v+adv
Jack 'up(slnng) totakean Wegaldrug byputting
it Into your body using a plastic or glass tube
witha longhollowneedlelasyringe)
+v+adv
jmck 8th 'up 1to liftsthsuchasavehicleoff the
groundusingaspxiaI dwioe(ajack)E
S
I
IEar2
(iqformal)toincreasethecostorthepriceof sth:
The whlmIers h u ejacked up their p r w . E
E
Z
i
coat, price put sth up;increases2hlmore
f o r m 0
+v+adv.tn + v+n/prm+adv
J
- 8
t
h 'up(wlth s?hl(Worm01to make6th
more lively or ~nteresting:
Jau up t h : plain
d m with some jewllery. EEK) Ikon sth up;
sploe sM up (momfirmnfl2to makea plece of
music sound more modern, or more like jazz or
popularmusic:jrmed up&&
@v+adv+n *v+nlpmn+sdv
jerk sb a'rwnd (iflorma[, esperially A m to
treat sb badly and cause them problems,e s p
cially by deceiving them: H
e won't giw 11s an
answer -he keepsjerkmnguswound.
E
B
B mesa sb abutlaround (BE)
+v+dpmn+adv + v+adv+n
Jerk 'off (SrE, A,slung) U a man jerks m,he
gives himself sexual pleasure by rubbing his
sexual organs
+v+adv
Jet'off(tu...I tDflysomewhere,espedallysome
where far away: Tky're Jetting ofl lo Florida
ZOmmm
+v+adv
'jibe wlth sth @mEj to agreewith sth;tobethe
same as sth or match sth: Her story dfdn'tjibe
wrlhthewitrzm&oa*lunr
Q V + P ~ P
'jockeyfwsthtotrywry hardtogainanadvan-
tage, a favour, etc for yourself and stop other
peoplegettingit:Swmlrmployees arejockqing
for the mnager'sposition
lZE3 wsltlon. mwnr
.lam 8th 'Onif mulamanthebrakesonavehicle Q v +ore0
- . .
-youoperateth;m~~ddenly
andwirhforce:~child
ran rnlot h e d and Ijammedon the brakes. ~ O Z )
/dpg;ArnEdgmg/ (-gg-)
- -
E
E
J only the brakes,the hmndbmke ,awu, slam
nthon
jog a'long(BE, Wwmn~tocontinue
i
nasteady
@ v+adv+n v+ntpron+adv
nay,with little ornoexcltementor proms:Ebr
yeurstke businessjust keptjoggingalom.
Wrn 'up;Jamdh 'up(wlth ah)((e~pecint&BrE) .a)v+adv
If amachine, am d , etcjams up,or sthjams it
-
up, it bewmes blocked, stopsworking, etc:Let's lain/r~.mm/
art moving Wore the tr@c jams up.0 People
a- ---0 -----,
~rwre
jamming uptheo k hm Lhelrm htagettout 'fn(with swsth), 'In Sth to we
nf the fhmtre.o Thar photocopier isalways gar- 'nmved in to part inan activity
with
linn /am& nu other pmple: CQn Ijoin in (tRsg m ) ? o We ail
-..
d)v+adv v+ady+n + v + p m + & + joined in wzththesinging.
v + n+adu([essfwwnt) D partlclpate{In 5th)(morefirmtrO
+v+adv 4 v+prep

84. join 'up1(wmWSM) t
o meetor wmbine with l ~ m b l e ~ d m b l l
sWsth todosthtogether: Theyjoined up with the
restcf theparfylater 2 to become a memkr of
thearmedforces: We Lathjoined upl
n 1939.
enflst(mom
forrml)
+v+adv
Join'up:
Joln8
t
h 'up( ~ ~ I I y
BfF)t
obe con-
nectedto sth;to connect sth to sth:Thedolsjoin
upt o f o 1 . o Join upihedotstoseethe
prcture.
F
5connect (ah)
(mornformar).
@v+adv 4 v+adv+ n v+nlpmn+edv
b Jolned'upadl [usuallyhforenoun] (espffially
BrE) things that arejoined up are connected or
linked together joined-up witingo (figurative)
joined-up fhinkin~o(fe~umtiveF
the govern-
ment'sjocned-up poiicyonhealth mre
'binwlth sb(insthAndolngslhth)Crom~todo
or
saysthwithsbelseor with a groupd people:I?n
sure you'll jo~nwith me m congmtulalzng Isia
and Jake. oParents joined with teucherstop m
lasr~a~nsltheclosumof
t h x h w l .
QV+PW
Jolly sb a'long(BrE,i~&rmnl)to keep enmr-
aging sb in afriendly way:Shetried tojolfyhlm
al
o
w bui he muIdn'lforgelhrsproblams.
ev+nlpm+adv
jolly s h t h 'up(BrE)to make sWsth brighter
or more cheerful: W yw think you can jolly
Anthony upabrt?
E
E
O chwr sblsth up;IkonaWsthup
Qv+n/pron+adv + v+adv+n
'jostlefor stht
ocompetestronglyandforcefully
with other people for 8
t
h
:A@opIt?In the md
werejostlingfor thebestpositions.
e
' V + P ~ ~ P
Jot[asat;~ d d g a t l
Jot sth 'downtowrite8th down quickly:I'lljot
downrheiraddIress~raIfwget
it.
SE)
notesth down
&v+a&+n 4 v+nlpmn+adv
juicel a ~ s t
Jufee sth 'upW ,
sZang) 1t
o make sthmore
lively, exciting or interesting: J u h upyourpm
sentntlons withmloutfuigmphics.I
B
!
D J
- ath
up (inform0 2 to make sth more powerful: I
couldjuice up theengtnefor you. soup sth
up3to put pemlinavehicle: Weneedlolumup
thecar beforeme leave.B E car fill sth up
Qv+a&+n v+nlpmn+adv
jumble sth 'uph'gethertomixthingsupina
confused way: Make surey~u
don'tjumbk letmy.
thing up.0 The defailsof the &ent wereal[
jumbIerltagelher in hlsmind.
Bmlx sth up
Jumble sth urngether is often used i
n
thp passive:All herpapershod beenjumbled up.
ev+nlprm+adv v+adv+n
lump at sb =JUMP ON $8
'jump a
t stht
o ampt an opportunity, achance,
etc with enthusiasm:Ijumpedat thechanceof a
triploItalv.
EEl chance,ldsa IEB hap at sth
QV + P ~ ~ P
jump 'In1(dthah)to interrupta commation:
l jumped In while them ms a br&f p o w in the
mnwrsntion.2tobecome involved inasituation
suddenly or quickly: She had jumptd in to h i p
whllahe wasill
+v+adu
lump on nb(dmEaLro'Jump
atsb)(irsformal)to
critlcm sb sharply: Shejrunped on me Wore I
Machancetoaplain.
( ~ V + P M P
Jump 'out at sb to;be very easy to see; to be
noticeable: Theheudlinejwnpdouta t m .o 7%
mrstokesaresoobuious they~ump
outalyou.
EE)
leapout at sb
+v+ adv +prep
Jump 'up to stand quickly and suddenly when
you havch e n sitting:Hejumped upofft h e j h r
leapup
Q v+adv
t Jumped-upadJ [onlybeforenoun](BrE,idor-
mnl, dkapprouing) thinking that you are more
Important than you really are, particularly
when you have risen in social statusbut do not
deserve to: Iwon? lake ordenfrom ajumped-up
olficegirl!
jut 'out{from ah), Jut 'OM d ~ t h
to stand Out
from s
t
& tostickout furtherthan thesurround-
ing surface: Thebpsof the- h w sjutted
outof iheluat.?~
I
E
!
E
l stlck wt.stkk out d sth
@v+adv 4 r+adv*prep
keelmiw
,keel 'wer 1(inform0t
o fall over:I'm w ti&
all I want toda Iskeel overand s k pfor a week.
collapw 2 (of a boat) to turn on Itsside:
The boat keelad over in the $strong winds. E B
capalze
Q vtadv
keep/kip/ (keptkeptFeptl)
-afkr -trim
-ahead. aheadof -oft
-at -on
"a V 157 -out,wtof
-back -to
-behand -
t
o
g
e
t
m
-down -under
158 -from -UP
-in 158 - u p M
,kwplaBersbgbautahlto&sth)(AmE)toask
or tell sbrepeatedly todo sth: SheW
p
ssftar ma
to& the TV
+ s e e a l s o ~ s ~ ~
ON 2
ev + prep
;keep a'hsad;,keepa'headof sbtsthtomn-
tinue to be more advanced or sumsful than
other pwple, groups,etc: We wed lo keep a M
a
f ourcompetitom og y o u want lokeepahmd zn
this industry,you huwbbemthless.
EFT) stay ahead,stay aheadof sblstk
Qv+a& + v+adv+prep
,keep 'at sth; ,keep sb 'A9
t
ht
o continue to
workhard at sth.or to makesb workh a d at sth,
particularly sth which isdimcult ortakesa long
tlme:Keep atif,you'w11wrlyfinish&! oHe kept
fhematlhejobwlilitmfinLrhed
@ v+prep r v+nlpmn+prep
,keep a'way(from ubisth) to not go near sblsth:
Keep awayfrom me!o Thepolice told us t
o keep
uwll awayfrom thearea.
Hay away{hornsblsth)
@ v +a.dv
;keep sbmth a'way (from sblnth) to prwent
sbEsth from going near sblsth: f i p him aumy
porn theRlrchen whilewemukehisbirthdaymke.
o Welured o f the lights lok p the maspultoes
atmy oHer parentsore keeping her a w yfrom
schoolfor afew days. o l&umtrw)A hwllhy d
i
e
t
m n help tokeepcokismdfluaway
@v+nlpmn+adv v+al+n(lessfhqumt)
,keep'back(from Wsth)
to remainatadistance
from sblsth:Keep b
a
% or I'll shoot!4I kept
Ixrckfrorn themad.
,kwpsb 'back1 (BrEj =KEEP SB IN 1I m k e p t
backafterdmIforh?ing&eky. 2(AmE)=KEEP
SB DOWN 1
,keepsblsth 'back(fmmsbltth) tomake sWsth
remain at a distance f
r
o
m sblsth;to p m t sb
from moving forwards: Keep the chl[dren buck
fmm thefire. o Thepol- weretrying tokmph c k
thecrDurdsurds
Qv+nlpmn+& 4 v+a&+n
,keepath 'back1(especiallygrE)t
okeep a part
of sth to use Eater:Have you kept mme money
back top y the bilk?oh k p apiece 4f cake back
fordkc. 2(fmm sbtsth)torefusetoten sbsth;to
hold sth back. I
h sure she's keeping something
backmm rrsl mmethlng, anything, noth-
ing withdd sM (moreformal)3to try not
to let other people see or know how you feel: He
could hnrdly keep h k the rmrs. team I
E
Q
holdsth back
Q 1,2v+nlpmn+adv e v+edv+n
3v+adv+n * v+n@tm+adv
,keepsb ba'hlnd@mE)l=KEEP SB TN1
,keep'downto hideyourselfby notstandingup
straight.Keepdown!hn'tMonyMy seeyou.
ZEE) stay down
@ v+adv
,keepsb 'down1(BrE)(Amt,kwpsb 'backlto
make a studentrepeat a year at schwl,college,
etc. because of poor markslgwdes: I uxrs kegd
down bemuse IfaLrPd the exam. 2 to control a
people,a nation, etc. sothat they have no power
or M o m : Thepeople h
a
w $een kept damnfor
yeursbya brutalregime. repreussb
elv+dpmnn+adv
Xv+nIpmn+adv r v+adv+n
,keep sth 'down
7 to make sthremainat a low
level;toavoid mcreapingsth: We'retryinglokeep
cost3down. o Heexercisesa lotf8 l o phis w&ht
down. o Keep your worndown?oKeep ft down
(= the noise)! I'm trylng t
o mncentrale.E
!
E
costa,prlmu,Wee, mlseDE) hold sth down
2 to manage to keepfwd or drink In your stom-
ach and avoid bringing it back through the
mouth: He mnY kmp anything down.IBIfcmd
EE)held nth down3 tonot raisea par! of your
body: Keep your head dawn!oShe kept her e w
damnwhil hewas talking. eyes,bead,hce
In meanings 2 and 3, keep sth down can
not kused in thepassive.
61,2v+nlpron+adv4 v+adv+n
3v +nlpron+a&
kemp(get your 'head c
h
w
~
ta avoidamact-
ing attent~on

85. 'keepfrom dolng 5
t
h
:'keepyournelf frvm
dolng sth to prevent yourself from doing sth:
She bll her lip l
ok ~ p f r o m
laughing.
Q v+ prep + v + pmn +prep
'kwp sbfmmsth;%keepsbfromdolngsth
to prevent sb from doing sth: IlonY Iel me keep
you from your work. o I'w ken trying to keep
hlmfromfinding out the truth. oHer pride kept
herfromw i n g irtmnlof them.
&v + nlpmn+ prep
'keepsth from abtoavoidtellingsb5th:f think
he's keeping secrelsmm m.oAre you keeping
somethmnf from us?
secrets,something
Q v+ nlpmn+prep
,keep'in(BrE)tostayneartheedgeof themador
path whlle you are driving, walking,etc: you
keepin,thevnnmnwemken
v+edv
,keepsb 'InEesmiaUyBrEjl( B r E a h , k msb
'back) ( A da h ,kesp ab be'hlnd) to make a
child stayafternormalschoolhoursasapunish-
ment:Thelencher kept themall m o ~ s c h o o l 2
to not allow a child to go outdoors:I'm keeping
the children in h u s e it's mining outside.3 to
keepsb in hwpital:She's much b
e
t
m but they're
keepingherin ouernight.
+v +nlpron+adv
,keep sth V
n 1 to stop yourself expressing an
emotion:H
ewukihardly kwp Inhlsa m IEB
restrain sth 2 to notallow sth to escape,be lost
or takenout:Ckihrdmrfokmp in themrmth.
o She wunted to cut thesex scene I= in a play or
fllm/movie),but wekept it in.ESlwrmth,h a
3 tonot allowananimaltogooutdrxlrs
Qv+nlpron+adv a v+adu+n
kaep your 'hand In to do an activity ooca-
sionally so that you do not lnseyour skillat it:I
play squnrhfom time to H m ,just lo keep my
hand ~n
'keep sbmurself In ath(informa0 to dve or
allow sWyoumeIf a regular supply of sth: This
pn-limejobkeepsmeincigawtes.
+v+nlpron+prep
,keep11n
with sb@r@towntinue tobefkiendly
with sb, especiallyi
norder togah someadvan-
tage for yourself: He keeps in with anyone loho
mighthw f u I toh
i
m
Qv+adv+prep
,keep 'off (espedally BrE3 if rain, snow,etc.
keepsoff,it d o e notfall,eventhoughit looksas
i f it might:TheptrrSy willgoaherrdprovided the
rainkeepsog
EE)hold off
&v+a&v
156
.........r.........h..... ~........................."..-...
,kWp 'off;,keep 'oft slhto not go onto a par-
ticular area: Xeep ofl (thegram)?
o Wekepl o
n
themain roadstoavoidt
h
e
m
.
mgram
Qv*adv 4 v+prep
,keep'aff sth:,keep sb 'off sth Ito not eat.
drlnk or smokesth; to not let sb eat, drink or
smoke sth: The doctor's told me t
o M p off rPd
m r . 2 tonot mentionaparticdar topic:tostop
sb talking about a particular topic:It's M r to
k ~ e p
off the subject qF pItiics with myfadher o
Keep heror thesubjectof teewegirls! EBl sub-
led,topic
r
S
Y
H
)
m
~
m
s
t
h
@v+prep. v+nlpron+pmp
,keeps k s t h 'off:,keepsbrsth 'off s h t h to
stop sWsth f
r
o
m taming near or going inta (a
plate);to stop sblsth from touchingor harming
sblsth:He covered tkhesandwrchesm keep thepies
offoKwp ynur animalsoffmy Inntd' o Working
helm keep my mind oMmypro&m. o Ikepl the
childrenofl(schw0until theyfill better
P
QRles,hands,mind,eyes
v+nfpmn*adv 4 v + nlpron+prep
,keepb nI(also, b p 'ondoing5th)tooontinue
dolng what you were doing, behavingin a m-
tam way etc., without stopping: He'll get into
troubk V he keeps on like ihislo Keep on w
i
n
g
-don't giue up! Q Therain kepton ( =continued
tofall) all night. E B carry on (with 8
t
h
)
.carry
ondolng sth2(at sb)(aboutskleth)(BrFJ)tocon-
tinuetotalkabut sblsth ina borlngorannoying
way Don't keeponlabout it)!oMy mum keepson
at m i o c u l my huil: go M
I (aboutsblsth)+
S W a h K E E P AFTER S R (ABOUTS T H h O DO STH)
&v+a& hr alsov* adv*-ing
,keep'on;,
keep 'on nthtd continuetofollowa
particular route: Keep on until you corn to the
&. 0Keep on thepath unlzlyou seeagap
@v+adv + v+prep
,keep sb 'on to continue to employ sb, wen
though circumstances have changed: We am
onlyfiordtokeepofern mrkwson.
~ v + n / m + a r h r
* v+adv+n(Ipss~uent)
,keep ath 'on 1 to continue to wear 6th:to not
take sth ofF:It ~uns
so cold t h l wekept o wsacks
on in M.
o Keep the lfd on luhile the leais brew-
ing:-take ath off 2 tonot switch sthoft Do
you keep the heuthg on all &? lea- 8th
on I
% M e h sth off 3tostop sth coming or
falling OWHow doyou kwp thot h n a b g e o n ' d t
continue to rent or be the owner of a house,
flauapartment,etc: Conyw amrd to keep this
p h on whikyou'mabxaadP
v +nlpron + adv s v+ adv+n( k ~ u e n f )
keep your 'blr an (BrE,. s p o k h , ir&rnaal)
used to tellsbnot tobecomeangry
'keep sth on sblsth if you keep your mind,
eyes, etc. on sblsth, you f
k your attention on
themlit. I can't keep my mind on m
y work.oShe
kepF r m e ~ o n
ihetrqf3icandthtotheronthemap.
E E I mlnd,awntion,e p
+v+nlpron+prep
kwpeepgneponrblrth(ilbfwmn~towatchor
check sWsthto makesure thattheyaresafe,etc.;
to look after sblsth: WilEyoukeep on eye on the
babyforfivernrnules
,keep 'out;,keep '
o
u
tof 8th to not enter a
place;toremalnoutside:Therem asign=-
'Ktep our!'.o P i m keep out of the o
m while
I'm m
r
k
i
n
g
.
@v+adv 4 v*adv+prep
,keep "ut of sth; ,keep sb 'out of sth 1 to
avoid sth; t
o prevent sblyourself from being
affededby sth:Thedoctorhasadvised me lo k e p
outof thesun. o Theyalmyskept theirdaughter
out of thespotlight (=away from the publlc). o I
hy to keep out of his way IGIthe sun, slght,
sb'dthe way 2 to avoid becoming involved in
sth; to stop sb thin becom~nginvolved in sth:
Keepout of shk! It'sgotnuthinglodo withhyou!~
Trytokeep thekidsoutof mischkf whileI
'
mout.
+v* adv +prep + v *nlpmn +adv + prep
,keep8th 'outto notput sth away that you have
takenant of acupbod,etc.;tok e p sthreadyto
use:Keep thebutteroutf u r breakfast.
put ath away
Q v+ nlpmn+adv v+adv+n(hIwrwntj
,keepsbMh 'out:,keepsblsth 'wtof sthto
prevent sblsth from enteringa place: Wehung a
cumin ot thedoor tokwp out themld.o @gum-
ttve)She tried tokeeptheangeroutof her MW.
+v+rdpmn+adv + v + a & + n r
v +nlpron+adv +prep
'keep to sth 1to not leave a path, a mad, etc:
Keep tothefoolpath.o Keep toIheL$tfl(=
onam d ,
etc.). path2toMkor writeon1yaboutapar-
ticular subject. K#p lo the mint!o Will you
please keep ro the subjecl under dwwsiun?EEi
subJect,polnt5tofollowaplan,anagreement,a
rule,etc, exactly as you are expectedtodo, or as
you have prom& to do:She hasn't kepr lo the
agreement,soneitherwill I, o Wemust keep tothe
schedule. o He mver keeps to the speedlimil.E X #
rulw,a@laarnent,
whsduk EEQ adheretosth
CTormaO
m st4& tonh
Keepto s t h mbeusedi
nthepassive: Was
?heagendakept toat themeeting?
6'+
PEP
,keep ta youtseR ,keep youfsnlf to
youfsetf to avoid meeting people sucialIy or
hecoming involved in other people's affairs: He
keeps(himsea.tah i m w andnobodyknows
muchabout him.
&v+prep+pmn+ v+pmn+pmp*pmn
7
........................... .
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
. ~...........-..?
'keepto mth;*keepsth to nth touseonlyone
thing or a limited number or amount of sth;to
make sure that the number or amount of sth
doesn't become any bigger than a particular
size: We'uedm& to keep lopale mbursfor the
bedmom o f 'm hying to keep Ihe n m b m of
guests& aminimum.
+v + prep 4 v + nlpron+prep
,keepath to youVsslfto not tell anyoneabout
8th or what you th~nk
about sth:I know who's
won. but Ihr kwping it 0 mywwoKmp your
opintons toyowself ~nfuture!
o (figumtiue)
Keep
your handstoyourself!(=donot touchme)
EEiopknlans
(3v + nlpron +prep+
pmn
,keep torgether,
,keep rblsth to'wtherto
remain together in a group; to make sWsth do
this:Keep t o ~ e t h q
kids, when w e m s theroad.o
Useopaprclip mkeepyourpupem together
+v+a&v +v+nlpmn+adv+v+adv+n(less
fwueno
,keep sb 'under(Brmto contml sb: T
h
e low1
people arekeptunder bythearmy.
~ppress
sb(moreform0
+v +nlpmn+a&
,keep 'up 1a rain, snow,etc.keeps up+lt mn-
tlnues without stopping. The m
i
n kept up all
@ernDon. 2 (with sblslh) to mwe at the same
rate or s p x d as sblsth. I had b run to h p up
w~th
him. EEBlafl behld,taII behlndsblsth 3
to work at the necessary speed sa that you pro-
gress at the same speed as other pwple: She's
having trouble keeprng up mi* the rest o
f the
c b s , o L)o keep up! 1can't k p mpmtlng every-
thing.4 (with sth) to riseat the samerate as sth
else:Solrrriesarenotkeeping up withinji'athn.5
(with sth)to doall thewo* necessaryin order to
finish on time or deal successfullywith a situ-
ation that changesrapidly:We'refirtding It Aord
to keep up with demand.
o Thinm were happn-
Ingmofast tok w p up with.
@v+adv
,keep sb 'upto prevent sbf
r
o
mgoingtobed or
from sleeping:l hope we're noth p i n g p u np. o
Theh b y keptus uph
b
fthenight.
Q v+ nlpmn*adv
,keepsth 'upt tocontinuesth at thesame,usu-
ally high, level: to continue to practise or
observe sth: Keep up the g d w r k ? oYou're
doinga greatjob!Keep itup! o Wekept upa
m
pace alI the loqx o W
e
'
r
e having dmcuirlty keep
m
g up our mortgage poymenls, o The pms is
keepiw up lhepressure on t h e g m n m n l .oDo
you still k@p upyour P
o
r
t
w
u
m
e
?EElIt, psee,
pressurn,tradltion2toprevent sth fromfalling
down:You'lEhaveto -a belllokeepyour fmu-
sers up. E!El tmuserdpants hold stit up

86. 3tomakesthstayat ahigh level:High tmnspoH kick, r k r ~
. .
m i s are &pingfoDd ~rrricesup oThqr sang
mngs 60kmp h i r spkils Fee,
splh,
,kick a'bovt: ,kick a u k i tsth @rEj = K ~ C K
stPenath, morale 4 to keen a house ear- AROU""D'KICKAROUNDSTH
dew&, etc. m good rnndi&n by s&n&g ,kicksb albout(BrD=KICK SB AROUND
money on it or warkrng hard on it: The h o w is .kick ~ t h
a'boutlBrm=KICK STH AROllND
homing #oaapepensruefor them 60 kmp up E ? G
malntainnth
Ql v+nlpron+edv * v+adv+n
keep up ap'pearams to hfde the true situ-
ation and pretend that things are better than
they arc: Th~w's
no point keeping up appear-
ances when ewryone knows we've Ios2 all o w
m
o
w keep your 'chln upf (smken,Worman
used to tell sbto remain cheerful m dimcultck-
cumstances
t 'upk-p n IUl1themstorprowssof keepinga
building, piece of land, etc. h good condition:
Who k resmnsiblefor the dny-today upkeep o
f
thehouse?2themst or pmcessof giving a child
orananimalthethingsthattheyneed
,keep 'up wlth sb to continuet~ be in contact
with sb bywriting,phaningorseeingthem regu-
larly:Hourmnyof youroldschoolfriendsdoyou
mom@
tokeepup with?
@ v+ adv+prep
,keep 'up with sth t to learnabout the news,
events, etc. that are happening: Ifry 0keep up
wilh currentamim o Susie lla 60 kmp up with
the Inlestfashions. 2to mntinueto pay ordo sth
regularly: He couldn't kwp w with the repay-
mentson the I
m
.
oAreyoukeepingupwithyour
homework?
&v+adv+prep
key,
k
t
1
,key8th 'In:,key sth 'Into 8thtoput informa-
tion into a mrnputet using a keybard: Key in
yourmmnal n u m h 0Ald the l n f o r m t h has
beenkeyed htothe computer
data,Infonnatim BE) mter sth Onto sth)
Q v+ adv+ n v + nlpron+adv v +nlprm+prep
,key'Into8th1touseammputerminformation
storedonaoomputer:A hacker kcyd InloavIml
database at the newsmper's o h B sccasu
sth (moreform0 2 if sth keys Into sth else,it
goes wellwith ~ta n d a m with it, pmducinga
good result: remedies that key into the body's
basic ?nembolism
ev*prep
'key Sth to sthbb to make sth sultable far
sthlsb,tomake sthconsistentmthsth else eto
lrnk sthwith sth else:Theform waskeyed tothe
needsof thelocalpmple. o Therfmhtgof the con-
cerlswaskeyedtothe Wwld Cupsaccergnmes.
-Key sth t
o etWsb is usually used in the
vassrve.
. -
,kick a'round; ,kick a'round sth (BrE uJso
.kick a'borrt,,kleka'- sth)(iny+rmaO (ma-
aIly wed a
n the pmp-essiw t e r n )to be Present
or lying somewhere not b e i i ~
used: His CelterLp
kickfng @boutsomewhme.o The idea has ken
kicking aroundfor yecrrs. 2 (of a person) to be
somewhere, or to go Trum one place to another,
with no particular purpose: f decided to kick
around theStatesforacouple$ month.
EE)knock around,knock amund sth
+v+adv v+prep
,klck sb a'round (BrE also ,kick ab .'bout)
(anfirmat)to treat sb in a harsh or unfair way:
WnY ktthe bosskickywuwotrrrd.
&v +nlpmn+adv
,kick sth a'mund@rEalso, k ~ c k
nh a'bout)I
to play with a ball by kicking itw
i
t
h your foot:
They werekickingaballaround inthestreet. BZi
ball 2 (inform0 to discussplans, ideas, etc. in
aninformalway: T
h
e
y'rek~kingaround
thefdm
o
f a m e w Idea EE)
discuss 8th I
m
r
e
forma0
EB knwk sth around
Qv+nlpmn+adu + v+adv+n
'klck against sthto protest about sth or resist
5th:It knolrsekickIngopainst thesystem.
6V + P ~ ~ P
,klck 'backMmE, ~ r m l )
to relax:I spent fhe
eueningkzcktng k k i
ntheRotelrspium
bal:
+v+adu
,klck sth 'back (
t
o abl WmE,hformal)to pay
money flegally in orderto get some advantage
for g~ourselfCnndrrrcdom winning mnstmtion
j o b h d to kick b k 2per cent o
f the mnrmct
p r m t o s l r e ~ a
o
+v*adv+n r v+nlpron+adv
t 'bkkback n IAM,in~iornmorl)
money that is
paid to sb in order to getanadvanhe for your-
self
,kick stb 'downto break sth and make it fall
inwardsbykickingit: UYOU don't open U
J
J
, we'll
kick thedoordown.
l
3
E
4 door
&v+dpmn+adv * v+adv+n
,kick 'In(WwM to start to w
o
r
k or have an
effect:,
$
#
e
r a couple o
f minutes the emergerrcy
eltx-trrctty supply kicked Ln. o You'll f
e
iMiw
urhmtheantibwthkick I
n
+v+adv
.klekath'Into breaksthandmakeit Winwards
m,k~ck
s m b h d ~ ~
In( i l d o r ~ n
to kick kldtludl(d*)
sbvery violently ,klda'round(ilafomZ, especiaJlyAmE)b behave
,kick 'off 1when a footballgameot teamH
c
u diiyway;tojoke:A btof whatlsoid M I ~ W
off,the gamestarts: T h e m k i c k s o f fat 7.37.2 kkrrldingam&, butpeaplem
k mewiousIy.
(with sth) (in$ormal) to start: The tour kicks M ,svr,messaround
walha concertinNotfinghum. &v+a#v
+v+adv
c 'kick-offn [Cl[Ujthe start of a fDotbalPgame: kill
U's ana j W mkick-ofl
Flck sb baff: ,m ~MmPurmlto ,killsboth 'Off9tomakealdtof ~lants,animds.
eac.die: A~frbw#ics
shouki kill o r the bactzri~,
0
break theconnection-sb'smmputer and Theplant life waskllledoff by alrpolhtfon.3to
the Internet, so that they can no longer use the get of sblsth;to sth: The hm i
s
Internet: I keep Mtiw kicked off the f~~~ in isdimcult to ofl old
.- . - .
--.- ,
for nom n . t ~ t t i o n s
ormyths.mm1&1 sWsth offis onen
B
E
Itka Internet,wrver,rsb@he d
l
- in the
neet sb Iframsth) &v+adv+n + ~ + ~ r o n + s d v
c v+n+;ldu(m)
Thesephrasalverbsareusually wedhthe
passlve.
9v +nlpron+a& + v+ nlpmn+prep
k'lp
lkr~t
(-pp)
,kick sth 'off .
Ito remove 8th by kicking She ,kip' d mW E ,
Mrmal)tosleephaplmthat
k r c ~
off her sh
ad
lrry dournon t
khebed.
2 isnot your own bed: Is there anywhere to kip
(wlth a h )tokeginameeting,anevent,etc:Who's downfor nigh*p
mrwtoktckoff thediscussion? (4v+adV
,kick 'out(atWsth) 1to kick your foot into the
"'-I "'*'
air to t
r
y to hlt sb,especiallyhemuse you are ,kisssth ~ w t o
stopsbfeelingsador- by
angryor up&: Shekickedouf wildlyat himashe kissingthem:Letmummy kissamyyow laars.
tried ~ g m h
her2toreactv~olently
tosbhththat E E teara,worrles
makesYOU angryorupset: Shekrckadoutogoimt @ v 4 adv+n * v +pmn+adv v+ n+ adv (mj
tmdttdnal.
&
a
s aboutpaintlngporlrotts.~. ,kiss "p t
osrbUmE,inforrrm0if youkissup to
e v + a d v sb i
nauthorit5youtryt o p l e ~
them inordert0
,kicksb'auk,kicksb'outo
f sth( i d o m r )to galnnn advantageforyoumU
make sb leave;to send sbaway byforce:Hispar- suck upto sb
ents k W him out (= made K
i
m leave home) Q v +adv +prep
when Re rwsseventeen.o Theywerekicked out o
f
thenghtdubforfighting kitlkrtt(-tt-1
bwtsb out+bootnbaut drth(irlrOrmao+ ,kit sbMh "outgLw,ldt s M d 'up k s s f ~ u m b )
throw sb out,
t h m sbout of 5th (InWlth sth) [Btm to supply sblsth with the
Kick sb out isoftenused in thepaps&. clothes equipment that they nd
for a
~ v t n l p r o n t a d v *v+adv+n+ ticularpurpose:Thekidsureall kinedoutfor t h ~
u +n/pmn+adv+prep new rsJlWl yywc o The studio is krlled Out With
,klcksth'wertomakesthfallonitssidebykick- h r nsou&eguipmnf.
ing it:SheuImost kicked thebucketow,: -Kit swath out is usually used i
n the
E
!
Q knocksthwer pas5ive.
g v+n/pron+adv 4 v+adv+n gv+nlpmn+adv v+a&*n
,kick 'up if a wind, a storm, etc. kicks up. it
bwomes stronser kneel{niw(lmen+kn& /neltj.RmEaIso
-bnly wlnd:~tom kneeled,k n & ~ l d )
Qv+adv ,kneel 'downtoget intoaposition whereone ar
,kicksth 'uptomakedust.sand, etc.riseintothe b t h k n ~
are resting on the ground:He knelt
air: Thehorse kwred upa cloud ofdust. down k i d e the&it 0 She ruasklWli7lg&WR,
dirt,dust Ioohtngfor somelhmgon theflmr:
+v+adu+n +v+pron+rtbr* v+n+adv(mmj @"+a&
,kick up a 'fusdstlnk etc, (abut sth)to
cumplalnloudlyabout8th
6v + dpmn+prep hy kickmg it: TheyWkIckedlhepmnttibori~
door
&v+nrprwr+adv v+adv+n(Eess~wnfi

87. knit (4-1 b 'knoebbmt odi lusuallv before noun1 EBrA
,knltbo'gether(Enfr tsusually &for t h e m
fewand past purticiple) when broken bones
knit together, they grow together again: The
rrhsarebroken, but ihey'llknit together:
Knit isalsoused with the samemeaning.
Q u+adv
knock~nak;
.4rn~nock/
-abwt 163 - ~ n
-abwttqelher -i
n
4
n
t
o
- a W w r t h -off
-around -out, wtaf
-around together 162 -over
-arwndwrth -t o g e m
-back -UP
-down
,knack a'bout; ,knock a'bout sth (BYE) =
KNOCK AROUND,KNOCK AROUND STH
,hock~ba ' h ~ t
(BrE)=KNOCKSB AROUND
,knockstha'bout(BrE)
=KNOCKSTH AROUND
,knock a'bout wlth sb;,knock a'bout
together = KNOCK AROUND/ABOUT WITH SB,
KNOCK AROUND/ABOUTTOGETHER
,knock a'round;,knock a'round sth (BrE
also ,knock *'bout ,knock a'bwt ath) (iflor-
ma€)'
i(
e
s
- l!y BrE,(oftenusedmthepmgm-
siue tenses) wed to say that sWsth is In a
particular place, but is not doing anything or
being used: These chocobtm how kenknocking
around since New Yent o Has book was knockins
around ttw h u w f o r ages. o T
- were a fefe;;
kids knocking a b u t in rhe slm? outside. 2 to
Wave1and live in various places: Hespent a
m
years knocking abut Europe, oJ@ will know
whatto do-he'sk n d d ~ 1 h u t a
bit(= hastrav-
elled and had a lot of experience of riserent
situations),
,sm, klck amund,klck amund rth
+v+adv v+prep
,knocksb a'round( B r E o h.knoclcsb a'-)
(~nSornreI)
to hit sb again and again:Her h
w
bandknacksherabout.
6v+nlpron+adv
,knock 9th a'round ( B ~ E
a h ,knock sth
a'bout)1 to h a t sth roughly: tohammer or hit
st21: The bulldem hnw started knocking our kit-
chenubul.2(BrE)tokick stharound:W
e
s
p
@
n
fo
few hoursknockinga ball ahut.E
B
3 a ballEZ?3
klck ath around 3(ftdbrm0to d~scuss
an idea
or a suggestion wlth several pwple: Weknocked
af2w idws oborat at the meeting @
E
i
IdeaE
m
klck 8th arwnd
Q v+nlpmn+advr v+edv+n
F 'knockaboutn ( B E )a period of time spmt
kicklng a ball aroundwith otherpeople: Wehad
akmkoboul in theprk.
- . -,
~cnockabout
entertameit involvespeopleact-
ingl
nadeliberatelysilly way,for examplefalling
overor hlttlngotherpwple,inordertomake the
audiencelaugh
,knock aGroun&a'bwt with sb; ,knock
a'roundf8'bouttogether (BrE, r@rmaR to
spend a lot of tlme a ~ t h
sb: She k k s arawrd
with Sohan. o She and S h u n knock amund
together o He knocks ahut wtfh some strange
pe0p.Je1
S!3 hang around wlth sb, hang amund
together
@v+adv+prap * v+adv+ab,
,knocksb 'back 1to prevent s b h achieving
sth Or making p r o m , especially by rejecting
them orsththat they suggest oraskHehQd ken
kmked back twice by the selection wmmitlee. 2
to surprise or shock sb: Thenewsm l l y knack&
me back
Qv+nfpmn+adv
+ v+adv+n(mm)
b 'knack-back n (BrE)an occasion when sb
rejects you or sth that you suggest or ask; a
refusal Kdon't think Imuld shnd anolherknock-
back.
,knmksb 'backsth(Br&inform0tocostsba
particular amount of money: Those h k s
knocked me k k ESD.o T
h
a
t mr must h u e
knockedyouback abit!
E3set sb back ath
Knock sb back s
t
hcannot be used i
n the
passive,
&v+nlm+nrhr+n
- - - --
,knock 8
t
h 'back (!q%rnmaO to drink sth
quickly: H e k m k d h c k twopints of k
r
:
E E beer,coffee,etc. EE)Aylg +th
@ v+adv+n* v+n/pmn+adv
,knock sb 'down
1if a car or anothervehicle
knocks sb down, it Mts them, offen killing or
~njurlng
them: She was knockeddown by a bus
FZ5 run sb m r Knock sb down~s
often
used in the passive in this meaning.2 lo hit or
push sb so that they fall to the ground or the
floor: The wind W
E
. slmng emugh to bmkyou
down oHe kmked &tun his opwnenl in she
firstround (= In boxing).
-B . F W ~ h
KNOCK SB OVRR
ev+nlpron+adv v+adv+n
EQdyw could have knoelrstl me dmvn wHh a
'featherusedtoexpress great surprise
b 'knockdormn an occasion in boxing when
one competitor hits the other so hard that they
fall to theground
+steak0 KNOCK-DOWN PRICEat KNOCK STH
DOWN
,knacksblsth 'downto persuade sbto ampta
lowerpricefor sth:tomake thepriceof sthlower:
He knodred Simon down so ES.o W k m k d the
p ~ d o w n I o f f a
o m d t d y o u m a ~ g e k 7 ~
lhemdownfrwnfim3tof4W070 H
e mwedto
knoc~
thepriwdownernxmmwa
IF) h a t sblsth d m
m g n c r c k sb down sthandlmodt nth down
sth can also be used: We shoukl be die t
ok m k
t h m down ofew mu?&.oHe knmked theprim
downfivedollars.
9v +nfpron+adv v +adv +n(lasJqrren0
,knock 5th 'dwmIto destroy sU1and make It
falldown uyoudon'topen up,I'mgoingbkmk
the door down. o Theseold h o w aregoinglok
knocked down. E
S
J house, door EEl demollsh
5th (moreformal)2 (meb) to sell sth to the per-
son who offers most money at a publ~c
sale (an
auction): Thepainting was knocked down to me
fir E
S
m
. 3 to take sth apart, especially
fllrnlture, so that it canbesent or carried some
wheremore easily
~v+nlpmn+adwv+adv+n
b 'Lnoclr-dormprimnamuchlower price than
usual.lgot thesebwksat a kwkdownprim.
3mahKNOCK-DOWNat KNQCK 58 DOWN
,knock sth 'In;,knack sth 'IWinto 8th1to
makesthenter sthby hittingit,forexamplewith
a hammer: Sheknncked some ~ i k
into the m
l
L
2to makesthgoIntosth by hitting or kicking ~ t :
Barnes kmked in law goals o She Rwked tfw
hhall intothe net, goal,bmll
Qv+nlpmn+adv* v+actv+n + v+nlpron+prep
,knock 5th 'Insthto make sthsuch asa holein
6thby hitting: Theyknockedahokcnthewallfor
tRewindow
I
E
Jhole
Qv+nfpmn+m
,knock 'off;,knock 'OHrrth(ityormanto stop
doing sth, especially work: Whnt time do you
knocRofJ(work)loday?
mwork
Qu+adv + "+prep
,knock it 'oPT(spken,Ir&mml) used totellsbto
stop dolng8th annoying:Knack it fl!Ihr trying
toconcenlmle?
@v+it+ach
,knock sb 'oft(
s
-
) 1 to murder sb: He was
knocked off by anothergang. DB? krmp sb oPf
(rnJorma0 2( B E ,A,sbng)tohavesex with sb
Qv+nfpmn+adv
+ v+adv+n
,knock sb 'otf;,knack sb 'oft sthtomahsb
falloff sthby hittingthem: 1w.s kwkedofl my
bike this morning(=by a car).
' +v+nlpmn*abv*v+nlpmn+m
,knock sth 'off 1( a h,knock sth 'wt)(irlfor-
ma0 to complete sth quickly and withoutmuch
effort: Thq e q w t me m knock o r (= write) a
thousand wads rr day.Bchurn sth o
o
u
t 2
(BrE.slang)to s t d sth: He3 knocking o r TVs
and video rewrdemo These brkes have k n
k 1 w c k e d o f l 3 ~ , s l n n g ) t o a n a k e a m ~ o f a
popularproduct to sell at a cheaper prim,often
illegally
Qv+a#v+n
* v+nlpmn+adv
b ' k n w k d n WmE, frlfom0 a copy#often
Illegalal,
of apopularpmluctsoldatachmprprice
,knock sth 'm,knock 8th 'off8th 1 to
M u mthe price, value,etc.of s
t
h
:
We'w kmked
D
O off the price. o The shorl cui k
n
& about
hay an hour off the jourq! o That hairstyle
k m k s years off your uge, IEZl lop sth o
f
f
,lop
sth o
f
f 8th 2 to remove sth,and usually make ~t
fallto theground,byhitting ~ t :
Whoknocked that
glassoff thehbk? o She k&myg- o r
+v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n + v+nlpmn*prep
m
iml knock ywr 'MoeWhslld off (BrE,
spoken,rnformal)usedtoshow that you arevery
angrywithsb,by threateningto hit themknoekl
blow ubb 'sack off to impreas or surprlse sb
vcrymuch
,knock s'b 'out1(a& ,knock yourun 'out)to
make sb fall asleepor become anmnscious: T
h
e
bum on the head knocked me out cold. o He
was kmked out in She seventhround.o H
e mn
shnighl intoa bmppost, knocking himself our 2
(In boxing) to hit an opponentso hard that they
fall to the ground and cannot get up within a
limited time, so losing the fight 3 (also,knock
yoursan but)to make sbvery tired, ill,etc. The
coursemmplelelyknocked m out, o She'sk m k -
ing herself out withall thnt ~ r k .
4(informn to
surprise sb very much; to have a strong erno-
tional effect on sb: The movie m p n t n s l i c . I
t
kmked me out.
@ 1,2,3v+nlpmn+adv v+a&+n(kss
frequent)
4v+nlpmn*&
t 'knockoul (also' k m k d ) a 1 a person, a
piece of clothiig, a performance, etc. that is
extremely attractive or Impressive:
Her dough-
#'$ an absoluteknockout. 2 (inW i g ) a blow
that ~s
so hard that your opponent falls to the
groundandcannot get up withina lfm~ted
time,
solosingthefight
+St@ a h KNOCKOUT at KNOCK SBlSTHOUT
'knockout dmpa n [pl.] ( h m m )mediche
in Iiqu~d
formthat makesyou sleeporfeelsleepy
,knock sb~sth'out;,knock sbisth 'out of
sth (sport)to defeat a penon or a team so that
they cannot wnt~nue
in thecompetition: F m
knock.& Belgium outof the EuropmnCup
@v+nlpron+a&
*v+adv+n *
r*n
f
p
m
n+a&+ prep
t 'knackout(also'knock-wt)n( e l l yB E .
sgort)acompetition inwhich thewinningplayer
or team at each stage goes on to the neKt stage,
but the losing one no longer takes part in the
competition: the European cup k?wckouto a
knockoutmmpelitfon
-B see a h KNOCKOUT at KNOCK SB OUT

88. knock wt 1
6
2
..........................................~............
.........-..................................
,knocksth 'out1 =KNOCK STH OFF (iqf-l)
Can you Knock out a quldr r e p ?for me? 2 to
remove sth with ahardblow: ShekrmM out her
front W hin thefill. BEl
+v+adv+n + v+nlpron+adv
,knack yourself 'out1 = KNOCK SB OUT 12 =
KNOCK SB OUT^ z(irllbd,~U~~KWUUS,
FSp~cbZly
AmE) used to enmurage sb to do sth they have
saidtheywouldllketodo,mnthoughyou donot
understand why they want to do it. You writ lo
help?Gmt, knock youmtf w
t
!
4S m you mn
mkeouwtkmoking-knockyom~out!
+v+pron*adv
,knock sth 'out of sb to make sb lose their
breath, because of a fall, ablow, ek:
Theforce of
t h e r m mknack& the b ~ t h o u t o f h e r :
mbmh,wlnd
&v+nlpmn+adv+pp
knock the 'stuffing out of sb (InfWmul) to
make sb lose their energJ: enthusiasm or d-
dence
,knock nb 'werif s car or another vehicle
knocks sb aver,it hits them and oRen kills or
1n~ui-e~
them:Hegot kmkedowr by n bus.
EE)run sblwlhomr
Knock sb wer isoflen u
& inthepassive.
It i s not used as often as knock sb downor ran
sb over.
+s e e a h ~ ~ o c ~
ss DOWN
+v+nlpmn+a& + v+adv+n
,knockrth 'mrtopwhorhitsth,makingitfall
or turn onitsside: You'uekm&&?nydrinkowr!
o f'Il put the candle here XIthat it &snY get
kmkedowr
+v+nlpmn+adv e v*adv+n
,knockto'gether(wpciallyBra i
f twothings
knock together, they touch each other with
some force and make a sound: Viguratius) His
k m wereknocking together withfridt.
Qv+adv
,knock8
t
h b'gether1(also,knocksfh 'up)to
make orcomplete sthquicklyand offen not very
well: I'I1 qurckiy knock some lunch t u g e t h ~
3
(BrEj to join two or more m m s or houses to
make a single one: They'ue k n d & the r
m
roomstogether 0make onebig living mom.
&v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
,knock'up(BrE,sport).(in tennis, etc.)topractise
for a short t h e Wore the beginning of a game:
Weknockedupforafew minutes beforeth match
@v+adv
b 'knoekupn (BrE)(intennis,etc.)ashartp c -
tice before am e
,knock sb 'up(informan 1(Bra towake sbby
knocking on their dwr: Wauld you like me O
knackyou up in tltemrnlng?2 ( e s p d ~ t l y
A m
to makea woman pregnant
Q l v+dpron+adv
Zv+nIpron+adv + v*adu+n
,knocksth 'up=KNOCK STH TOGETHER 1
know/neu;A&nw/ (knewW ; A ~ E
nu:/knawn /naun:AmEnwn/)
'knowsbtsthas d ht o dsblsthbyaparticular
name;tothinkthat sblsthhasaparticula~chara~-
teristic or isa particular type of personor thing:
She is known io herfriend7 as Beth. o It became
knownas themrstlorn1compmylo mrkfor
Know s h t h as 8th 1
susually used In the
passwe.
&v +nlp-m+prep
be 'knownfo* sthtobewell knownbecaw of
a particular characteristic, achievement or fea-
ture: The town is best knotonforfts oncfent mi-
uerslty. o He is not known for his mi!(= he is
d e nrude)
&be+v+prep
'knowA h m Btobeabletorewgnleethediffer-
ence between two things: She doesn't know a
RollsRoywfrorn aRemu€1.
=Know sthkom sthcannot bewed in the
passive.
9v+nlpron +prep
not knowywr ,urnfrwnpur blbowW E ,
A, slang) used to say that you think sb is very
stupld or completely lacking inskill
'know ofsbtsthtohave heardof sbMh,butnot
have very much information about or experi-
ence of themlit: 'Has he ever km in trouble with
the mlice?''Not that I know M ' o I know o
f one
student urho faiM the e a r n twice.0 I know of
he6 but we'venever actuallymt.
eV + P ~ P
,knuckle ' d m (to sfh)(.bformb to bgln to
work seriously at eth, usually after a period
when you have not worlted hard: It's tune to
knuckledown(tosomehard work).
buckledown (to 8th)
Qv+adu
,knuckle 'under(to &/nth) (iarmnt)to accept
or adm~t
defeat anddowhat you aretoldor what
you have to do: Tho* who Mused to knuck&
under m
u
e
r
e imprison&.
Qv+adv
kow'towto *lath (itbformnl)toshow sblsth too
much respect and betoo willingto obey thm: I
mfse60kowlowtoanyone.
QV+PV
labour~ E I
IAmEl a b ) l'lerbalr)! Beinntoooubmdien Iondedhertn trouble.o How
. . . ..
'labouru& sthWE)
(form01I o j bwedin
theprogmsiue !em) to believe 8th that is not
true: to i
k labouring under a delwiono She was
labouring under the impression that he hebwd her
E E mlsappmh.nskon, delwim2toAnd a s
l
t
u
-
ation very difficult because of sth. Thenew gov-
ernment LS iabouring under a hugedtbt.
Ov + prep
lace0e1sl
,lace 'up;,lacenth 'upto tie theslrhgs that go
through the holes on a shoe to fastenit (shoe-
lacesor laces): Shelaced hershoesup
EZlshws, boots do up,do sth up
Lace sth isalsoused w~ththis
meaning.
Qu+Wpmn+adv v+adv+n
r 'la-p n [usuallypl.] (EM)
shoes fastened
wilh strings:dsochild,shealwayswornl ~ u p x
0 laceup u
p
s
h
o
e
s
'lace sth wlth s
t
h 1to put a small amount of
sth, such as alcohol, a drug,poison, etc. into a
drmk:Sotneo~e
hadlaoedihemt'smilk w i t h a b
hoL 2(especuriiyBrE) toput alot of awrticdar
quality intosth such asaspeech,a piece of writ-
ing, elc: The show is Inoed with black humour o
She Eeaas her smrfm with i r o ~
W Lace s
t
h
with 8th is usually used in the passive in thm
meaning.
v +nlpmn+ prep
ladle/ l e d /
,ladlesth 'out to servefoodwitha largespoon
or in large quantities: He ladled out the soap. 2
(somaslmesdimpprouing) to give sb a lot of sth,
especrallymoney or advlce
e v + a d v + n + v+nlpron+a&
lagm
t c ~ s )
,lag b'hlnd; ,lag W h i d ab/sth 1 to be
hehind sblsth because you are walking more
slowly: Everyonerandown tothe bwch, buiAmy
laggd khihind.o Swie lagged hhtnd the other
chiMwn. 2 (In sthlln dolng sth) to progress
develop more slowlythan others: Wearelagging
far behind our Europwrr comp?riiors In using
new lechnololey.
+v+adv v + m
land~ m d /
'Iand In ah;'lam1sbryourseH In sth(Ww-
man to get 8Wyourself into trouble or a dimcult
s~tuation:
SheEandpd inm m f i r smling a cur o
did i bnd myse~ffn such a m ? oHe m l l y
landed usi
nit!!(=
gotusintohublel
Q v+prep + v + n l p n prep
,land 'up(BrKfllformnl) l[tadvlpmplto reacha
final pusitionorsituation: She landed up in h
&
p~tal
wilh a brahen kg.o Thewarn wasdiveM
and w landed up in York o Thedlshslip@ out
o
J my hafidsandbndedugontheJbor o IIanded
up with more work than I muld m g e . 2Iand
up dolng sth to end by doingsth or having to do
sth that you had not planned to do: They Inndd
upp y r g f o r thadarmge.o WelnnrIed UP spend-
ing thenighta
ttheairport.
EE)end up:Rnlsh up
0 Iv+adv
2v+adv+-ing
'land abyouraelf wlth shth; 'land
sbrywrseH wRh dolng sth (iqforml, espe-
cial$ Brfi,) to give sWyourself an unpleasant or
d~fficult
tasktodealwith. We'veIrrndedoumlws
wrfhthe most bringjobof the lot. o Igot Ionded
wrth clearing up the mess. o They landed the
organizothn with ahuEe bill.
I E l saddle sb/yauwtf wtthsbtsth,raddh
sbrywrsetfwRh do6ngath
RElilLand sb with sblsth and land sb with
doing sth are often uscd I
nthe passive, usually
with get. Gum whogot laded wilh wushingihe
dkhfs9
@ v + n l p n+prep
,lap sth 'upIto receive sthsuchas praise or a
kmd m a r k with p l e m without thinking
about whether it istrueor not:Thebnbywuslap
ping uptheamtionhewasgetting. o Shelapped
up h t s j l a t t e ~ ~ ~
2 to drink all of 5th with great
enjoyment: Thecatlappedupthemm.
+v+a&+n v+p-m+adv + v + n + a d v ( h
frequent)
'lapse lnto sth 1to passgraduallyintoa worse
or lessactivestateor condition: T
h
e
ylapsed into
silence. o The munbry lapsed into chuos. o to
Irrpse into unop~~~io~cs~essla
#nu E L sllenm,
un-clousmss 2 to start speak~ng
or tehav-
ing in a diflerent way.often one that 1s less
acceptable: Shelop% im.F'r@lu:h
whenshearnY
think of a word inEnglrsh.
~ ) Y + P ~ P

89. lard~ l a - a ; m l a - r d t
'lardsdh with8
t
h( ~ ~ v l ~ )
toinclude
alotofaparticularkind ofwordsor expressions
inaspeechor i
na piece of writing:Hiswnvem-
lionwas Inrded withRmlnnprowrbs.
b r d sth with 6th isnearlyalwaysusedin
the passive.
@v+nlpmn+~mp
lark/la:k;~rn~larrkl
,lark a'Ma'mund (oldflmhionad,BrE, i@r-
ma0 to enjoy yomIf by behaving ina silly way:
S o wkids mrehrkingabut in rheslroppingmrre.
F53 messaround
Q v+adv
,lash'downIfrainfashes down,it falls heavily:
TheminInsheddawn.
+v+adv
,lash 'out(at sblrth) I to make a suddenviolent
attackonsb:Helashedoutatus.
o JimInshedoW
wrth bothfisls. 2 to criticize sWsth in an angry
way:She hW out at th@
m m n yfor treating
hersrrbadIp I!BE) hltout (atsbtstk)
+v*adv
last/last;~ d l a e s t t
,last'Qd,
,laststh 'outIto surviveforaperiod
of t
i
m
e
:How h
n
g mn weh
toutwithout wa&?
o T k&tors thought he might not mof oui the
night. 2 to continue in the same situation or
manage todo 8thforaparticular lengthof time:
He mnde it O the smmlt, bud a
1 one pint P
thought he m ' t going lo Iast ow. o She h t d
outfor a week without smoking. o Canyou last
out the day without using your phone? 3 to be
enoughfora particular lengthoftime:Oursup
plies should h t outuntil theend of themonth. o
MlI thefood h t outthew k ? holdolrt
Last sth out cannot be usedin thepassive
Last and last sth are usedfrequentlywith the
same meanmgs.
@v+adv * v+adv+n v+prwr+a&
v +n +advlfpss~wnt)
,lal sb 'out(ofm humoml~ri)
toliveor oontinue
longerthansb else:My gmndmotlaerissofitond
hmIlhyshe'lIpmbably lastus011 out!
6v+ nlpron+adv
,latch'on;,latch'ontos b ( a h,lot& 'ontosb)
(iqfoml) to followsb around,often when they
do not want you with them:He lalched onto us
and ~ m u ~ n ' t
get rid of him.
Q v+adv v+prep v+adv+ prep
,latch 'an;,latch 'onto sth ( a h 'm ao
sth) 1 to become attached to sth: The u i m
latchesontothe redbEoodcelIs.2tobe interested
in an rdea,aCash~on,
etc,and use it for yourown
purposes: The government haw I
r
s
i
W
t
e
d onto
e n v i r o n ~ u ~
i s s w to win uom.o They havea
reputationlorlotchingontoallthelotestcmzes,4
Young childmn latch onto phmes and r
e
m
them over end over 3 (BrE,inform0 to under-
stand an idea,what sb I
ssaying,etc:It tmk hima
while to latch onto thew style of hunaou~
o She
m nlatchdonlo the&a. o It mod ~ u l t
mn-
mpt t o g m u bul SamhtcMon very quicklj
+ v + m v + w p * v+adv+pmp
laughI I ~ A ~ E W !
'faughat s ~ u r a e t f t o m k e s h & m m e I fseem
stupid by making Jokesabut thewyourself;to
nor be t w ser~ous
about sblyourself:They were
bughing at hrm khind h b back.o W
e all
lau~hed
at Jane when she mid she belied in
ghosfi oI lnughed at mywU for hlieuing such
an unlikelystop.
laugh at ab can be used i
n the passive:
Nobody likesLo belaughedat.
ev+prep
'laughat sth 1toshow thatyoufidslh€unnyor
amusing: You Muer hugh (I# my j o k . o The
whole chss wus laughing at him clowning
omand. 2 to make sth seem stupid by m
a
k
i
n
a
k
i
n
g
jokes about it: He was laughing or my accent.
EE)rldlcukirth (momform2)
W h u g hat sth canbeusedinthepassive:He
doesn't Iikp his ideakinglaugheder.
Q v+ prep
,laugh 9th 'off(Wrmni)totryto make people
think that you do notm a b o u t sth,or that it 1%
not senousor important,by rnakingajokeabout
it:He lnughed OHsuggestions i b r he had
appmwhd lo be managerof ihe England teaearn
oIt wasanemhrmssingsituation, but she man-
agedt
olaugh it OR
@v+adv+n+ v+pmn+adv4 v + n + a d v ( h
fwuent1
launch/ h t j /
'hunch into 8th;'launchyourself Into sth
tostart do~ng
sth in a very enthusiastic way;to
start to attack sb physicaIly or with words:She
lalrnchedintoanexpZanationofhaw themnchine
tuorked.o We&n'l want to launchoumlu~s
into
the wrong enterprh. o T k band krwtched into
oneof t
h
e
i
rbestkmwnsongs.
Elspeech,explenatlon,chdlenge
&v+prep 4 v+pron+prep
,launch 'out(Into8th)to begin todo sth new or
different in a confident way: She'sdecided she
hasenoughmriencelo launchorrronh e r u m
v+adv
lavishITEWLII ,lay d h InVbrmoOto get a supply of sth and
. -.
'IavEsh 8
t
h on sWsth ( a h'tavlsh sth upon
sblsth m o r e @ m O togive alot of sth,oftentoo
much,to sWsth:T
h
e
y luuished such careon that
house!oHe wasjealous of theattentionlavished
on his s i s k oMrlrions OJ pounds were lavished
on resZorirrg thebuildmg
BQi attenttan,pralse,cam
E Z i l hvish sth onlupon sWslh, i
sd e nused in
thepasswe.
+v nlpron+prep
lay (lald,law /lerd/)
,laya'boutsb(wtthah)(espmtcrllySrE)toattack
sb violently physically or sometimes with
words:He s
- to Zoy abut me with his walk-
ingstick.
+'+prep
,lay sth a'slde(form0 1to put sthto one side
and not use it or think about it:I hid m
y book
aside ondpicked up theImZet: o O@uratiw)They
Inid wide their d f l e m m until the crisis was
over 2( a h,laysth 'byZessfreqwnt)to keep sth
to use in the future;to save sth: Haw you laid
canythhgwidefor your oldwe?
EZEj put sth aslde;set sth aside
-.Qv+nlpmn+adv+ v+adv+n
,lay $th beYore sblsth to presenta proposal,
some information, etc. to sb for them to think
aboutanddectdeon:Thebillturnhid befimPaT-
lfoment.
v+nlpmn+prep
pay&
I'by=LAY s
mASIDE
,lays
t
h 'down1toputsthdownorstopushgit:
Hestop& writlngand laidclownhhpen o T
h
e
y
Mud to lay down theiram. putsWsth
down 2 if you lay downa d e , or a principle,
you state officially that pxple must obey it or
use it:Thegovernmenthas Intddownprdum
for negotiating lenchers'my. o CZwr guidelim
have been b
i
d down for religious teaching in
s c b k . EZlguldellnea, ruler, wndlnons 3 to
establish sth that will dwelopor kuseful inthe
fhture:Gwd wring habits can be lard down in
chiIdhw3. 4 to produce sth that is stored and
gradually increases: you eattoomuch, th?sur-
plus is Iard down asfat. F5E3fat El34 Lay sth
downisusuallyused inthepassive in th ~ s
mean-
ing. 5 (Brmto store sth,especially wlne, to w e
inthefuture:Shehaslaid downhundredsof bob-
tksof port. ElJ bottles,wlne
1,4v+adv+n 4 v+nlpmn+adu
2,3,5 v+a&+n + v+pmn +adv +
v+n+adv(m)
lay downthe 'lawtotellsbArmly what th@Y
canor m n o t dolay dorm your 'lh(for shhtk)
to die willingly In order to savesb or because of
sth that you believein
store it to use in the future:I've bid in enough
logsfor theminter
rsrm)gfdsthln
+v+adv+n + v + d p n + a d v
,lay 'Into s b t h(vrlthah)(Forsth/for dolng sth)
(iRformn0to attack s
b
l
s
t
hviolently,with words
or blows:Slne b
i
d into him with her@&. o He
hid intothegovernmentforspending miUW of
pounds on buildingsnobody wanred.
FEE) rfp fnta sblsth(wlth sth)(fors t h h t ddng
Sth)
G + v + P ~ P
,lay 'off;,lay'OW sbmth:,lay 'offdoing sth
(iflormai)usedto tell sb to stop doing sth that
irritatesor annoys you: Lay off!You're m i n g
up my home~uork!
o Loy offhim, he's still h r n -
ing. oLay ofl bullykg your b m W ?
(gv+adv r v+prsp
Jay'off sth:Jay 'off doin(l sth(ii@rmO to
stop doing orusing sth harmful: Yous h l d L
X
V
off aIcuhuUdrinkingfora while.
Qv + prep
,laysb 'offtodisrnissworke~g,
usuallyforashort
time, because there is not enough work: We've
had to Inyoff hundredFof wrkem.
Q v+nlpron+adv r v +adv+ n
b 'lay-offn I [C]
an act of dismissing workers
because there is not enoughwork:The&is hos
caused thousandso
f byofls.2 [usuallysing.]a
period of time whensb is not ableto takepart in
anactiv~ty
or asportthat they usually do
,Iy sth 'on(BrE,LnformDtoprovide orarrange
sth for sb, for examplefwd,transportor enter-
talnment: Extra buses were hid on dUrIng the
trarnstrike. o She had hid on teafortheplayen.
+v+adv+n r v+nlpron+adv
lay Itlsth an wlm a r
-
l
: fay A on rhlck
(tnformn to talk about sbfsth in a way that
makes them seem much btter or worse than
they really are;to exaggerate8th: He u ~ ~ s
Wing
on the flattery with a trowi. o Calling him a
geniusisIaying it ona bit thick!
,lay sth 'on sb (i~&rmaO 1 to forcesb to deal
with sthunpleasant or dMcult:I'm sorry lo lqy
ailthisurorkonyou.Z(AmE)tobreakbadorsur-
prisingnews tosb:Sony lo lay this onyou, but
he'sneverwming Wk.
Q v+ nlpmn+prep
,lay sb 'out 1 (informal).to knack sb uncon-
scious: He Inid his opponenr wl with a single
blow.2 toprepare adead body tobeburied
+v+ntpmn+adv r v+adv*n
Jay sth "ut '
Ilospread sthoutready touseorso
that ~tcan be seeneasily:h y out all She chth
you want 0 Dke,olay all the cards out on the
table.2 toplan howsthshould look and arrange
it in this way:Thy hid thestmts out onagrid
partern. o a wIl l
a
i
d out CVlmwn.6 3topresent

90. or explainsthclearly and caremy:At thel
a
e
m
e
e
G
ing, he hid out hisplansfor the mmpany. 4 (on
8th)(informa0ta spendmoney:WeIatdouf thou-
sandsrenomtingthehotrw.
+v+rdpmn+adv + v+adv*n
b 'Faywtn[usuallysing.]thewayInwhich sthis
arranged:Hestill recoiledthelayout theh
o
w
pe!fectly.o T
T
h
e mgazine has a wg atrracslve
layofit.
b 'outlayn [C]
I
U
lthe money that you spend on
5th. espedallywhen you starta new pmject:an
o u t bof $4WDW o Wkal m y o u r initialoutlrry
onaqulpmenl?
,lay 'Upto hide somewhereor do nothing for a
while TheyIay upfnawve untilitgot hrk.
Qv+adv
,lay sb 'Up (irdormal)if sb is laid up they are
unable to work or take part in an activity
bemuse they areWslckorinjurer?I luaslaid up
lor amonth w ~ l h
a brokenleg. o He has land
upwithflufira w
k
.
65tiN Lay sb up i
s nearly always wed in the
passlve.
Qu+nlpron+adv + v+arhr+n
,ley sth 'up1(for yoursen) (BrE)If you lay up
trouble or pmblemsfor yourseltyoudo sth that
will result m difficuities later You're hying up
probLemsforwurseIf hy not tackling this now. 2
tostop using a vehicle,ship,etc. because you do
not need it, or it has lo be repaired: Our bwt is
bid up d u r w the winkr month$.W L a y sth
up IS often used in thepassive int h ~ s
meanlng.
Qv+adv+n + v+rdpron+adv
laze/lea/
,lazea'round;lazea'mundsthEBrEaLw,?mo
e'bwt, ,laze a'boul sth) te spend your time
relaxingand doing very little:He hedabout all
day.o They kued arourrd thep m l in the ofter-
nwn.
EE5 Ilsaround,lkm n dsth:lounge
aboutreround.lounge8bouVamundsth
Qv*adv v+prep
,laze sth #way to spend a periodof time relaw-
mr:and doing very little: W
e Irrzedouroythesum-
meron the W h .
~ v + n l p m + a d v v+adv+n
lead (led,~ s d
,lead 'Into 8
t
h 1 if a subject or a discussion
leads intosth, it mowsnaturally intoa second
subject or d ~ m i o n :
Thw led into a discussion
on gender d ~ r e r e m .
o Fair and group twrk
ofln h d s into a whole class discussion.2 if a
66
.....................11*.......
_.....................*.............................~.
.....*.........-
mom, a door. a street, etc. leads into a place, it
opensinto~toroonnectswith
it:Theahrledinto
a tinykitchen. E@Lldoor, room,mad
QV+PWP
b 'lead-In(
t
oah)n an introduction toasubject,
a story, etc: We iuunt a striking W - i n to the
newplogmmme.
,read'off(wlth sth)(esmInllyAmE)tostartadis-
cussion. rneet~ng,etc: Ewryone will have a
c
h
u
mlos w k Wouldyoulike mW o f l
+v+adv
,lead'OH
nth;,kadW
f from sth1if astreet
Eeads off (from)a place, it starts there and gaes
away from it: He mmied to a street I d r g off
from) the corner of the wuaw. 2 if a room,a
door,etc.leadsoff(fmm)aplace, it connects dlr-
ectlywith it:A1I the roomskad@ themainh i l .
+v+prep + v+adv+prep
,lead sb 'on(irlformal) to decetve sb and make
them k l i m s t h that is not true, especially that
you love them or h d them attractive: You
shouldn'thue W himon like lhnt.
+v +nlpron+adv v +adv+n(IessJkqm)
'leadt
o 8th;'had sb to sth( a h,bad 'onto
sth, )
s
a
d sb 'onto sth) to result ina p a r - c u h
action or event; to forceor persttadesbto takea
particular action:Llulngindampwnditbmcan
leadtoserhushwlthpro&m. o Whatledyou to
this mnclusion?o Theincrease i
n the number of
motor vehkles has led to an inmaw in a u b
crimes.o The wlim have oflered a reward for
irlformcrtlon leading lo the conviction of the
chrld's killers. o SherIPscriM how her ear& 2%
had led her to herprofmlon as an arlist.o O m
thing kd to another and hfom Bng Sueand I
wereengaged.
BmnLead sb to do sth can alsa b UsRdwith
t h ~ s
rneanmg:ShedescriMhow hermrly Iffiled
her to twomean onkt
@v+prep * v+nlpmn+pmp v+adv+prep 4
v+ nlpmn+adv+ prep
,lead'upto sth1to bethe inimIuction to or the
cause of sth: The b m k dmribes theperid Iead-
ing up to thesturt o
f the m r oPblice are ImvePti-
gatingthechainof ewnbthat led uptoherdeath
2 to prepare to t
a
l
k about sth or ask a dimcult
question by gradualIy intmducing the subject
youwant totalkabout: WhatemcflyareyouZedzead
inguptolo HemmedtokEeadinguptoaskinga
di.tjTcultqwtion.
Qv+adv+prep
b ,lead-'up(to sth) n [sing.] (Brma period of
ttme or an event or series of wents before
another event or activity: in the led-up t
o the
election
,
I
s
& 'through sth to turn over the pages of a
book, a magazine etc. quickly without reading
them carefully or in detail:Shepicked up a bm-
chureond W
e
dthmwh ti.
EEIpages Rlck throughsth
eV + P ~ ~ P
Ileakt l ~ k /
,leak 'out if s m t information leaks out, it
becomes known to the public when it should
remain secret:He wasluorriedaboul whatmight
h a p p n if thenewsW e d out.
rngetwt
(4v+adv
leannim/ ~ ~ s a f i e c r ,
leaned,B ~ E
a h~eant,
leant /h?nt/l
'Isan agalnsZron sthlsb Jean 'up agalnst
sth to rest agamst or on sthlsb far support:
Laurn lenned m k l y agarmt the dm%o We W
our bikes leaning upagaitrsl the waI!. o Youmn
lwnon my arm.
+SR?a.k0LEAN ON SBkTH
+v+pmp + v+adv+prep
' k n 8th agalnsWon sth; ,lean 5th 'up
against sthto make sth restagainst or on sth
in a sloping posit~on:He l
e
o
w his head on his
hand ond closed his eyes.0 Maggie JeoM the
broom upagurnsl thewall.
4v + nlpron+ prep + v +ntpron+& +p p
'leanon sb(informar)to tryto makesbdoslthby
thmtening them: the^ are leaning on him 0
makehim wilhdmwhismmpbints.
-Lean on ~b can be used in the pass* I
wasberng h B a n e d on.
ev + p w
'ban on swath( e h ' k a nuponsb(sth morefir-
mal)to depend on sb/sth.It's @lohawsome-
one 0 lean on,oShe was unsureo
f hmse.!f and
h t w d haauilyonherfrkndsfor supmrt.
+S R a hLEAN ACAINST/ON SBlSTH
QV + P ~ ~ P
,lean to'wads sth (also ,loon t o w ak)to
support ortend topreferaparticularideaor pol-
iticalparty:I'mnot surehowI'mgoinglouotebul
I'm leanrngtowardsfheD?mmls.
@v + prep
Jeanup a'gainst8
t
h
4 S e t a hLEAN AGA~NST~ON
STHkB
,leanslh up a'gainststh
+seealsoI.EAN STH AGAINSTION STH
'kan Uponsb/3th=LEAN ON 88kTH
leap (leapt,leapt{leptlor lea&, loapd)
'leapat sthtoacceptskheagerlxwithouthesitat-
ing: Sheleaptot thechamof w*ing inParis.
EEl chance,opportunttyI
F
BJumpat 8th
ev + prep
'leap on sih ( a b'leap upan s* momform0
( e s ~ i a l l y
BrEj to suddenly become very inter-
ested in an idea or a suggestion. especially
W u s e you thlnk itwill give you an advantage:
ThepressIwpton thestory.
Qv + prep
,leap 'out at sb if sth,especially sth written,
Ieaps out at you, yw see it immediately: His
nameJump
leeptoutat
wt a
lme
sbfrom thepage.
Q v+ adv+ prep
,leap'upto standquickly andsuddenly whenyou
have k e n sitting:He leapd upandran toa
T
1
s
u
.
w
the*
)9Y*) jump up
Qv+adv
'leapuponsth(ePpeciall~
Brm =LEAP ON STH
leaveIMX/w,IOR /leftfi
,leave sth a'slde to not discuss or consider a
particular ideaor issue:Lsaningasidewrpnrk-
rng space, the housing deveEopmnt i
s Loell
planned. oLet us Ieaw m
i
d
a the puestlon of
msisfor themment. o Kauing that us&...
BEl questlmn,thatlthl. problem
Q v+adv+n + v+pron+adv + v + n + a d v ( h
Jreqwnfl
,leave aksth be'hlndto make p r o g ~ ~ s
much
faster than sb else:Thenewcar fsgorngt~
leave
thecumpetitionfar hhihind.
@ v+ nlpron adv
,leavesbtsth be'hlnd:,leave&sth be'hlnd
sb 1 to go away from a place without taking
sblsthbecause you haveforgottenthewit: S o w
M y has l$t thn'r umbrella behind. o Waif -
don't h u eme behindr2to goaway from a place
while theresult of sthyouhavedonestays them
T k y wore gloves so as not to leaw anyfinger-
printskhind Ithem). 3ta leavea pemn or plaoe
permnentln especially in order to begma new
life: H
e was anrious t
o leave the pus! behind
(htm).oShe $ i s a p e a yaor ago heaving
behind a boyfriend and a ml!h b y 4 to have
sblsthremaining afteryour death:Hedidat the
age of 33.hving behind a wifeand threeyoung
chiidren.
Leaw sbkth is a h often used with all
these meaning?.: Thqr wre glova so as not t
o
leaueanyflngerprhts.
&v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n v+nlpmn+prep

91. leave In I
M
,
I
- nth'inlonotremovesthforexampleh m
a bmk, a piem of writing, etc: Make sure YOU
h u e thatpamgmph in.
Emleaveamout
+v+nlprcn+adv r v+&+ n
,leave 'ow,,leave'off sth:,leave'off ddng
9th (BrE, i?$ir~~ormtrn
to stop doing sth: Lee
shouted othim, but he muldn'l kawofl o Would
you lwveoff mhnf you aredoingfor o moment7o
We'regoing t
otry and begin where they Z& ofl:o
'WiI!yo~ ~ R w
off ~gging?'k~hO~ted.
Qv+adv r v+adv+n v+adv+-ing
,leave sbkth '0%Jeawsbbth 'off sth to
not include or mention sbtsth. espxially on a
list:Haue IL$tanyoneoff the [ffit?
Qv+nlpmn*adv 4 v+abv+n + v+nlpron+prep
,Seamsth 'an1if youleawclothes on,you con-
trnuewearingthem:Leawyourshmon. 2tonot
switch sth off.J f i w d the ielevisionhad been I@
onallnrght.
BE) keepsthon EEB learssth0W;swftck
Sth off
+v+nlpmn*adv v+adv+n
,learn It 'out(BrE, infoml) I used to tell 8b to
stopdoingsth sillyor annoying 2used tot
e
l
lsb
that you think whai they have sald k stupid, or
that you do not believe it: Two million dolIarsP
Lwve itout!
+v+it+adv
,leave sb 'out,,leave rb 'out of sth to not
includesbdeliberately: Itsem& unkindto &us
Da&y out. so we invital her too.o There was an
oulcry when he rnlefloutof thelearn.
EE9 uxciuderb(momJormQ
ev+nlpmn+adv o v+adv+n
v+ ntpmn+adv+prep
left 'out odj unhappy because you have not
been included insth:IfeIta bit l&out.
,leave sbsth 'OM
,leaves h t h 'out o
f sth
1to not involve sWsth In s t h Laaw my brother
outof this-hehndnofhingfodo with if. 2tonot
include swatheither accidentallyor onpurpose:
Haw I lefl anyone ouEo You can h u e out the
gory W i k . o This ts $pelf mmnglj You'w le~?
out the 'e: o Yora'w lefl rlre second 7n' out o
f
'wmrnifte:oYou'us L
g
7 out an h
' in
'mmmrttee: ornil 8
t
h(morefirmnf)
+I
v+nlpron+adu v+nlpmn+adv+prep
2v+adv+n * v+n&mn+adv
v+nlpron+adv*prep
be ,
M
l
'cnrer (
h
urn) (of f o d or money) if
fwd,money,etc. islefl over,itremainswhen the
rest hasbeen eaten ar uwiup:&
k
I'wpoid my
rent and hughifaad there isn't much ouer to
spand on books o There roas plenty qf focd k$
ouer rifler the pa* o Thew'ssome rice kft ouer
from Iunch.
g be+v+adv
b 'leffmrw n t [usually pl.] fwd that has
not been eatenandremains aftera meal2a cus-
tom, tradition, etc. that belongs to an earlier
time but still exists: Thew norrow roMtsore a
leffawrfrom the&ys@ horse-drawnmrriages.
b 'l&owr adj [only before noun] remaining
because ~thas not bzen eaten or used: Iflover
uegetahkdfubrk
'leaw sb to sthtogo away fromsbs
athatthey
can continue what they were doing before you
m e , or do 8th without your help: (infirmi) fl
you don't need m a n y m,
I?[Iwvepou to it. o
I'I! Imueyou toyour lunch.
9v+ rJpmn+m
p
UZ4leave sb to thelr arm deblcea to leave sb
alone to do as they wish: Once J'w mpInined
things to him 1 lend to h u e him to h b own
devices.
lend/lend! (lent. ant /lentn
,lend 'out(to sb)to allow sbtoborrowsthfor
a perid of time: The Me- h k s cannot be
lentout.
+v+nlpron+adv o v+adu+n
'lend Rwlfrnemsah to sth(Tornurl)to be
su~table
for sth: Science tn ekmenlcrry schoois
tends iwy mlf10 learning throughplqy. o Not
allmaterialslendthemsel~toscienlifrcduting.
letbet1MW. kt,let)
-down -m
169 -in, into -wt
-In lor 170 -past
-in on
-into
-mmush
-UP
*riff
,letS
b 'clownI tofailtohelpor supportsbi
nthe
way that they hoped or expected: She mid she
would help, but let lhmndown at the k tminute.
o It's important ourdectsion-
2 letdownour
customers.o m
ecar has never let me down. o f
fill I'd ken badly let down by the mmpany. 2 to
tell sb somebad news in a k ~ n d
way so that they
w f l not be too disappointed or upset: Tha k&
will be really upsetthetrip's beenmncelkd -bry
io letthemdowngently.
+v+nlpmn+advl alsov+adu+n
let the 'slde down (BrE)to disappoint your
family,friends,team, etc,by notbeingassuccess-
ful as they expect, or not helping or supwrting
them: John wuEd n
e
w l
d the side down. 01
k n e w I mL#frng thesidedown(= disappinting
my family,etc.)by notgoingmmlkge.
b 'letdormn [C, usuailIy sing.] [U]something
that is not as good as you thought or hoped it
wouldbe: Themtrteloesgreat buttheendingrws
a bzt of akt-ck~wn.
1
,,,,-,,.....-.......
.............................. ,
......,
,
.......,
,
,
.....,
,
,
,
,
....,.
.
.
.
A
,
.
.
.
.
. ...
,kt 'down; ,let yourself 'down to
make sblsthlyou~selfless successfhl or impres-
elve thantheylitlyou shouldbe:Her knowiedgeof
Italian ~sexwiIent,
but herpronunciotian lets her
down, oHis clothes kt him down. o i
f you don't
m r k hardfor these e
m
m
,you'll only b? letting
youmZf down.
+v+nlpmn+&+v+adv+n
,kt 8th 'downI to make sthgo lower Wekt tlse
bucketdownon a rope.IEB I
- sth(morefor-
man 2 to make sth longer, especvatly an Item of
clothingsuchasask~rtor
adressImgoingto [el
the hem down a wwk o
f mntimatres. F
E
B take
mthup3(BrE)toallow theair tocomeout of sth,
such as a tyre: The fymon his car had ken let
down durrng the night. tyreBE) detlate
ath IformcrI)
+v+ntpron+adw v+adv+n
tet your 'haltd a m (In$ormaR to relax and
enjoy yourself,often inawild or lively way:Isow
my parents letting their hair down on the dance
floor
,Msbrsth In; ,let yourself 'In;,let sb/sth!
y~urself
'Into sth to allow sWsthlyourselE to
enter a roomor abuilding: Letme in!lt'smIdout
here. o Theguard refusesto iel mtyorne in without
asmrztypass. o She let hersew insotheJkt.
&v+rdpmn+adv v+adv+n 4 v+n/pron+pnp
,kt sth 'Into allow sth such as water or light to
entera plam througha hole: Thsw wasa hole in
theroof #hatlet themin in. o I d m thecurtuim
bock toktin mmelight.
E
U
iIIgM, mln
EmLet sth incannotbewedin themssive.
,@v+nlpmn+advr v+adv+n
b 'Inletn 1a narrow strip of water which g ~ e s
Worn the sea or a lake into the land: a nar-
m w l s h e l M inlet 2 the part of a machine
through whiih air, gas or he1 enters: a
flre~pm?r
inlet
,ktsb!yourself 'In for 8th (tqforrrm0to allow
yourself to become involved In sth difficult or
unpleasant: i7 I'd known what I was kiting
mysev m f o ~
I'd never have ugmd to hefp. o
Whathawyouk
tme infor?
Let ~Wyomelf
in forsthcannotbe used
in the passwe. It is often used in questions with
what.
@ v+dpmn+a&+ prep
,let ab 'In an 8th (BrE a h ,,let ab 'Into sth)
(tMormu0 to allow sb to share a secret:Am you
going lo IeZ #hemin onyour phm?o I wanW to
let Chris m on the mret. o f"ld &you inlo a little
secret.
r n a e u o f
Q v+ nlpmn+a&+ prep v +nlpmn+prep
69 I8lO M
...........................................................*..................~.....
............ ......
be ,let 'intosth(BrE)tobe put Lntothesurface
of sth:A largewlndowwaslei into thewlI.
@ be+v*prep
,let 'off (BrE, slang) to let air from the bowels
comeout thmugh yourbottom
*v+&
,let sb 'off(with ath) t
opunish sblightlyfor sth
wrongtheyhavedone;tonotpunish sbat all:She
was leE off with afine. ol?flet you ofl this time,
butdon't doLtagam.
4v + nlpmn+a&
,ktsb 'ow,Idsb 'off sth 1toallowsbnottodo
sth or not to go somewhere:You m I l y ought lo
IzeIp with the shopping, but IsupposeImu& kt
you flo Mum k
t me o n the howhold chores
during ewms. 2 to allow sb to get out of a
vehfcle,especially abus:Canyou lelmeoff here?
Q v +ntpmn +adv v+ nlpmn+prep
B M sb off the 'hooktofr%esbhmadifRcult
or unpleasant task or situation: Heoasn'tgoing
ro kt the senator off the h m k easily; hekept ask-
ingdmult guestiona.
,letsth 'off tofire agun: tornakeabombexplode:
The boys were [elling flpremrkrrkr
o He kt ofl a
warning shot.
EZGlflremrrk,s M
+v*adv+n v+nlpmn+&
.let off 'steamtogetrid of yourenergy,em*
tinns, etc. by shouting or dolngsth active:He lei
offstmm byhittingapillour
,lel'on(tosb) {infomI) totellsb &
Ithat Issup
posed tobe asecret:Shedwn'tkmwl'w bought
her a w
l
c
l
n
,sodon't M on, will youPo 7% chil-
dren knew he wasmmmg,but theydirdnY lel on lo
onyone.o There loere holes in Jack's shoeshoes
but
Kaledidn'z l
e
ton(thaRshe'd noticed.
&v*adv
,let 'out( A mwhen schools,classes,uEBw, etc
Iet out,they cometo an end and students,work-
ers, etc. go home at the end of a day or a term:
CInpseskt out In June. o M
o
r
e thanWDWmple
areexp&3ed in thesquareqfter work Iekaut.
+v+abv
,let sb ' o ~ , l d
sb 'outof sth 1toallowsbnot
to do sth they havepromised or are expected to
do; to freesb from a difficult situation: I'vegot
schoollomormw, sothnt lets me out (of helping).
2toallow sbtoleaveahospital,prison,etc.,espe
cldy esrlyorfor ashorttime: Thedoclorsmrght
lelmeout lomorrow.
Qv+nlpron+adv v+adv+n
v+nlpmn+adv+prep
b 'let& n [sing.] (es-lly Brm something
that allows you to avoid an unpleasant or dim-
cult situation: a &+u# c l a m(=in a contract)o
'
1think it's Iw hut to gojogging ' I surd
lookmgfor alet-out.

92. let out 170
.----..................*
I
..............._
.
.
.
.
I
I
................1.1 ....................I.*...................II................1*,,..................I
*......................................_
,let sbinth 'out;,let sbsth 'out of a
m,let
yourself 'out;,let yourself 'out of sth to
allow sbtsthlyotme1f to go out of a room or a
burlding. Can you kt youmu our70 l urns
afflnterl they Iether outofhsp~tnl
sosoon
+v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n4
v+ nlpron+adv+ prep
~ l e t t h s ' c a t o u t o l ~ ~ t o t e l l a s e r r e t
carelesslyor by mistake I tvastrying So keep my
promotron quicl bubSkue wentand lel thecatout
o
f the hg.
,letsth 'OM
1togive acry;tomakeasound:She
I
d out a screamof terror oHe lel out a sigh of
m!kJ B
E
Jcry, sl@h
IEE held rth In 2 to allow
secret ~nforrnation
to -me known: He3 the
only person who muld Aove kt the sacrelout.o
The mmpnny let out that they were putting in a
btd for KKF EEl w m t LEE) reveel sth (more
form0 3 (
t
o sb) (Bro to make a house, flat,
apartment, etc. available for rent: T
I
E apan-
ment's ken let out to a German coupk.Plwl
fiatlapeflment,houmZiE9 hlresm out{tosb):
rentsth out (toW4tomakean itemof clothing
lmser or Iarger:I'ue wten somuch I'llhaveto M
my beItout!lZjJ sklrt, trousers lE5take sth In
5(also,letath'auto(sth)toallowair,I~suid,
etc.
toescapcor f
l
o
wout of somewhere: W
eneed tolet
theatr outof the rudwtor:
&v+adv+n + v+nlpron+adu
5alsov+nlwDn+adv+m
--
F -r
b 'outlet n 1i k r sth) a way of expressing or
usingenergy,strongfeelings,ideas,etc:ChiMmn
&an outletfor all theirenergy 2 ashoplstore
or an organization that sells goods made by a
Particular company or of a particular type:a
retaiUfus? fmd outlet 3 ( m ~ i n i l y
AmE) a
shoptstore that sells goods of a mrticular
makelmakesatreduced priws:designeroutkts4
a pipe or hole through which water, st-, etc.
mnf
l
o
wout 5 (Ammadwice in a waLl that you
WelpnlrsmY k
t e m though w're winning.o
Doesn'tsheeverlebup?Sk's beencompIrrininga[l
dny.
9v+adv
b 'kt-up (in sth)n [sing.]a reduction i
nthe
strengthofsomething:aperidof timewhenstb
unpleasant stops: There can be no &-up in the
war against drugs. o T ~ Q
rnin m n t h w d all
uflernonnwrthno let-up.
'level sth at slusth '
I(also ,lwIsth awlnst
Wah)tosay publicly that sb is toMameforsth,
espec~ally
a mistake or a crime: The charges
IevalledagaimthimoreMust. oEnvironmenraI
g r o w have leueIiudanwnberqf criticismsatthe
proposal. EE4 critlclsm, aceusatlon, charge
Lmel sth agaItlstlat sblxth k usually
used in thepassive in this meaningAmattons
of ~ncomptence
h u e hen leueIled at theprincl-
pal. 2 to point sth, especially a wn,at s b She
Ievelled lheprstol at R l s head
A v+ nlnrnn +nran
-" ."r- . .-"V
,revel sth 'dorrl'up to make standards,
amounts, etc, be the same lowfiigh or lower1
hlgher level: The government is OEC@ of
kvelling dawns t a d r d s in schw2.s rather than
lewil~ngthemup.
ev+adv+n* v+nlpmn+&
,level'&?out 1tok o m e levelorsteadyaftera
period of sharp rises and falls: H o w prim
showed nostgnof levellkg 2 tob m e level
or hortzontal after rising or falling: The road
began m lewI off as tw approachmi the roast. o
Thephne Ievelled f l a t 20 ~Wfeet.
e v + a d v
,levelsth 'Off?ovtto makesomethingsmoothor
flat:Lewlthegroundout b&oresotuing the&
+v+nlpmn+adv * v+adv+n
use tomnnectapiece of electricalequlDment to ,I-1 sth 'up=LEVEL STH D D W N ~ P
apowersupp1y:anekzricaloutler6 theend of a
riverwhere ~tflowslntoalakeor thesea 'levelwith ab{infmml) tospeakor deal with sb
In an honest and direct way: Imgoing t
o h l
,
I
dsbtsth 'past toallow sbkth to go past yw: with you m w -your work W n ' t h w b
CQnyoukt mepast,pleasef slandordfor o
r
s
o
m
etime. o I'vegot theleelingthat
Q v + nlpmn+8du
he>not ieueIIingwith m.
Jet s M h 'through toNow sWsthto passor @ v+ prep
go through stb that is ;blocking the way: The
m
u
d m
U
e
d aside to let theambulamthrawh. tickhk1
. .
9Lei m through -Im a doclor o These bli&
don't kt rnuchiighrthrough 2(-1ai& &E)to
,lick 'oRlrup;,lick *h 'Off 8th to eat
say that sblsth is g d enough for sth or is cor- drink by moving your tongue the sw
rect:Wew m mrried the wouMndn"l th faceof lt:Shelicked t h e f m f l (thesmnro The
phnsfwthe new buikfingrhtough. cat licked upthernilkfmm #hedish.
+v+ nlpmn+a& * v+adv+n(rare) v* nlpmn+adv + v+ adv +n + v+ nlpmn+prep
,kt 'UP (inf-0 1to bmme less m n g : The Ilefl@ (lla*, lying,laypm/bln/lemn
rainshowed nosignof h i n g up.2todostbw
i
t
h
lesseffortorenergythanbefore,or stopdoingit: #Ife
a'bow:,lie a'bovt8th(Brm= AROUND,
LIE AROUND STH
~ E I
a'head;,liea'headof sbtobeinthefuture;
to be in fmnt of you: G m t op~?iuni* Ite
dmd,o Who knows what problem mkht lie
ehpadof us7
+v+adv + v+adv+pmp
rile a'round; ,lla anroundsth (BrE also ,llm
a'bout,,lie about sth) 1 (ofa pason)to spend
time beinglazy and not doing anything in par-
ticular:She's beenlymgaround theh o w all dQY
doing m t h i ~ . llare amund, laze around
sth; lounge aboutramund, lounge abwU
amund nth 2 (of a number of things)to be leR
somewhere in a careless or untidy way: HLS
clothes lay aroundail ouer ih@flm%
o 'Hoveyou
seen mypurse?' 'It was lyrng about In the kiwhen
when I Iast saw it.' o You shouldn't h u e valu-
ableslying amundthpchangingroom
Qv+adv + v+prep
b 'layabut n (oldhshioned,B E , i@rmnt) a
lazyperson whodoesvery littlework
:lie 'back.(Inlon slh) torest,relaxanddovery lit-
tle:Just iw bodiand enjoy thepwceand gUW. 0
SIlP lay back on thepi1Eowsandclosedh e r w .
+v+adv
3le be'fon,sb(litemyv)I tobe inRont o
f sb:A
WribIe sight lay &fom them. 2 to be in the
future.YourwholeIfle liesW O M Y O U .
Ov+mv
"Jk
-'hind sthtobetherealexplanationorrea-
son for sth: She undersW thefeelings that h
Y
&hindhisangry words. o W
ewillprohblynever
know what lny WbehindhisdacfPionlo resm
Q v+ prep
r[lle'downtebeormovetntoahorizontalmition
on a bed,etc, inorder to sleep orrest:Goand lie
downfor a while.o He lay downon the mfaand
went 20 sleep. o Thecoughing ~s
worse whenhe's
lying down.o She cwsbmg downonthebed
Do not confusethissense of lie downwith
lay 9th down, which must always have an
object:Jack laydownon thesofa. oJack hid the
pen down on the table.oJack was lying dotun O
n
thesofu,(notJack wasIrlymg down on thesoh).
,lie'up(BrEltohidesomewhew T ~ ~ l m
b
'
upin thecaves until itgat dark.
+v+adv
'Ilewtth shmth(te doah)(formantobetheduty
or responsibility o
f sblsth:It Zles with you lo
m p t or reject the pmposcrl. o The decision on
whetherlopmceedlles with theminkter
rnW t W i t k S b
QV+PW
Jlft 'Offwhena racket,etc. liftsoffit risesh m
the ground into the air: The racket I
W off nmt
+v+adv
b 'lift-off n [C] the moment when a rocketor
spacecraffleaves the ground and rises into the
air:Wehave lift@
,lift s
s
b
r
n
s
t
h 'up; ,lW your~df'up to raise
sblsthlyaurself to a higher maition or Iwek I
can't liftyou up -you 'reloo Wq!
0 She i f t d
herseff up on om elbow. oShe ltftd up the box
andput itontheable.
Lift ~WsthEyourselfcan
also beusedw
i
t
h
t h ~ s
meaning.
+v+nlpmn+adv + v+&+n
'Ilght onmpon sbmth (litmW)1to p
u
d
d
e
W
scc sbtsth.Hergtwe l $ R Mon her daugh&r2 to
suddenly find sblsth or think of sblsth: The
-rch teamlaas lit upon imp-t nem ttmter-
iaf. hlt onsth
Lighted Is alsoused forthepast tense and
past pastlclple.
rS_Y_ allght onlupOn&lsth
ev +prep
,IlgM'up;JlgM8
t
h 'upItobecome or tomake
sth bright with light or mlm:She swiZclPed the
mnitur on and the m n Iit up"o Flashes 4f
lightning lit up#he& o Theurale@~ll uKlslitU p
at night with pink and greenfloodlighss. 2 if a
mrson's eyes or face Ught up, or sth lights
ev+adu
take sth Wng 'dormto accept an insult, a
crlticlsm, a violent attack,etc, without protest-
ing or reactingto it:He hnshen m
&
4
f brib-
ery,but he hen't take his Iyingdown
b ,Ile-'downn[sing.]
(BrE,hformn0 ashortrest,
especially inbed:tohnuealre-down
w-
,Ile'In infornrn0to stay inbed afterthetime
you usually get up: It's W d y bt?Wrro~,
so
you rnn lie in.
them up,theybewmebrlghtw~thexcitement
or
happiness:Hereyes lit upwhenshestrw them. oA
smile of delight Iit up hisfam.o Hisfuce lit up
with plwsure. 3 (informal)to begin to smoke a
ciaarette,etc:Shet#koutocigaretFe~ndl~t
up. o
He I! t upow cigmtteofter anothe~
(4v+adv
( k s f ? w w n
rv+adv+n
t) +v+pton+a&*v+n*adu
'IlgMUPOn s b l ~ t h
=LIGHT ONhlPON XBISTH
m sbep I
n linhtenr b ~
@v+adv
-
b ,Il*'tn n [sing.J(BrE,Wrmat)anact of stay- ,Ilghten 'up(spaken) used totell sbt~ be l ~ s
sw
Ing in bed longer than usual inthe morning:0 lous or to complain or worry less abut 5th:
haw alie-in Comeon,lightm up!It m o n I y ajoke.
@v+adv

93. ,llgMen d h 'up (@3rmaO to make slh more Jlnesbmtb 'up1toarrangepwpleorthings i
na
cheerlid and less serious or depressing: He did line or a row:She lined the childm upfor the
his h t w lighten things up.o She SrlerI to photogmph. oHis CDs werellMd upon the shelf
lrghtenuph e r s ~ h
1~1th
afeLujokes. 2 (for ~Wsth)
toorganizeaneventor anactivity;
+v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n to arrangefor sb to do somethingat an event, a
competition, etc: He's lznad up a hndfor the
Iskenflarkanj party. a We've fined vpafew thingsfor the m k .
smh to sbMth h
o to d.
0 X k v already Q buwrfor ihefr car
sbhthtosomeoneorsomethingelseandsaythat
they are similar:He has k n likened b
c
ryoung v+pmn+* v+n+*(Cess
GeorgeBaPI. o She likened thebuildngtoaship mwnl'
Liken s M t h to sbtsthIs often used in the
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r & ' ~ i ~ e d ~ ~ P ~
passive
&v +n / m +prep
limber/knba(r)/
,Ihrtber 'up(for sth)to do exercisetoprepare to
take part Inasport,a race,etc.; to warm up:The
playerslwm l h k r i n g upforthegame. omum-
tiue]TRemndidaboreake&y timberingupfir
the ehtioncampaign.
Bwarm up
Q v+adv
'Iirnlt sthXo sbhth to makesthexist or happen
only in a particular plam or within a particular
group: Vmlentcrime is not limrled t
obig cities.o
Thetmhing of hbtayy shorrM not be lirniled to
datesandjigurn.
S Bcmflne athb sbtsth
-Limit sth to sWsth is usuallyused i
nthe
passive.
@ v + nlpmn+prep
,Ifm 'up 1(lor rthlto do ah) if people h e up,
they form a line, standing onebehind the other
or beside eachother:A groupof people wen{in*
ing upfor Zlckac o They lined up to s h k e the
Pmident's laand.o The mwrs fin& rap at the
startinglim. +s e e a h g v ~ u ~
UP ( w ~
3 T H h O DO
STH) 2 to j
o
i
nw
i
t
h sb in order to do sth:Local
groups are lining up against the new dewlop
menf.o Several newsmpem lined up lo &mad
hismignation.
*v+a&
b 'Ilnl-up n [usuallysing.]a m of peoplethat is
formedsothat sbwhosaw acrimecantrytorec.
ognizethe person who d ~ d
it: Sheptckd him out
of a line-UP
(=sherecognizedhim as the person
whocommittedthecrime).
-t CI~OLINE-UP
a t t l ~ E
SB~STH
UP
,Ilne 'up;Jlne8
t
h 'uptoh
e
,orto put sth, inthe
correct position in relation to sth else: Thei h m
holesshoukfallline up(loilh mchother),
Qv*adv r v+nlpmn+abv * v+adv+n
an event:an impmsiw lineup of perfi,rm o
Theline-up fir tonighi'sgame isstill not known,
2 a set of events, peop!e or thfngs:&urn1 new
dmmas are indud& in t k line-up of pro-
grammesfor nextyear
+seeUbLINE-UPat LINE UP
,Ilnger 'on1toremain for a longtime: mem-
ory of lhnt dny lingen on in the m i d of h a 1
m p l e . o Thesmell lingemdonforolnys&@r 2to
remain alive, but becoming graduauy weaker:
We should be fhanWuithat she didn't linger an.
Linger is used more fmquently w
l
t
h the
samemeanings.
@"+a&
,filnk 'up1(withsb) tojoin with sbi
nordertodo
sth together WeareWing 60link up with olher
chntitim w
r
k
z
n
ginthearm.2(withnth)tomake
a connection wrth sth: The two s m r @ will
linkup m orbit.
+v+adw
,!Ink sb/sth Up 00 a h ) to connect sWsth N
t
h
someoneorsomethingelse: The alarm Islinked
up lo the police stairon o The nem W w r k rn
hnk .
m up to sirnilor organimlwm emund the
m u n w
~ v + n l p m + a ~
r v*adv+n
F 'Ilnk-upnacommtlonbetween twosystemsor
machines: They did a liw srrreleP link-up with
theshow.
liquorylrka(r)/
belget ,liqrwred'up(A&, Wormal)to Mget
drunk: Wegot ltqwred uponSaturday night.
belget+ v +adv
llstenVltsn)
'listen for sbmth;,Ifsten 'out for s b t h to
h e n carefullytoseeif you canhearsblsth:She
Iqvawuke,lrslen~ngoutforthemmdof
thekg in
I
the Iadr o Walyoulislen outfir t h e p h w while
Ih in the bn#h?o Thechildren wereasked t
o!is-
tenoutfor a word hgeginninewith '3h:
E
3
lmund,door
gv+prep 4 v+sdv+prep
,listen 'in 1 (onlto sth) to llsten to sth or sb
secretly.Haw you bmn listening in on myphone
rnllv? o T
h
m wresure that ihe#lice werelislen-
-. -
ing intO theirmnuersntions.2(iosth)tolistento
a radio programme, etc: Lbten in on Fridnyfor
our mkrvicw with GwrgeMicha?L
gv+adv
,listen'odfot slNsth=LTSTENFOR SB~STH,LIB-
TEN OUT FOR BBlSTH
,Ilsten'up(spoken,aspeciallyM u& totellsb
topay attention towhat youare goingtosay:Lk-
ten u~ everyom- thisisimrnrfant?
rivepN{
'liveby sthto follow aparticular belief or set O f
principles:Sompmpk live by Iherule 'anythw
for the suke of pmce: o Women working in a
mn's mrldhuwto Irwbmen'smles.
E E prIncfpIm,8tandaMs
ev +Prep
by p u r ' W I ~
t o m m o n e y or survive
by clever and sometimes dishonest means:H
e
hud no money and was living by hm w
i
t
sand 4v
seainqafewpaintlngs.
'Ilwr by sth; 'llve by dolng sth to earn the
money that youn
& by usingordoiwgaparticu-
lar thing: people who lrve by the lavld (= for
example, farmers) o She lived by givrng prfvate
Iessoms.
e v + m
,
I
ksth 'dawnto make people forget 8th very
embarrassing or bad that you have done in the
past:Ecan'l Wiewlfellin theriwr-I'll M U W ~
ahle to Ilve if down.
Livesth downisnotused inthepassive.
~ v + n I p m n + a & v+adv+n
'I& for sbhth to consider shtsth as the mah
purpose of o
r the most important person or
thing m your life:Shelivesfor het m
r
k
.4 W h t
haw Igot tolivefwnot~'?
Q v+ prep
, l h to h at the place where you work
study:T
w hawananny living in.o(BraMost
s t ~ l i v e i n d r r r i ~ t h i r f i r s t y w r , :
rnliveout
g v+ adv
b 'lhre-in udf [only Mm noun] 1 (of an
employ~)livinp
inthehousewheretheywork:U
live-in.hlrsekeeperlpositwn 2 (of a b w f e n d ,
girlfriend,etc.)Iivhg in the gamehouseastheir
sexualpartner:a liue-in lowltmyfriend
Itlw off slusth (mn
disapprwicg) to Bet the
maney or the things you need h m sblsth: You
mn'l rive off your mrentsforever! 4 He had lo
livefl hissavings.
+V+WP
'llve off sth to eat one type of food very
quently or all the time: When I urns a s W n t I
liuedfl braadandchm&.
+see a h LIVE ON STB 2
ev +prep
IEWlke the "and to eat food that you can
grow,k ~ l l
orfindyourself Theormym f o d to
Iiueofl !heland. oIt's afarmingamand most of
lhepeopkstillliwofl thebnd. llvooflthe fat of
the 'land (disoppmuing)to have enough money
to be able to buy expensivefood, drmk, clothes,
etc:It urnsa trme when landlordsand merdrants
Iiwd offthefatof the land.
.- . .
,Hve 'onto mntinue to live or exist: He may be
dmd but hismusk livcspon.
g v + a d r
' I h on 8th 1 to have a particularamount of
money w ~ t h
which to buy everythingyou need:
Howd#youmanogeboI~wonasluden#gmrrt?o
Theydon't eurn emugh loliue on. 2 to eat apar-
ticular type of food very frequently or & the
tlme:S
h
em living onfruit and m
u
r vqeWb[Ps.
0 birdsthQtliveon ln$eC&+S&?Ut!SO LIVE OFF STH
*v +prep
Jive'out(BrE)to liveawayfrom theplacewhere
you work or study:I Iiwd out durfngmy lfml
yeuratmllege.
I F 5 !lye In
Qv+adv
,Ilw 'outsth;,IIm lMnem 'outIt a d o h real-
ity sththat you thinkabout,believefn,dreamof.
etc: On holiday in TausI U w d out my childhood
fan2asyqf beingamwbojl EEifmn~ry,dmarn2
tospendyour lifeor therestof yourlife 1
na par-
ticular way. She lived out the rest of her I$e in
poverw o Maybe Illliusoulmydaysln i & m
of the nwunkmm.E
S
J Ib,d a p
A noun must alwaysfollow out. but a p m
noun comesbetweenthe verbandout.
Q v + a d v + n r v+pmn+a&
,live Yhmugh sthto e r i e n c e sthdifAcultor
unpleasant and survive:He lived thmugh both
wkl wrs.o If3something I newt want to llve
throughagaln.
*V+PWP
'livetogether (also'ltw vfth sb) 1tolive inthe
same house, flatlaprhent, etc: There are six
stu3mt.s Iiuing togetherin the h o w . o I'm living
in aflat with Meg.2 to sharea homeand havea
sexualrelationship,but withoutbeing a r i d
Qv+adv r u+prep

94. , I h It 'up(informal)tohavea very excitingand
enjoyabletime,usuallyspendingalot of money:
I've hwrdthat Tom'slivingit upinLA,
+v+it+adv
,llw'upto~htobehaveaswellasorbeasgood
or sucoessfhl asm p l eexpect:TheholelJaiZedio
Ilue uptoexpctatwm.oMrM
e
a
n I i v d up ~n
his
ll~meandd~edarni1~ionab-e~
o I'vegotalot toltve
UPto.
EGl apactatlons, name,repuhtlon
@ v + adv+prep
'Ilvewlth sb =LIVE TOGETHBR
'Ifvewlth sth:'llvewHh purseftoaccept an
unpleasant situationand contlnuewithyour lire
and work. You might not like the situation, but
you'll haw roh r n toItw with it.o She wouldn't
be abletolivewith herseif Fshe hurt hrm.
*'+POP
liven/lam/
,
l
i
m'up;, l h n sb/sth 'up to bwome or to
makesblsthmore lively, interestingor exciting:
She U u e d w when Alon asked her lodam.o
Put $om
musicont
oliventhints up. oAfew pic-
turnmuM livenupt h e m .
brlphtenup:Mghten ~ t h
up
Qv+adv v*nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
,roan sthnb 'OM(to *b) to lend s W b to sb,
sometimes in returnfor money:Severalplqwm
haveh n h n e d out iootherlearn. o Sometim
weloanouttheseb m .
+v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
,lock sb a'way1=LOCK STH UP 12 =WCK SB
LlPlAWAY He W ~ ~ ~ O W I I Y
forthe W o f h i slre.
Jock 8th a'way =LOCK STH UP She locM the
rnoneyawny rna c t r p r n .
,lock yoursan e'way = LOCK mn U P 1to shut
yourself in a place away h t n other people so
that you are not disturbed: He la%& him.wIf
away(inhism m )untilh'djinished hb work.
BB) shut yoursstf away (from sb/&)
3S e e a hLOCK SR UP/AIrAY
&v+pmn+adv
,lock sb!sth 'In;,lock ywlaelf 'in to put
sblsthlyourseK in a roomor buildmg and lock
thedoor:Theprimm are h k e d inewry night.
o H e m h e d b hisM~yx)rnand
locked him!f in.
ev*nipron+adv + v+adv+n
F 'leek4nn (BrE)an occasion when customers
are locked into abaror pub afterit has closed so
that theycanwntinuedrinkingprivately
...
.
.
.,.
..
-,- - - -- --,
unpleasant situation,especiallyanargumentor
,load
sbtsth 'down a legal dispute, that seems unllkely to end won:
many thlnw to carry: lom'&down with Thewren&arel
o
c
l
o
c
k
e
dina bitrer legal httkouer
books. 2 to g~ve
sblsth too much or too t h f v t u s e ~
thetwins.
many responsibillt~es:
We've k m Ioaded down A, h
,
+
,
+
,
,
,
with mrk m t l j
T - - r -F
-Laad sb,sth d
m is usualtyused inthe ,lock'Inon 8th =LOCK orno STH
passive. be ,locked 'intosth(aIsobeeomelget,
I
-
6 v+nl~mn+sdv
* v+adv+n 'Into sth) to be in a particular situation, or
,load 'up(wlth sm),,load sth 'up(with 6th) to behave in a particular way, that you cannot
put alot of things &on sth,especiallyavehicle: change:The islocked a
Bring tlpemr to the doorand m'llhelpyou load y-dEfy.l"".*Older horsescan@ lcvked into
up. o I b m k i up thecan witha12mypospessions, uwu'"
o We've w e d up ail fb
furnitwe and arejust *be '+ prep
h u t readvmao. Joek 'ontost41(also,luck'Inon sth)if aweapon
h a d load Bth are used more & that issent throughtheair locksontosththat it
qucntlywiththismeaning. isaimedat, it fmds It and followsit:The mrssile
&v+adv v+adv+n r v*nlpmn+sdv can J
m
k ontuatargmfmm akilonwtrea~.
EEitarget
loafl l e ~ m E l o # f ! Luck oata ath canbe used inthe paasive:
Themlsstlewas LwMonm thetarget
,loaf a'round:,loaf a'roundsth(BrEalso, I d
6 + p
,
p + +prep
a'bout,,loaf a'boutrth)(&formal)tospendyour
time
ina lazy way.doingvery lit++: k f d ~
Wng'Imk sblsth 'out (ah;o,roeksb'.th 'outorrthj
.nut with nothing Cn do a Shejvst loafs omund
: ~ p " ~ ~ ~ . g ~ ~ ~ i ~ m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w ~ ~ ~ ~
thesfmetsailda*
Q v + & + v+prep
hnd k k e d me out. 2 to prevent workers fmm
entering their place of work until they agree to
the conditionsgivenby the empluyer: Theman-
agement will lock oul anyom who -tasign
the new mntmct.
~v+nlpron+arhr* v+adv+n
1alsov* nlpmn+sdv* prep
F 'lackout n a situation when an employer
refusesto let workers entertheir place of work
until they agree to particular conditions: The
strikemfoceda Lxkout.
,lock yourself 'out;,lock youmaif 'out of
sth to acc~dentally
leave your keys inside a ar,
building, etc. when you go out, so that you are
unable to get inside again I'w mcmaggaf lo lock
myseif outof my roomthreetuna!
Qv+pmn+adv + v+pmn+adv+prep
,lock'up;,lmk sth 'upto makea building safe
by lockfng the doors and windows: Make sure
you lock upuporeyoukaw. o SheloFkedthmhop
upand wenl home.
Qv+adv t v+n/pron+adv + v+adv+n
b 'rock-upnasmallshopthattheowner dwsnot
live in;a place that the ownerdoes not need and
rents to sb else,for example to k e q a car in:a
I&-up gurugelshop
seeahLOCH-UP at LOCK38 UP~AWAY
,lock sb 'upta'wey(fformol) toputsb inprison
or ina guarded hospital:&up& Iike that should
L
x hked uplo They should lock her ly, and
thmw awaythew"
Qv +nlpron+ adv v+ adv+n
b 'lockup n a small prison where primers are
kept forashort time
+M?
a hLOCK-UPat LOCK UP,LOCK STH UP
Jmck sth 'up1(also,lock st+ a'wnyy)to put sth
valuable in a W e place and lock ~ t :
Lock yaw
ualrrablesupinihesafe.
22tngth)toinvestmoney
In 8th and not be able to turn it into cash to
spend:Huge sumso
f m
?
u
y
are h%ed UP inm
sionfunds. E
!
L
i eapltal, money EG)tle 8th up
EtZf.3 I
n this meaning Iwk 6th u p is nearly
always used inthepassive.
ev+nlpmn+adv * v+adv+n
logIIW;~ m ~ 1 3 : g ,
l a w (-1
,fog'Ln'on;,log'Fddonto sth(computing)to
perform the actions that allow you to begin
usinga computersystem:Igot anrnm m p
when I tried lo log rnton.o Thep m d aliows
the u.w t
oIog intothesystem.
EEI system, m r k , eomputermPP) lw eflt
out:logofflDvt of 8th
=Log: intolonto sth can be used in the pat-
tern:Iwas logged onlotheInternet.
&v+adu + v+prep
,109 'offr'out+
,log 'offroulof sth(computing)
to perform the actlons that a
l
l
o
w you lo fin~sh
using a computer system: ??ylogging off and
loggingonagain.
ryrtem, wmputa* EEB log Infon; log
Intotonto8t?1
Log orObut of ath mnbe used inthe pat-
tern. Wartunfilrrllthelrsersareloggedoff:
+v+actv + v+prep
,loll a'round;,loll a'round sth (BrEalso ,loll
a'boul, Joll a'bout 8th)to sit, lie or stand h a
relaxed way,doing very little:Themwereseuerul
kids lolIt&qaroundours~e
thecluh oJim should
get ajob ~ m l d
of Eolizng around the h o w all
day.
+v+adv + v+prep
'long for sblsth; 'Ion@
for sb to do sth to
want sblsthvery much:to longfbra babyo Iwas
lonfingfora chatand agood l
a
&
, o Shsfound
herself longingfir h
h
e
r ukffors
tohue.
@ v+ prep 4 v + prep+nlpron+to lrif
F *longd+r ndj [onlybefore noun]that sbhas
k n wantingor hoping for very much:a E
o
n
g
d
-
for child
-about
- a m
-aRer
I76 -ahead
-around
-at
-w
-back
-d0WR
-dovmon
-for
in -fwwardto
-in
-Into
-on
-out
-urn
-oulonlwer
-wwr
-murd
178 -through
-10
'
UP
-upm
-upon
Jook a'bout;,look a'bwt sth:,look a'bout
yDU (BrE) = LOOK AROUND, LOOK AROUND STH,
LOOK AROUND YOU
, b k a'ertwsfwer(auto sb/sth) tolwk quickly
acmsa rwm:I Iwked m s s to wherethey were
siittw. o Sheknewfwasthere, butahedidn'tlook
overatme.
&v+adv
,look 'after sblsthryoumeff(mmhlluB m1
to make sure that sWsth is safe; .take care oE
sbkth:His pwmhareh k i n g @&r
theFhildrPn
fir the rueekend o She dwsn'i h k af!er her
clothes. o-hie will h k &r the vlsitim. o
T
h
e
y
'
r
eold enough to look @er themseiuesnow
(= they don't need any help).o Wouldyou mind
Iooklngafermy bugfor a rninule?~
&you m n
-h k qfteryourself (=when saying goodbyeto
sb). Take care af sb is used in American
and Britlsh English wlth the samemeanmg:My
mother isgoing to look flerllake coreof theXi&

95. m loak mud
--" ~,............+....-
~ ~ ".....,.......,,..
while w k amg In mom formal language you
can alsouse careforsb:Hisjob involves mring
for theewrly +seealso BRING SB U P 12tomake
sure that thlngs happen to sb'sadvantage:He's
goodatlooking after his ownintemsfs.
Look after sblsth can be usml In the pas-
sive.He& tobtpmperlyhkdaftm
0 V + P ~ ~ P
,look 'afterfh (&&) to deal w
i
t
h sth; to be
responsiblefor s t k TheiraccounlantIooRs &r
IheflRUtIcidsideof things.
E3attend to8th (moreformcrD
Lmk after sth can be usedinthe mssive:
Everyihing's being h k e d O
&
K * Take care af
s$h is used in American and British English
wlth thesamemeaning.
Q v+ prep
,looka%head(to
sth)tothiinkaboutwhat tsgohg
to happen m the future: T
h
e learn is hking
ahwd f
u llPXl m n . o h k i n g ahead to t h
weekend.theweather~illslaypne~
Qv+adv
,look a'round (BrE also ,M
'mund) d (at
sblsth)to turn your head in order to see s
W
s
t
h
behind you: T
h
e w p l e in fmnt kept hoking
mundnt u
s
.o He lookedround to= I w m still
there. 2 (for sblsth) to examme various choices
or possibilities:W e klooking aroundfor a new
m
+v+adw
,look a'round; ,look a'round s
t
h ( B E a h
,look
W n d , ,look'mundath)tovisitaplacema
building as a tourist: Take your i i m hking
around.o Tfnq'uegone to Iwii round Ihe colh-
edml. oIsmnt thedny Lmking around thetown.
+v+adv v+prep
,look a'mund; ,look a'round 8th; ,look
a'mund you IBrE also ,look a'boutrmund,
,lookaWboutl'muntlsth,,look a'boutl'mutwJyou)
to turn your head I
ndifferentdirectionsso that
you canseesthor seewhat isthem:Shecum into
the room, look.& around, then went out.o H e
hooked round the classmorn angrilj o l Iwked
abut meal theotherpwwngem.
+v+acb v+prep
'look at s m h 1 to turn your eyes towards
sblsth so that you can see themlit:Don't look at
me like thotlo What ore you Wking as? 2 to
examinesthlsb cIosely:I'd likethedoctor so look
at him. o Can you Iook at this watch for m?I
think it meht be broken. W In this meaning,
look at sWsth can be used In the passive:I took
themlo t h e m toget it lookedat. 3 { m l l y
lrsed i
n neguliwe sentem or guestiom)to wn-
sider or be prepared to accept sblsth: Thgr
wukfn'tewn look at someonewantingplH-tim
work. 4 used to draw s
b
'
s attention to sblsth.
oftenasanexamplethatyouwant themtofollow
or not follow:I wuldn't Dke d a d vfrom her -
just look at Ihenressshe'smd~of
her own life!o
He Lr@ school withoutany quul#atbns, but look
at Rim now! (= he i
s very s
u
c
c
e
s
s
f
U now)4
Money doesn't always bring hnppiness -just
Iook atIan(=he isrichbutnothappy).
QV + P ~ ~ P
'look at sth 1to read sth,usuallyquickly,with-
out seadingall the details:She sat in the waiting
m m ,looking ofamagazine, In thismean-
inglook at 8thcanbeusedi
nthe passive:Don't
hand theform in until it's been h k e d at by a
teacher 2 to think about or study 5th:Haw you
h k d o
f the possibility of adopdng a child?+
Thefilmlooh at the eventsleadil: up lo the w m
In thismeaning,lookat 6th can'be usedI
n
thc passrve:Four msslble mules wem hoked at
for thenewroad.3loconsidersth inaparticular
way:VyouIookafitlikethat it'samthzngwc
dtdn't go. 4 (InJormnfi(always used in the p m
gressiw lames)to have to consider or deal with
6th;tobefacedwith5th:You'reIwkingaEDX7fu
ger the mraed. o he'sfound guilty he's imk-
rnguiask-yeorprison mlence.
eu+prep
,rooka'ww(fmm OW$th) tolooktnt
h
eopposite
dmtion; ta turn your eyes away h m sblsth:
She h k d at him i h looked away oHe mum-
bled areplyand lookedawayfmm me.
+r+a&v
,look 'back(at/onnosth)tothink about sththat
hashappenedinyourpast:hoking hck,I'm not
surprised she l
& oHe looked back on histime in
Enghnd withua
r
mof wsiabgia.
Qv+a&
nevahot look 'back (irtfoml)to become
more and more sucoessful:He smtdPd luork ona
market srai!in 1970andhe'snever looked bzck
,Iaok 'downtoturn your eye3 downwardsto the
flwr, especially because yuu are embarrassed,
s h ~
etc:TheUttkboyblushedand look&down. o
She h k c d downat her h
a
&
Qv+adv
,look 'downonsblsthtomnsiders
b
l
s
t
hasless
good or Important than yourself She tends to
look downonpeoplewhohaven't beera locollege.o
They [wkeddown anourl
i
t
t
l
ehouse.
Emltook down on sblsth can be used in the
passive: He wasIwkd downona1school.
+v+adv +prep
'look F
o
r sbfsth to search for sWsth,either
because you have lost themlit, or because you
nPPd themlit:Sw'sbeen hkingforyou. o a nI
help you?' 'YB,I'm lmkingfor rhfsshrrt inblw.'
(= inashoplstore)
Seeksblsthisonlyusedw
i
t
hthismeaning
in very formal languageor innewspapers.
~ V + P ~ P
'Imk for sth 1tohope forsthor expxt sth: The
mminers will & loOkfngfbrgoodgmmmrand
spelhng.o Thiscould bejust theopmrlunity he's
been Ewkfngfoc2tosearchforsth;to.trytoh d
sth: T
h
e
y wre lookingforan mlutionOthe
problem, W 5 e e k 8th is only used with this
meaning in very formd language, or in news-
papers.
Q v + m
b k fw ' W b k to behave i
n a way that is
ltkely to causean argument,a fight,etc:Areyou
lwkrngfortrouble?
b un'looked-for c
d
j not expected:
unlookedfors m s s
b k 'fornard to sth: ,look 'fo-d to
dolng 5th tofeel excited aboutsth that 1
sgoing
to happenbecauseyou expect toenjoy It:Areyou
looking f o m r d to your Pip?o Im not looking
forward lo going 50 the dentist. o We're Iooking
forward to the c o m t ? oI lookforwrd to hwr-
,look '&used to tell sb tobe m w f ~ l ,
@ally
when there is somedanger:Look out! There'sa
mr cornIW.o You'regoing to burn that f
d
don'tlook out.
EZB watch out
e v + a d v
,look sth '& (for rb/$t+t)
(Brmto search for
something Wm among your possessions: I'll
ltmkoutthat bookforyou.
Looksth oatcannotbeusedhthepassive.
Qv+adu+n * v+nlpmn+adv
,look 'od far stuyourself to take care of
shrywrself and think about their/youp own
interests:Once he was l
n London he A d lo look
outfor hirneeyoEmily's bmthrs alwuyslooked
outfor her
@v+adv+prep
ingfmmwu(= at theend of a letter). ,look 'out for sbRlth1 to t
r
y to h d sWsth or
to sth ran be inthe rneetsbImIwking!outforPe&batl1didn"l
passive: Themsident's uisgt iswgmb[mkdfor- hrm, Look outfor thisfilmoryourIomlanema,
word to. Rememberthat to is a prewsition in totry to avoidsth bad happeningor doingsth
thisphrasal verband mustbefollow& by anoun bad:Laok outforplckmkerS,
or the -ingformof averb. IF3 watch outfor sblsM
gv+adv*prep +v+adv+prep
gook 'In(onsb)tomake a shortvisit toaplace:I -lwk0ut n 1 anlacewheresb watchesfmmto
asked&& f
a h k inonhergrandmothwonher
way home.o T
h
e doctor will Lmk in again this
evening.
Qv+adv
,look'Intoathto examhesthorconsiderlt care-
fully:Thewmrnirtw .
& looking into the matter o
The mnnager is looking inlo your complaint.o
We're lookrng into the possibillv of moving lo
France.
Look into 8th canbe usedIn thepassive:
Thrssii~urtionshoukl
belooked hie.
++v+prev
,took 'onq towatchaneventora
nincidentw
i
t
h
-
out takingpart in ityourself:Paople h k e d on In
aktrm a
s the mr &an to mll down the hill. o
PMsers-$y just looked on as he was attacked.2
(wlthsb)(AmE) toshareabwk,etc,withanother
person ina group: Themaren'temwh booksso
you71huw loIwkon wrthyourneighbor
Q v + A
F 'mlookern apmon whowatchessthwithout
kmrnbng involved in it:A m w d of onlookm
formedoround thefight.
'lookon sbsth(ah'lookuponN
I
t
hmorefir-
mat)[+ advlpnp] to considersWslhinaparticu-
lar way: I h k onyou asmyfriend. o Sheh k e d
upon theassignmentasachallenge. oIIookedon
Ifleinadi.@renlw a y m r fhni. o Shewasalws
lookdon with distrust.
Look onhpon s k t h can be used in the
passwe: Thejobwaslookeduponaaglnmomus.
+V+WP
see ifthere is danger:aIwkoulposUtower 2
a person who watches for danger: The burglars
postedu lookoutouts& thehouse.
,look'outonlover sth(of aroom,etc.)tohavea
v~ew
of sth:Ourroomhkedoutwerthesguare.
Qv+adv+prep
,look 'ovw (atr(o sM)
= toor n c ~ o s s t o v ~ ~
AT^ SBtSTH)
,look 'over sth 1t
omake a tour of a plaoe:We
u w r e ~ v r ~ f o
Lmkowrthenew chsmwms. 2 to
read sth quickly: I need 60 I w R over my now
wore the lest. o Your tutor will h k over your
work withyou.
Qv + prep
,look sb/sth 'overto lnspeaor examhe sblsth
tosee how good, big, etc it ia:He b k e d #wpaiM-
ingonerca&ully. o ollike thedoclorto h k him
over o We'llget a mechanic to h k the mr over
beforelw buy it.
FE)check sUsth mccexarnlnn sbMh
=When look sbhth over is used w
i
t
h the
pronouns d and them referringto things, t
h
e
s
e
pronouns mn a h come after aver: We'd ffkea
mechaniclolook owrI!for us.
Qv+nlpmn+adv v+adv*n
,look'round(Br0=W O K AROUND
,look 'round:,look ' m n d d h (BrB = LOOK
AROUND, LOOK AROUND STU
,look 'round;,look 'round sth:,
l
& 'round
WU (Br,%)= LOOK AROUND, LOOK AROUND STH,
1,OOR AROUND YOU

96. lookthrough 178
IIX........................................... IXI...................*,,
,.....................*,,............
-
.
.....*
1
1 .....-....-
,lookthrough sbtolookatsbandnotshowthat
you have seen or recognized them:I smilerd at
him,buthejust lmke$might thivughme.
Qv + prep
,look 'through sth 1to read sth quickly: She
look& through her nuts Mra the a m .2 to
read sth quickly: I W
e
d through the papr
while I was luaite. 3to examine a collectionof
things or what rsinside sth: What amyou doing
h k r w through my bog?
ev+prep
' b k to sbl~thVor
sthttodosth)torely onsWsth
or expect sbtoprovide sthordosth:Theyb k d
to usfor help. o We must lwk to other means to
genem&thefun& weneed.oMmystudentsmn't
h k totherr~rentsforfina11~inIs~pon.
turnto sb
eV+WP
'look to sth (espmialbl y E ) f to think about
somethingthat wlll happen in thehture.W
eam
baking to the future with caWrrce. the
future2Ilorml) to make surethat sth issafeor
in goodcondition; tothink abouthowto mprove
sth: YoushouMhkropwownhhauiourhfore
crtticiringothers.
+v + prep
,look 'up 1 (from sth) to raise your eyes: She
Iookd upfmmIaerhmk andsmiIed.2(Srdbrmab
(usuallyUS@d in iheprogressluetenses)(of abusi-
ness, a situation etc.) to become better, to
improve:Thingsstarted io h k upfor me o
mI
gotajoh o B1~51ms
is b k i n g upal t
i
&
.
Qv+adv
Jmksb 'up(ir6fwmclT)
tovisit orcontactsbwhen
you are in the place where they live, m i a l l y
when you have not seen them for a long time:
Lmkmeuprmttimeyou%inLondon
DBElLwksbupcannotbeused in thepassive.
+v +nlpron+ adv v+ adv+ n(IessJtequem)
look slr ,up and 'downtu lwk at sb suspi-
clously or inacarefulorcritical way
,Iwk sth 'upto searchfor a w
o
r
dor someinfor-
mation inadictionary or another book:I h k d
the wrd up in f h e d i c l w m o Hang on, IPjusi
look tcpher telephone numkr
ev+nlpmn*adv v+adv+n
Joak 'up t
o sb to admire or respect sb: SIX
a l w slooked uptoher olders&lm:
W h k up to ab can be used In the passive:
She rvaslwked uptoby theastof herfamily.
@v+adu+prep
'look upon sbisth=LOOR on SWSTH
J-rn a'head if sth dangerous, difficult or
unpleasant looms ahead, it is likelyto happen
soon:Furiherproblemara kwmttwohead.
,loom 'up to appearas a large shape that is not
clear. often in a way that seemshighteningor
threatening: A dark stiupe Iwnaed up out o
f the
f
o
g
.
Loom up is u s M y followedby an adverb
ora phrasebeginningw
f
t
haprep0sItion:Aman
hmed up out of the darkness. + Loom 1s also
used with this rneanmg.
Qv+adv
,loosen 'up (idormar)to h o m e more relaxed
andcomfortab1e:Hehganlolm~allde~
theawning.
Qv+adv
,loossn 'up;, W n sbhth 'upto relaxyour
musclesorpartsol thebdy,ormakethemrelax,
before taking exercise,etc. I sworn a short dls-
tunw t
o lwsera up.oA massage will help loosen
you up o These a&s luiB loosen rap your
shauldm.
Qv+adv r v*ntpmn+adv + v+adv+n
,lop &
I 'off;,lop 8th 'OH
sth t to remove sth
fromsth,especially branches fromatree,by cut-
t~ng
it: Seueml bmnches hnd ken loppedM (the
tree).o Thvl o p ~ z o p
off theprice o
f each unit.
Bchopamoff,chop am off ~th;
cutsmOW,
cut sfh off sth 2 to make6thsmallerorless:The
new mil link has l o p H an hour ofl thejournej
lE3) knock sth off, knock rth eff slh
&v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n v+nlpron+prep
lordoaf AmElsxdl
'lordit owrsbtobehaveinasuperiorway to sb:
She likestolord itover thejunbr stclO:
&v+if+prep
loseIIUZI(lest,
lortd ~ ~ t ; ~ m b s t / )
'losey w m H In s
t
htobecomesointerest4in
sth that you are not aware of anything else: I
swn lost mYW[f in thet!w&mmtof theplay.
@v+ pron+ prep
Jose'out(onsth)(lnforml)
t ~ b u n s u c o e ~
In
getting 8th that you w
a
n
t or think you should
have: Some yourtg&~s are tnking &ty Jobs and
losing out onxhooling, o thtngsgom n B ,Yrn
the one who'll lose out. o Whilethe stoms make
brgprofits, it'sthecustamerswholwoul.
Qv+adv
,loss 'out to s
s
b
r
n
s
t
h (InJimul) to not get the
business you expectedor hoped ta get,because
sbelsehasgotit:SnnaElsOm!JorabSi?Ig~~ttOIhe
big supermar*ets.
@v+adv +prep
,lounge a'boutra'round ,lounge a'hut,
a'round sth to spend your time in a relaxed
way doing very little: She ulas alwys loungrng
about while !he resl I
$ us were workinglo They
wereloungingaround the hotelpool.
laze around, faze aroumlsth; Ile mboutr
around,Ile akutramundsth
+v+a& *v+prep
lumpWPI
Jump A and B to'gether,'lump A wlth B;
'lump A In wlth B (inlorma0 to put or con-
sirler twoor more people ar things together m
the same group:A large n m h w of p h t s are
lumped togetherunderthenameof 'herbs:o You
can't lump theelderly and the di.wb[sd togethero
Youcan't lumptheelderlywith thedmbltd.
W Lump sblsth together is often usedinthe
passive.
Touse~ U S I @v+dprwl+adv + v+a&+n *
v+nlpron+pmp v+n!pmn+adv+pv
.louse dh "0 (sInng)to spoil or nth sth:He
, -
loused up m y j r o m o t i o n ~ h n ~
)
I
I
H
) mesa ath upIBrE)
@ v+adv+n v+nlpron+adr
Juck 'Into sth ( A M , Iqkormal) to get sth you
wantby chance:I lucked intowmfm llckets.
QV+PW
,luck 'OM(AmE,
ii@rmoO to be very lucky: We
lucked out in a b.Q m p o We swlb lucked out
withtheh e t h
Q v+adv
lugPOI(-8s)
,lug sth a'round(BrEatso ,lugsth a
'
- ,lug
sth 'mund)(with you)(iqfnrmf) tocarryor pull
sth large, awkward or heavy from one place to
another, or everywhere you go: Can I h u e my
bng somwh@re?li'suery hmvyto lug omund.
E
E
3
)any stharound(
a
you)(moreforman,
cart sth arwnd (withyou)
+v+nlpmn+ah v+adv+n
lullm
n
l
,
,lull sb 'Into 8th;
,lull sb 'Into dolng sth m
makesbfeel.confidentandrelaxed,especially so
that they donot expect it when 5thbad happens:
Don't let slllressin the lest lullyou into thinking
you donot need tomork hard. o His calmmanner
lulled me intoafatsesemofswfirity (= made
mefeelsafewith him when Iwas not).
+v + Wpmn+prep
lumberrlunwr)~
b
e
g
e
t'lumberedwithrbbth(BYE,i r d o r ~ D
to give sfi aresponsibility ora problem that they
do not want and cannot get rid of: I'm sorrjr
you've h
a
e
n lumbered with drrulng me hame.0
Themule wus about sb who w s a murder and
themgetslumberedwith t?!e &mi mn'schild.
@belSet+~+PWP
'lustaftersb@ftendisspprouSng)to feelastrong
sexual desireforsb
Lust aftersbrnbeusedinthepassive.
@ ~ l w+prep
'lust aftartfor 5th tohaveastrongdesiretopos-
sess or have sth: She was lusting afWKor
revenge.
-Lust aftertfor sth can be used i
n the
lu'xurlateIn sth (formnntotakegreatpleasure
in6ththat ISverypleasantand relaxingIlwruri-
a M in a low,hot h t h .
+v + prep

97. ,magic sblstb a'wayfup(BrE)touse @to
make sbtsthdhappearor appear;tomakesblsth
disappear or appear soquickly or suddenly that
it seemsas if you have used magic:I wish my
problem muld be just magickcd awy.Q Sumh
mnwked up a wotide@uI mwl in a wry s
h
o
e
time.
6v+adv+n. v+nlprm+adv
mall/mew
,mailsth'off(toab)to sendsthtosbbypostmail:
I m a i k d o ~
anapplimtionthemat@
letter, package EB pst 8th dli (Brm,
send sth o
f
((tosb)
Youcanalsousemailaletter,etc, butthis
oftenrefers to the action of putting the letter i
n
themailbox: Howmuchdoesitmst smut[ab m
inItuiy?
Qv+ntpmn+adu +v+a&+n
,ma11 5th b
o
u
t to send sth to a lot of different
people or places at the m e time: t k t ~ ~ b g z x s
will be mailedout m a t w k .
msandsthwt
Mail sthcanalsobeusedwithtRtsmeaning.
Q v+nlpron+adv 4 v+adu+n
'major In 8
t
h( A m to study 5th as your main
subjectat auniversityorcollege; toget adegree
in that subject:Hemajomd inchemistry
Q ~ + P ~ P
-aw&ywrth 181 -0var
-fm -
m
t
o
-I& -lW,-ardS
-01 *UP
-oft -upb r
-out 182 -upto
,make a'way with 8th (b@ormaOto steal slh
and take it away with you: Thkm made a w
withacornpuler and lwoteIeviswm.
+ S @ ~ ~ ~ O M A K E
OFF (WITH STH)
@v+adv+prep
'make for sbisth t
o move i
nthe d M i m of
sblsth:Hejumpedupond~ ~ o r t h e d w r c
oShe
mndesfmightforme
EE)
headiorhwardr tth
+ V + P ~ ~ P
makef
o
r8th(miused int h e p m w m)
to help to make sth possible; to produce a par-
ticular result: The rumhour journey to work
makesjbra longday.o The [nrgeprint makesfor
easterrerrdina.
Q v + m
'makesb/sthIntasthto changesWsthinto8th:
They made theextmb e d m m intoQ bnthraom. o
You'mtrying t o m k therintommelhings& isn't,
o Theirslorytsk~ngmde
~ n w
amouie.
IBB rum sblsth Ento 8th
6v +dpmn+prep
'make8thof sbisthtohaveanimpressionoran
understandingof sblsth:Whatdidyou mrrkeof
thtplay?o P never knew quite what to make of
Nick. o The informlion rw have Is so m n f - ,
it'shnrd bomnke anyfhingo
J rt.
+v + nlpron+prep
,make'off(with sth) (lqformafi
tohurryor rush
away, especidy when sb I
s trying to @scam
or
hasstolensth. T h e y o u l h s ~ o f f
InasdoIenwr:
o Ruoboysmndeofl withour bags.
4 Seeak0 MAKE AWAY WlTW STH
$v+adu
,make 'out(t~~jimml)
4 usedto asksbhm they
have managedor survivedi
n a particularsitu.
ation: How ure yW making out In your new
b m ? o 'Didyou makeout all right in the inter-
view? 'Yes,
fifine.'Z (with sb) (AmE) to kiss sb:I
sawhermakingout mithB~IIy.
+v+adv
,make ' w t (that ...), ,mab sblstmurself
'outto be ...toclaimthat 5th is true thatmay
not h;
to try to make people believe sth: She
mnde out (that)she was turning a forturn. cr
Things amnl asbadashemakesout, o T h brc-
chummade thepkia out lo beaquiet resort. oH
e
makes hkimwU oui to be n big shot in the c
&
& o
Thehoded wm'tquite what u urllsmadeowftobe
(=itwasnot asgod asthe brochuresafditwas).
+v+adv v+nlpron+adv+to~ni
,make sb!sth 'out1tomanage to seesblsthor
read 9th: I could jwi make out Iheshupe o
f a
horn in the darkness, o CMI you make out his
Isondwriting?~
She auld just make out the
sound of ddistml U D ~
e I couldn't m k e out
what he wassaying.2(us& in negadiuss
e
n
-
orid questions)to understand sblsth; to see the
reasonswhy sth happens or why sb behaves i
n
the way thai they do: She muldn'i make out Ih@.
expressionon hisfaceas &$spoke.oI can'tmake
her our at all. o He mrrldnY make out what luas
going on. o Youneed lo opptyfor aprmit, asfar
us I ma make out. o How &you make that out
181
~ " " " " ' . " " " "
......"..................................""".."..""
( how did you mch that conclusion)?W
Mnke ~ W s t h
out cannot be wed m the passive
Inthrsmeaning.
e lv+adv+n + v+pron+adv v+n+adv(less
fmqWflt)
Zv+a&+n v+ntpmn+adv
p akesth 'outt
owrite outor completesformor
clwument: Hemade out a ckquefir£100 o Who
d~oil
I make the che~w
out t
o I= whose name
ahallIwriteon it)?oShnlllmahthe inwiwout
lo the cumpoq?o Wouldyou make out a listfor
meOFeveryOnewho'scuming?
FQlcheque,llst
In informal spoken languagemakesboat
uth canalsobe used: I'IEmakeyououta 1191.
@v+adv+n * v+n/pmn+adv
Fake s M h *over(itbfoml,especially Am6)
In change sb/sth to give themlit a new
nppearance; to change sth to give it a new use:
They dmlded bmake over the whok h o w when
they moved in.
@v+adv+n + v + n m + a d v
b ' r n a w r n the process of fmpruving the
nppearance o
f apersonoraplace:Shew
o
nacorn-
pCte m a k e o w ( = new clothes,hairstyle,etc.) ino
mmpetltwn.
F a k e sth 'orerto sb to legally give sth you
owntosbelse:HemMtehIsesla~ow~hiseIdest
mn. o The government has mu& a h i of its
Wweroverlo the regiom.o Thehoust?wusmde
i m r lothe charity threeywrsag~.
I
E
Eestate,money
@ v +nlpron+ adv +prep v+ a&+ n+prep
F a k e towards sblstht
ogo in the dlrsction of
nblsth:imwthemmaking WwordstReexi2.
+v+prev
ake 'up;,make sblsth 'up;,make your-
self 'up C&rmto put substanceson yourlsb's
rycs, lips and face ta make them or yourself
attractiveor toprepare for an appearance inthe
theatre, ontelevision, etc:ItFakesher on hour to
make up beforegoing onsmge. oShe- ages
mnking hemyup. o Thechildrenhad beenmade
rip to ~mkIikeclows.
1+v+adv 4 v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n
b .madr'upadj wearingm l o dsubstanmon
the face: o heauiiy &upfafe 6 She's QlLuoyS
mmfilly made-up.
+ S W ~ ~ M A D E - U P B ~ M A K E
8TH UP
c 'makeup h IU1substancesthat pwple put on
their eyes, lips and face t~ make t h d v e s
moreat!mctive, orthat actors,etc. use:toput on
your mk.+up oamake-upbug
+see oko MAKE-UP at MAKE sTn UP
m a k e 'up;,makeIt 'up(wlthsb)((BrE) toend a
clriaml orad~sputewithsb:Lm'skissandmaRe
up. o He$ mnde it upwith hismmnls.
Qu+adv 4 v+it+adv
make upfor
----.
,make sth 'up 1to Lmrent sth, often in order to
deceivesb: He wasmaking upsiorisfir thechil-
d m .o She made up on erccusefor being l o t o
Did you think I rwsmnlcIng rt all up?BEi story,
s x c w e ~ l t
k much more common to say
makeupa storythaninvent astOry.2 ,malt9'up
sth to form a particular part of sth:Rice makes
up a love pon oJ thew dret. o Womenm k e UP
55%of thestudentpopulation. BE)accountfor
sth; constitute 8th form0 9 ,make 'up sth,
,make Mhem 'up to put sth together from sev-
eral different th~ngs:
theculturesa d Mces that
make up the nationo Themume is made up of
five moduIes.E5mnstltute nth: lse wm
p r w d of sth VormoO A noun must always
followup,but apronouncomesbetween theverb
andUp.+W R ~
CQNSlST OF STHISB, CONSlST OF
DOING STH 4 to complete sth, especially a num-
ber or an amount: We need one more p h t r to
moke up a team. 5 to replace sth that has been
lost: We n.wd tomake up lost time, o He luas In#
lor work but he made the time up thefillowing
day. 6 to prepare sth; to make sth ready to use:
Thepharmclcrsl mnde up theprescription (= the
medicme).o Shemade upa h k e t of foodfor the
picnic. o The M ' s already mnde w.-In
informal spken language make sb up sth is
alsoused: Conyou make usupopocked lunch?
e v + a d v + n + v+nlpmn+adw
~ v + & + R
3v+adu+n + v+pm+arhr
makeup ywr 'mindZodecidesth:Ilikebotn
dresses -I m ' t make up my mind.o Have you
made upyuur mindswhere ta gofar your honey-
moon?a You'll newrpnlmdehim lostay -hB
mmd's mnde up (- he has definitely decided to
go). o Oomeon-it's makegour mind yptime!
b made-'up adj invented;nof trueor real: It uras
a:trwstov, note made-upone.
+seeah WADE-uratM A K E UP,MAKE SB~STH
UP,
MAKE YOURSELF UP
c'make-upn 1the dtfFemtthings,people,qual-
ities, etc that combine to form something:
Aggression ispart of our geneticmake-up. o The
wuntry has a complicaled ethnic makeup 2
( A m Aaschmltestthat you werenotpresentfor
and that you take later: Themake-upwwrll b
e on
Fridoy. oomake-up m
e
s
t
+See a hMAKE-UP at MAKE UP,MAKE SWSTA UP,
MAKE YOURSELF UP
,make 'upfor sth;,make'upfor doing sth
todoorprovidesthgomltohlance orreducethe
effectsof sth bad:I hught myself a new d m h
,
make upfor notgenznglhejoh o m twoyears
inprison Ws M W muking upfor lost time (=
doing the things he was not able to do whlle he
was m prison&
EE)compensate(forah) (mmfirml)
+v +adv + prep

99. Phrasalverbs
Sornetlrneswhen you meet a multi-wordverb, you can understandthe meaningif
you understandthe verb and particle individually. Forexample, one meaningof
put down is to placesomethingsomewhere: lock put the books dawn on the table.
But what does it mean in the following sentence?She'solwayr puttingpeopIedawn.
It does not mean that she places peoplesomewhere, but that she is alwap
criticizingthem. When you see a verb followed by a particle but you cannot
understandthe meaningin the context from the meaningof the verb and the
particle, you havefound an idiomatic phrasal verb.
If you find other combinationsof verh and particleswhich seem to havea different
meaningfrom the verb usedon itsown, this is likely to be a type of phrasalwrb too
Verbs whichare alwaysfollowed by the samepartide are anothertype. (For more
informationon the types of phrasalwfbs found in this dictionary, look at pagevi).
It is usefulto learnthese combinationsof verbs and particlesas a chunkof language.
It is also essentialto learnthe contextthe verb usually appearsin. Forexample, put
down inthe sense of crificize is usedwith a pemn or peopleas the object.
RecordingPhrasalVerbs
The firsi thirig you need to do is to
find ways of recordingthe phrasal
verbs you meet. It is a good idea to
havea separate section for them in
your vocabulary book.You should
record the verb, its meaningand
an example sentenceto helpyou
rememberthe context. Look at the
example in the box.
You could also record a translation
in your own languagebut you must
make sure the context ir the same.
-
to fall asleep. often when
you don't intend to
He usudlly drops off in
front of the ftlevjston
mess around '9$
I fork
exampk I
m u s e he was rnmsslng
a ring.
ground instl
mrtdnt fhir
e.9. pur H
S exdm5
The positionofabjects - . - . m . - u
, C - - .
r F- - . -
If the verb has an object, it is useful
to record the possible positionsof
the object. In this dictionaryyou
will find this information about mmpbs: She jrjed oltt h e new w i p e on
each verb after the definitions and her ~hrldrcn.
examples.You can record the 5hc tned 6new rtxipc out on
information as it is given in the her ~hildmn.
didionary, or by putting examples = .
in your notebook.
Or you could recordthe verb as: try sth out, t ~ y
out dh Rememberthat when the
object is a pronoun, it must come between the verb and the particle: She triedit out
on the children.
are typically used with particular nouns. It is a good ideato
rrcord these. This will heloyou with context and accuracy, e.g.
to play 1 hlem or th E
I to or^ our a so!urran tofill in a clucument or form
to to break off newtiations or f~
to to butt in on a conversoti~n
find out ~
I
J
, .
phase in d
make up a
down Q
J
B
. A . . ...
ou can use the common subjects or objeck given in the dictionaryto help you
do this.
OrganizingPhrasalVerbs
When you record the verbs there are wayz of organizingthem that may makethem
casrer 10 remember.
I ' U r w K
crowd
1: grow,
. I. .
a Organizingby pcirlicles
The particleswhich appear wlth I ~ I T U ,
967 rrrru. crrrnr rrlto,
phrasal verbs often havea general into
meaningof their own, which can into, turn ir I ~ O
helpyou to understand the meaning ng: ra11:mfo,pull into, amw rnro
of thewhole verb. Forexample. one
meaningof the particle owr is 'considering. thinking about or examinin6 and this
can helpyou to understandverbs like Eook over, talk over,go over,thinkover. read
owr.The particleup is the most common particle with phrasal verbs but it has
several meanings e.g. 'increasing', 'improving', 'preparing', 'completing and
finishing'. Therefore, you should try and recordverbs under all these separate
meanings. Look at the examples for the particle into above:
?to,make ir
I . .
b Organizing by meaning grwrp5
SomeTimes it can helpyou to
rememberverbs if you recordthem
, ,
,
,
, ,vu., fo qet cdrried dwdc to open up,
in meaning(or semantic) groups.
This is becausethese verbs often
appeartogether inthe same context,
h:
for example'feelings', "tvel', Trime'.
This means that when you need to
LTtmc: to
talkor wrj,te about a particular
situationyou will haveat1the verbs
you may needtogether. For example:
tofall ULF
with
to fdke 0
1
to fouth down; to st(
to get aw
fUlG3 ;in; ,
:
.to get on
'r " "
5rea~
into;
wn
c Urganizing b y o p p s h
I . - 7
. - - + - * - -7
1 turn uphm down swit~han/swit~hoff ps o~~t/come
round
' bmK up/get fogether go awdy/come bring forwani/ptrt

100. d Organizing by d imeaningsa d ptimmr b~
the samevwb
For example: make up
to mab uJ - to plrt on mdke-up Oiptidk, eye-4hadow.
invent sfi
h m e Fit
form or LOI
I . I ,
+
after an ar
:ng
I. .I .I
70 maw up your m~m. .- OMtae p m a nurn~er
oj posstotr~.
.._
e Ugonizing threewad &
You may want to record together the verbs that are followed by an adverb and a
prepes~tiora.For example:
to ~ u i
b
e
don to ~ o t ~ h
up on to 90 dlong wnh to stun4 in for
to fee/up fo to ~ o m e
in for fo get round to to look bdck on
to run out of to get on with to lookfomdrd to lo take am-from
NB However you organizey w r verbs, it is eswnt~al
that yw remd them in the same way,
that iswith their rneanmgand context.
LearningPhrasatVerbs
These are some ideas far self-study that may help p u to learn and remember
phrasal verbs,
i Try to rend in English, especially informnlwriting such as tabloid newspapers and
novels, and underline oll the phrasal verbs you find. Check their rneoning in your
dittionory and make a note io your vocabulary book as suggested above.
ii Learn the verbs in orgnnizedgroups (as suggested on p $22-25) miher thnn
randomly. Constantly look back through your vocabulary book -forniliarity ond
repstition help you to leorn more effectively.
iii Think of a particle and then tr)r and list the different'meonings' that the particle
has. When you have done this, see how mony verbs you can list under eoch
menning. You ton olso do this exercise with a friend. tf you can learn the
meonings of the particles, it will help you to understand new verbs you come
across. The Guide to Particles ot the bock of the dictionary will help you with this.
iv Look ot the verbs you have recorded in meaning groups. Try to leora nll the verbs,
then inyour head ar in writing, make up a story using os mony of the verbs as
possible. These 'ston'es' will help you to remember the context for the verbs.
try this with a friend. Tell each other stories ond corredeach other if necessary.
v Write down ten exomplesentences of phrasoF verbs hot you wont to learn,Then
on onother piece of paper write down a tmnslation in your own longunge.
Underlinethe verb in your language. One week later, take out your tronsloted
sentences. Look nt rhe underlined verb nnd try to remember what the pbrasol
verb equivalent is in English. This will help you to 'think' in phrasal verbs, rather
than using a more formal haanslotion from your language.
r a ~ l
verbs are often the usual way of expressing something in everyday language.
A r i n ~ l e
word which means the same is often more formal. Look at this description
of an excursion from a printed brochure:
F . ~ -- .- . . , +
? coach will
I mountain I
. b .,, ..
ImT~II~I
t our m'
dee
at 09.00. Leaving the city,
the passes to maththe temple at 10.:
. -
rll be exped
via the 'Lo:
. . .
it will a
m
1
$0.
A local
:.---
...:Is -.
gulde will conduct the tour ano WIII answer any questions that arise. Vis~rurs
W ~ I
riot
be admitted unless they are wearing suitable clothing, andw Ve
their shoes beforeentering the temple. The group will Muty
where lunch will be provided for those who have requested il
tad to F
m
_
l
!
;t Valley',
ow look at this letter,
hich Penny wrote to
her friend when she got
back from her holiday.
In this letter the words
that are underlined in
1
the brochure text
would be too formal.
'Usea form of one of
each of the phrasal
verbs i n the box t o fill
the gaps in her letter:
. "s > 7 n - - = . -
ask fo~ back
come to
go in lay on
let in sri UII
shm ake off
r come
up get.
wcar long-slud top and long h-ouacm or fief wouldn' f
h p v e u s . Ofmw,we h
d t
o
-
aboUt how w w w SUP+ to h
h
d
* 4nd abod ffic hisfmy
4the place. C
.7hcpIe i t ~ ( f
~5 absoIutely.bmihfatiq but
thdt lrtl~lP
ih fhing k ~ a e
wc
through whaf *ey dlfie h i hlley'. Lunh mrtl
Recordingphrasalverbs
Here are mme suggest~ons
for your own vocabulary records.
Oxford UnlnersityPrev

101. %me peopleare born to study, othersjust think ~ t k
a bore. Here'sa quizfor you to try
to flnd which categoryyou are in. First you'll need to completethe questions by
choosinga verb from the box on the left to makea phrasalverb (you may need to
changethe form of the verb). The first one has beendone for you. Then try the quiz,
For each qudion tick the Fetter that best appliesto you. The questions are written to
someonewho hasfinished school, so d you are still at school you wilt needto imagine
the questions are in the presenttense. You can checkthe completed questions on page
372 beforeyou start the quiz
,,, 1 At school
pick A did teachers always Xon you and you off
keep for no reason? -
tell B did kids who -
around in class annoy you? -
C did you wer get -
k c k for extra study? -
,,it 2 When you are given an essay to do, do you
get A -on with it straight away and finish if early? -
put B -off starting if until the last possible moment? -
C do some work on it immediately then i t aside
for a while? -
3 How do you go about writing the essay? 130you
jl A -
down some notes hen write ir and -
it in? -
L B do it in rough first, and then i t out neatly or
t' -
it up? -
write C -
it out corefully then w r i t and edit it? -
- .
beaver Do P u
gPt A work steadily and t h r o u g h your exams? -
5 B -
fhrwghyour w m s despite- all yeor? -
51 C justdoenough t o b y ? -
rattle 5 Wen you do an exam, do you
go A t h r o u g h it and -
it in wrly? -
check B o v e r each question curefully before-
on to
hand he next one? -
move C answer all the ques~ions
hen -through your
answers? -
.- '
6 If you're reading o newspaperarticle in English, do you
come reach kr your English dictionary
look A as soon as you -across a word you don" know? -
B only to -
up a wwd whose meaningyw can't guess? -
C only a h r you've -
through the orticlaonce w i h
o dictionary? -
@ OxfordUniversityPress
7 Which of these methods is the best if you want to spmk
good English?
A -
up for evening classes? -
B -
awoy your books and find someone to talk with
in English? -
C -
up on vocabulary every night? -
- 8 When you had to stay off school h e n you were younger,
A did you study while you were sick in order not to -
write behind? -
B were you just happy h have o u t of lessons? -
C did you b o w a friend's notes and -
them up? -
9 When you had homework did you
A do ir as well os you could? -
R -
it down as quickly as pssible? -
C -
a friend into letting you copy theirs st he last minuk? -
- 10 When you had a week of exams coming up did you
A o u t a revision timetable in plenty of time? -
work 8 -
up the subiect the night before each exam? -
C just take it wsy and hope easy questions -up? -
-- 11 I~there'saquizonlVdoyou
A -
wer t
o something more interesling? -
come B -
out an answer quickly, even if you're not sure? -
C get annoyed if the answer doesn't -to you quickly? ,
...-
ill
tch
w~'
12 What do you like to do on a long train iorrrney?
ch A -
out and gaze out of the window? -
ca B buya paper and -up on the news? -
C -
down with a good bmk? -
ROW
check your score on page372.
20-24 pints: You were b m to study. Y
w ore the 3.pe of sludent leachen love.
Remember t
orelax sometimes!
14-19 pim Ycu don't m i d studying ond ywaren't f
r
i
g
h
m
e
n
d
of exams, bvt sometimer
you need u little push in the. right direction.
+I3 poinh: You con fore yourself to study if you absolule17 hwe b, but thwe ore
other things hot you'd much ruther be doing.
0-8 pinh: w!
&dying is as ndumt byouas breuthingair is ka fish!
If you are working in class, dixussyour answersto the quizwith other studentsand
give each other adviceabout how to improveyour study methods. For example:
'You shouldlookup words you don't know in the dictionwry.''Youshouldn't have
messed around in class'.
QOxford UniversityPress

102. m - -
D
Ifyou enjoy sport, you will meet many of the phrasal verbs that are used ta describe
different sports. Now coverthe left-hand page and match the definitions on the left with the phrasal
Prb. from the mracts on the right.One has been done for you as an example.
Here are three extractsfrom a sports bulletin. Complete the extram with phrasal
verbs, using either a verb from the box on the left or a particlefrom the box on the
right in each gap. You will need to change the form of the verb in some cases. Use
your dictionary to helpyou if you need Po. The first one has been done for you.
bring
end
play
rule
send
catch
drop
hold
urge
..
go
hold
kr
pi
se
tanr
come
centre forward. As the Spanish players appealed
a penalty, the Italians
to score. The Spanish captain Martin
was then -
for arguing with the referee.
up fortunate winners, but their
goalkeeper picked a hand injury and has
he Tokyo marathon bas been won by Takeshi
Saito of Japan. on by the home crowd,
Saltoforged after just 5 kilometres and
built up a 2-minute lead. The chasing runners did not
g i v e , and gradually reduced the lead. The hot
weather and the fast pace caused several leading
athletes to out. Saito'srecent training in
the Sahara desert paid -as he aflthe
strong challenge of the Kenyan Daniel Nyanga, who
up with 5 kilometres to go, thenfen
in the final kilometre.
-, -
has beaten Russia" Irena Markova in three sets to
--to the final of the French Open. Adamou
aid afterwards, "I've never up such a
)ugh opponent. Before I came here I thought I'd get
-
out in the first round, but new I've got a
chance of winning." Adamou, who only
-the sport four years ago, will up a
cheque for $100,000. The loser will have to
far just $50,000 !
away
back
for
off
UP
- --
ahead
back
off
UP
"-
against
through
UP
6
3Word UniversityPress , . . Q 0lrlord universitypress ...

103. Have you noticed how many phrasal verbs are used in computing?Try this crossword
to see how manyyou know. Use the dia~onary
to helpyou if you need to.
L
3
w a verb from the top box and a particle from the lower box to complete each
sentence. The missingword(s) can be a verb, an adjectiveor a noun. The solid lines
in the crosswordshow the divisions between words.
Phrasal verbs are not necessar~ly
~nturrnat.
The ones on this page, for example, could
appear in a text book or a rnagazlneart~cle
on the environment.
Use your environmental knowledgeand your phrasalverb dictionaryto helpyou
complete this exercise. Match the heads and tails of the sentences,then write the
comp!eted sentences in a logical order under the appropriateheading.The first one
has been done for you.
switch hack type back scan -boo? shut
F log scroll add click
d
U p Ill 11"
on down on Into
up down up in
lrint pull P
O
P go The algae uses -.
the sail o r
I r -1
d end up in I
1 6 1 1 .
own out
. .
- .- .-
on
down ugae rem ,-
wnen rtrrsil ruels nra 01
3 nnd other r, and tlsh die.
gase
'es from fltrt~ r into space.
Greenhousegases soak L
fhe nitrates and multiplier uncontrollably.
~naehouse
s ore given-
ilizers soak
he oxyger
-heat !hat s
1 in the wute
the Gmmhouse Wed
,hrbon di~xidcand o
t
h
e
r grcenhws VS r l r ~
given whcnfossil fuels dre bumd.
Dorm
1 he link blow to visit
wr website.
2 Select 'options' from the
menu.
3 The printer didn'twork &use I'd
forgotten to it-!
4 l stuck a o f h
ernail on the wall.
6 Close all prosramsk
f
m
e you
your computer.
7 You con your photos
and ernail them to friends.
9 vital documentson
floppy disk to avoid losing hem if
your system crashes.
FO The computersometimes takes ages
to when I lurn it on.
11 You'll need a password to -
Across
5 You can downlaadvarious
s hat allow your
existing softwarefo do w e n more
dings.
8 A feenager managedto
he txlnk's main
database.
12 I hope the oompukr doesn't
aguin or I'll
never finish this work.
13 the page until you
find he iimyou want.
14 your password and
press 'entet.
15 Ifyou click on the right mouse
button a menu will
appeat
7-- -7 . ,
, . + . .-? , - . - )
. < ..I
Soma rpetia of onimak and plants10s-
their h
s carbondip:
So
Ldesert.
-bv trees.
Many frees or
The language usedto talk about computers is often quite informal. Look out
for phrasalverbs used in a figurative or creative way, such as 'cmnkup a search
engine' (=start it working) or 'wander aroundthe web'; and keep an eye out
for invented combinations, such as 'browsingoff (=starting to browse).
If you are studyingfor an exam and the environmentisa topicyou need to know, you
may find it useful to recordthese phrasalverbs together in your vocabulary notebook.
Add a definition and an example. Usethe dictionaryto helpyou record some
information about the grammaraf the verbs.
Q OxfwdUnivenity Press

104. Some p h r a ~ l
verbs are used morecommonly in newspapers,etc. than in other
kindsof wntlng. Look at these headlines and make sure that you understand the
whrasal verbs ln them. - -
The story of a company
llrre is the outl~neh~story
of Hall Motors. Fill inthe missingparliclesand follow the
rrw and fall of this (flctional))company. Use the phrasalverbs dictionaryto helpyou.
1
k Hall desig~ ; the 'Hall so
y mkhes - loll soon has
1
pruuuce biwtles.
: 1902 Holl,
mec
I l
u UNIONS TAKEQN
~iden't
,
i
,
6
Manager s
h
p
sdow 2 buck voters
after cup disaster - -
MAGEME
NEW Sk
!NTOVER
HFTS
fety cycle' t
to hke-
an
3 him
1888 Fran
tea11
-.-A
7s and build!
-nnd f
t his bock yo
-five wc
sd. Tha desi!
lrkers to hell
.-
~D,M,C,*TS ,A,,
FOR TOUGHfR
SENTEH(IHG
- .-+-. .-
,who now h
hanic, and t!
the hicr
.ce of 50, te
m
i
r first cor. T
L. L..-l - - A -
motor
I//
PRESIDE
INFOEi
- -
as o Hrorktol
ley buildthe
tcle side of t ~ ~ e
uusrrlms.
oms wlm nls c
o
hey set 'Hull Mc
- -
- GOVERNMEW
ROBBMS B O W S ' O ~ DOWN OVER N
AFrER TO YEARS
-
,isrnhisked awuy
El to honeymoon
hideaway___,
--
- - - - ,
! 1906 Hall Motorsis th
20 tors a week.
. . . . .
e country's !
;econd bigge
rCLIMBS
EW ROAD
st cor rnand'octurer, !urn
rnpany.
: 1945 Fronk Hall dies GIIU 111, N
I
IL
3 1954 The for a llgnr 4-wneer orlve -
- ssful Trail Ranger'.
3 1963 Hall ,rlvlwl, lt-vvlullvlllLr;~ T I I ~ desi~n
of the small cur w,,,p ,,,, ,,wnie'. Soles toke
: 1
5
: 1974 Wo'orn.l> UI ltlc ~ c = u >
IIUUIIU r
lill tokes-
e , . , . .
t h e COI
, rn 1 .
company sel
-the e
a
.-..
n
es a morket
remely succe
I..6nn:+nr#
I
.
vehicle, and
,
.
,
a
L +ha =Tn
tomes -
. .
d Romp Ah
+-.
-
)69 The
1
9 -1
its moin rival
ecord profi~s
Is, Walloce C
Z
n nmtl.r+ n
Try to guess what the stories might be about. If you are working in class. discuss
your ideas with a partner. Then answer the questions belowto matchthe headlines
with the subject of the articlethat they go with.
'onand Rydr
. .
.r l , v , G , , dt the latest pay otter, sparking
-
#87 The
and
-several years of ma lion unrest.
nagementur
1 Which headline goes with an articleabout somebody travellingto an important
meeting?
2 Which reports that somebody was taken to a secret destination?
3 Which two headlinestalk about somebody resigning?
4 Which headline refeato repomabout the start of fighting?
5 Which article is about somebody trying to win an election?
6 Which is a report on risingprices?
7 Which comes from a sports reportabout a team winning a game easily?
8 Which headline is about peoplewanting new punishments?
9 Which article reportsthat somebody haschanged their mind about something?
70 Which report is about eventsthat are happeningin a tense situation?
rr ovoid bein
.sfor the firs
b v
ny years. Th
American M
ing seem to
cornpony ju!
announces t
g swu//owed
t time in ma
,otors,
hove
turn
)92 Hull
imp1
---"
Motors' mol
3m.With s
o
-- --.
.- --
'~er
snare nr ually worn by cheaper foreign
les faIIing _.
,~icklya
s deb% m o u n t , the cornpony
'-.~t
is boiled -by a lost-minuteaovernment loon.
)rs hkes - tuncing
le11~.
After i nodels,
~pe
morors 15 .-_, _.. value of the uourlu JJIUUI cousins
on is token 1
15been gmd
ffs rll
.
:to decline,
I break even
; rounht
oles continu1
its oim is to
m. . .
-
EuropeMotc
within two
ffs the
-the c
o
nvesting heo
A .La-
mpony, onnt
~vily
in new I
k
#99 Ass
that
Furr: ,- -
-Holl Mo
Hotl Motors
3
m to plung
10workers u
-.
e. The decisi
re loid -
b wind-
st remaining
tors.
plant closes
Further practice
On your own
When you see English newspapers, look for phra-F verbs in the headlines. In your
vocabulary notebook, keepa record of any you find.
Further practice
1 Sort the phrasal verbs above into three groupsaccordingto whether you feel
their meaningis positive, negativeor neutral.
Class activity
Look through some English newspapersand find headlines containingphraul wrk.
Cut out the headlineswith the art~cles.
In groups, cut the headlinesfrom your
articlesand mix them all up. Put the headlinesand the articles in an envelope. Pass
your envelopeto another group. Their task is to try to match the headfineswith the
articles. Do the same for the headlinesand articles in the envelopeyou receive.
QOxford UniversityPress &w - .+--~m
4-
mtch on
2 Researchand write 10 important dates in the history of a famous real company,
usingthese and/or other phrasal verbs.
Q01lbrd
Univcaity Press
-
close down
+I -
team up

105. Usingthis Dictionary
Phrasalverbs are especiallycommon in informal language, but it is important to
know whether a phrasalverb is informal or not to helpyou use it moreappropriately.
Look at the dictionary entry below and noticehow information on the formality
of the phrasal verb is given:
away because you
hucked theoIds4fa
's puper out. I still
w Look up the following phrasal verbs in your dictionaryand complete the table
on the right.
a bootsb out f put sbdown
Ib providefor 5th g tune out
E turn up h attendto sbl
d barge into sb 5th
e throw sth aside
Practice
w Read the following email from Helento her friend Katy. underline all the phrasal
verbs that you can find. One has been done for you, there are 10 others:
't heard fromyou fora while so 1 thought I'd take a break from
orh and write. I'm desperatelytrying to swot up for my exams at the
oment -you know I had to retake them, after messing up so badly in
une. So Ispend my days beaveringaway at my desk, and my evenings
egging out in front of the television.Very unhealthy and v
w bonng!
Anyway, how are you? How is the course golng? Are they makingyou
rk hard? I'm sure you'll b m through it!
@Oxford UnIwrsiQ Press
Funny - I'm sure last tlme I spoke to him he was going to jack it all tn and
see the world! My Nick's doing pretty wel[ too - he's swanningaround
havingbusrnesslunches wery other day while I'm stuck here. It's not fair!
Sthl I suppose 11'smy own fault for muckingaround last year when I should
have been studying.
Are you wming to Brightonm n ? Don't forget to look me up if you are.
You m l dcomeandstay for aw p l e of days after myexam.R will be good to
upwith you afterso long.What do youthink? Phoneor email me, OK?
Helen xx
1. Now wr~te
one of the phrasal verbs from the ernail next to the definitions below
/ accordingto its meaning. One has been done for you.
la work very hard (atsth)
b study very hard, especiallywhen you are preparingfor an exam
E go from one placeto another feeling pleasedwith yourself
d speak or talk quickly in an excited way
e visit or contact sb when you are in the placewhere they live
f f~nd
out about thingsthat have happeened to somebody
g stop doingsth, especiallyyour job
hi succeed in sth very easily
i relax in a lazy way and do very little
j do sthvery badly
k behave in a silly way, especially when you should be working or
doing 5th else
Replaceall the information (in italics) with one phrasal verb from the
box, rememberingto change the verb into the correct form. The first one has
been done for you.
level with you
a O K , ~
I'm afraid we're not able to accept
your proposalsat this time.
b Gregwas all ready to do the bungeejump, but at the last moment he decidednot
to do it bemuse he wasofraid.
c We're goingto visitthe new bar intown toHif it'sanygod Would you like to come?
d Dinner?I haven't had time to go the shops, but I guess I'll be able to provide
somethingquicklyand without planning.
e Our classwas really behindthe others, sowe did the last three ~ h a p t e ~
wty quickly.
f I don't likewatching horror movies-they mokemefwlreally shockedand scared.
g He's usually prettyquick, but it took him ages to understandwhat Imeant
without being told directly.
h As soon as I asked her about her family, she just refused tospmk becauseshe
didn't want lo talk about it.
lout -lw check out
. -.- ^ - _ I . . - * r - l l * " - , . - . " - .a- * +
.
freak out cotton on rustle up
wh~p
through clam
0Oxford University Press . ,

106. refer to
report bat
consist bj
point out
rd asu
- 1 .
ething
ablem
ggestion
. . . --
The following verbs are often used in essays and reports and are slightly more
'formal' than the majority of phrasal verbs. The verbs are listed belowtogether with
the context in which they typically appear in a piece of writing.
1 ~rticular
sul 1
2 person or
~rnittee
abc-. .. go throy,. ,,,,,
12 the r 7
3 enforge ul Somr ild
4 putforwa be dl
5 draw UD pwn or propc erl~t
out any unnecessary
6 several section! information
7 an important p a topic or idea
of information occountfor why sorneth~na
8 ~urrr
up the I
hap^
disc1
nain point
~ssed
>
iece 14
15
write dov
t fire away
set out
...
v
n the i
the r
rh 3 lie+
, "1 pro,,
,easons whl
:thing shoi
one
Read the following extract from a reportand replacethe underlinedwords with the
phrasal verbs listed below.
inflation. ........... ..........
arges upon
gon
dmr
rep(
e through
wn up
wed back
con deals
Put sets 0
1
enf,
sun
refe
accc
lmed up
rs to
lunts for
with
ut
Now write your own report usingas many of the phrasal verbs above as possible.
Imagineyou have beenstudying Englishat a college in Britain and the Principal has
asked you to write a short report explainingwhat you enjoyed about the course,
discussingany problemsyou had and suggestingsome improvementsfor next year.
@ Oxlord UniversityPress
below is a short list of what you may have liked and another list of some problems.
Rememberto explain inthe introductionwhat your report isabout and to finishwith
your suggestions.There isa sample answer inthe key (at the back of the dictionary).
-- > - - 7
- .
G W ~
points ~roblems
w enjoyed le m expenrive ca
a helpful tei m not enough boo~s
In llarary
w meetingother students m boringtrips and visits
Exercise3
S
n the sentences below,choosethe best verb to fill the gap.
1 This document the brochuresyou were sent eadier this week.
a consists of b refersto c accountsfor
Z It is important to that our prices have been reduced.
a set out b sum up c point out
3 The director would like you to the list carefully and check the figures.
a go through b draw up c deal with
4 The secretary reported that the papers had been in the wrong order.
a filed away b accounted for c put forward
5 It is useful to all the important pointsin a presentation.
a draw up b write down c edit out
6 It is essentialto the main poinb discussed in your report.
a put forward b file away c sum up
7 This afternoonthe MD will on our success in the new markets.
a sum up b write down c report back
8 The presentationwill the issue of customer complaints.
a deal with b account for c point out
Formalverbs
You will find many otherverbs markedformal in this dictionary. Many of them have
the patternv +n/pron-F prep and are often used in the paaive. To a h b e sth to
sb, to preface sth by/with sth, to refersb/sth to sb/sth are examples of these.
Other formal verbs are reflexive and havethe patternv + pron + prep. Examples
are to addressyoum/f to sth, to availyoum,f of sth and to dissociateyourself
from 5th.
You may not always recognizethem as 'phrasal verbs', but they murt always be used
in these patterns. They are often used in businessor in spoken or written news
reports. If you are studying at urtiversiwor college,you may meet them in academic
textbook or journals. Ifyou meelverbs likethis, keep a noteof them, with their
patterns and an example, in your vocabulary book.
Oxfwd UniversityPress

107. Formingthe passive
Notice the word order of the lpassive phrasal verbs:
Active You'll need to write down the dei Verb + parficlc + 0bj&
or Did you write the detailsdown? title
: Verb+ Ot
ry verb 'to
. - .. .
I down.
- A _ _ _ -I
Passiw The detailswill need to be writter k'+
The detailsweren't written down rurrccov. = Vera p s r ronrctpIe]+
Havethey been written down? Particlt
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Verbs can be used either without an object, (intransitive),for examplesleep:
I
slept &#@$. I sleptfor 8 hours.
or with an object, (transitive),for example m d in the sentence:
She'sreading the newspaper.
Combinationsof verbs and particlescan be used in the same way:
sit down (intransitive): I
satdown.
putsth on (transitive):Iput on my coat I put my a t on.
rely on sb/sth (transitive):You con refyon me.
Exercise 1
Which of the following verbs + particleshaw an object and which do not?
1 He likesto stand out in the crowd. last minute.
2 I'm rookingfor a newjob. 5 1 didn't get the job -they turned
3 Turn off the TV if you don't want to down myapplication.
watch it. 6 Do you think the sun will come out
4 Our holiday plansfell through at the this afternoon?
We can dividethe transitiveverbs + particlesinto two further groups:
those where the verb can be separatedfrom its particle (separable)
rn those where the verb and particle must occur next to each other (inseparable)
Inthisdictionaw, this informationisshown in thegrammar patternsfollowingtheverbs.
Self sth out is separable:
.p - - T - - - -.r- . . --, -
J i'~
&rt outihe accommodation. J 1.i sort thh accommodationout:
v+adv+n v+n/pron+adv
Butjump at str able:
to stud; ai:
. _.
__".
-.,
*. ?-.
-, . - 7 - .
broad. Ir I'd jump the chanceat to study
abroad.
Now divldethe verbs that haveobj- in
the sentencesabwe accordingto their grammar.
Referto the dictionaryentries if you need help
8Oxford UnivemivPress
E ~ m r r - *
The following sentences containthe same verbs, this time in the passive. Look at the
table and then answer the question below.
Which type of verbs can generalry be used in the passive?
Completethis general 'rule' usingthe words 'scperoble'or 'in~parabK:
J Passive possible
L
The television must be turned off
after use.
My application'sbeen turned down.
phrasal vel
rbscannot.
f Fassiw not possible
Jobshaveto be looked for very carefully.
+bscan gen sed in the I
phrasal ve
. .. .I. .
However, rncreare many exceptions!
The verbs in the following sentences are all separable.
J Passive possible I I( Passive not possible 1
Notesin the dictionatytell you when you cannot usethe passivewith thistype of verb.
The following sentenm all contain inseparableverbs.
'
~
Notes in the dictionary tell you when you can use a passivewith verbs of this type,
Can the whole chapter be lefl out?
The top floor is beingmadeinto a
I separateflat.
J Passive possible
That remark wasn't called for!
H
e hates beingfussed owr.
Can this section be improved on?
Lxelicse 4
Some phrasalverbs are often u d inthe passive. ;kargeib (ear of sd
(Agaln, notes in the didonary giveyou this ripsboff mixsbup
information.)Choose oneverb fmm the box and put kicksbout burnsth down
it Intothe correctform to completeeach sentence:
1 She's been shoplifting.
2 If you carry on likethis you'll be of college.
3 The buildingwas in the riuts.
4 No one knows where Jerry is. He hasn't been sincethe summer.
5 The twins look so alikethat they are often .
I
6 510 for this?You've been .
My meaningjust can't be got across no
matter how Itry.
W
e were sat down bythe manager
in his office.
C Passiw not possible
The noiw will just have to be put up
with, I'm afraid.
When you Imk up averb inthe dictionaty, lookto see if there isa noteabout the passive.
Q Odord UnlwslQ Press

108. Where do new phrasal verbs come from?
New phrasal verbs turn up In the languageall the time, but where do they come
from?One answer is of coursethat new inventionsand activities appear and new
names and verbs are inventedto describethem. But in fad, they are not usually
completely new verbs, but either new combinationsof existingverbs and particles,
or old phraseswhich havefound new uses.
T From literalmeclning t
o figurative meaning.
Plough back originally meant to return a crop that you havegrown to the soil. This
was done to producemore. It is easyto see how this can change to beingused
about reinvestingprofits in a business. Sometimesthe connection is lessobvious. An
American student may brow o
f
f his or her classes (that is, not go to them) - perhaps
because they seem as unimportant as a fty that you would blow off your face.
2 New opposites.
In the past we tended to dress up morefor formal occarions, puttingon special
clothes and perhapsjewellery. Today, modern companies often try to foster a more
creativeand relaxedatmosphere by allowing staff to dress down once a week, that
is, to wear morecasual clothes.
3 Msw verbs frwn nouns or d
m
.
There are enormous possibilitiesfor creatingphrasal verbs becausethey don't have
to be made from existingverbs. Nouns,too, can turn into verbs and be used with
particlesto make new phrasal verbs. These often come into the languagefirst
through American Englishwhere there seems to be more freedom for wods to
change grammaticalclass, or through informal spoken language. 50 from the noun
luck, instead of 'getting lucky', we can luck out and cowards ('wimps', peoplewho
have no courage or 'bottle') might wimp out or bttFe out.
4 Adding perticlw fw emphasis.
Somet~mes
a simple verb can turn into a phraat verb without any real changeof
meaning. We now often hear somethinglike 'ProfmarJones will head up an
internat/onalteam.'where beforewe would have said that he will head the team,
and it is dlfflcult to see any reason for this change, except that the paflicle 'up'
seems to strengthen the meaningof the verb.
Task A
Find phrasal verbs with free, hype, tense, tmt and drown that are similar to this.
In addition to forming new verbs in the ways we have looked at, it is also possibleto
lorm many other combinations of verbs and particles. Think, for example,of all the
ways that movement can be described. Almost any verb of motion can team up with
almost any particle. Becausewe can go back or come back, we can abo hurry back,
amble back or tear back.We can say 'Iwalked around the town', so it's alw
possibleto 'I sauntered around",or wandered around, or strolled around. If
you are havinga lazy day, perhapsyou sit around at home. You might also lie
around or loungearound. If we want to describehow somebody came in, dtd they
sneak in, burst in, creep in or storm in?You can see how usingcornbinationsof
verbs and particlesin this way can makeyour speech and writing more interesting.
ask B
combine a verb from the box on the left with a particlefrom a box on the right and
make a verb that might describeone of these things that you might see when you
are out. If you are working in class, see if your partner can guess which personor
thingyour verb is describing. Then write a sentencefor each one.
a sports car o butterfly
a boy with his leg in plaster o bee
o train tourists visiting a palace
a smalf child in o park a group of boys going to ~ h o o l
a teachergoing home ot the end
of a Iong day
flutter
steam
hobble
flash
hurry
wander
around
r
i
0%
New phrasalverbs in modern life.
You will find other new verbs on other study pages.
QOxfordUniwrsityPress
Businessand communication
fax out a document
fire off an email
bump sb of! the Internet
Conclusion
W
e live in a fast-changingworld and new expressionsto describe it can be coined
faster even than dictionaries can recordthem! However, we don't need to freak out
when we meet a new phrasalverb, becausewe are usuallyalready familiar with one
or both of the partswhen we hear a new add~tion
to English. (TheGuide to the
Partidesat the back of the dictionarywill give you more information on the way
particlesare used.) No need, then, to panic-just lighten up and chill out!
Personal life
work out in the gym veg out with a pizza
chill out and watch TV and a video
lighten up pigout on junk fad
-
B Oxford University Press

109. Cornbinatrons of verbs and particlesare extremely common In English, especFally in
the spoken language. Many of these verbs appear to have a single-wordequivalent
(a synonym). However,often the single-wordequivalent is not used in the =me
context or hasa slightly different meaning. For example, it is often said thatfind out
meansthe =me as discover,but in fadfind out is generally used for facts and
information,whereas d i m r can be used for somethingyou are the first penon to
learnabout, such as a placeor scientific technique. It is therefore essentialto learn
the most frequently used phrasal verbs if you want to understandand speak English
well. Hereare someexercisesto help you understandand learnthe most common.
Particles
The followingverbs are organized by their particle. You will find moreabout the
rneanlngsof the particlesinthe Guideto the Particlesat the back of the dictionary.
UP
Match the item on the left with the item on the right.
(i) increasing or irnpru~ing:
Many people
Students
Peter,
Children
cornpEding orfinishing:
Add up
Hang up
Give up
Wake up
grow up so fast and soon leave home.
bring up their children to be well-mannered.
cheer up when their universityexams are over
hurry up or we will missthe train.
the phone-you've been talking for ages.
early if you want to get to work on time.
your expenses and give them to my secretaw.
chocolate if you want to get fit.
Down
Put the correct verb into the gaps below.
.. . - -..
(1 f t u n break let
1 down When your car ,it no longer w o k .
2 somebody Ifsomebody .they don't do something
down that you were relyingon them to do andyou may
feel disappointed.
3 down If you an invitation, yau don't accept it.
?.
- . . . ,
, - , I . - -
(ii) : bend keep lie put sit
1 Every day, at 8pm, we all down to have dinner together.
2 Ifyou don't want him to see you, you'd better your head down.
3 That bag looks heavy! You can it down over there.
4 The coach made us down and touch our toes. It was quite difficult.
5 I'm so tired - I'm goingto down on the bed. Wake me up if I fall asleep.
$3Oxford UnlversltyPress
F
B.
Match the Item on the left with the item on the right.
On
Continuing:
1 The professor a went on for months until we resolved it.
2 The customer b keeps on talking to me and interrupting mywork.
3 My boss c carried on talking even though the seminar had finished.
4 The problem d held on for several minutesthen put the phonedown.
aft
Deporting:
1 Get off a early s
o you missthe traffic on the motorway.
2 Go off b the bus at the next stop if you want the city centre.
3 Run off c on holiday by yourself if you really want to relax.
4 Set off d and play in the garden -you need some fresh air.
Proup c
Put the correct verb into the gaps below.
In .. - . 4"-
Entering or arriving: break in check in come in let in
1 in When you somewhereyou entera place,often
somewherefamiliar such as your homeor when a friend
invitesyou to their house.
r in When you ,you registerat a hotelor an airport d e k
3 When you you open the door and allow them
somebody in to come in.
4 in If someone ,they enter a building illegally.
but
Leaving:
NB Brtlak into 8nd check into mean thz same m b
& I
n and
check in but they must tsefollowed by an object.
, .
, - -.
- .
&,
. ? - .
- - -
break come fall get
1 Some medicaltreatmentscan makeyour hair out.
2 As l was out of the car, I fell wer.
3 4everal prisonershave out of jail.
4 Aswe out of the hotelwe saw the beach right in front of us.
Gmup D -&
with an adverband a pmposirion
U
w the verbs to fill the gaps in the sentences below.
-.- -..... * .-" .-.-- * - r , , - + -..,,..- , - w - 7 - - . - , - ---
idok forward to get on with hangon to run out of put up with
1 You shou!d your baggageat the airport in case it gets stolen.
2 I've been really meetlngyour family.
3 Oh no, we've milk again-will you go to the shop and get some?
4 1 don't know how you his temper-you must be wry patient.
5 1 my fathervery well -we alwayshave a 'laughtogether.

110. Meaning Croups
The followingverbs are organized into meaninggroups becausecertain verbs are
typically used in particularsituations.
Grwp 1
Daily Routine
Put the following phrasal verbs in the gaps in the text below. Rememberto use the
right tense.
wake up get off look after phone up set 0
catch up get to come from meet up get b
e sth on
at about 7a.m.,showered and had breakfast.Then, when
the bus and I wodd e at the stop just before the school. I usually
with my friends but often I was late SO I would have to run to
with them.We school before 9a.m.After a long
day in school I wed to home at about 4, and if my motherwas at
my little sistsr.M
o
s
t evenings I would k
best fiend and we would chat for ages. I was very happy then.
c First o
in Ger
d l bega
g I woul
wmp:
h Now, :
d all, I'm sc
many last v
n my visit c
d, however,
mies in Eur
3s you knot
rrry this me
veek.
liscussingt
like to poir
ope next YE
v, the cow
sells t
I Thank
s us at this
eting would
stage,
I leadto a p so that we 1
k p 2
Business
The following is a speech by a Marketing Director to some managers.
Put the sentences from the speech into the CorreEt order.
. . - . - . , - " , . . - . - , - - .
Good morning.
a Then, when our k~nance
arector ala tne agures, ne aeclaea rnrn n aaoeo up
to too great an investment fa
b We were hopingthat our me1 :oo
had access to these markets
meting had to be put off until today but I was away
his and dealing with the negotiationsfor a
possrhlecontract.
e However, my visit was not a b
d
off so I had no opportunityt
f I also gave out some leafletsto serilur marrauera. wrllcrl ut.stir~urm
uur uruu~~cts.
success -1
o speak to
- -.
imports
the Chief El
.----r- .
.
A
:
n t meeting:
recutive.
:-LA----EL-
lt out to yo1
!ar and hop
)anyI visite
heir productsall over Europe.
- - - .
u all that w
e this will b
d deals in s
? will be d s
le more sue
:tationerys!
iting other
cessful.
~pp'lies
and
Dpposites
The following verbs are organized into pairswith their opposites. Match the phrase
on the right with the phraseon the left.
1 If we set off early
2 You must stand up when the
teacher arrives
3 Put the box down in the corner
4 You've been lyingdown all day
5 1 decided to carry on with tennis
6 If you're too hot, take your
jumper off
a and put a T-shirton.
b -get up and do something.
c we'll get back before dark.
d -I'll get urrneone to pick it up and move
it later.
e -you can sit downwhen she hassaid hello.
f and give up volleyball. It was too much to
do both.
Multi-MeaningVerbs
The following verbs have morethan one meaning. Complete the pairsof sentences
with one of theverbs listed below.
-- .
catch ua give up meet up pick up take off come out fall o h
I If youwa
You will t
nt to you will haveto run.
lave to work hard to with the other students.
2 That shampoo made my hair in handfuls.
I hateto haveargumentsand with my friends.
3 My little daughteralways her clothes by herself.
When the plane we will beable to we the fields
below.
I'm goingto smokingin the New Year.
1 don't think the rebelswill their fight easily.
5 Ifshe waits bythe station, I'll (her) in my car.
The a t was x, light , I could (it) with one hand.
6 The mark on myskirt wouldn't even when Iwashed it.
W
e know that the stars at nightbut we can't always see
them.
7 Doyou want to for dinnerafter work?
I'm so surprisd to with you here-I haven't seen
you for ages.
R i i iprpKtice
You will find more meaninggroups on the Are you a Natural Born Student, Sport,
Computers, Environmental Problems, Phrasal Verbs in Newspapers, and Phrasal
Verbs in Businessstudy m
g
e
s
.
Q Oxlord UniversityPress

111. I83 m t ~ l t h
-_ 1
*
1
1........ ....... ...*.........................
Exercise 1
These are all verbs that you havestudied in the last four pages. Choosethe best
phrasal verb to fill the gaps in the sentences below.
r Iwould love to lx able to my children in the country.
a grow up b bring up c get up d wake up
2 Iwarned them to ,othemisethey would hit their heads.
a put down b let down c bend down d lie down
3 The two boys t
o the building easily h o u s e there was no
security.
a came in b broke in c put in d checked in
4 She was relievedto of the porty-it was x, hot in there.
a run out b coma out c get out 6 breok out
5 He will leaving the door open - it drives me mad!
a hold on b go on c keep on d carry on
6 We were so lute, the $one nearly without us!
a went off b set off c took off d got off
7 He her difficult behmiour wen lhough it made him angry.
a got on with b put up with c Imkdforwardto d hung an to
8 I h going to ask you to the because you know the
backaround to it.
a deal with b point out c deal in d leadto
9 Give me your blouse and I'll see if the stain will
a full out b come out c get out d go out
Which meaning?
Exerrise 2
List the following verbs under the meaningof their particle.
(i)
growup add up hang up bring up giveup cheer up shut up
wake up hurry up
increasing or impraving mpleh'ng ar finishing
(ii)sit dwm l e ~
down lFe down put dom turn down keep down
break down bend down
'foiling movement
'marvelat sthtobevery surprkdor impressed
by sblsth:Euqmne nurmlled at his caumge.o
Masslmo marvelhi at how quickly he had got
us& to life inBritain.
F33wonder at sth
QV + P ~ ~ P
masqueradeI,m=ka're~d:BrEah
.mn:sk-l
masqum'mde as b t h to pretend to be sth
that you are not: mmmercial aduerfisrm mas-
querading a
s privale mdiuirlmlso The h l
paper isfull o
f gossrp~ u e m d i n g a s
r
a
e
w
ev *prep
'match shrsth agalnstlwlth sb/sthto make
sWsth wmpete with anothcr person or thing:
Jobson will b e m t c h d agarnslnfarmore ~ w i -
enced pbpr oMatch your skill against rhe
experfsinour weeklyquiz.
W match sblsthagainst sWsthisoften used
i
nthepassive.
+v+nfpron+m
match nth agalnst sth to mmparestht
o sth
elsetesee how the two thingsam s~milar
ordif-
'measuresksth&ourselfagainst sbsthto
compare ~Wsthlyoulself with somebdy or
something else:ThequaIi@o
f the water ismas-
nrerlagainrilEWsfandards.o Wahaw nothing .
@
measure our p?$ormance agninst. o She always
mws~tred
hemIf against h?~
sisters. o 1hnrl no
onetomuremyseif against.
Q v+ dpmn+prep
,measure 5th 'off to mark out a partlcuhr
lengthonsth suchasa piece of cloth:She maas
umd o r t
w mtresof cloth
Q v+adv*n r v+pmn+adv v+n+adv{kss
J w m t )
,measure sth "t to measure the quantity of
sththatyouneedftomalargeramount:H e w -
ured out the &rentsfor thecake.
(gv*adv+n + v+pmn+adv + v+n+sdv(lesP
mwnQ
,measure 'up (to sblsth) (Worn0 to be of a
good enough standard:7% new assistant dtdnY
measure up (= he was not good enoughto do the
job), so we had lo rep& him o Thep&um
don'tm u r e uptotodny'ssmndards.
EE)match up (tesblsth)
D
V
lMeasure up is oftenused In negative wn-
tencesandquestions.
A . , - A .
fcrent: Weareable lo mulch the &toils hegaue rrs
vTeUv
against the iqformatianheldon thecomputer ,measurn 'up(Wr m
t
h
)
,
omeasu7e sbldh 'up
6v+ nlpron+prep (for 8th)(especiallyBrEJ to find the exactsheo€
,
,
,
M
c
b .(wm to bethe sameorsimilar:
5th orofsththatYOU needblrmeasuring:W e M
Do their n
n
m match up with any in our d
u
a
-
tomeasure upand deride uherethefirnitm mn
-? The two s2amb up go. 0 They've w. -urn UP Ithe rwm)lbr
tall" IwRhsth)2Ito sb(sth)Ia~ial~vSrE)~us~k
!?.wWmwt' 'He Lvrss beiwmeasuradupfor a
all;& innegutiueseniemjto be gad asor
equalto sblst?~
Thamure didn't mtch up t
omy
exmations.oHa knows what he m
i
3 and I
just don'tmlch up BE9measursup (toublsth)
@v+adv
p a t c h sb/sth 'up(wlth swsth)to f
i
n
ddimor
people thataresuitableforeachotherorfit w
e
l
l
witheach 0 t h ~
Theogencymtchedm wp with
o suitablejoh o T
h
e
ywereunablelomatch uphis
tissueiype with any of thepossibledonors.
Match sWsth (with sblsth) can be USA
with the same meaning.
+v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n
etch sbtsth wtth sblsth = MATCH SB~STH
,meet 'up.f (with ab)tomeet abby arrangement:
We're meeting up with Gwy uftm work, if you
want i%~
come,o Whereshall w meet up?2 (with
sb).tomeet sb by c h m :I! was Z
&
y wemel up
with them. 0 1 eqm3 we'll meet up uguln some
tima. 3 (wlth ah)(of two or more roads,rivers,
etc.)tojoin up: The twogrrths meel upjustkhw
rhemmmlt.o ThismadeueniuaI!ymtsupwith
the.440 E E l Jolnup
+r*adv
'rneel wlth sb to hme a meeting with sb: The
Prime M
z
n
i
H
e
r met with otherEuropean kmkrs
Ihrsmornmg.
A l, r nran
V .' ,,.',,
,max 'out , m a8th 'outW ,
slang)to reach Atb rth-0 ,to -rience sth
ilie limit at which noth~ngmore
k
.possible:The unpleasant: The EAw
wims wiShan
mr maxedwt at rmmph' 'IJMmMedorrrw
dent on his way fo the mutt o Our oMempls lo
credit card.
+v+adv r v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
saveher met wrFhfuilm.EZEI an accldmt,
2 to be receivedor treated by sb ina particular
...................................... ......................................
0 Oxlord UniwrsltyPress .

112. meet wlth 1€
way: The gmpmI m
e
t with ronsiderrrble opms-
ition.4M
y explamlion mal with a blank stare.
opplUon, appmval,hoatlllty,reslstence
E53llMeet with sth ~s
rnalnly used In written
English.
0 V+PWP
'meet8thwith8
t
htmreactto9thina particular
way, especially a bad or negative way: Thepm
posal wasmet with angerandddismqv.
Meet 6th 4 t h s
t
h is usually used in the
passive
+v + nlpmn+prep
,mellow 'out(iwtmal,espeFiollyAmE3torelax
anddovery little: Wecwld~usspu5onsommusfc
and mellowout.
E
9chlllout
6v+adv
,mellow sb 'out(inramat,esp~~inlly
AmEj to
make sb more relaxed: A w e k on t h h a h
should m l h w himout.
+v+n/pron+adv. v+adv+n
melt/melt/
,met4 a'way; ,meM sth a'way to disappear
gradually;to make sth disappear gradually: His
onger mlted away o The croud drspersedrsed
m
I
C
-
ing away into the sin%
stmeis.o His srniie melted
awayall thetension.
+v+adv v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adu
,meR sth 'downto heat 5thuntilit is in aliquid
state,usually sothatit canbemade intosthelse:
AIuminIum cans mn be melted down and
recycled.
geld,a h r ,o k
&v+nlpmn+adu r v+adv+n
b 'mendown n [C] a serious accident i
n
which the central part of a structurethat pro-
duces nuclear energy m
e
l
t
s
,causing h d
rays to escape:A meltdawn at the m r had
onh jusl hen arrvoidtd.o Mgurative) The mlt-
down on Wall Street caused chaos in markets
worldwide.
'melt Into sth to graduaUy become of sth
and dlffidt to see: I tried hard lo meit into the
background.
& v + P ~ ~ P
merge/ma:&; A m E m 3 ~ 3 ~
,merge'In(wIth s
t
h
)
,,merge'Intos
t
hif some
thingmergesin(withsth)ormergesintosth+
it
is so similar to the secondthingthat you cannot
reallyseethedwerencesbebetweenthem or where
one ends and the other begins: The new mllege
buildrngdoes not mwein wrth theold bulldings
around it. o A u t m n Is merging Into winter o
Saturday and Sunday seemerl lo mergeinlo each
other:
+M
2 ~lh
BLEND IN;BL5ND INTO STH
4v+adv + v+prep
m e w Inemtha'baekgmund10f aperson)to
bchave quietly when you a
r
e with a group of
people sothat they donot noticeyou
mess/mes/
,me- a'bout(BrE)=MESS AROUND
,mess a'boul wlth sb a r m = MESS AROUND
WITH SB
,mess a'bod wlth nth (BrEj = MESS AROUND
WlTH STH
,mesa sb a'boutla'mund(BrE, i n f i m f ) to
treat sb badly, making them waste time, chan-
gingyourmind a lot,etc: Theym m d usui-ound
so much,I wrote to complain, oJdon"tlikebeing
messed about.
)
8
1
.
) muck sb abwuamund(Brh')
Q v+ nlpron+adv
,me- a'mund(BrE a h ,
- a'bout) (Irpfor-
man I (withsblsth)to spendtime andenjoyyour-
self doing9thwithnopartitxdarpurpwe: Wejust
messed around at horneulEdoy o Children lovelo
messabout i
n uroier 2(wM sblrth) to behave ma
s d y way,especiallywhen youshould beworking
or doing sth eIse: He got told ofl for m
i
*
around in clnss. oShe messed a b u t all yenr and
fail& her mm o Siop messing around with Jo
and get on wish the work. o 'They frred that
guickly!' 'Ymh,they don't maround. ' (= they
do thingsquickly) 3to joke, to say silly things:
J'm mi w i n g abOu1,it's t m ! E
E
)
kM around
IfnformaO
muckabouUamund(BrE)
3SW0h MESS AROUND WITH STH
+v+adv
,mess sb a'rwmd (Brm = MESS SB
ABOUT/AROUND
,messa'roundwith sb (BfEalSD,
- a'bout
wlth rb) (informal) to haveasexualrelationsh~p
withsb
+v+adv+pp
,messa'mundwHh sth(BrEa h,mesaa'bout
wlth sth)(iqfotmaI) Ito keep touching or mov-
Ingsthinanannoylng way:Smpmmingaround
with the video!o Don't mess around with your
food likethnt'2toget involvedinsththat you do
not knowmuch about orunderstand: Whoknows
what might h a p n if we mess around with
nature?3toget involvedwith sthdangerous:He
started messinEaround wrth drugs when he was
just0 kid.
F53muckaboutlaroundwlth sth (Brm
Messabouvaroundwith sthcan be used
in thepassive m meanlngs 1and2: Thispackagt
has hen messedaroundwith.
+ s w c I ~ Q M K S S AROUND
Q v+adv+prep
'up;,messsth 'up(iqf0rmnf)tospoilsth:
t
o do sth wry badly: I was so nervow I totally
messed up at the rnlerui@ur
oShe messe$ up 011
our a r m m n t s Ly arriving In&, 4 You've
raally m m d thiwsupfor me.
rnfwl up,foul sth up;lcmup,-sill
U
P
Qv+& + v+adv+n + u+nlpron+adv
pess sb 'up (imfomr) I to spoil sb's Ire; to
makesbsufferemotlonallyor mentally:Hispar-
enis m l l y messed him wp oHe came h c k into
her!re and mswdher upagain. 2 (AmE,spoken)
tophysicauy hurtsb, especially by hittingthem
SEW sb up
@v+dpmn+adv + v+adv+n
b ,messed 'up ad. ( l n f o m l ) confud and
upwt,especially becauseof sthbad thathashap
pened to you in the past: He's jlLsd SI messed-up
kid.
p e s s sth 'upto make 6th untidy or dirty: She
w m in, msm thep h up and then goes out
again. o T kwrnd bgoing lo m
e
s
s my hair
SEK) muck sth up(informl)
@ v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
Jlhess whh sb (injarmal)(usuullyu d in nsga-
l i v e s e n ? ~ m )
I to door say sththatmightannoy
a particular pemn, as they may react in a viw
lent or dangerous way: I mukln't mess with
FrankifIwereyou.2 to haveor try tohaveasex-
uslrelationship withsb
- * S ~ ~ U ~ M E S S
AROUND WlTH SB
ev + prep
llhess d h 8
t
h (iMormal,esperiallyA@ 1 to
use or treat sth carelessly causing damage:
Who's beenw i n gwith theonswrmg machine?
a Rmdthe l o b e l m ~ u l l y
&foreyou slartmessing
tuithdangerousproducts. 2to get involved with
sth dangerous: How b
n
g has he been Rlesslng
with dru~s?
E
Jdrugs
+s@@alSO~ess
AROUND NTH s r ~
4v + prep
mete sth 'out(to m
b
) (formal)to give sba pun-
lahment. etc: Wtmbshould ~t me& out p h p
Ira! punhhment to children. oSevere pnaliies
Itreremetedout lo theoflendem.
R l l punishment,trealment,~ustke
Mete9th oatisusuallyused inthepassive.
v+adv+n * v+pmn+adv + v+n+&(mm)
,mllltatea'galnstStb(S0rmaDtopreventsth:
to
IIII~~P
~tdifficult for sth tohappen: Lackoffunds
rrtrl#mtedagarnst
thesimmqf thecampaign
@ v+vrep
,mill a'round;,mill a'round $Nth1BrEal.w
.mffl a'bout.,mill e'boul sblsth)rf a largegroup
of people mill around,or mill amundaplace,
they move around without golng anywhere in
particular,.oftenwhile waitingfor sthto h a m :
Photographers mrlled around outside the hotel.
mittrigfor theprince lo appear o h p l e m i r d
aboutthem m ,shuking handsandchattmg.
&v+achr + v+prep
mindfmamd/
,mind 'out(
B
r
a1used to warn sbtobe wefuk
Mrnd out? You rtmrly M k e d me off my bike! o
I'uegotyoufih ondchips.Mindolrlforthe bones!
lE9 wakh WI 2 (ifloml) used to tell sb to
move sothatyouor sbelsecanpass:MindoutJae
-you're antheway!
@ v + &
'minister to lblsth .(oId;Fashlo?xd,
form0 to
care for sb;to make sure that sWsth has every-
thing newssary: Shefelt it was her m i o n 60
minister lo the sick. o Servantsmintstered lo his
needs.
BZl n o d s ,the skk
Minister to sWsth canbe usedi
nthepas-
SWP H e w ~ M m t b e m i n i S l e m d t o b y s t r a ~ .
Q u*vrev
'mlnor In sth(AmEjto study anothersubjectas
well as your main subjectat a university or ml-
lege: Heminored in A n Histor~r
QV+VP
miss/mu/
,miss 'od(on ath)tol
c
manopportunity to bene-
fitMrnsthor enjoyyourself,by not doing8thor
taking part in an activity: I fell I missed out
bearuseI didn't go t
ocollege.o She mksed outon
the school Pip,o He just m a out on a gold
rrredal in tAe last Olympics(= hewasjust beaten).
o Therearel
o
t
sof thingshappeningduring Cor-
nivul,soh ' t missout onthefun!
@v+adv
,miss sbMh 'out (BrQ to not include sbMh
either deliberately or by accident: HavsImCFsed
anybody ouf'JoYou've missed oui ihe most
Important piece of infomiion! (= you haven't
mentioned it) o Shem
i
s
s
e
dout afew chaplers in
themiddle.
Qv+nlpmn+adv + v+srhr+n

113. mist/mrst/
,mh?A 'aver 1 if a s s mists over, it bmmes
covered wlth very small drops of water so that
you cannot see through it: As m n as I $&pH
h i d e , my gy8krssaemistadover2ifyoureyesmist
wer,they fill with tears:Hiseyes misted over
Mist 18aftenused withthese meanings.
Qu+adw
,mist 'up;,mist8th 'upto cwersth suchasglass
w~thsmalldrops
of watersothatyoucannotsee
through it: Therwideof themr tuasbeginning to
mist up. oThewindowsweremistedup.
lauH,fog up;ateam up,atearnsth up
Mist and mist sthare also used with this
m~aning.
Qv+actv v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
mistake/m'stelk/Frnllbwk/m'stuk/rnlu
taken /m~'ste~km/)
mi'stake sbMh for s b t h to think wrongly
that sWsth is sWsth else: I rnistmk himfor hhis
brother o The t w wuld w i l y be mlstukmfor a
realgun.
@ v *nlpmn+prep
,mix sth 'In(wfth sthj, ,mix sth 'into sth to
combine one substance with others, especially
i
n cooklng:Mix the eggs in slowly.o Mma little
cream intothesauce.
BE) blend8th In;stlr sth In,dlr sth lntosth
+v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+prep
,mix sh 'up: bWgat ,mixed 'up to make sb
unable to thhk clearly or understand what is
happening: Nowyou've mixed meup mmpletely!
I'm really mnfuwd. o H e got mked up and
caught the wrongtmfn.
lE3 muddlesb up(irforml,mpxirrllyBrE),
confuse sb (momJorma~
W Mlx sb up 1s ofIenusedinthe p a b e with
be orget IIhinkyou'regeitingrnixedup.
6v+nlpron+adv r v+adv+n lbefget+v+adv
b ,mhred-'upadj (WormaOwnfused becaw of
socialoremotional problems;She'savaymiwd-
upkid.
+seeahMIXED-UP atMIX STH UP (WITH STH)
,mix sbtsth 'up (with sWsth) to think wrongly
that sWsth is s b t h eEse: to be unable to distin.
guish between t
w
o or more people or thlngs:
You'remixing meup withmy brother:o Th@hos
pita1 wasmuwd of mixing up the trabh'mm
tags.
IEE) rnuddlm8bMh up (withaMsth)( e s ~ ~ ~ 5 ~ l l y
Brm
+v+nlpmn+adw r v+adv+n
~gstAand&rnlxsdup;getAmbmdupwHh
B tothink wronglythat sblsthi
ssblsthelse;tobe
unable to distinguish between two or more
peopleorthings:M y bag got mixed upwithsome.
bodyeh'sat theairport. oPeoplewhoarem[ow-
blindusuallyg
e
lredrrndgmn m W up
,mix ath 'up (wlth 8th) to change the order or
arrangement of things in a confusedor untidy
way: I'd sorM ihosep a w our and now you've
mixed them all up a~rrin
o M y letters h u e all
beenmixed upwishyours.
)91H) muddk 5th up (withahE(espscialIy3rE)
Mix 6th up ~s
often used in the passive
with be or get:ThecleanclotResgoiail mixed up
withthe dirly ones.
v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
b 'mlx-up n a mistake that causes confusion;a
situation that is M l of ronfusion: There u w a
mir-upoverthetick&
t ,maned-'upadj untidy; inastate of confusion:
She pmsenled me wilh a mixed-up stuck offilm
andaskdmetoputtheminordm:o~~papers
w
r
eall mixed-up.
+Sl?I?akOMIXED-UP atMlX SB UP,BElGET MIXED
UP
be!get,mlxed'upInsihtobemecomeinvoived
I
nsthdangerousor illegal: He m u M never h u e
got mhtd up in anything criminal. o How did
yougetm~dupinailthrs?
9betget*v +a&+ prep
berget ,rnlxed 'up wlth sb to bemecome
fr~endly
with or involved with sb dangerousor
dishonest: I'II never understand houl she got
mured up with Phil. o He was mixed up with the
svrongcmwdfwa while.
@ belgst+ v+adv +prep
'mixItwith sb(BrX,lqrktnal)lto competewith
sb; to argue or fight with sb:He'll be mmixing it
wrth the w0rSd's bestplnym,o Hemn mix it with
the beg of them. 2 to m
e
e
t andspend time with
people in afriendly way:She huesm ~ f w
rt with
the richandfamous.
ev+1t+prep
m o c k l m ~ k l
,mock 8th 'upto produce a copy of sth that k
gain$ to be made, SQ that it a n be tested or
people cansee what it WIUbe like: W
e mocked up
#he
frontpage loseehow11 wuld lmk.
e v + a d v * n r v+dpmn+&
b 'mock-upn a mpy of sth that ts:produced to
show people what it will be like,or to test it: a
mock-up of them
f day'sfrontpage
modelp m a d l ; mmmw(-IT-,~E-I.)
'model s b m t h ~ u r s a Hon s b t h ( a h
'model sbEsthlyoumeH upon sWsth momfor-
ma0 (AmEaLw ' m d e l sblath atter sblsth)to
makeor createsth that looks or behaves like sth
else; to take sb, esptcially sb you lii, as an
exampleand copythem: Theh o w m w&elled
187 rnweaheadd
- _..............................~ ..---.
on a Frmch chnrsnuoHe modolM ihe main mOpe/maup:AmEmwp/
cham*eron hisfriend. oHe still modek hinwCf ,mope a,muml:,mope sth(BrEnb
... -...*.
onr.1Ul.S.
Modelswsth olllaPter
BWs,, oaenused
mow *'bout,,mopea'boutsth)to walk about a
place inanunhappy way,with noparticular pur-
in
Greekpimteship.
the The ship mnklled a pose:He's h m n p i n g oboutafldajl o Youspend
tmmuchtinremoping amund thehouse.
+v +nlpron+prep @v+adv + v+prep
monkeyr-ku
,monkeya'boutra'mund(with 8th) i m r -
to behavein a silly touch change ,mount 'UP(to s
*
) to increasegradually insize
sth in a way: Thgr
were monkeying
or quantity: The mmmrk soon mounts UP ff
arom
in class, oHe's monkw about
wudon't deal with it i m d h t e l y .oMy debts
original wordso
f thesong. hawmount& upup iouerathousand dollars.
mesaaround. moss amund4th sth
Qv+adu
d)v+adv
moochjmuG/
mouth/maz~~/
,mouth 'off (atlabout s b l W ( W o r m 0 (often
,m-h bouhhround; ,mooch used in iheprog=~~ to give your opin-
(informal,esmhIbBrE)la spend
ion about sWsthloudly;tocomplainloudlyabout
sblsth: ImuEdh w rhim mouthlng offabout how
time doing nothing in particular: We went into shouId won, ShewasmudRlw
town and mooched uboul for a while. o They nllrheotherdriuerso
spendonb u r mooching around theshops.
Qv+adv + u+prep
+v+adv
moon/mu-I
,mwnalb&a'round: ,moona ' b o ~ m u n d
5th (BrE,~nformal)
to spend time doing nothing
m particular, often because you are feeling
unhappy: Hemwned around &streets, hopinglo
=Anna.
+v*adv+v+prep
'mmn over sb (irlfor~r)
to spend your time
dreamily thinking about sb that yau Iove: He
spendsmost of histimemooningoverHelen.
~ V + P ~ P
,mop 'up:,mop sth 'up1to clean up liquid or
remove liquid Rpm somewhere,using 8th that
absorbsit:Iaiwuys hnve fomopupafterhe's had
ashower:o Canyoumopupshewaieronthebath-
mom flmr?o She mop@ w the s
a
w with a
pime of b&. o Mopping-up opemiions haw
begun offerthe$hds. 2 to useup all of sth: The
new ~'mury
should mop up the pool of swplus
labour 3 to take control of sth: The company
stnrledmopptng upsmlIerfirm.
+v+&. v+acfv+n 4 v+pron+adv * v+n+adv
I h s f r e g m t )
,mop sbtsth 'upto getrid of thelast few people
who continue to opposeyou:to finish tasks that
remam: The army mopped up s
o
s
o
m
e isolakd
w k e t s of resisfunce.o Themare afew things to
W PUP w r e ga
+v+adv+n + v+pron+adv v + n + a d v ( h
fres~mt)
-about 189 -In
- a m -in m e t
-ahead -~nwith
-ahead of -mto
185 -along -off
-apart -on
-around -out
-aside -0utd
-away -mW
-awayfrun 190 -past
-back -round
-down -towards
-foward
--
I91 -up
,move s'bout; ,move a'bout aih ( e s ~ i a l l y
BrE) =MOVE AROUND,MOVE AROUND STH
,move s b ~ t h
a ' h t (especiallyBrEj = MOVE
SBlSTHAROUND
,mow a'cross;,move a'cross 8th to mow
fromonesideof 9thtotheother:Hemowdacross
rothewindow andlmkedout.
EEI mom
@v+adv + v+prep
,move a'headto advanceor develop, often after
there has been a delay: The project is moving
aheudugainnom
proceed(moreformtrl)
+v+adu
,move a'head of sbtsth to move faster than
sblsth; to developmorequicWy than sWsthe k
'Speed up!' he SUM, mourng ahead o
f he^ o Our
foreign wmpetimrsammovingahwd of w.
)SIR) overtakesblsth

114. ,movea'long;,movea'long sthtogoforward:
Thewnvoy of aars was mourng slowlyalong the
rwd.
m
r
o
d
Qv+adv + v+pmp
,move a'longron; ,move sb a'longfon to
leavea particularplaceorgoto anew position;t
o
makesbdothis:Mouealongnow. You'rebhking
the entrance.o The police nrriued to moue the
demltslralorsaIon~.
+v+adu v+?dpron+adv
,move a'long: ,move sth allow if a project.
etc. mwes along,or i
fsbmowsIt dong,it wn-
tinues to make ~ w d
progress:Cnnyou move the
sfaryalong a bit laster7 Whnt hnppened in the
end?
+v+adv + v+nlpmn+adv
,mom a'part if two or more things or people
mow apart, they become separated by a d ~ s -
tance: They quickly moved awnwhen 111ked
in. o (figuratiw)The tluosides in thedispute am
w i n gfurtherandfui7Rerupnrl.
Q v*adv
,mow a'round; ,mow a'round sth { a h
,move u'bouV'round,,more a ' W l w n d 8th
especiallyBrE) tokeepmovingfrom oneplace lo
another: Usethenwwetomovearoundthe~n.
o I h u e lomouearound a b t with myjob. o She
scsn~asshemv&ah7utIhe~~rn.
*v+adv v + p p
,move sbMh a'round ( a h ,
- wsm
a'bwtlroudmpwialIy Brmtomove sWsthfrom
one place to another: It's notfair to keep moving
the c h i h n aroundfrom s c h I lo xh1.o The
chair is lightandeasytomoveobwt.
Q v + ntpron+ adv
,more a'roundsth( a h,
- 'reuwd s t h a p
cmlly RrKi to move in a circlearound sth that is
blocking your path:Shemoved mundtheiable lo
openthewindow.
E 3go aroundswath
0v+ Prep
,moma'sidetomovetooneside,usuallytoallow
sborsthtopass:Imouedns&to~thargopsr
Q v+adv
, m m s W h a'sideto put sblsth to one side
away fromthe centre of a place,usuallytomake
roomfor sblsthelse: Wemued thehbles asWeso
thnl WemuIddance.
+v+ nlpmn+adv
,movea'waytoleave the place whereyou liveto
goand liveinanother place:A11 herfried have
mouedowayfrom thearea.
+v+adv
,move a'way (kom r M ) ,,move s
t
h a'way
(from sblsth) to leave the place or pos~tion
you
are in and go to another: to take sth from one
place or mition and put it in mther Move
awayJhm the w i d w inm w anyonesewyou. o
Cunyou mouethesdssomw a yfrom the&by?
@(+a& + v+nlp~on+adv
+ v+adv+n
,movea'wayfrom sthto stopdoing, following
or bliwlng sth: The party s
e
e
m m i
x mrrurng
owayfrum itsoriginn1arms.
& v + a & + m
,mow 'back: ,mow sm 'back1to go, or to
move skh, to a new psrtion at a distance away
from theh n t or behiid sblsth: He moved baEk a
Jaw a p s . o She moved her chair back Jrom the
fire, mow fornard,mow Mfomrd 2to
ga,or tomove sth,to theplaceorp~srtion
it was
in before: HB eym moved back to herface. o It
I w R a long time t
omoue IheJurnitsre brickq#er
t h e m y BE) return(ath) (
t
o8th) 3if an went
mwesback,or sbmoves it back+it takes place
at a later date or time than was first planned:
They'wm o d bock thedobof thewedding
+seeahPW STH BACK
a)v+adv r v+nlpmn+& + v+adv+n(less
mrnt)
,mom 'down (of a level or an amount) to
decrease:m
i
.
% move upnnd down amrding lo
demand.
gedown EEB momup
@v+adv
,move 'down; ,mow 'down d h I to move
from a higher p i t i o n to a lower one: iIW6ched
her mow nemusly down !heslop. B
E
i hhl, l a b
der l
B
3
9go up, go up sth 2 to move to a new
posit on tomake morespaceforsbelse: Can you
move down (thebus)sa morepop& cun get on?
E
L
5
9move up,moveup atn
+v+adv r v+prep
,move 'down;,move sb 'down (at school)to
move, or to move sb, to a lower class, grade or
level:Iwas w r r i d t h trialI f a ~ i d
thtesrlwould
haue lo moue down. o If you don't w
r
k harder
you'll bemoueddown (totheclassbelow).
EEB moveup,movenb up
Q v+ adv + v+nlpmn+adv
,mow sbmth 'down:,mow sbmth ' d m
sth to move sblsth f
r
o
m a higher position to a
Iou,er one:Move the box- downfrom the topof
thewardsobe.
gv+nlpron+adv * v+nlpmn+pmp
,move Tornard, ,move sth '
f
o
l
w
e
d
1to go,
or tomake sth go,to aplace or position that Is m
front:ThemrBegnnbomweforwmlsbowCv.E
Z
!
B
mow back, move sth back 2 to develop, or to
make sth develop,towardsagoodresult: It's lime
to moue fhls proj#t forwurd. 3 to move, or to
makesthmwe,towards thefuture: Thewmpany
must keep moving for~uard.o The smv then
mouesformrd lo 1%. 4 if an event moves for-
ward,or sb mows it forward, ~ttakesplace at
an earlier date or time than was planned My
o w t i o n has besR moved forward lam w k s .
EE)mow back, sth back
@ v+ adv + v +nlpron+ adv
,move 'In1(on sblsth) ta move towards sblsth,
especiallyin a threatenlngwaxortomahad m -
gerous s~tuation
calm:Im o d inc h a n d stuck
lhegun in his back.o Thepolice m
u
d in t
omn-
trol the trod.I
S
E
X
)close- in (on sbisth) 2 to
arrive and begln work,especially when people
don't really want you there: The develomrs
moved in and built a housing estule in the
grouna!softheold house.3(on sth)to begintotry
to have control of or respons~bilityfur a com-
pany, a project, e t ~ :
T h g are moving in on
anolherdmgsmmplrnjr
e v + a d v
,move 'In: ,mow 'Fnto sth to go toa new house
and begin to livethen?: How soon canyou mow
in7 o Whenoreyoumoving intoyournewjlnt?
rapp,~ 0 U t , m ~ v e w t a f ~ t h
Q v+adv * v+prep
,more 'intogethec,mwre'In wlth sbtostart
Ilving with sb, especially a partner: T
h
q
r
'
w
decidedtomove in logether
*v+a&+a& + v+adv+pr%p
, m m'intosth 1=MOVE IN,MOVE IWO STH 2to
start to be involved in a new are^ of activity Or
business:The mmpony is hoking lo mow t n h
new market.. o N r teaching for ten y m he
moved intopublr~hirag.3to develop or advance
into anew position, stage,etc: TheprojectIsnow
moving into its second ye~r
0 The m m has
moved intofourthpInce afer theiruiC0ry
ev+prep
,move sbtsth 'Into sth to take sWsth and put
themlit in a new place: We'ven
w
& the phn@
into the hehall,o The doctors at the hospricrl haw
m v t d myfather into a m m on hk own. 4r'w
moved mysavings inlaadiffemt h n k account.
@ v+ nlpmn+prep
,mow 'off (espxially BrE) (especially of a
vehicle) to start a journey; to begin ta move:
Check inyour mirrors b-$oreyou movsofl
Q v+adv
,mwe'offsth ,moms M h 'offsthtoleave
the placewhereJ ~ P U
are;toremove sblsth Worna
particular place: F a r m arempldly moviw fl
the land. o Canyou moueyour cur off thewue-
rnentpleaw?
+v+prep * v+nlpmn+ptqi
,move 'on 1to continue yourjourney after stop
ping for a short while; to leave the place where
you are and go to a new place: &
k
afew mln-
uies, the bus move$ on again. o The wlim told
them lo moue on and go home!o Wen I looked
round,Imluedmryone elsehad movadon. 2 d
ideas, bel~efs,etc. move on, they change and
develop:Thingshavemowd ona Iolsincemypar-
enis wereyoung oThe debt.?d m not seem M
haw m o d on much.o k h i o n s we moving on
ail thelime.3(tosth)tostart doingor discussing
sthnew:l ~uanttomwondomynextpoint
w
u
c o
When her mnhncl here runs out inApril, Tern
wrll move on. o She m o d on to &corn senior
editorof amagazine. EBD pass on (tosth)
@v+adv
,mwe 'on;
,move sb 'on= MOVE AWNGIO
MOVE 58 ALONGION EVWfiW i h v ihEY
got mouedon by thepol&?.
,mow 'out, ,mow 'out o
f s t h to leave your
home and go to live somewhere else: The Iwtger
moud out yesterday o H
e wants to mow out of
London.o They'ue m t l y moved out of thecity
andgorreloliueinthecounbry.
r n m In,moveInto ath
Qv+adw + v+a&+prep
,mow sb oout,,mwesb 'out ofsthItomake
sh leavea place,especiallytheir home: TheIand-
lord is moving the tmnnis out.o The e??zergm
servicesumrnovingpmpieout oj theirhomes.2to
removesbfrom aplace:Many muntriesarem u -
I
n
g their troops out of the a m EE)wlthdraw
sb(fromsth)
~ v + n i p m + a d v
+ v+adv+n(Iess~Elenfl+
v+nfpron+adv+prep
,move sth 'od;,move s
t
h 'out of sth to
remove sth from a place, especially in orderte
make more space:We'll&lo mowsomechrrirs
out hefore thepnrty to make more room. o When
can you moue your hlongings out of my amrt-
ment?o That able will haue lo hmowd out of
theway.
4v+ntpmn+a& + v+adv+n(LmJWfmt)
v + n/pron+adv +prep
,mow 'out of sth 1 toleavea particular place,
area or situation: W
e watched t k hefmouing
outoflhaharboul:o Themun~tyismovlngoutof
racession.2tostopbeing:lnvolwd inaparticular
activity or area of business: Many pwple have
heenfond mmow outoffarming.
Q v + adv+prep
,move'werI (to sblstA) togotowardssblsth: H
e
m o d over to her 2 (tosth)(especiallyB r a to
begin to do sth m a different way or with differ-
ent pwple; to change the system you are using
I'm an interpreteK bul I'd like to moue owr lo
mnslaiion work.o We've Just movedover to a
new computing system 3 to move to one side,
usually to make room for sblsth else:I wish she
corinfront would move overand Set meovertake.
o Moueowr!lwonltosltdo~~l
M.
o (&igurative)
Oldermammshould moveowr lo make m m
Jbryoungerp?opk.+see akaMOVE UP2
e)v+adv
,move 'bver8
t
h
:,moveabMh 'over sth 1to
forward slowly across a surfaw; to make sth
do this, The lank adupls t
otheground it is mu-

116. ,neff *ofi( k m t n g O M - f a s h m ,BrE, dung)
used by somepwpleto tell sb ruddy togoaway
andstopannoying than: Just fland leave
mealone!
,sx*,clear oW(wpciallyBrEj
+v+adv
nagin=/ (
6
'nagatsb1to keepcomplainingtosbabouttheir
behaviour;tokeep asking sbto do sth:He keeps
~ g g i n g
at me togetmoreexerck. 22
0 w
o
r
r
y or
irritateyoumntinuously:T
h
esurrpicwnthut she
was iyingmntinued sonngai me.
Q Y + P ~ ~ P
,nailsb 'down(tosth)tofomsbto stateexactly
what they think, what they intendto do,etc: He
says he'll come, but I w
n
'
t nuil him down to a
date.
F33phsbdorm (to sth)
+v+ru'pmn+adv + v+adv+n
,nailath 'down1tofasten8th downwithnails:
Sfteeof him tomil ~ ~ ~ r ~ d o o n .
2 t o
know or understandexactly what sth is:Some-
thtngseenrsamngehexe,butlcun'tnail iddown.
3 to reach an agreementor a decision,usually
aftera Iot of discussion: Thy mai-mgd lo nuil
down an ugreement with the maqement. EZEI
agreemant
@ 1v+nEpmn+adv 2 v+adv+n a v+nlpmn+adv
3v+adv+n + vf nlpmn+adv
,nail sih 'up1t
oattachsth toa wall. a post, etc.
withnails.fnailed upa ~ t i m m y i n g : ~ p o u t I 2
tofasten a door,a window,etc. with nails so that
it cannoteasily be opened:HeMiled up thedmr
tokeep i n W e m out.
<bv+adv+n + v+nlpron+adv
namejneml
'name W h 'a&ir sbMh (AmEatso 'MW
sblsth 'for sWsth) to give s b t h the name of
sbtsthelsethatyou likeor admire,forexamplea
famlly memhror a famousperson orplace: W
e
namd her dter her grandmother o The Miller
firewasw m d f i rthewnyon in which it kgan.
+v+ nlpmn+prep
narrowI'WW;A~E-MI
,narrow sth 'down(
t
o8th)to gradually M u m
the n u i n k of possibilities: r
u
e mrrwusd the
Zkt d mndidnwdownm three.
Qv+n/pmn+adv * v*a&+n
nestIspnesu
,nestle'up(tosWslh)to makeywrself warmand
comfortableby mwingclosetosb:Jamie M
Z
e
d
uplo his m
o
t
h
e
ronthemfl.
+v+adv
nibblelmb11
'nlbble at sth Ito eat sthby takingvery small
bltcs: Themouwnlbb~atf~peanurs.
o You'us
only nibhled at your I u h . 2 to show a sllght
interestinsth:Sewmlmmpanieshawnibbledat
ouroffer
+v+ prep
,nibble a'way at sth I e l l y Bra to grad-
ually reduce or use up the total amount of sth:
i@ation beganionibbieowoy at ihetrsovfngs.
Q v+adv+prep
,nipsth 'OPfto removeapartof sthby squeezing
it with yourAngers,cuttingitqulcklywith scis-
sors, etc:Shenipped off thedeadleaves.
m Ellfsthoff
Qv+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
nod/n~d:~mEnad/
(ad-)
,nod 'off(it$ormoO to f
dasleep:She mmbM o g
infront o
f thelalevision.
,sr*,dozeoff (moreformal)
+v+adv
noseI-; AmEnoW
,nose a-nd ( B Ealso,nose#bout) (form)
(informal) to go around trying to hnd out sth
about sWsth,particularly when you should not
dothis:I
'
m just nosingaboutfur clues.
e v + a d v
,nose sb 'outIlrlformnt)to defeat sbby a s
m
a
l
l
amount,forexampleinaraceoranelection:She
ruasnosedout offirstpbce tyheroki rival.
Qv+nlprm+adv+v+adv+n
,nosesth 'out(in-I) tod i msomeinfnr-
mation by searchingfor it: Thatman arn nosa
newsstory out Unywkm,
,sv*, mnlff cth out
+v+nlpron*adv v+adv+n
notch/nDtr:mnaq/
,notch sth 'up(tqforrmt)to achieve a win or a
high mre:He notched up enpints i
n rhefimt
five minutesof thegame.
vlctory,p t n b E
% W k Lth up
+v+adv+n + v + nlpron+adv
note/narrt,~m~norrt/
,note 8th 'downto write sth down so that you
will remember it: The c W nolad down ewry
wordshewid.
E53takesthdm:wdbathddorm
Qvfadv+n *v+nlpmn*&v
number/'n~mba(r)l
'numbers h t h amongdh(fom0toinclude
sblsth ina particulargroup'Inumhr heramong
my closest friends, o H
e is numtlbered among the
mrld'slop experts.
FEE)count sblsth amongsth
+v+ nlpmn+prep
nuzzlernnzl,
,nunla 'up agalnsMo sMth to press your
head,face,etc. againstsblsthtoshowaflmtionor
kcepwarm,etc: H erruzzfedupto his mother wlfh
a happy sigh.
Qv+adu+pmp

118. ,pace'out sth:,paceWhem 'out(aleo,pace
'off ~ t h ,
,paceWthern 'offlessfrequent) tomeak
ure sth by taking regular steps acms it: She
paced out fh
lengthof them
m
.
A noun must alwaysfollow out, but a PM
nokincomesbetween the verbandout.
Qv*adv+n 4 v+pmn+adv
,pack a'wayif 5th p k s away, it can befolded
up small when you are no longer using it: The
jmketpacksaurtry m t l y inlo itsawnpxket.
e v + a d v
,pack sth a'way 1to put sth into a box,cup-
board, etc. when you are no longer us% it: We
mckdamay thepicnicthings adput them inihe
car 2 Iinprml) to eat a lot of sth: S ~ Q
can cer-
6nnnlypackit a m y !
BE) put sth away
Qv+nlpron+adv 4 v+&+n
,packsb 'Intoattractlargenurnbersofpwpleto
a show,a play,etc: Theplmiss t i l l m i n g In t k
cmWd7.
E T i thecrowds
Pack abinI
snot usedinthe passive.
Qv+adv+n 4 v+prm+adu + v+n*adv(m)
,pack sbfsth 'In;,packsblsth 'Irv'intosth I
to do a lot of things, seea lot of w p l e , etc. in a
limitedperiodof trme: Shemanagedfop~~kalot
of srghtseeinginfufhrwduys. o Wepackedina lot
wrerday a f t e m n . 2 to put a lot of things or
pwple lnto a Ilmited space: Somehow us m n -
aged l n p k everyoneIn.
,sra,cram sblsth In,cramaWsth InRntosth
v+nlpron + adv + v+adv+ n + v + nlpmn +prep
,pack sth 'In (BrE, Infbrmal) Ito give sth up,
especially a job: She's mcked in her job as a
teacher o Smoking's bad lor you. You ought io
pack r
t in.o I wassodepressedIfiIt likejmckiw
It at2 fn.E
B
3job FED chuck sth Iwup [BrQ,
jack s t l ~
In(Bra,glve sth up +se@olsoIIACK UP,
PACK STH UP 2 2 ,pack It 'inused totell sbto stop
behaving badly or do~ng
sth that IS annoylng
you:Jwfpackitin,
wrllyou?
Q I v+abv+n + r+n/pron+adv
Zv+it+edv
,pack 'into8thif people pack into aplace, they
go there in l a r g e n u m b and filtit completely:
All six of wmcked intot k h
e
r
m
y mr oMore than
70Ow people packed into TmfaIgcw Spuure on
New Year'sEve.
E
f
Q cram Inlo sth
Qv+ prep
,pack s h t h '#Mo = PACK SDhTH IN,PACK
SBISTH INhHTO STH
,pack sb 'd(to ...I ( W o m l )tosend sb away
especially because you do not want them with
you: Shem p c k d flto barding school at the
ogeof eight. o Hepnckedtk childreno r i
obed.
Packsboffisoftenused in the passive.
@ v + nlpron +adv + v+a&+ n
,pack sth 'aut(BrE)ifa show, a performer.etc.
packs out a place, they attract large numbersof
w p l e there to see itlthem: The $andpacks out
venuesallouerthemuntry. o TThemouIehas
packing out cinemasforiueeks.
+v+adv+n + v+nlpron+adv
t ,packed 'out mij ( B E ) very fUThefown Is
pricked out with tourists in the summetoo
packed-outswim
,pack 'Up (BrE, Wormab if a machine, an
engme,F ~ C .
pack9 up, it stopsworking:
My car's
packed upagain.
,sv* break down;g hout
&u*adv
,peck 'up;,packs
t
h 'up 1to put your posses-
sions, equipment, etc into bags or boxes befom
youleaveaplace:M'stimelopkupondgohom
now oAII our things werepacked up miiing lo
be mwed.F
E
Uthings, belongings 3(BrE,infor-
ma0tostop dorngsth,especially ajob: Hewedto
smokebut hemeked up Instyaar o You'dfeelk
f
-
ter il you packed up s
m
o
k
m
.o When did you
p w k wyour job at thebookshop?i[ssJI
amoklng,
WOW, lob )SYH) glV0 UP *S
@
@ Q
!
Q
O PACK STH
IN 1
e v + a d v + v+adv+n + v+pron+adv r v+n+a&
Imm)
,packagesth 'up(es&al& ~ m m
to m p sth
and make ~tinto a parcel sothat you cansend it
somewhere: She packaged up his books ond
maikd themlohim.
EZE) parcelith up(BE)
+v+a&+n 4 v+nlpmn+adv
,padsth 'ovt(w1th sth)l toputsoAmaterial.into
a piece of clothing in order to change ~ t s
shape:
Shepadderdthemlumeout withfmm 2 tomake
sth, such as a h k , an article, a speech, etc.,
longerbyaddingunnecessary material: Ipudded
our thearfick with fols of qrrotathions.
Qv+adv+n v+pron+adv+ v+n+adv
,page'throughsth(AmE)toturnthepagesof a
book,a magazine,etc. and look at them without
readfng them in detail: She pagedl through #he
w o n hk~ngforkracsme.
L
E
@leal Mroughsth
ev + Prep
,paintsth 'out(espciallyBrE)tocover sth,such
as amark, partof apicture, etc. by puttingpaint
on top o
f it so that no one can we it: The murk-
tngson lheplrrnehad beenhur~kdly
mintadout.
&v+adu+n + v + p m + a b v v+n+adv(mre)
paint'oversthtocwer sth with alayerof paint:
We'll how to pzint o w the ddirly m
a
* on the
wall. o I don't like the lucry the pmilng has
turdoutsoF'lljustpaht ouerrt.
W Paint aver9th canbewed in the w~ssive:
T ~ P
nameAad beenpainw m
e
w
e
l
:
+v *prep
[paint sth 'up to pht sth, dmrating it in a
bright attractive way: Their house had &en
p ~ n t e dup in a w i n g wbum o The bus was
painled up urrlhadyert~menls,
+v+n/pron+adv v+adv+n
pair/ ~ r ) ; ~ m Y p e r /
,palr 'off;,pairsb 'off(wlth sb) toformapairor
pairs, especially in order to have a romantic
relationship; toWing twopeopletogether in this
way:By illeendof hmurse,eueryonehndmired
of7 o(especin1Iy BrE) They Pled to pair their
daughter o x withthemighbour's~rm.
@v+adv + v*nlpmn+adv * v+adv+n
pal7 'up;,palrsb 'up(wlthsb/uh)toforma~ir
or pala (with sblsth) in order to work,play a
game,etc.together: tobringtwopeople together
forthispui-pxe: ThejobisoIoreaskrtfyoumir
up with someonee h . o Writershave kenpawed
upwi!hartJsrs lawritewtklesonpointi~s.
@v+adv + v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
palI@/
(-11-)
,pal a'round(wfth sb) (Am9to become friends
with sb and spend time with them: Iused toy1
around withB d .
+v+adv
;pat 'up(wlthsb) (BE)
tobe~ome
fiendswithsb:
Theypalled upalwllege.
@v+sdv
palm1
-
1
,palmsb 'off(with sth) (iqforrrm01topersuade
sb to believe an explanation for sth that is not
trne, L
n order to stop them asking guestions or
complaining: Don't Ieb himpalm you o
nwith an
excuse 2topermadesbtaaweptsth that haslit-
tle value or is not what they really want: Make
sumhedoesn'tpa~myouoflwtihfaulCvgmi9.
FEE) fob sboff (wlth 5th)
@v+nlpmn+adv 4 v+adv+n
,palmath 'offas sth (i-0 topersuade sb
that sth isbetter thanitreally is, orIssthdLfTe~
ent,especialIy in order to s
e
l
lit: She w a ~
trying
topnlmmplesoffasorigimlpaintings.
v + nlpron + adv+ prep
,palmshlsth 'off onionto sb (irbformat)to get
r ~ d
of sWsththatyou donot want by persuading
sb else to accept themlit: He h-ied 60m
E
m his
uncle flon mefir t k wholeaftemmn. o Ith~nk
shepalmed o
nthestolen necklamonsame unsus-
pmling old lad*
e v * n l p r m + a & * m v+adv*n+prep
panIPW (art)
,pan 'od [&l?orrrmt){of events or a situation) to
develop in a particular way:I don't know why
rhings~nnedoutlhatmytfqvdid.
o Howdoyou
myour cumrponningo.M?
F B turn out
Q v + &
'panderto &sth (dhppmvlng)to h
-
ytoplease
sb by doing or providing what they want
although you h o wit isprobablywrongtodoso:
Hepanders 60her ewg whim. o His$lma wuer
pandered topub[kMe.
Pander to sWsth can be used in t
h
e pas-
SIVY Idon't ihinkchiIdmn shwM beptrrPdered ta
6.
v + prep
panicI ' W ~ I ~ I
(sk-1
'panlcsb Inb 8th;'panlc sb Intodoing slh
to make sb do sth too qulckly h a u s e they are
m i d .Wn't letthemprmicyouinlo~decision.
=Panic sb into sthlinto doing sth i
soften
used In the passive: She m
f
& lo hmnicke$
intomuking mhpmmises.
Q v+nlpmn +prep
,paper 'over 8
t
h 1to cover 9th such as a wall
w ~ t h
thick paper inorder tohide sth:Wepa-
ouer thesfairason theMIL 2tohide sthsuchasa
problem,adisagmmentetc.,especiallyquickly
or not very well: Thediuiswns in theparty hud
h n p ~ p r m i
owrdurhg theelactionmmpni~n.
Paperovers
t
hcan beusedmthepassive.
Q v+prev
mp
a
p
p
e
ro u w h'-eta (In8th)totryto hide
a problem or fault, especially in a way that is
unlikely tobesucceasful

119. parcel 198
,parcels
t
h 'out to divide sth into parts or por-
tions: Theypamlled~uttheland
inlomaliplo&.
o Thework waspamelled out omong t k
+v+adv+n + v+pmn*advr v+n+adv(mre)
,parcelsth'up(BrE)tompsthandmakeithto
a parcel: S
h
e
p
n
m
l
I
e
d upthe bwks ready losend.
,srn,package5th up(@speciallyAmm,map
sth up
Psrcel sthisusedless oftenwith thesame
rne;rning.
+v+adu+n + v+nlpm+sdu
,pare ath a-hff to remow the thin outer
layer from sth fn thin skips:Parro g the rind
from the orange using a sharp knlle. o (figurn-
five) Their rrghts had hemwredaway underthe
lastthree kltlgs.
Pare sth can also be us4 with this mean-
i n g Paretherind.$iumthek.mons.o thinlymrd
rum
4v+adv+n r v+nlpron+adv
,pare sth 'down ( a h,pnre sth 'back Impe
qumt) (to sth) to gradually reduce sth cmsider-
ably In she or amount: We8ueparedour expenses
down loam~nimum.
EL)cutsthbaek;cutsthdwvn(toslh)
Pare sth can also l
xu
& with this mean-
ing W
epared costs by doing mixh of the w
r
k
ourselves.
@v+nlpmn+adv + v+adw+n
parlay/'po:lerdm~'pa~k~/
,parlay9th 'into sth(AmE,
iqformaO touse an
advantage :eat you have, such as money or a
skill,in order to get stho r make it worth more:
Hepurlu- hi.r e ~ a l w ~ h i p
wilh hisbossintoon
immrfonljab.
+v +nlpron+p p
par,tlt$on
ath 'offto sewate onearea,onepart
of a room, etc. from another w
i
t
h a wall or
screen: The dining area is pnrliiioned off wfih
S
C
m
T
I
S
.
Far4ltlm sth off is often us& i
n the pas-
SIYC.
&v+adv+n e v+ntprm+adv
,pass sth a'round;,pass sth a'mund sth
IBrEabo.~ass
ath 'round..oasissth 'roundsthj
to offer sth to each p%mni
; a proup: Wouldyou
mindpassing the sandwiches mund?oA prnurp
urlrrpmsed around the clm.
E
l
9 handsth round,hand8thamund
@v+rdpron+adv 4 v+adv+n + v+nlprm+prop
'passas sb
+seealsoPASS ~oulas
sa
,pass a'way 1( a h,pes~
'on)people say paw
away to avoid saying 'die': She owqv
pwceful[y in her sleep 2 to disappear: Many o
f
thesecusromshtrw~sedawny.
&v+adv
,paw b e ' w e nsbif sth such asa look, aword,
etc. passes between two people, they look
quickly at each other,speaktoeach other,etc: A
look o
f undersfandrng
passed between Ann and
Cnrk. oI never kmw whatplrssed between them
(= what they said to eachother)on thoi day
ev+m
partIW%AMWXW ,pass 'by if time passea by, it goes past: The
weeispassetlbyandshedidn'tmll.
'part with sth to give sth away that you would a
.
preferto keep~tm m ygrnndmotM9 n w k h Fa,; is u& more Requently with this
andI?[neverpart wilh it. o (humorous) Wewon? meanina: he fuaebpes~.
be mrry lo with that old sofa. o He hales rn ,
+ ,A,
parting with (=spending)hismoney
-*. '
EXl money
,pass 'by: ,pess 'by sblsth to go past sblsth
0 V * P ~
without stopping: Hesaw t h e p m ' o n pxs 4y.
o Thebwtpossedcloseby tht-island.
partakelw'te~k;
~ m ~ w r ' t - 1
(partmk
rsr;ii,go by,go bysblsth
(-'tuklpartaksn1-'tekanl)
Pass and pass sblsth are also used with
this mean in^: WewatchedEheumessianpass.
pateake of d h(ohifprshioned or humrolls)to +v + adv r v+prep
eat or drink sth: Would you care 50 partake o
f b 'Bypassn1aroadthatgoesmundatown-etc.
somrefmhmenl? and which is intended to keep W c out of the
6+
v+ P ~ P town centre 2 a medical operation on the heart
in which blood isdirected along adifFerentroute
so thal it d m not f
l
o
w through a part that is
damagedorblock& thenewroutethat t h e b l d
takes: a bpossopmtwn
b ,parser-'by n a prson who is waking past
sblsth, especrallywhen s
t
hunexpectedhappens:
Severu[passem-bysIOppdtohelp.
ss sbrsth 'byto h a m without afTectlng
klsth:ShrfeeLs that life ispming her by (= that
she is not enjoying the opportunities and pleas-
uresof 11fe).a The whole businesspassed him by
(= hewashardlyawarethatitwashappening).
.Qlv +nlprnn+adv
ass sth 'dmwn(
t
osb)togivesthorteach 8thto
Pyovr children a people who are younger than
you, who will then give or teachit to their chfi-
dren, etc: These sloriPs were pwd downfmm
one genemtion m the m l . o Some of thefurni-
turehns h e n@down ihroughihefomiljr
EE)hand8th down (to sb)
lmilPasssth downis of?enusedinthepawive.
Qv+dpron*adv v+a&+n
b s s for sth (disappmdng) used to say that
although sthissaid tob
eaparticular thing, you
donot think it k goodenough to be called that: I
got llSBd to drinking what paffos for tea in that
part o
f the world.
e v + p r e p
bass fortes sb to be so much like another per-
son,or anothertypeof person,that people could
easily think you were that person or type:He
speaks F r e d &I enough topawfor a h m h p
man. o She'sin herforires but shemuldp a ~ s
for
tenyemyavnget: o ~heyaru~dpnssas
twins.
Q V + P ~ ~ P
b s s Into fibtobewrneapartof 5th:ManyJor-
eignwordshnvepmm-I inloEnglish,
ev+ prep
,pass 'off(BrE)
1[+advlprPpJif aneventpasses
off in a particular way, it takesplace and is fin-
ished in the way mentioned: The e k t o n has
fl withuuf incident.o The celebraiions
passed o g pwc@lljt 2 If pain, the fleets of a
drug, etc. pasa off, they gradually d~sapappear:
ThesympbmsshouEdpasstIff wilhin 24hours.
&u+adv
pass sth 'oftto act a8 Ifa difAdt orawkward
remark or situation is lessimportant thanyou
really think it IS:
Hehodlm l l y w
s
e
th
e
r
? but she
sm6ledand trfed t u p s it oJToHe manugai b0
priesIhequPslwnfllightly.
+v*nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
mass sblsth 'off as sblsth;,pass yourself
'offas sbtsthtopretend that sbor sth issome-
thing that they axenot: Shefr&d
lopass the pic-
rureoff asanori@mL oHesucceeded inpassrng
himwlf off asadaclor
Q v + nlpron+adv +prep + v +a&+ n+prep(less
fwuentl
,pass 'on4 (to h)
(Brmtobegin a new actnrltJt
discussion, etc: Let'spasr on lo the nai ite??~
on
the agenda. a If yw mn'l answer one pllestion,
p a s s a n l o t h e m r L ~ m m o n ( t o a t h ) 2 =
PASS AWAY 1
&v+adu
,passsth 'an(
t
oab) 4 togivesth tosbeke,ewe-
c~allyafler receiving or using it yourseIf:I'll
pass thrsb m k ontoyou when I'wfinished with it.
o I?I pass onyow news to the rest of thefarnity.
IEX) hand 8
t
h on (to sb) 2to give sth that you
have, such as a disease, a quality etc, to sb else:
HIVmn b e e onfrompomt 10child oFar-
entspass thewattitudpson totheirchildrea 5if a
company,a shoplstore, etc. passes on higher or
lower costs to its customers, ~tmakes them pay
more or less for s t h The sup@rmrkel did not
pass onilsprofit t
ocuslomers by cuttiwprices.
ev+nlpron+adw + v+adv+n
,paas sb 'onb sb to arrangefor sbelsetohelp
or deal with a particular person: I'in qfroM I
can't answeryour guestion, but l'ilposs you on lo
mymlleague.
~v+nlpmn*&v+prep
,pass 'out 1to lose consciousness: He a l w
@out wiihihepaim BfB black uit:falnt -
B
seealso COME ROUND~COMEM 2 ( a h,pa= 'OUt
d 5th) (Brm to leave a military college @er
completing acourseof training
+v+abu2alsov+adv+prep
,pass sth 'out(ta sb) to give somethingto each
pemn m a group: The teacherwked wie topaw
thebooksout.
E D glvnsthoul;handsthth[tosb)
Qv+n/pron+adv + v+adv+n
,pass'oversb(brah),,passhlm,*em, s
t
c
.
'over(for 8th)to notcons~der
sbfor aW
e
rjob,
espechlly when they deserve it or think they
deserve it:I~ w r s ~ o u e r f o r p m m o t i o n
again.
o Hewas- o wmfauourof a y o u n g e r m .
EiilA noun must always rollow over, but a
pronoun comes hiween the verb and over.
Thisphrasal verb IS oRen usadinthe passive.
&v+adv+n r v + p n + a d v
,pass "s b t h 1 t
o move o w the top o
f
sblsth. Theplanespns~
dimily ouer the hospilaL
o Theeyeof the storm waswssingover us. 2 to
ignore or avoid sth: They chose topass ouer her
rude remarks. o Fc~ryears this painting was
passed o m by experk.EB Ignore sbblsth
Pass over s h t h can be used in t
h
e passive In
this meaning.
@v+prsp
b 'overpassn ( e s W 1 yAmEj abridget
Mcar-
riesone road orrailway aboveanother:abridge
over a road for people who want to cross: fin'#
o-ylorrossthe hi~hway
-llse theowpass.

120. ,passsb/sth 'ewtr(to sb) Itogivesthtosb,
e s p
c W when they ask for it or you do not want it
any more;
to givesb, or the responsibfltty for sb,
to sb else:Jqj' pllssed the phone over m that I
wuld spenk to Glum 0 The doclor passed the
baby over ta the nurse.oControl of t
h
e budgets
has ken pclssacd over 0 individual schmis.,svH,
hand sblsth over (to sb) 2 to let sb listen or
speak to sb else when you Imve finished talking:
flthemare nomoreqllestions, flipassyououer to
Ted. I
E
X
)handoverto sb,handsb over to sb
Qv+nlpmn+adu r v+adv+n
,passsth 'round;,passsth 'roundath [BrE)
=PASS STH AROUND,PASS STH ABOUND STH
,pass 'through ,pass 'through sth to go or
travel through a place, only stopp~ngfora
short
tune: We'm not staying here,Eue'reJlrst pnssing
through.o We p w d through Pornpeii on our
wq Lo Naples.
+v+adv r v+prep
,pass 'through sth (especially Brm to experi-
ence a particular kind of situation or period of
time, especially a dfficult or unpleasant one,
and developduringit: 3 h e e t h r o u g h adifi-
cult period after her dzwrce.o The induslry is
pawingthroughnperbiof &we.
l3!i3 perlod,stage gothrough8th
ev+ prep
'pew to sb/Stbto begintobe ownedby sb new:
When shedied, the housepassedmh e r n h
+v+prev
,pass sth 'up (injorrnu~
to decide not to take
advantage of an opportunitX, an offer, etc: She
passedupthecham o
f a nip loRome. oImagine
passing upanfler Sike that!
opprtunlty, chance+
offer
+v+adv+n 4 v+pron+adv + v+n+adv(less
fwuwi)
patchIWUI
,patchs h t h 'thmughtoconnect telephoneor
electronic equipment temporarily: The mdio
waspatcMthmwh doarmy headguarlers
Qv + nlpron+a&
,patch sth b'gether to arrange sth q u i c m
especially by putting several different parts
together, without taking any a r e over it: An
interimgowrnmenl ~llasquickly~tcM
logetlrer
@v+adv+n + v+nEpmn+adv
,patch sbMh 'up to give quick or temporary
med~cal
treatment to someone who 1s mured
Theypalched him up andsent him backonto the
JieM (= for example in a game of footbaIl). o The
doctor d ~ d
the besl he coutd to p i t h up lhdr
wounds.
ev+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
,patchsth 'upItorepahsth,especiallyquickly
or temporarily: The car was paIched up and
m l d . o W
epnlched up the hsk in the rwf and
got it m ~ i d
then mdny. 2 to end a quarrelor
dispute with sb and be friends again: Thgr
potchdup t h e i r d f l m s . o Can'tyou tmhy to
potch FkhIngs u p ? m dtiferences, quarrel,
thlngss toagreeonsth, especiallyaRerlongdls-
cusslons and even though the agreement is not
completely satisfactory: They mano& topntch
upapeUte.
Q Iv+nlpmn+edva v+adv+n
2,3v+adv+n r v+nlpmn+adv
"aw at sblsth ( W o r m 0 if ananimal paws at
sblsth, it touches sblsthrepeatedly with itsfoot:
a h o w pnwing at the ground o Cfgurntive) One
of thechildren roasmwingat mysleeve.
eV + P ~ ~ P
,paysb 'back(for sthffor dolng sth)topunish sb
bemusethey havemadeyou orsbelsesuffer: 171
pay him ~~orgettingmeinmtroubk!
E
3get back at sb (forsthlfcr doing sth)
Q v +nfpmn+ adv e v+adv+n(Ioss
frequent)
F 'payback n [C] a reward or a punishment
that sbreceives for 5th theyhave done
+ S ~ ~ U ~ I ' A Y R ~ C K B ~ P A Y
SR BACK,PAY STH BACK
(TOSB)
,pay sb 'back: ,pay sth 'back(to sb) toreturn
money that you have borrowed from sb:i'llpay
you back w t week. o She3trying mpnytheImn
back over5years. o He'llneuerhable tomy back
the m
o
m
W repay sb(sth),mpay rth I
t
osb)(mota
form0
In informal languagepay sbbacksthand,
less often,pay eb sth back arealsoused: When
areyou going lo pay me back r h t $100you o w
me?o Cunyoupay methat moneybrrck sam?
v+n/pmn+& r v+adv+n
b 'paybackn [C] nT]Ithe money that youreceive
back on money that you have investd: the time
that it takestoget your money back: I'm miiing
toget the maximum~yhwk
on my investment.o
atera.+wrmbcack
+seeah PAYBACK atPAY SR RACK (FOR STHlPOR
DOING STH)
'pay for 8th to suffer or be punished for sth
wrong that you have done or said,or Tor sth you
believe: Someone's ming topay for this! o T h g
arepaying d ~ r l y f o r
theirmislake.
EEl unlstake.crlme
Q PEP
8th 'In;.pay sth 'im8thto put money
I n t o a ~ a c r n u n t : l h a d l o g o ~ t ~ h n k t o p a y
ac!wquein. o Herrwgesatepiddimtiy*Ilok
m u n t .
EEichaqw, monqE
E
@dspmstf sth (In 6th)
(moreformal)
+v+ntpnm+adv + v+adv+n + v + n l p m n + m
p
y 'off if sth that involves risk pays off,
it i
s
successfhland brings theresults that you want:
Ttwgambieplid oB:o Theif fmrd tlnrrk isW i n -
ning to pay off oAll the mining you've been
doingseemslohavepaid o# ha11ds0meIy
(=has
had very good results).
Q v + &
b 'pay-fl n (IIIfwnurD a rewardor abenefftthat
youreceive asaresultof sth youdo: Whlarethe
pay.qtrs of workingar home?
+S~~Q!SO
PAY-OFF at PAY SB OFF
ay sb 'off1togive sbmoney topersuadethem
to do sthor not to Msb about ath illegal or
dishonest you have done: She ref& to be paid
ofi B
B
O h y sb off 2 to pay sb the money they
have earned and dismiss them f
r
o
m their job:
The slorehaspaid ofl many of thefull-time SW
andMered them part-time work
Qv+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n
b 'pay+ff n (irlformal) 1a paymentyou maketo
sb topersuade them not to dosthor not totell sb
about sth []legal or dishonest you haw done:
Palice have been muwd of m i v i n g pyaffs
from Iocalgangs. 2 a paymentmadeto sbto per-
suade them to leave their job: Shehasreoeiutda
flommfi
a hPAY-OFF
at PAY OFF
pay sthnb 'off 1to Anlsh paying moneythat
youoweTorsth:f&Ihemo~topoyoffmy
overdmfl.o T
h
e
y
'
r
e still plEylM off their mart-
mge.o topry ofl WitorSID bank manager
mortgego, lmn,debCs IS@ mpay sthrsb (mom
formal) 2 (espacia[IyRrE) to pay tbe fare for a
taxijourney: Shegoid the taxiolJ and walked the
st o
f the may. I
!
% taxlleab
Q ? v+adv+n + v+pmn+adu* v + n + a d v ( h
fwllenfl
Zv+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
b a y 'out:
,pay ath 'od(for &) (es-lty BrEJ
to pay alargeamount forsth: Theinsu-mm-
puny refused topcy out. o Thegovernmentpays
out rnilfionso
f pounds in h?&ts. o I m ' t word
topzy outforpriwl freabnent.
+r+adv + v+adv+n 4 v+pmn+adv v+n+adv
(-1
r 'payout n a large mount of money that i
s
giventosb:hplelrIfu&inihemh wonrecud
payoulsfmmihemtlcompclny.
p a y sfh 'out(BrE)to release or passalength or
rope,etc. throughy
o
u
r hands: He stuWpnying
out therope.
Qv+sdv+n+ v+pmn+adv v+n+a&(mm)
,pay 'up(irlfbrmoi) to give somebodythe money
that you owethem,especially if youdonot want
to: In the end we threulened io trike them to murt
and theypaitbu p
wugh upFesp3ully BrEj
6v+adv
b 'pald-upudj [onlybefore noun]1havingmid
all themoney necessary tobeamember of aclub
or an organization 2 (iMorrrmD strongly sup-
porting8th:afuliypuid-up~tbnllfan
'peck at sth to eat only very s
m
a
l
lamounts of
sth, because you are not hungry:He wassoner-
uoushe o n l y p k d o t hislunch.
QV + P ~ P
peelIPW
,peel alveyrback (fmm sth), ,peel
a'wayl'back(from sth) tocomeoff the surface
of sth;to removea thln layerfromthe surfaceof
sth: The waIImw had siur&d to pwl a w . o
Themint luarpeeIingowqfirniRa w d . o She
peekd back t h biunkeLs and jumped inlo bed, o
Hepeeledaway thepiustic wrappiqz
+w a h PEEL STH OFF, PEEL STH OFF STH
@v+sdv + v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n
,pel 'off1tocameaway h m the surface of s~
The milprrger was mling @
TIEBJ p a w , skln,
paint2(of cars,aircraft,etc.)toleaveagroupand
turn toones~de:
ThepIatw~led
oflone L
y one.
& v+adv
,peel sth 'off1 to m o v e wme or all of your
clothing, especiallysththatfitstightly: Hepeeled
o n his wetcbthes.E L clothes, gloves,T-shirt.
e t ~ .
2 to remove somenotes from a thick p ~ l e
of
folded or r
o
l
l
e
d paper money: He peeled off two
hundredrbollnrsand handed them lo her
@ v+adv+n + v+pron+adv + v+n+adv(mm)
,peel sth 'otf;,peel sth 'offsth to remove a
thln Iayer from the surface of something: He
peefed the $weel wmpmr o s
h
e meled at[ the
waIlpperoff the bathrwm ceiling.
wellpnper,palnt,wrapper
@v+n/pmn+adv v+adv+n 4 v+ntprw+pmp
,pega'way(atsth)(in~5rmal)ta
continuetowork
hard at or t
r
y to achieve sth dimcult:He kwps
pegfl'ng awayat hisnovel.
Q v+adv
,peg sbtsth 'back (especiallyin sport)to stop
sblsth from winning or Porn increasing the
amount by which they areahead: ItaZy werewin-
ning 2-4but were p
e
& back 60 a drow by
Spain'slategoal.
Peg sb/sthblack is d e n used in the pas-
sme. * It smrnmon innewspapers.
@ v+n/pron +a& + v +a& +n (Zessjhqwnl)

121. .peg'oulEBrE,Wormul)todie:llhou~ht
shewas LleBDBC1'wwtr)l
goingt o p g out right infrom of me?
+v+adu
,peg sth 'Out (BrQ to fasten washing to a
wlth a wooden or plastic device (a peg): He
outside,pegging the washingout.
E%3 washlng,clothesEZ9 b n g wth out
+v+dpron+adv v+adv+n
line
was
'pelt down (idorman to rain very heavily: It's
peithg down(withrain)ou&Me.
EEl murdown
Qv+adv
,pen &lath 'in;,pensb,sth 'Insthtoshut sWsth
in asmallspoewithwalls orfences,etc.aL1m d
We penned the s h p tn the yard.0 The froubde-
mkem ume pen& in by the poiim o (fcgumtiw)
SAefeItpnnedh livinginthehwrto
f thecity.
=This phrasal verb is often used in the
passive.
, @v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n + v+tWpron+prep
,pensbtsth 'up(a@ciaIiyBrEj toshutsblsth ina
place w~th
waUg fen=, etc. all around,andnot
let them leave.If ~wlsgmitogoolrLsideayk
betng
penned up in the houseaibday.o Theymnned us
upina [ittieroomandmuWn't let anyonehue.
=Pen sblsth up is usually used in the
passwe.
+v+nlpmn+adv + v+sdv+n
,pencil abMh *In(for sth) to write down sb's
name for an appointment, or the details or an
arranpement, although you know that this
might havetobe changed later:Let'spencil in the
third oJ Moyfor the naeeting.
ev+nEpron+adv v+adv+n
pensionVpenJn!
,penalonsb 'offtoalloworforcesbtoleavetheir
job and stop regular workfto retire), especially
because they areold or ill,and pay them a regu-
lar sum of money (a pension): She wus pen-
siollwr off at the age of 56 o guml live) We'w
pansionedowold TVoff andbuughfa newom.
W k n s i o n sb o
f
f Is usually used in the
passive.
Qv+nlpron+adv * v+adv+n
,pep sblSth 'uplinfmmat)to make sbEsthmore
interesting: to make sb feel more lively or fhll of
energy: Thec o r n y needst
opep upits image.
Qv+adv+n + v+ntpron+adv
'peppersbMh wlth sth tohit sWsthwith lots
of small thing such as bullets: T
h
g
r saM they
werempwred withshotgunpelletsasthajr walked
in the forest. D VigUmtiue) The inlerviemr pep
-her wrlhquestions
ElElPepper sWsth with s i h is usually used in
the passive.
Q v +nlpmn+prep
'peppersth with sthtoindude alargenumber
of ath in sth:She peppen her m w m t i o n with
references m famous pmple. o H
e
r hair is p?p
pered wifhgrrj,
Pepper 6th wlth s
t
hisusuallya& inthe
passive.
+v + nlprm+prep
perk1~:k:AmEp3:rk/
,perk 'up;,perkab 'upIinf-0 tobecome,or
makesb,morelivelyor morecheefi,espec~ally
after they have teen iWsick: You'veperked up
sinceihrs morning. oA s h o w worrld m n mrk
You U P
llvenup,I bsbup
Qv+adv v+nlpron*adv r v+adv+n
,perk'Up;,pWk~ t h
'Uplitlformal)toimprowor
increase in value, tomakesth increase in value,
etc: The weather saems lo be perking up. o The
recentdemandfor h o ~ h a s ~ k e d u p
thegnnces.
o Hous@grices
a m a m t & t
operk up.
EfK) Improw, Imp- sth
Q vtadv * v+nlpmn+adw + v+abr+n
,perk8th 'up(rnformntomake sthmore inter-
estingor more attractive: Perkupa&rk kilchen
wrlh a m t of pamt. o A vegetable stew can be
perked up wftha dash of chilli sauce.o idemfor
perking up blandfood
EE)llven ath up
+v+adv+n + v+prm+adv + v + n + a d v ( h
frep~Jlt1
per'mlt of sthfirman tomake sth mssible: to
allow 6th to happen: Thesitwtion does nobp r -
mit of any d e b
W Permit of 5th is usually u& in negative
scntences, and inwritten English.
OV+PMP
perfafn/ p a o t e m ; ~ m ~ w t - 1
per'taln to sth(fwmantobe mnnectedwith a
particular subject, person, event or situation:
Thecommitteelurssreviewingrr[lthefnwspwoin-
ingloudoptwa
Qv + prep
'meterl a i ~ r ) l ,phona 9
t
h 'In (mwrWly BtE, ta make a tele-
.-
phone call to the place where you work in order
~peter'autQnto*)mdecmseorugraddy t
, give sb some information: our mmrter
before coming to an end: The rimd petered out phndtkheslov lhrs
rnto a din track. oBy midday $hersenihushm ringsth
had pie& oul,o The mn-tion g d w l l ~ + ,,,oron + +
perend out.
&v+adv
,phase sth 'Into intfadu~e
sth @%dually
or in
stages:Thegomment willphnseinthe newUrr
lG3 phasasth out
Phase sth i
n is often used in the passive:
Theschemewrll bephawd inouer 15yivears.
@ vtadv+n + v+n/pron+adv
phase sth 'odto stop usingsth graduallyor in
stapes:Theyug&iophEsseout chemhl weapon.%
)I)PP) phase5th In
Phase sth out isoffenused inthe pssive:
Theold system is~ l n g g ~ o u t .
ev*adv+n v+nlpran+adv
- .
,phone 'round;,phone 'round sbMth (ape-
cially Brm = PHONE A R O ~ ~ N D ~ O U N D .
PHONE
AROUND~ROUND
SBISTH
,phone sth 'through(espdallyBrE) to phone
sb with details of or information almut sth:
Phoneyourordet throughlothestom.
e)v+nlpmn+adv a v+a6u+n
,phme"up: ,phonesbbth 'up(mpcia1l~
BrE)
to make a telephone call to sbfsth: I'IIphoneup
and cancel my appointmant. o Phone Mike up
ancd ark him rf he mnls lo come.olphoned up
thehenk thismorning.
W Phone and phone sb are also fbquently
used with this meaning. Phone up and phone
sh up are verycommon in spokenEngl&h.
Q v+adv a v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
mhone1faun;~rnEfwnl
IEiW To phone is the most common way to say
p i c k ~ w
'to telephone' inBritish English. To rlngand to -a1 -.-
call are also used. The m
o
s
t common verb in -oft -UP
American English for this istocall. -on 205 -upon
lbhone a'mundrround: .ahone a'roundl 2W *Out
'' 'round sbMh (wpec~ally
BrE)to make phone
cslls to several different people or graces, usu-
aUy to try to And out some information: Is
w
n
l
the morningphoning roundhotels,fryingt
oh k
a mom o He phoned around to leII everyone
about themmw.
'plck at sth1to eat very small arnounbof fd
because you are not hungry: Shepicked at her
J
d
for a urhiie, then lefi the table. fOPd+
meal 2 to pull 9th with your fingers several
tunes: Shepicked neruo~ly
at her skrr!until she
v - " .
whone 'back: ,phone ab 'back (especially
RrEj to telephone sb again or to telephone sb
who telephoned you earher: Ikjl a mmage but
they neverphoned back o Tom called whrkyou
mereout.Heasked if youmuIdplronehim hck. o
The tmwl agent phoned back to confirm yow
hkzng.o It'sengaged- I'll phone h c k inter
Qv+adv + v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n(m)
:phone 'In (epecially BrE) 1 to telephone y
o
u
r
place of work: I'll phone in lo say 1 won't b in
until Junchl~me.
o Hephond tnsick (= tosayhe
was Wsickand could not goto work) thismorn-
ing. 2 tophone atelev~sion
or radioprogramme:
Hundredsof l~stet~?rsphoned
in tocomplain.
&v+adv
b 'phoneinR (espe~inlly
BrE)a radioorTV pm
gramme In which pwple can phone and ask
questions, give their opinions, etc. as the pm
gramme is being broadcast: He hosts a mdio
phone-zn,o aphone-inprogramme
@V + P ~ P
,plcksbBth 'aff*toshmtamn,ananimal,a
bird,an aircraft, etc. e s ~ i a l l y
one of a group,
after aiming carefully: Orre of our men WUS
pick& off by asnipe!:2to choosethe best people
or things for your own use: The company con-
finwstopickoff the brighlesfy o u n ~ g m d ~ .
@ v +adv+ n + v* nlpron+a&
,picksth 'w,plck5th 'oft sthto remove sth
from sth with your fingernails or a tool: She
watered t?ieplanrsandpicked offtheohadlwws.
@v +nlpron+adv * v +a&+ n v+ nlprm+prep
'pick on sb 1to !reat sb badly or unfairly, espe-
cially repeatedly: You'realw~yspickIngonme!
o
The mamger wcrsm e dof pttktng on a mem-
ber o
f the depurmnt. oIt's d m u l l k i n g the
younger swier -you always get pWed on. 2
(esp?ciulIyBrE)tochoosesbfora task,especially
an unplea~nt
one: T
h
eW e r aiwayspicked on
Tom toannvar lhed@ult puestions.
5 7 4 Pick on ~bcanbe used in the passive:She
wflspickedon by theotherchiIdren atschool.
+v + prep

122. pkk out m
' ........
......''..'''.*lh .............. ......XI ....................XI .....-.........-....
IIXI..................Ix............................................. _
,pkk sb,#th 'out 1tochoosesb/sthfroma num- b 'plekup n 1 an improvement: T
h
e
r
e am no
ber of people orthings:Hepicks outpmpkfmrn signsof opickup inaomumerspnding. 2WmE)
theaudknm0come upon stage. o Thebright& theability ofa vehfcletoincreaseitss p d
s t u d e n t s w m p i c k e d o u t f o r s ~ ~ l ~ i n i w .
o He + s e e a h p r c ~ u ~
at PICKSB UP;P r c K u P a t PICK
p~ckedout the most expemiw sulr in the shop STH UP
select swath(moreforman2 to rewgnize
sbtsthfromamongpwpleor things:Canyoupick
me out in thwoldschwlphlo? o Thesuspecrmas
packed out at an identi@porade. 3to manageto
see sblsth:We couldjutssrpick out amr in the dw-
tam.FQ
makesblsthout(moreformtrl)4ifa
light, etc.picks sblsth out it shineson sbEsthso
that theyllt areeasier tosee:Thecar'sheadlrghts
prcKedoutarwdsian.
e v * a d v + n + v+nlpmn+&
,picksth 'out1todiscoverarrwxlgnizesthafter
careFul study: It was dWult 60 pick out the
rmmnanl pointsfrom the mnss of fw.o O
w
were ask& lo pick out exactly what it was thut
mnde hls sWeso distinctive. 2if you pick out a
tune on a musical instrument, you play a tune
that you have heard or made up slowly, note by
note, without using written music:E r n i e loas
wringout a slmpk tuneon hisguila~ mel-
ody, tune 3 usually ba , p k k d 'out (BrE) to
paint, draw or write sth in such a way that it 1s
very easytosee+
especially byusingacolourthat
is differentfrom the background: Thedetuils of
thejhwers werepickedoui m blueandgold.
Qv+adv+n * v+rdpron+adv
,picksth 'mmrt Ialso,plck~hmugh
a t h h &
qwnt) to look carefully at a group of things,
choosing what you want and rejectingamything
you do not want:Hepickmiow theapples,check-
ingfor badones.o Barguin huntersprckedouera
plleof saleilem2(especiaI!yBrKj toexamineor
analwe stb carefully" Wes
m
tthewingpick-
ingoverhstmnth'sm~1ES.
v+arhr+n r v+pmn+adv
,pick'up1tobecomebetter;toimprove: Themar-
kat always picks up in the spring.o Theg
a
m
started uev sslwly but picked up in tfw second
haFo We're wailing until themtherplcksupa
bit.2 ifthewind picks up,it startstoblowmom
strongly:The wind seem lo be picking rap. 3 to
s M again:to mntinue:Thenewserlaspicks up
where theold one k ?
off +wea h prcK STH U P
10 4 If your speed picks up, you start to go
faster m e r thefirstmile I= in arace)Isfarfedm
feelmngerandmy s p e e d p W u p . +seealso
PICK U P SPEED/MOMENTUM at PICK STH UP 5 if &
bus, etc. picks u p somewhere,it stops there to
allow passengers to get on:The blrsprcksupout-
s ~ e t h e P o s t O ~ w + z z e a h ~ r c ~
SB ~~36(illJbr-
nwl,especially AmE) to mllect thingsthat have
beendropped or leftonthegroundand put them
away:I shouldn't hauetopick uplpryou!+ see
a hPrCK STH U P 12
+v+adv
,picksb 'upt totakehold of and lift8b:Ialluays
pick the h b y up when s kcries. + also PICK
sTH UP 12to go tosb'shome or a place you have
arranged and takethemsomewhere inyour c x
IZlpickyou up at sewn o'clock oHepickedup a
htich-hikero P went to pick her u p M m the air-
mrt.=Plck sb u p is used much more often
thancollect sbi
nspokenEndish. 3,plck 'upsb,
,pfckhim, her, them, stc. 'up if abus,etc. picks
u psb, it stopsand allowsthemto get on:Thebus
stopped tnplck upsomepasse~ers. A noun
must always follow up, but a pronoun comes
betweentheverbandup.+seeako~rc~
up54to
rescue sb, for example h m the sea: LLRbwls
picked u pall thesurvivors,5to arrest sb:to take
sb somewhere in order to question them: She
m p k k a d u p bythepolicemshe~hvingher
kol@I.
6 Irrnrmafi to start talking to sb you do
not know,bemuseyouwanttohaveasexuaI rela-
tionshipwith them:HepWherupato club. 7
ifstb picks you up, it makes you feel better:A
cupof Im mill mnpickwu up
+seeaLwprc~
YOURSELFUP
~v+dprnn+sdv+v+adv+n
Sv+adv+n .
r v*pm+adv
b 'plckmwp n (informal) something that
makesyou feelbetterorhapp~er,
etc:Thecountry
nit wasfhepetyectpick-me-up
b 'plekupn 1an Dccasion whensbgets: i
na car,
on a bus,etc. to be taken ta another place: The
cwchdriver nande~wmlpickups
Woreheading
for the airporl. o a pickup mint 2 (i$ormaf) a
s~tuationIn which sb is lrying tostart a sexual
relationshipw
i
t
haperson theydonot know;the
person they aretrying tostart a sexual relatfon-
ship with:Nothingevermmeofhispkkups.
+ S ~ ~ ~ I S O P I C K U P
at PICK U P , PlCKUPatPICK STH
U P
,picksth 'up1totakeholdofandIiflsth:I p k W
up your Lmg by mishke. o Pick your cw4up fl
the JlmIoPfck up (= answer the phone)
you're there, Tom! + aIso pacu SB UP 1 2 to
obtainormllectsth:Wtmnpick uptheticketsun
hour W
o
r
ntheshowstarlr.3tolearnalanguage,
a skill, etc, or to get information,without mak-
inganeffort:
Shepicksup langwgmreallyeasiix
~Ishowedherhowtouwshe~wclreMdshe
picked it up quick1y.olpickd up bts of tipson
home entertainment &m the magmine.o She
picked upthe-for thenovetfroma newssturn
languag-, Fmnch, tips,etc. 4 to get or
obhm s t h Hepicked up a virusat sclnooL o The
chrldren h u e picked up the loml accent.@
cold, haMts 5 to identifyor rawgnb 9th:The
earlysign7 of thed m m not picked up.
Qrn IQBdetect ath 6 if a machinepith 6th
up,it receivesasound,a signal or apicture:Th@
microphonepicks upeuery sound. o Signalsfrom
the saFelIite are picked up at ground stntions.o
Weroereablelo pick up theBBC WorMService. 7
tobuy sth,espxially cheapbyor by goodluck:He
prcked up someamazingborgafns2n the soh. 0
Youcanpick upa second-handbrkeforotmr f60.
E
S
3bargaln 8 to win a prize or an award: Thp
movie prcked up sewral Osmm E
L
3gwerd,
chequeB toAnd and followa mute, etc:R police
dng ptcked up his scent. o T
h
e French police
prckd up tk mil and tmoad her lo Llsk. P d
trail, W n t 10to discusssomethinghrther;to
return to atopicor themeand continue it.CanI
pick up thepo~ntyou
mmk wrlier?~
Wepick the
stov up again in London, flue ywrs lateK B
polnt,story+seealsoPICK U P 3 *1 tomanageto
see orhearsththat isnot very clearIjmtpicked
up the sound a
f a car in the distance, 12 ( e s p
cinlly AmE) to collect thigs that have been
droppedorlefton thegroundandput themaway:
WiUyou pick upyour toysnow?+ seealsoPICK U P
6 13(AmE)to tidy a room, etc, and put things
away:Pick upyour m
r
n bgfowyou go out.E3J
room tldy d h up (BtE),tldy sth (BrE)14
(informanifyou pick up abill forsth you pay it
for sb else: WeemM up picking up the bill.E
E
Z
i
blll,tab
Qv+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv~4v+edv+n
v+pmn+adv + v*n+adv(mre)
pkk up the 'piecesto return,or to help sb
return,to a n o m d situation,PxtiEularly afkr
ashockoradisaster:He mUedouton hlsfrrmib
lmuing his wife to pick up the p i m . plck q
'speedhno'mentumto go faster:The b
w picked
upspeedasit wentdownthe hill.
b 'pickup I(also'plclrup truck) a light motor
vehlrlp with low sides and no roof at the back,
.
.
.
. . .
used for example, by farmers 2 t
h
e part of a
record player or musical instrument that
changes electricalsignals into sound,or sound
intoelectrical signals
+ m a h ~ l c ~ u ~ ~ t
PICK UP;PICKUP PICK $8 UP
,pickyourself 'upto gettoyourfeet,especially
after a Tau: She pickad heffetf up and stumbled
on. Q flgumtiw) W
e haue to pick ourselves up
a(eryeste&y kdefmtandstartomin.
-+seeal.~nPICKSB UP
@v+prm+adv
,pick 'up on sth1 to notice 8th:Hepkked upon
her&lmgsof u r n . o Childrens w npick upon
tensions betwn their pnrents. 2to return to a
point m order to talk about it in moredetail:I'd
likelopick uponMr Finlay %point. poknt
+v+adv+prep
,pFcksb 'up on 9
t
h(
B
r
a
tomrrect sththat sb
has said or done: 4 you make a mistake,he
aiwyspfcltsyouupon it.
Q v t nlpron+adv+prep
pieceI P ~ S I
,piece sth to'gather 1 to discover a stom etc.
by putting together separate facts or pieces of
evidence: Dewtiurn cue pking lo@& the
ewnls of the last h o r n of hk life. 0 InvesligUtUaBrs
orenrlltrying topiecefogelher theevidencelofind
out what mused She m h .E E evfdenco, story,
events2 tomakesth by putt~ng
a lotof separate
parts together:Archaeologlsls how worked for
ymrstopiecefogetherthehugemosaic.
&v+adv+n * v+pmn+adv + v+n+adv(Iess
P%IPgE (a-)
,pig 'out(em 8th)(i?@mn to eattoo much or a
lot o
f f d : Wepigged outat lunchforfour bucks
each.o It sn'!agoodidearopigoutonsugot:
+v+adv
b 'plgwl n an o w i o n on which you eat too
much or a lot of food:Wehad a mlpig-out Insl
night. onpigautparty
,pit8 'Intout ,pile 'Intorod of sth to go inor
outof somewherewithout order or cuntrok 5
%
InxIarrrwd and weolipiledin.o Crowdsof chi[-
drenpikd ouiof thebuiIdirGg.
cmr,taxl, toom
Qv+adv + v+prep
,pile'intosbsthtocmshintosWsth:Shestop@
d w d in the muldk of the .mwrnent and we d l
p!Ied into heroAs many as 30 mrs and truck3
piled infaemhotherinihefwthismorning
+ S ~ ~ ~ ~ P I L E
UP,PILE
STH U P
e v * p m
,pile 'oni f s
b
'
s weightpiles on,it Increases mp
idly: The w n d s havejust piM on dm 1got
married!
+v+adv
,pile sth 'an 4 to express a &ling in a much
stronger way than is necessary I &it I
'
m gil-
i w on t h e d m a bit, but Ihr wing.
!
d make 0
seriouspoint.2togivesbalotor toomuchofsth:
Uniled pfled on thepressnw in the second half
(= ofthefmtballgame). EEi p.sum, gul* 3 to
make sth increase rapidly:As soon rss she stops
dieting shepiles on thepounds. o Theteam wr@
piirngon tRepoinB.DpDununds,rnelgM
+v+adv+n + v+nlpron+adv
pile. on the 'agonyl'gloom (irlfornnnl,ESP?-
crnily BrE) to makc an unpleasant situation
worse
,pile '
o
u
t ,pile'od of a*
+SW a hPlLE INIOUT, PILE INWlOUT OF STH
,pile'up;,pile sth 'up1toformapile; tornakea
lot of th~ngs~ n t o
a pile: Snow was piling up
against the windows.o They piled the sstnes Up
in a cornerof fheyard.2 to mcreaseor to make

123. sthin~Inquantityoramount:&bblshwrrs 'plne fa* s h t h to want or miss sWsth very
piling UPinthes#reets.o Thebillsroempilingup much:ShemnPreallypin*rgforBmzIfalall.o
md rue Arrd no money lo m
y them.o Liverpol ah ~ p t n i ~ f o r
itsmasler
shouId hawmw on t
apila up a big smre(= in a &v +prep
gameof fwtball).
Qv+adv + v+ntpm+abv + v+adv+n
2v+adv + r+adv+n v+pmn+advr
P [ P ~ I W P /
v+n+adv(mm) ,pipe ' d m(irlfornaat) used to tell sb to be less
b 'pllwp n a road accident in which several noisy ortostoptalking:OK.emybodypiiwdown!
vehiclescrash intoeachother E h n mrs were
inuolwd in a p i k p on the naotorwcxo ~ h m
,P~W
'UP (m
sw) (1MomO to begin tospeak:
m p i e usrekilled inamuItrplepik.up. mbbiesuddenlypi@ upwith 'I'ue seen tf~kisfilrn
kf0r.e''
pin/pm/
(*n-) +v+a& + v+adv+speech
#In sb 'down1to makesbunableto mWere
s
w pisglm/
cially by holding them firmly: Theo h r b
y hod
pinned Jimmy downon t h f h l :o ~ k n b e ~ s ,fJlssa'boutfe'wnd (BrE.A,slang)toact ina
pinned down (= they muld not move from their silly or unhelpful way and waste time: We
pos~tion)jus#southof
thek~&r2(tasth~dolng h w ~ h 3 o t t i m e t o ~ ~ a b o u t .
8th) to make sbsay clearly exactly what they are more Polite, h$ormal of sayingthis
going todo: You'llfind it d m u l t foprn himdown IS mmaroundoc i
n British English, mess
to aprm. o Theypinned thebuzldersdown lofin- about.
ishing by J w . IEB nail sb d m (to 8th) 3 to <4'+adv
find sb and makethem answer a question or tell ,pis3sb a'boutra'round(BrE,A,shlang)tom t
you what you need to know:She tried ta pin him sb in an unhelpful way that wastes their time:
downforoniniemiew buthemasalways bug WnYpisme about,
just i211me thetruth.r
+v+nlpron+athr v+adv+n A more polite, informal way of sayingthis
,pin fib 'dorm to kflentify or undatand sth 1s mess sbaround,or, in British EngIish,mess
exactly: There'smmihittq m
n
gwith thlspho6p about.
gmph bufIm'tquitepin itdown,oDocronhoue @ v + * ~ m n + a
k e n unablemplndownIhemwof hersymptoms 'piss down:'pIm It d m (BrE, A,s
-
1 ta
@v+dpmn+adv 4 v+adv*n ram very heavily: It's slillpissiw (it) &wn out
'pin sth on sb to make sb seem responsible or there.
take the blamefor sth they have not done: They =only P w r ~ ( f i E , ~ ~ f o ~ O
tried topin theblameonme! lDlilP
i
9
8{it)down 1salwaysused withthesub-
blame ject it. A more polite, lnformal way of saying
Q v+ nlpmn+prep this is chuckit down:It's stIU chucking it down
,pln (all) pair '
- on stu'w ,ph - Oubida.
'faith on ablsth to rely on sWsth completely Tor + v + a d ~ v+n+adv
successorhelp:Policeampinnlng their h o w on ,plss 'off(A,
slang,esp&Ily Brmusedto tell sb
finding themurdermapon. rudely togoaway: I iold him Cogisso
noPissoff
,pin sth 'up 1to fasten sth to a wall, etc. with andh8auerrwalone!
p~ns:
Hepinned upa nottoeon #heb a d . Q CanI 9v + m
p ~ n
thrsposterrllp.~?
2toRxyourhaIrinplacewith ,plss sb 'off(A,s h g ) to make sb annoyed or
pins: She waspinning her hair up upfront@ the bored Everybwly's pissed ofJ with wht's going
mirror hair on. o It m l l y p h me off when I see m p I e
v+n/pron+advr v+adv+n behaving hke t h ~
b 'plwupn 1 a picture of an attmctiw, person, R
& off (BrEj and pissed (Arne) are
cleslmed to be put up on thewall for people to often u s d as adjectives:I luas really gissedo r
lookat:T h e ~ k q f h i s m m w m m w r e d i n p i n - wrthhim.Amore polite wayaf sayingpisseboff
ups,o He waslbot8all"srsi pin-up Lqu 2 a pep Is ~ e t
on sb'a nerves:It mllygerson my n a m
sonwho appears ina pin-up whenIwpwple hhaurng like Ihat.
+v+nlpmn+ adv + v +a&+ n(mre)
pinem
,
,pin. a'wayto W e very sad. and sometimes pi* EPw(*-)
ill or weak becauae sb has died or gone may: ,pA abtsthmrseH algainst sb/sth to test
After his died, he just pined a w . o He sblsth?vourself~nasbmggleorcompetition with
seemed lo kpintngnwy~rom
loue. sblsth: It's a c h o w topit yowwIl oguinrZ She
+v+adv champion.o I'd like topit my wits agalmt the
2W
..............................~...........................................'........................,
, ........... ........................................................................ .
!
!
.
8
y
.
.
?
!
besl minds in ihe country (= to test my intelli- p!a~ter/.plaata(r);~rnE
-1
strength
genoe)+ agaim
like thewindand
Nw
thewaves.
,plaster 'oversthtocoversthsuchasacrackor
a wall w
i
t
h a substance that is put on w
e
t and
ev+ ntpron +prep dr~es
to form a hard, smwth surface(plaster):
pitch/prtJl
Theold brick:had kenphSterwlover
-Plaster over sth 1
s often wed in the
,pitch 'In(wltk sWsth) (idormol)to join in will- pascive.
ingly with sb to help with an activity: We all Q v+prep
pitched in and m n finished #hejob.o Lots of
pwpk ptlched in with ndvh, oRufh p i k b in playlple11
wilh the adult rvorkers at the hebles kfww she
goesofftoschwl. -abwt -off
4v+adv - a W t wlth -off agalnst
#Itch 'into sb (iqbrma~,opecinl!~
B ~ E )
to
-a'O"g -on
-wt
attackorcriticizesb:Theyrmllygifched itit0ma -around wth -UP
whenI @
& t
ompemte. -at - u p b
& v + ~ r e o 208 -back -upon
.
r 7 .
.pitch'into8th( i & m l , espdallyBrE)tosM
-down -wilh
doing sth with energy and enthusiasm:1rold
up myslpeuesandpzith@dinto theclwning oAl1
,playa'bovtwm=PLAY AROUND
of th.m aikhed inmthefght. ,play a'bout with sth (Brm = PLAY AROUND
&lainch Into sth
Q v+prep
' p h t onwround sth to depend on a oentral
point; to dmlop from a oentral idea or mint:
The success o
f the pm$& giuots on inwshnenl
fmm abroad. oTRe novel piwis around a long
mnwrxrtwnM w n t
w charattern
hlngeonsth
QV+PP
planI P ~ I
(-m)
,plan a'head(fw sth)to make arrangements in
advance: It's impossible to plan aheas when
things keep drongmg!o We & toplan ahead
foroursetiremen!.
+v+adv
'planon sth;
'planondoingsth;'planon sb
doing s t h l tolntend todosth: We'dphnnedon
hauingo quret ewningnt homelonight. o I'm not
planniw on gorng to bed yat. 2 (offenused in
negatrw senlem) to expect sth bo happen: We
hadn't plnnned on o siom!o T
h
e
y hadn't
phnned onsom n y peopk uisiding iheexhibition.
O v + P w
,plansth 'odto plan carefdy and in detailsth
that you aregoing todo inthefuturr: t
oplanorst
your iimlroule o I knew mactly where I LWS
going -l'dgotitalIplanned out.
+v+adv+n 4 v+nlpron+adv
plant/plant;AmE plent/
,plantsth 'wttoputplants inthegroundsothat
they haveenoughmmtogrow
&v+adw+n * v+pmn+adv v + n + a d v ( h
Jhwuent)
WITH STH
,playa'long(with swsth).topretendtoagreewith
sblsth, to believe sblsth, etc., to gain an advan-
taw for yourself, amuseyourseIfIf
avoid trouble,
etc He realized they'd mismkw him for the
gardem but decided to play along. oI knew h
luas Zymg, but I decided lo plny along wilh him
fir a while.
e v + a d v
,play a'round (BrE also ,play a'kout) I (with
sblsth) to behave in a careless way, without
thinking abut the mults: Sloppbyirng a b u t
and get on withyour m r k ! o h n ' i play around
with mlcRes!BYQ mess amund (~4th
sWsth);
mess around with sth (RrE) t see uLW PLAY
AROUND WITH STH2(wlth sb>(~nformnO
tohavea
sexual relationship with sb who is not your
usual partner
*v+&
,play a'round wlth ath W E aka ,pfay a'bout
wlth sth)to test ortrynew ideas.methods,etc.to
see how good or effective they are before you
make a final decision: P b around with the
spreadsheet untilyoufind the best way todisplay
thedam. o We'restillplqving aroundwith i
d
m
for anewpro~rrrmme.
+v+adv *prep
'play at dolng d h (esMIly BrC) to do sth
without anyeffort orreal interest:He'sjwtpSqv-
ing a
d king in love.
+'+Prep
Uwo cnn plsy at 'that g a m used tm tell sb
nhohasplayed atrick onyouthatyoumdothe
same to them what I
s nb playing6 7 (inform0
used to ask in an angry way about what sb is
doing:Whatdoyou thirrkyou'wpkU.ing
at?

124. ,playsZh 'back(
t
osbltaglaymusic,sound,f h , E4EiThis phrasal verb i
s usually used i
ni n t -
etc, that has been m r d e d on a tape or video: ten English.
C a n y o u p bback what we'wjlrptmrded~ e v + a d v + v+pmn+adv
BEtape b .
P
I
- 'outndj completelyhished; t
mtired
@v + nlpm+adv r v+adv+n or weak to continue: She ump played olld - ~w
b 'playback n llTj [Cl the act of vlaving music. &ustdrnn inrrv
showinga~lmrmwie
or listeningto a teiephond
messagethat has beenrecordedbefore:a record-
ingthat youIlstento orwatchagaln:A TVpIay-
backshowedemcfly what hadhoppened,
,play 6th 'downto try to make sth appear less
important than it is:Thegovernment ts tryingt
o
pky down its inuolwment infhe@ai%
E!9 play up sth,play M l w m up
Downplay sth ISalso used with the same
.. ..
,playsth 'Out 1whenan event is played out,or
sb plays it out, it happens: Thenegotiationsnm
betw played out behind csoseddoors. o She mn-
linued lo play oul her role of dutiful &ugh&r
Play sth out is d e nused In thepassive.2
{especrallyAmE) to continue to play sth unto it
fin~shes:
W
e
7
1p h y out thisgame and then go to
bed. 3to let a length of npe pass through your
hands bit by bit
meaning: The report downplayed the @Teasor rf v+adv+n + v + n(oi#n+adu
laweclusssizesinxhooIs.
+
+ "+ pmn+ + + + adv(mre)
,Play'UP:uplay5b 'UP(Worm~L
m~&lFvBrE)
1if ap
a
r
tof yourh d ~
a machine,etc.plays up
,play 'otf( W I ~ Y
BrE) if two teams,P ~ ~ ~ ,
or playa you up, it causes vou nroblerns: MV
etc. that have the same number of points in a leg'sploying upa&in (=ltispair&). o MYback
competition play off,they play a final game to plays me upfrom t i m to time. o Themrsiarted
decidewho haswar Thet w Cwmnsphy& off playing up (= not working in a reliable way)
for a plum inthefinal. a
h
b
o
u
t six months wo. o The computer's been
*V+&
t 'play-offn a game orgamesb
e
- t
w
oplay-
ers or teams with equalpoints in a competition
to decide who the winner a:W
e
'
m unlikely lo
m c h t hp W f l s . o The title urns decided by a
slrddendeathpInym oa p h ~ f i ~ l
,playA 'offagalnstB I & E ) I A ~ E ' ~ I ~ ~ A ~ ~ )
to make two pwpleor groups op- each other,
eswiafly in order to gainan advantage fory o w
self:(BrE).He trm tnppIoy oneprrmt off against
theother o ( A 0 The childrenphy& theirpar-
entsofl e ~ &
olhe,:o Shepkryed her twon'ualsOR
againstwchotherandgotthejob hersel$
@ v+nlpmn+adv+ prep 4 v* nlpmn+prep
,play'on1(won)
tocontinue top1ay;tostart play-
ing again. They c
h
i
m
e
d apenalty but the & m e
tokflhem topby on. 2 to continue toplay music:
Despiteiheuprml; themusiciansplayedon.
+v+adv
'playon eth(alsn'play upansthmomfwmar)to
deliberately use sb's fears, etc for your own
advantage: He phyed on myfeeIhgs o
f guilt lo
make me sw.0 The government p h y d on
m p k ? fmm o
f rising crime to get swmrtfor
the~rpollcies.
foam axploMsthfirmno
+v+ P"P
,play 'out(irlf-0 if a h d , etc. PIW out it
performs in front of anaudience: Smwush n d P
sh0u.W bepkwing out reguludx ooPying oul is
theh t wnySDraIXIio build ofolbwing.
@v+abu
,play 'out;,pky ItsmWMiernneks'outyw-
mn0 to develop and come to an end or be no
longer usefulor important: Tfwcrisis has@ t
o
pky out. o Therwolutwnsmnpbyed h(f
out.
pIaying me up recentI~
2 If childmn play up or
play sb up, they behave very badly: The kidF
haue beenplaying upall day. oAIIkidsphy syw
W h e nw"
EElllPlay UP,play sb up are offen used i
nthe
Br~greSSi~
tenses.
@v+dpmn+adv r v+adv+n
,play 'up sth;,play lMhem 'uptomto make
sth appear more ~mportant
than it rrallyis:She
played up her rrchleuements m an o m p t t
o
impress~LS.
mo ~lay.thrlarm
W H A noun must always follow up,but a pro-
noun comesbetweentheverband up.
&v+adv+n + v+prm+adv
,play'upto sb(&~tobehmtowardssbinaway
thatyou think they willlikeand w
i
l
lbrlngyou an
advantage:Shealwsplayedup 60herfather
Q v+ a& + prep
,play 'upto ath(-lly BrEj to behave inthe
waythat peopleexpect youto:S h e M ' t Look12.
People think s
h
e
'
s only 8or 9, and sheplays up ta
thisall the time.
Qv+&+prep
'play u p ~ l
sth=FLAY ON STH
'play with sbMh (dikppmving) to behave
towardssbi
na waythat isnotserious,especially
bypret~nding
tofeelsthyoudo not feel:Shelutaa
jwtpplayylnk wifhwemotions.
QV + P ~ P
'play wlth sth (usually wed in the progresslue
tenses)if you play wlthan idea,you think about
it,but do not really intend to do anyth~ngabout
it: She'splayi~
wifhthe heof startingherown
businesc.
BEl IdesIE5tWwfMath
'play wlth yours& (inform0 to touch your
sexualorgans inorder to giveyourseIf pleasure
gV + P ~ ~ P
,plda'longronto continuedoing sth,
difficultor borlngwork, atavery s
l
o
wrate: Keep
ploddtng on -you'll soon befinism!o They'w
s111IpIddingalong withtthezrtnv~tlgalwn.
,
@ v+adv
loda'way(at sth)towork steadily but slowlyat
P .
a dlflicult or boring task: He ptodded away all
night at hbprojet togel rtfinlshed
@v+adv
lonk(8spedully~rEj
/plwk: ~rnEpla:gk,
'PL~:~L/ OUnE wuuily plunk)
,plank ' d m ;,plank yourself 'down(hfor-
man to sit down heavlly and quickly: She
pbnkedhenelf down infrontof theteliy.
plumpdown,plump ywmH dowl
6vtactv v+pron+adv
rplonk s&&h 'down(ir&mWD to drop sth or
put sthdown heavily without takinggrrat care:
She plonked the food down in front of them. o
Don'l just plonk the h b y downon theflmc
gv+n/pmn+adv 4 v + a d v + n ( h f w W )
loug ugh sth 'baek (into sth), ,plough sth
baek 'In to put profits back into the business
that produced them: All thepmj5tsnrepIollghed
hack Inlo the company. o Thed i M o r coltfirmed
thaiewrypenny had beenploughed h k r
a
@3proms, money
=Plough sth back is usually used in the
passlve.
@v+nIpmn+adv + v+adv+n
rplough 'intosbmth(of avehicleor adriver)to
crash violently into sblsth: T
h
e m r hit a Jamp
pos kforeplou~hingintoamlL
Ov+ prep
Lplougb 8
t
h 'into sth: ,plough sth 'Inb
doingsthtoinvest alargeamount of money on
a project, a bus~nessetc: $50 million will be
plou~hed
intothe meaoverthenexlfivewrs.
,avH, sink sth Into 8th
+v +nlpron + prep
plough 'onlwlthsth)to continue to sayor dosth
even though it hecomes dimcult: No one waslis-
tening to him but heploughed on regardfes. o
Thepath wassteep, hut ffiv
ploughed on until we
got lo thetop.
+v+adv
,plough 'through sth; ,pfough your wey
'throughsth 1toforoea way through sth:The
car ploughed itsm y through the snow and ice. o
Thejourney rnvoluedploughtngthrough 50mih
plugIn
.............
.
........,,r... ._.................................................. ......--...,,,
....,,..
@sluamp [nnd.2(of avehicle or an aircraf!) to
crash violently through sth: The mr plougM
through the w e . 3toslowlydo, read or eat all
of stheven though it isdimcult or boringlt took
me h ~ m
loplough through all them i l o Ihad
toplough my way through a mountain o
f posta
becaw Ididn't want loappwr rude.
&v+prep 4 v+n+prep
,ploughsth 'up1tobreakthesurfaceof anarea
of landthathas not been used for growingCrops
before, and turn it over using a specid piece of
farming equipment (aplaugh):Heplowhed up
the O l d ready for sowing o a t o n fo prewnt
JarmfrspIoughIng upfiifpaths2 tobreak up the
surface of the gmund by walking or driving
across it again and again: He got so angry he
ploughdup huneighhur'slawn with hismotor-
bike.
+v+adv+n * u+ntprwr+adv
,plowsth 'back(Into ah), ,plowMhback 'In
(AmE) =PLOUGH STH BACK (INTO
STH), PLOUGH
STH BACK IN
,plow'Intosbmth(AmF)=PLOUGH INTOSBISTH
,pPow sth 'into sth ,plow sth 'Into dolng
6th(AmE)=PLOUGH STH INTO STH, PLOUGH STH
INTO DOING STH
,PIOW'on (dm 8
t
h
)( A m = PLOUGH ON (WITH
STH)
,plow 'through sth: ,plow ywr way
'through 8th (AmE) = PLOUGH THROUGH STH,
P1,OUGH >OUR WAY THROUGH STH
,plowsth 'up(Amm =PLOUGH STHUP
'pfuekd ethtotakeholdof sthwithyourfmgers
and pull ~ttowardsyou in a quick, sharpmove
ment: He pluckd at my sleeve. 'Comeand sit
down. '
Qv + prep
plugl~lnal
(-as-)
,plug a'way(at 8
t
h
)(irlformaf)t
owork hard and
steadvlyatsthforalongt h e ,especially sthdfi-
cult or boring, Scientists h u e been plugging
away atIheprobkmfor ywrs.
+v+adv
,plug 'In;,plug 'Into sth 1to be able to be con-
nectedto asourceof el-icitu or anotherpi-
of electrical equipment: Wheredws fhe T V p i w
in90 The guibr plugs into this ampl#ec 2 to
boome involved with a particular actbvity or
groupof people: Thecompany Ropes loplug rnio
new markers~nAsia.
e v + a d v + v+prep

125. ,plug stb 'In;,plug ath 'Into sth to connecta
piew of electrical equipment to the electricity
supply or to another plew of electrical q u i p
merit.Don'tforgel loplug thegrinler in. o Whem
can IpIw inmy hnMryer?
E!El unplugsth(fmm sth)
Qv+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n r v*nlpmn+pmp
b 'plug-Inudj [onlybefore noun] that canbecon-
nected to an electricity supply with a plug (= a
smaU plastic objwt with two or three metal
pins):aplupin kettk
t 'plus411n (mputlmg)a piece of soffware (=
programs used to operate a computer) that can
be added to a computer system to giveextrafea-
tures:plwinsfor a p h m p cornpuler o aplug.
h g ~ p h i c s m r d
,plugsth 'Into sth 1 =n u c STH IN, PLUG STH
rNTo STH 2 tooonnett acomputer toacomputer
SYStem +W?a h PLUG-IN Bt PLUG STH IN, PLUG
STH INTOSTH
Q v+ nlpmn+prep
,;plug sth 'upto 6ll or block a hole with a sub
stanceor apiece of materialthat fitstightly into
it Wepluggedupalltheholesaround the tuindow
lo stop the umdmmingin.
E!E hole block Ah up
W Plug sth isoftenused with thesamemean-
ing.
6v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
,plumb sth' In ( h E ) to connect a washing-
machine, a bath, etc. to a water system:H
e
'
s
plumbed inthenewwmhing m h kform.
ev+adv+n + v+rdpmn+adv
plumpI D ~ ~ ~ P I
,plump 'down: ,plump pumelf 'dorm
(informd)to sit down quickly and heavily: She
plumped hersewdownin thearmchnir:
IS@ plonkdown,plonk ywn& dorm
6v+adv v+pmn+adv
,plump sth 'down ( i n f i m 0 to put sth down
suddenly and carelessly: He p[um& his $wks
downon the table.
Qv+ntpmn+adv + v+actv*n
'plump for s h t h (BYE,ilbfomt)to choose or
vote for s'olsthafterthinkingabout itmrefulEy:F
think12lpIumpjorthestmk
&v+ prep
,plump'uptobecomerounder or fatter Smk rRe
misinsuntll theyplump up,
Q v+adv
,plump 9th 'upto make 8th such as a cushion
rounder and softer by shaking it: Let meplwnp
upyourpillowsfotyou
CUShlOn, plllOW
e)v+actv+n v+rdpmn+adv
,plunge'In;,plunge 'into8th 1tojumpor fall
in to sth. usually with some force:He plunged
into the pool. o Thecarp l w d into u gorge.o
Wemndowntotheseaondplungedin.
2tobegin
doingsth or talkingabout sth without preparing
for ft or thinkingmrefuUy:Hepfrrnged Inio the
task of clearing the o ~ e .
0 l plungd in a d
starled kliinghimallabout it.
*v+adv + v+prep
,plunge sth 'in:,plunge sth 'IWinto sth to
put sth quickly and with f o m into 8th else:She
plummi the knife into h k kg.oXe opened the
sackandplunged hisarmin.
E E i knlfe,hand
6v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n + v + n l p m + m
,plun~e
'intosth=nuncB IN. PLUNGE INTO s
m
,plunge'intosth;,plunges k t h 'intos
t
hto
be or to make sWsth suddenly be in a bad situ-
ationorstate:Thecomtryplungdinta recesslora
o Thecity wus plunged into chaos rrs a mult of
thestrike. o Theroom wassuddenlyplunged into
darkness.
ESZl recudon, duspmlr
BEIBPlungeaWsth Inta sthisoftenused inthe
passive.
+v+prep r v+nlpron+prep
,plungesth 'Into 8
t
h = PLUNGE STH IN,
PLUNGE
STH lNl1NTD STH
,pfunk'down;,plunk youlaelf 'down(AmE,
infirm0 = PLONK DOWN,PLONK YOURSELF DOWN
+v+ath
,plunk sb/sPh ' d m(AmE.
i@mnal)= PLIINK
SRlSTH DOWN (&llmi~e)
AfOVk @Ws p l ~ k e d
down $1.7 billion for tickets (= spent that
amount ontickets)1Aissummer
+v+ntpron+adv 4 v+adv+n
'ply sb with stb 9 to keep giving sb large
amounts of sth,especiallyfmand drink: T h y
plied us ~urth
.
&
Iand cakes. 2 to keep askingsb
questions: T
h
e
yplfedmewtthquestionsa bout my
visriboEngIand.
+v+ nlpron+w p
pointbarnti
,point s b t h 'out(m to show sbwhich per-
sonor thingyou are referringt
o
,
forexampleby
moving your head, by describing themlit, etc:
WrlIyorrmint his wife out to me if you see her? o
He draw themamlmnd&wley Hi&spolnlingout
where the stars lived. o The gukIe minted out
vrrrioushistoricmonuments.
Qv+nlpmn+& + v+a&*n
nl nth 'od(
t
orb)tomention sthin ordwto
Ewsb
lnmrmstionabvlitoilnakethernnotice
H.He thunk& mfor gointingow tRem-es in
hls wport.o 1rnmtmini out that m
y part in the
m u e was wry smail. o ft must bepointed out
that t h ~
new drug is not a mimck cum oHe
d m 2 likehuuing hisfaultspornledout lo him o
'He'snot myfather he's my stepfathe~'h@po~nted
outangrily.
Polnt sth out is oftenusad in the wttm
point out that...
@v+a&+n r v*ntpnm+acW + v+adv*8peech
Int to sth 1to mention sth thatyou think is
Frnportant and/or the reason why a particular
situation exists: Shepointed 60 u m p h y m n t as
a~ n f o r r r s l ~ c r i m e .
Z if afact, went orsitu-
ationpintstosth,it sumeststhat this istrueor
Hkely tohappen:Allthes~nsgoin~adtous~-
ful year aheud.o Thefms seem lo pofnt 50 him
hnviw h
e
e
n murdered. oShe had symptom
whichminted laadmgnosisqf kidneyfuiluw.
b v + v w ~
Id'upath,,po[ntW h m up(BrE,firmaO
ko
g
v
especialemphasisto oneparticularaspect
of a problem. fact or opinion; to show sth wry
clearly. This incident points up the hostility
hetrueenthe tuxl sides,
A noun must always follow up, but a pm
norm wmesbetween the verband up.
Qv+adv+n v*pmn+adv
bakelaauk:dmE-kl
.- .. . -
,poke a'boutla'mund, ,poke a'boutr
a'mundsth (IrlformrrZ)1( a h,poke Yhmugk
ath especinlly AmE) tolookforsth,espxially sth
that is h~dden
amongother things that you have
to move:Theywerepokingaround in the bushes,
Zooklngfor theirball. o What uwreyou doingpok-
ine nhnt~f
I
n mu m m ? o He saent his uwekendP
- ----- -
poking urounddusty old h h h o p s .0 Clrstoms
olficmlspoM throughthecororrloinmslookingfur
rumpons 2 ta try ta find out information, e s w
c~allysecret or hidden information; to get
involved in sth that does not concern you: A
reporterhad been poking m u d , trying lo dis-
covermmethingin mym.
Qv+adv r v+@p
[poke a'mnd; ,poke a'rwnd s
t
l
l ( A M .
informl) to move or do things slowly.without
hurrying: I wasj u t p k i n g around in loWn all
morning
e v + a d v v+prep
%ke at sthto gushyour hger,a stick,etc. into
sth, often sevet-al times: She poked at her salad
with herfork.
IEE) pmd atsth
(4 v+ Prep
,poke 'out:,poke 'out o
f sth ( a h .W
rhmugh, ,~a'thmugbrth)ifsthpokesoutor
pokes out ofsth,you cansee it because a small
part is coming through a hole or is no longer
covered: Hss tws ruerepokfngthroughthehoIes in
his socks. o 7Ivofeet pokd out from under t h
b
e
d o Thew ~uereftowerspokz.~-@
out of hob in
t hloall.
stlckout,dkkout of&; 8tkkthmugh,
stlck throughsth
&v+adv + v+adv+prep + v+prap
,poke8th 'out;,pokestti 'wtof sthtomove
sth suddenly forwards or out of sth. The h r
opned andMax m
k
a
d hishead w t . o Thepony
phi ttsnoseoutof thedooras1urentpast,
E5J head, tongue lav*,stkk afh out,stick 8th
Out of8th
Qv+n/pmn+sdv r v*adv+n(hj%q&)
v+nlprm+adv+m
,poke 'through;,poke 'through 5th = POKE
OUT,POUR OUT OF STA
,pk8 ' t h ~ g h
9th .(W&UIly AmmE) = POKE
AROUT!AROUNR.POKH
ABOUTIAROWND STH 1
,poke'upto bemme vkiblebecause a m
a
l
lpart
1s coming through a hole, etc: The grass had
begun topoke upthrough thesnow.
)sv*) snck up
+v+a6w
someone:Shehiredmarsassin t
o
m
l
o
l
i
s
hhimoB:
+v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
,polish 9th 'oft(informal') to W h sth quicklx
espxially food or drink: !l'hq polished fl the
puddin~
inno tim,oI'llpoiish 4fJ this last bit of
work,thenwmngoout.
&v+adv+n + v+nlpron+sdv
,polish 8
t
h 'up1tomakechangestoath inorder
to improve ~ t :
The college meds Lo pollsh w its
i w . f!BIi ad,irnsge 2 to impmve your skills
in sth that youhavelearnedbut havenot used for
a long time: Shewentono mum topolish up her
German.EEl French, Itallan, e
t
c
.I
s
r
*
,brush
d l UP
Qv+adv+n v+pmn*a& v+n+adu(mml
,pence a'bwt,a'mund(BrE, in~"0m0
to do
s ~ l l y
t
h
i
n
g
si
na way that looksridiculous, e s p
cially to attract attention; ta waste tune: He
p o w around on the shot4 hterviewing inm-
b
e
n of the atdiem.o Imuki hawfinirhed thnt
Jobwhileyou've hnmncingamLvrd!
gv+m

126. ,poop 'od (AmE,shng) l (on ah)(also ,poop
'outof sth) to fail todosomethingthat you have
arrangedtodo;tostopdoing 8thbemuseyou are
very ti& or afraid Iwas supposedtogo out IasF
night but Ipwpedout. 2 ifamachinepoopsout,
it stopsworking
+v+adv~alsov+arhr+pmp
,poop sb 'out ( A d , informal) to make sb vwy
tired:A long day at t h o ~ p o o p s
meout.
&v +nlpron+ adv
,pooped 'outudj [not before noun](informal,
espmmllyAmKjverytired: Iluaspm&out&r
a long dayat s h e o m .
,pop 'In(informal, psped~llyBfmto visit sblsth
for a short tMe:Sheoftenmm Infor wfjk.o I'll
pop intoweyou at lhe weekend.
I S drop In(emsblat ...)
QV+&
,pop sth 'Inrround(Broto d e h r sth to sbon
your way to anothw place: I'll pop the Zibmry
books in on my way home.oCouldyoupop those
photos round lnierv
drop stk by:dropnth In(
t
osWah): dmp
sth off
v+ nlpmn+a&
,pop'ofT~Wrmn1,
pswciully B E )1togoorleave
somewhere,especiallyforashorttime: I'mgoing
topopolfmrlvloni&a(=leavemrkearly), ifit's
alI right with you. o Theyjust pop off lo F r a m
whenevertheyfeel like ii. 2(oId-fashlom@to die:
WhenI m p ofla11my monqgoes Ioyou.
Qv+adv
,popsth 'onW E ,WornanQ1toput onapiece of
clothing quickly: He pop@ on hts jacket and
went out. 2 toturn onapieceof electricalequip
ment: lUpop the kettle on and uw'll haw some
iw.
Qv+nlpmn+sdv v*adu+n
,'pop 'out 1l a b ,pop 'outd sth)ta come out
from a place suddenly: Hejustpoppdout from
hehind a tree. o W ~ u m t i w )
I didn't menn to M
I
them-ftjwtpoppdout (=I spoke)Wore1real-
ked. o Vigumliue)His m s nearlypopped out of
h h ~
head (= he was very surprised) when hesaw
whnl shewasmaring. 2(especiallyB r a toleave
somewhere for a very short time: John's just
pop@ out loge! anewspcspel:
Q)v+advlalsav+adv+prep
,pop 'werrround0to vlsit sb'shome for a
shorttime:Pop ouer tfyoufeel lonely.
drop by;drop mrer (pspecicrllyAmE)
6v+adv
,pop'Up(f?&rmoO toappearor happen whenyou
do not expect it: He seemsIopop up in the most
unlikelyp h . o Whenyau click with theh
e
r
m
o
u
s
e
,
a m u p o p s u p
Qv+adv
F 'popup d
j [only before noun] 1(of a bmk,
e k ) havrng pictures that stand up when you
open the pages: a popup bwk 2 (wmputang)a
popup function is one that appearsqu~ckly
on
the screen when you choose it while you are
working on another document: a popup
menulwiradow
'pore wer sth to study sth by looking at it or
thinking about it very carefully:She~ w s
poring
overan oldmap.
+v+ prep
,mat sth 'OH(to sb) ( B r ato send sth to sb by
posttrnail:Iposteda letterofftoyout
h
i
smwniw.
letter, parcel mall ath off:send sth
off (tosb)
Em3You canalsousepmt aletter,etc., butthis
often refers to the action of putting the letter in
the mailkax: Didyou remernkr toposl my letter
whenyou m t o u t
Qv+nlpmn+adv r v+a&+n
,post sth 'uptogut a notice, etc up on a wall so
that people can see it: The exam mults wzll k
pnsted up inthehall.
&v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n
potter(~re)
rpata(r~:~m'pa~-!
M ( A ~ E
putter)
,potter a'boutra'raund: ,potter a'boul
s'round sth to an th~ngsor move without
burning,especiallywhen you aredoingsththat
you enJoyand that is not important: They spent
#heday mitering nhut by the r i m oShe luas
happyjust pottering aroundthehouse.
F
E
Jthe hwse.the garden
+v+adv v*prep
pounce/pams/
'pounee on sbtsth (also'pwnce upon
moreformal) to quickly notice sth that sb has
said or done. and criticlze it or use it for your
own advantage: As soon asI o p e d m
y mouih,
the heher munced on me.oHe soldsomethrng
srllyond theother hyspouncedoniEotonce.
,svmladze on sth(moreformnl)
Founoe on/uponsWsth canbe usedin the
passive:Hismislake waspounced on byt h e p m .
O v + p w
rn on sth ( a h'muncm upon sth rn
toaoeept anopportunity, etc wkhenthu-
ulssrn: Shep o u d on the opqwrtuni@i
o work
1uvllh them.
selmrth(momforma0
I+Y+P~~P
RoundIpamdl
pound sth 'out to play a tune on a musical
I'instrumentvemloudly:O0U u o r ~ u n d i g
out*
tuneon thepiano. o @gumtive)Shepounded out
h e r p m s onanold fypewriler
+v+adv+n + v+pmn+& * v+n+adv(less
m u e n t ~
pour sth akrey to getn
d of a liquidby empty-
'' ing it out of its mntain; H t p u r e d the
numy o mhefinishedwashing thecar:
+v+n!pmn+adv 4 v+adv+n
b u r downto rain heavily:It's pouring down. 0
Tlwmm~reddownall
mkend.
m p1t down
Pour is alao used with this meaning, but
only with thesubjectit:It'spouring (withmink
Qv+adv
b 'downpouraaheavyshowerof rain
pour 'forth:,pour'forths t h o t o a p p e a r
or to psduce 8thfmmsomewhere i
nlarge num-
bersoramounts:Thedoorsopmedandomwdof
pwplepoumd forth. oHeportredforth astreamof
biiteraccwtmns.
$vtactu + v+adv+n
pour 'In;,pwr'IntoeWktaarrivesomewhereIn
large numbers or amounts: Compkzinrspour&
in Mer lest nfght's programme. oSllnlight
mured inthrough the windows. oFans werestill
pouring hlothestndiwn.
EEl f
l
- In,flmd intonth
@v+adv+v+pr%p
sth 'into sthtoprovidea largeamount of
money for sth: The council has been pouring
momtinlothea m .
Q v +nlprnn+prep
pours
t
h'offtoremovewmeof theliquid h m a
'rontainer.mkingpot, etc.by pouring:Whenthe
fishrscooted,popourm thewler
e v + a d v + n c v+nlpmn+adv
ur 'ovt, ,poursth 'out1( a h, m r 'out of
duce sth from somewhere in large amounts or
numbers:Black s m o k e p o d out ~theargiw.
0 Peopfepoumdout through Ihegalae,0 F M O I Y
chimneyspourad out smoke. 2 when feelings or
wordspow out,or sbprmm them oat, they are
rxpressed, usually after they havebeenkept hld-
rlen for sometime: Ail herfeelings o
f mntment
Jarsl c
a
mm n g out. o T
h
e whole stow then
p o d out. o H e p o d WL hisIroubleslome.
&v+adv v+adv+n r v+pmn+adu + v+o*a&
( k f r n f )
1akav +adv + p p + v +nlpmn+adv+prep
r 'wtpwrlngn 1(usudlypl.1astrongand sud-
den expmsion of o
f
d
i
n
g
:She h
a
l
e
d hnving to
Iuten to his pnssurnale outpowlngs. 2 a large
amount of sth prduced In a short time: a
remrlmbl~outpotlri~of
scholarship
,pwmw 'up; ,power ath 'up ff a machine
pwersup,orsWsthpowerait up,it i
sswltchd
on andbecomesready touse:Swiich on thecum-
puter then moitfor iftap o w up o This switch
willpolwr upthemonitor
e v + a d v v+adv+n + v+rdpmrh+&
precedetplrstal
'precedeath wfth d h todoor sapsth
before the main thingthat youwantto door W :
Tfwy often p d e their m o r n m u m with a
short laikor dtsplay.
&v +nlpmn+prep
predisposeI ~ r l r ~ A r r P E - ' s p o u e I
predl'spase sb to sth (Wpmdl'swae sb
towards sth lessfmquen0 (formnoto make sb
more likely t
odo something or to suffer from a
part~cular
illness: CigamfTeMtverfising p d b
poses ch~fdrenlo smoking. oHis 2ifesQ.k p&h
pmd hrm Lo high blood pres~ure.
o &Inin
people m y beprpdwposedlomenialillness.
Psedisgose sb toltowardr sth Is often
uscd m the passtve:He Wievpsthat s o m m p l e
a r p p r e d k d tow~miml
bhnutour
&v+nlpmn+prep
'preface sth byMltth dh;'pd- sth
doing 8th UormaOto say sth before you s M
makinga speech,a m r i n g a question, etc:It is
helpf111if an infemiewerpdua?S eachgroup 4f
questionswith a brief exp*planntion.
+v +nlpmn+prep
prefix~pr*/
'prdx A to B
:'prefixA wHh B to add letters,
numbersor wordsto thehglnning of anumber
or word:~021rhthenramberyouwcmtDwSL
o PI+ tftenumberyourwnz tom12with 0.70.
v +nlpron+ WP
presideIpnadl
pre'slde over sth (TwmaD to lead or be In
charge of a rneetm& ceremony,etc: S h e p m W
ouerthe&ing.o 7'hewurlispm3&douer&a

129. pullto 218 ...............
.
IXII "
...........................................................
,pull sthYoif youpdl adooror awindowto, you t 'pull-upn anexerciseinwhichyou hold ontoa
close it or almost clwe it by pulling it towards high bar above your head and pull yourself up
you:Pullthedoortoonyour wayout. towards it: Shedatrs5Oaull-urnand 1W sit-uas
EQi only door,wlndw
shut sth )gpp) pushsth t
o
@ v +nlpm+ad"
,pull to'gether if a group of people pull
together, they act or work together in order to
achieve sth: B weallpulllogetM rw'2lfinish by
Friday.
@ v + &
,pull a t h to'gdher 1to make d
l the dWetent
parts of an organization, an activie etc. work
together in asuccessful way:Hismpiredh&r-
shtppulkdthemrty top:ether2 toorganizeavar-
iety of ~deas,
etc. in a logical and &ul way:
ThisIecturepulb iopthersevmlrecent theories.
Qv+n/pmn+adu * v+adv+n
,pull yoursaff tongethertogainmntrol of your
feelings and start to act in a calm and sensible
way. She m d e a great &
%
I
? lo PUN herself
together o Stop crying and pull yourseEf
together!
+v+pmn+edv
,pull sbtsth 'under to make sbtsth become com-
pletely cove& mwater Hefelt the wauesprrIling
h ~ m
uluiet
Q v + ntpron+adv
,pull "up (ofa vehicle, or its driver) to stop, espe
ciallyfor ashorttlme:HepulM upalongsideme
at the tr&?c Iighis. oA taxipuI1Bd1.p outside.
EE)draw up
+v+adv
,pull sb'up 1(Brm{onlfor sth)(infwmaDtocriti-
clze or correct sbforsththey have donebadly or
wrong Shepulled him up onhisuntidy handwrit-
ing. o I~uaspulled
upfir notusingtkcorrectpra
cedure.2tomakesbstopdoingorsayingsthvery
suddenly: Theshocko
f his wordspalled me up
short.o The esrpuwion of Musfly w
spulled
up sharply by an mnorniccrisrs. draw sb
UP
3S = U ~
DRAW YOURSELF UP
Qv+dpmn+adv + v+actv+n
,pull s t h 'up 1to move sth f
r
o
m a lower to a
hlgher position: ShepuILcdhershortsupondput
a T-shirt on. 2 to remove sth f
r
o
m the ground
with force: Kids hadpulled all t
h
m
a shrubs up 3
(to sth) to bring sth such as a chair closer to
sblsth:Pull up a chair and sit down. draw
UP
Qv+rdpmn+adu * v+adv+n
pullyour '
m
k
sup (ErEjtotry to develop a
moreserious, responsibleattitudeto yourwork:
to Improveyour behav~our
He'll haus topull his
socksup if he suonls6oposstht exam.
. .
every morning.
,pull yoUWlf 'up1to move your body into an
upright position, m i a l l y by holding sth
firmly and using force: Julia pull& h
e
r
s
e
r up
from the sofa, o Ipulled myseFf up to myf i l l
heightcuuiglaredangrilyal Dan. 2tostopdoing
or saying sth very suddenly I sfurted to ask
about herfamilx but puZIed myself up sharply
when Isatoshe wasgetting u r n .
E
E
)
drawywmelf up
-tseeaLwPc~~
ss UP
@ v+pmn+adu
IElpull yourself up by your (
-
1 'bobtram
(informn to improve your situation yoursel'
without helpfrom otherpeople
pump/PAWI
,pump sth 'In; ,pump 8 t h 'Into ?
A
hto give
laceamountsof money or resouroestosth: Mil-
lionshave beenpumped intorhhindwt~
EE monq )81H) Injectsth (~nto
sth)
@ v+nlpron+adv 4 v + adv+n + v* nlpmn+prep
, p u m p b u t ; ,pump 'out of sth;,pump sth
'out.,pump s t h "ut of s t h 1(ofa liquid) to
come out of somewhere or to be pruduwd from
somewhere wlth force and in large amounts:
Blood waspumping out@ the wound. o Carsare
pumping out tom o
f mllutants every y@ur2 ~f
music, sound, etchpumps out or sb pumps it
out, it is produced h m somewhere very loudly
and for a long time: Heavy mehl was pumping
out o
f hwespmkers.
Qv+adv r + a d v + m r v+sdv+n +
v+nlpmn+adv 4 v+nlpmn+adv+m
,pump 8 t h 'out; ,pump sth 'out of sth to
remove a gas, liquid, etc. from inside sth with a
pump: Thefirebriga&pumpedout thebasement.
o Thefire brigade p u m H the tvoler out of the
basement.
Qv+n/pmn+adv r v+edu+n +
Y nlpmn+adv+ prep
,pumpsb 'up:, p u m p yourself 'up(mrnmal,
especiulbA m to make sb feel more excited or
determined about sth:Izuas reallypum@ unfor
t h e m .
W Pump ~bupisoftenused Inthepassive.
6u+adv+n 4 v+dpmn+adv
,pump8th 'up1to6U atyre,etc. with air uslnga
pump: Pump your tym UP befomyou set on: 2
(iqformai, espw&lIy BrEj to hcmase the
amount, value or volume of 5th: They alwuys
pump f h e f r p r mupWore Chrismas.
v+nlpmn+adv * v+adw+n
a19 pushIn
....................
.
" . " ".............................. """'"
....""......"..........................."*" .....+........
".......................................
p u n c h 'inhut;,punch sb 'Intout YlrnE) to
rccordthetime that you arriveat or leavework,
by puttinga cardlndoamachine; todothisfor sb
rlse:He punched in ten minute3 late.oI was in
sucha hurry to h u e thnt Ifirgot topunch out. o
Wouldyoupu~ch
me in?K'mgorng lobe late.
IEfCclock inlon,clock sb Inlon(Brm,clock
olflaut(BrE)
Qv+achr + v+nlpmn+adv
u n c h sW 'In; ,punch sth 'Into sth to put
Pinh-matlon into a computer, etc by w i n g
keys: Shepun&& in the securiy codeand the
dooro p e d
@v+adv+n * v+nlpmn+sdv 4 v+nlpmn+prep
u n c h 'out; ,punch sb 'out (ArnE) = PUNCH
IN~UUT,
PUNCH 3R ~N/OUT
sb 'out(AmE,informdl tohit sbrepi-
edly: muchmy mrand IZIpunchyoll Out.
lE9 beatahup
4 S@@
ah0 PUNCH INlOWT,PUNCH SB INhUT
Q v +nlpmn+adv
P u n c h sth 'am1topressacombinationof but-
tons or keys on a mmputer, telephone, etc: He
picked up the phne and punched ouF Donna's
numb2tohit sthvery hard and makeahole in
It or make sth fall out: The burglar hdpunched
outapaneof glass.mopen the window,
@ v +edv +n v + nlpron +adv
I
,push sb a'boul (mm3ally BrE) = PUSH se
Al<OUhlD
,push a'headl'forwardPon (with sth) to con-
linue with a plan in a determined way: T
W
pushed ahead with the modernization pra
xmmme.
4 Lwaiso
PUSHON
6%+2
anround( n h ,push sb i
- up
( milyBrE)(informal) toordersbtodothingsina
th~atening
or unpleasant way: Don't k
t him
prrsh you around.
Q v + nlpron+adv
m u s h sb&th a'slde t to move sbkth to a pos-
I I!on where they do not prevent you from going
stjmewhereor doingsth: Hepushed herastdeand
rrwntintotheroom o IpusMthecumin asidelo
get a better uiera 2to treat sblsthas if theylit are
not important: to avoid thinking about sbisth:
Whenhts sisferbrought homea scAooIfrknd, he
~2ltpushed
L L S ~
and ahndoned. o Emma z m m
dmfelypushd theunpleasant thoughdaside.
@v+rdpmn+a& r v*adv+n
,push sblsth a'way to remove sblsth h r n in
front of you with your hands or arms, to show
that you do not want themlit: HeM
e
r
e
d to hip,
buF she pushedhim c
a
w
.
o Shepushed herplate
away. 'Ihnot hangry.'~
(figumfrw)H
a
d he lied
lome?Ipushed the thong& away.
ev+ntprcn+adv v+adv+n
,push sb 'back1to use form to makesbmove
backwards, especially by using your hands or
arms: Themlrcepushed theproteslers bock. 2 if
sb pushes soldiers, an army etc, back, they
forcethem to move awayfrom aplace:1Wamrss's
armywasgmduallypushed k R intocadefensive
circle,
Qv+nlpmn+a& hr. v+&+n
,push s t h 'back1tomake sth move backwards
by using your hands,arm,legs, etc: Hepushed
hischirbocknndstdup. 2tomakethetlmeor
date of a meeting, etc. later than origindy
planned:Ther e h o f theirnew albumhasbeen
pushed imck until earlynerlyeul:
Qv+dpmn+adv v+adu+n
,push 'byl'pask,push'byl'past sbtousef o m
to go past other people, rudely making them
mow tooneside: Shepushad by without sayinga
word. oH e ~ o l l o d
me t
o the door and p w h d
past me into the house.
@v+adv+v+prep
'pushfor sth; 'push sb for sthtokeep asking
for sth, or asklngsbtodo sth, becauseyou think
~tis very important: W
e are pwhzng hnrd for
electom1mform. o They'repushingmefora deci-
sion on thematter
BE)pressfor~h,prs~sbkr8th
6v+ prep + v +nlpron*prep
,push 'fornard 4 to move forwanl through a
groupof pe~ple
until you arenear the front: She
pushtd forward through the crowd. 2 = PUSH
A ~ ~ E A ~ ~ ~ ~ R W A R D ~ O N
3 if soldiers, an armx etc,
push forward, they move forward against the
enemy,especially with somedimculty
+v+adv
,push sb/yournelf 'forwardto try to make sb
notice sbpmurself, especially in order to obtain
sth such as a job or a moveto a more important
job: He'snot thesortof pemn whopushh i m e l
forward.
Qv+ nlprun+adv
,push 'In(BrE,in$mnuOtornwe ini h n t of other
people who arewaiting inaline:They thought f
wastrying t a p u ~ h
inat thehed c!f thequeue.
F50 cut I
n(Am@
+v+adv

130. pushotf 220
...,,.--..,
....-.-
......~................*....... "
,pwsh'off1(inj%rml,cspciullyBrEE usedlotell
sb rudely to go away:Push off nnd b v e m in
pwce! 2toleave sWaplace, especially inorderto
gohme:It's timlpushedoff~nddidsomework.
3 (from 6th) to move away from the shore in a
boat, or from the s~de
of a swimming ~ 1 :
He
pushedofffrom thebankand rowwldownstreuna.
.@v+adv
,push 'On 1(
t
o
.
.
.
)
to mntinue lrmlling some
where: Wedecided t
opush on t
o Kobe. 2 =PUSH
AHRADIPORWARDIONI
+v+adv
'pushsthonlonto sbtoby tomakesbacmptor
buy 5th theydonotreallywant: He keepsprrshing
h*i etfmtionson her
@ v+ nlpmn+prep
,push~b 'Out:,pushsb 'Out d 8thtomakesb
leave a place or an organization: He m f u d lo
sesiRn, so his mlleQgues pushed him out. o
Pntrentsare being pushed out of hmpitnl b@re
theyarereally &
p
~v+nlpron+adv
+ v+adv+n o
v+dpmn+adv+pw
,pushsblsth 'outtomake sWsthlessimportant
than before;toreplawsblsth with sblsthelse:My
pamnts didn't want me tofeel pushed out by my
younger brother o 'HarryWfier'ispushing out
more IraditwnalcRildren'sstorres.
Qv+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
,push sblsth 'over to make sWsth fall to the
ground, to make sth fall onto its side or turn
over:Iwaspushed over I
nthephygmund.
Qv+ntpmn+adv + v+adv+n
b 'pushovern (qforma01 a taskthat i
s easyto
do: a contest that you w
i
n easily: The g
u
m
agnim S m l d will k apushover: 2a person
who isfssy toinfluence or persuade
,push 'past ,push 'past sb = PUSH RYkAST,
PUSH BYIPAST
SR
,push 'through;,push through sth to use
forcetocrossa barrier,especially oneformed by
a crowd of people: Hepushed his way I h u g h
to thefront of themud.
&v+adv + v+prep
,pushsth 'through;,push d h 'throughsth
to get a new law, plan or proposal officially
accepted: We're trying to ptrsh through th@
rgformsasquickly RS possible. o ThePrrrne Min-
kter promised lo push the bill through PQrIia-
mentquickly.
blll, relorms,leglslatlon
Q v*nlpmn+edv r v+adu+n * v+nlprm+prep
,push8th 'toif you pusha door or a window t
o
,
you close it or almostclose it by moving it away
fromyou:Ipwhedtk door b
E
Z
3onlydow, wlndow E?W ahut ath
P3pullsthto
@ v+ nlpmn+ adv
,push to'rmrds sth to make progress towards
achiwlng an aim: We am pushing s
o
m
r
d
sfull
monetw union rnEurope.
4 V + P ~ ~ P
,pushsb towards sth: ,push sb to'wards
dolng Mh to make sb try to do or achieve 5th.
TFaa need for a d fiwIIy pushed l k m towards
coopmilon with theUSA.
@ v+ nlpron*prep
,push sth 'up to make sth rise or increase:A
s11artageoJh n d p u s h d p r o p e r t y p ~
up
EEiprices, raten, costs
@v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n
putI~utl
IPU~+IW,
put,put)
-abcut -infor
-abwe 223 -into
-a m s -off
221 -aside 224 -on
-at -onto
-e w -out
-back 225 -over
-before -over on
-behiM -Past
-bv -through
-down 226 -to
222 -dormas -t m e r
-down for -towards
-downto -under
-forth *UP
-fornard 227 -up to
-In -upwith
-rnlinto - u p
,put a ' h t (WhnimO if a ship puts abont,it
cham- diretion: The ship put about and
kuded k k toport.
Qv+adv
,put sth a'bout (fnformnr, espaciolly B ~ E )
to
spread information, stonesetc. amonga gmup
of people: Someone has been putting if a h a t
flrnlyou're Zmuing.o Thh wason &putabut
by the government. o Rumours were put about
that theshop luasthing.
EEl rumour, Idea,It
l
E
j
@
R
Put sth about isoftenused inthe passive.
6v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
'put sb/sth above sblsth =PUT SBlSTH BEFORE
S I ~ ~ T H
,put sth a'eross( a h ,put rth 'over)(
t
oub) to
comrnuntcate your ideas, feehgs, etc. to sb
clearly and suocessfwlly: ThemrnwigmJaiW to
put themessagem s s . oShe'svery gad atpun-
ing acrossherideas.
mesaage, Id-, mintEBE) gelath acmm
Qv+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
put one a'cmsl sb (fnfirmal)to deceive or
trick sb
a2
P
C
............................1_ ......... ..................................
.......
m r s s l f a'oross( a h,putyoumeff 'over)
(to ab) ( B E )to make sb understand your ideas,
ynur personality, etc:Sheputs hmlfnross we![
or In!erviews.
+v+pmn+adu
Put stha'slde1to place8thtooneside:Sheput
the newspuwr aslife and slood up. lw SWI
aside2 to keepan item for acustomer tocollect
lntcr: Imked them ioput thedressas& for me. 3
(~1.w
,put sth 'by mmially BrE, ,prrt sth a'way)
to save some money to use later. He hrad been
ptirting some money m
r
d
e ewv month. ESi
money4 todecide to keepa perid of timefor a
particular task or activity: We md t
oput mule
some lime todeal with thrs.E
G
itlme 5 to ignore
nr forget sth:Doctors have toput their personal
Jwlin~s
as& o They decrded toput as& their
diflerences.I
E
E
)ael 8th aside; disregard stk
(moreformaD
@v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv
put sthEsb al sthto calculateorestLmatesome
'thing t o h a pwtiedarrizeamount,etc:m p u t
hisageaiabouts&y oI'dgut hirnufaboulsixtjr
o The cost of the pmj& k put 111 #M million
pounds.
mfigure, coat
rp@v+ dpmn+ P
W+ n
ut sb a'way(irbformaD1tosendsbtoprison,to
nhospital forpeoplewhoarementallyill, etc:He
ruas put away for 15 ymrs. o If you're fouAd
gullfy, t ~ " l p u t y o u
awayfora Eong time.
Put sb away isoftenusedin the passivein thls
meaning. 2 (AmE, slang) to kill sb: He was
orderedtoput theh o s t a g e a ~ .
~v+nlpmn+abu
+ v+adv+n
rp:put ath a'way1toput sth fn abox, drawer,etc.
because you have finlshed using it: He m h e d
thedishesandpui ihem a u w o I'm just going to
put thecar away (= inthe garage).oKids-will
YOU PUt UUlttyYOUr ?10U172.PUT STA ASIDE 3
Sha'sputting somem o w awayfor college, o I'm
putiinE something awayfor a rainy day (= for
d~fficult
times). 3(inJi~mOtoeat
or drlnklarge
quantities of sth: T
h
g
r put a w y f i w bottles of
wine hemem themloI don't know how he man-
a R e S t 0 p l l Z i ~ ~ l ! a ~ a y ! 4 ( ~ m E )
=PUT STH DOWN 4
+I,Zv+ntprm*adv + v+adv+n
3vtadvtn + v+pmn+& + v + n + a d v ( h
Irepwnt)
b
u
t sth 'back 1to return sth to its usualplace;
to return sth to the place it was before:He uses
my IhrngS and never puts them b k .oPut the
h k back on the shelf wrJl you?oShe mrefully
pr~t!he Ieitersback whereshe'dfound them. EZEl
replace sth (moreforma02 (to...) (aka .put sth
'back...) to move 8th to a later time or date: The
nrwtwllng has been put bQck to next m k . o The
gamehasbeenputhck24hou~EB)postwne
sth (moreforman )gpp) brlng sth toward 3 to
cause sth to be delayed: TheWrkehm h
a
s
p
u
l back
our deliveries $y wsr o month. BE)PBt sth
back4tomovethe handsof a clock back togive
the correct earlier time,especially at the end of
summer We forgot to put the clocks buck Eclst
night. E l l the cloeks,your watch E B put 8th
torward5(uformal)todrink alarge quantltyof
alcohol. I had just put k k my sixth beer4f the
ewening. knock 5th back6(Intostb) togive
sth to ordo sthforan organuatlon, asoclety,etc.
that has glven you sth: The schwl has been so
gwd to me. I really m i lo put something t m k
into it.E E wmthing E i O glve ath back 7 to
spendmore money on sth inordertomake~tbet-
ter or more successful: The government isn't
putting enoughmoney back intotheeconomy.EEd
money
Q 1,2,4v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
3,5v+adv+n + v+dpmn+adv
put the 'clock twck to returnto a situation
that existed in the past: I wish I m
u
S
d put the
clock buck adgiveour mrriageanother chance.
'put s b ~ s t hbefore sbMh ( a h "put sblsth
ahme sblsth) to glve s b t h more importance
than sbtsth else: Heputs his chi[dm B
e
f
o
r
t
a
w
one else.o Theyhave always put business before
pleasure. o Someyoung menput their owncareer
abovethefrparmer3.
Q v + nlpmn+prep
,putsth be'fore s M htopresent sthto sbisth:
She wrli be able lo put her arguments W m the
mrnrnzttee.o Thenew evidencewmput Worethe
court.
EE pmpesal,mvldenee,plan
6 v + n l m + p r e p
,put t h be'hindyau to t
r
y to forget about sth
unpleasant that hashappenedandnot a
l
l
o
wit to
affect your future: She t
u
n
W lo gut the pasf
&hind her
€
?
E
l
y w r m past,your pmblemm
6v + rdpmn+prep+pron
,puts h 'by(r?.YpecklllymE)
=PUT STH ASIDE 3H
e
puha fewpounds by every week. oW s g o t m m
moneyput bjr
,put'down(especiallyErEj if an aeroplaneor its
pilot puts down, the plane mmes down to the
ground T'?upIane put down at Munchester air-
port o Hehad lopul down rnafield.
lE9 s
e
4down, sststh d m :lend, landsth
+v+adv
,put sb 'down 4 ( a h,put youmlf ' d m ) to
critic~ze
sb and make them feel stupid, espe-
clally in front of other people:to say something
that suggests that you have a low opinion of
yourself: She's always putting pwple down. o
Don't put ~1ourse2J
down! dm sb down, do
youlaalf down(BrE,inform00 2{Brm(of abus,
etc.)to aUow sb to get OWThe bus stopped toput
down some pmengem. oAsk the driuer to pill
you down outside the Ciiy Hall EZ wswngen

131. pwldorm azZ
----.............
--- -...................4. ...................."...................,.......,.........,h......,.............,,,...........,,,.......,.......,.......
*.......................
IEE) 4 ab dDwn (espmhlfyB
h
'
) plek sb no.pufyour 'heeddownto gotosleep:Whydon't
up 3 t o w t ababy to bed: She'sjlrstpui thebaby youputyourheaddawn fora while?
dotun,E
~
E
I
baby , p d sb 'down as sthto think that sb is a par-
Q 1,3v+nlprnn+adv * v+adv+n(mj titular type of person, especially when you do
Xv+dpmn+adv +v+adv+n not know them very wek Iput the h y down esa
'putdwwn n (inlorma0a m a r k oran action tmubkmker as m
m as I saw him o I w o u ~
that is intended tamake sblookstupid: Sheprp ww,h,prrlywdown anoffszefe!
dracess~m
~ ~ n d e ~ u l p u t d o w m . 4 v+n/ornn+adv+~mn+n
7 7 7 -r
,Put ~oum*lf
'down9 =PUT $8 D
o
W
M 12=PUT ,put sb 'downfor sth to write down that sb is
SR~STH
DOWN,PUT YOURSELF DOWN
walling or wishes to buy sth, give an amount of
,put sbmth 'down to place sbtsth that you are money,etc: Put me downfor three ticketsfor the
hold~ng
onto the floor or another surface: 5he Seturdavs?ta.?u.
put her bag down by the dwx o h t me down!o @ v+nlprm+adu+prep
w~uratiue>
It's Q grmt book. I couldn't put it 'put ath d m n to sth to mnsider that sth
down!(=stopreading it) causedby s
t
h
:Shetends toputeverythingdownto
EE9 plck sWsth up fate.
Q v+nlpmn+adu * v+adv+n atMbuta rthto sth(f3tma0, chalk ath up
,put sb/sth 'down: ,put yourself 'dawn 1 t
osth(informaf)
(borlassth)Ito do slh)toadd your nameor some- Q v *Womn +edv+ nrnn
one else's to a list, etc. in order to arrange for
youfthernto do slh: Shegut herself downfor an
oerohics c k . Q I ' put Jack's m
r
n
e down fur
the locals c h l .o W
e
" henput down togo toa
class at 4 pm. 2 (as 8th) to write sth down;to
make a note or 8th: I'llput the mmng down in
my diaryiary
o Heput himser down on theformas
'u@i ir: o I'ue put some idem down on p ~ p e ) :
o
Cerrldyouput down in ruriring what youfwl?o
I've put you (= your name) down where if says
hartof kin'(= onaform).
Qv+ntprwr+adv + v+adv+n
,putsth ' d m1toreplacethereceiverof atele-
phone and end your conversation: (BrEjSheput
thephone down on me! EXi only the phone,the
mcoiver2 to pay part of thecostof sth:1"uaput
down a deposit on w r t r i p . m deposit 5 to
move sth from a higher to a lower pnqition: The
sun"sinmyeye-con Ipulthehlinddown?~
Put
yourfwt down,p h ! (= off the tabletchair) 0
Theminstopped sosheput her umbrella dorun.4
(AmEalso ,put s
t
h akayj to kill an animal
because it is old or sick: Thehorse wrs hjured
and had tobeput down, o Wehud tohaveour cat
put down. Put sth down is often used in
the passive in this meaning. 5 to stop sth by
force:TnemllluasswflIy~,ut&wn EQirebel-
Ilon,upflsfng,rewonEZ)supprens 8th; crush
sth6tospreadsthan thefloororground:Wedec-
oratedtheroomandputanewmrpel down, o I'm
gozng toput someporsondownforthemu.7{ina
game of cards)to play a card:Sheput down the
aceo
f oEachp b e r puts down a mrd in
turn. cad, ace, etc. 8to present sth form-
ally for discussionbv a mrlzament or a commit-
- - - r -r
,put ~ t h
'forth&rml or litemry) 1 = PUT STH
OUT 9 Theplantputforth mew leaves.2(apeciulb
A@ = PUT STH FORWARD 3 3 (A@ to make a
smngphysimcalormentalaort todosth:Hekn't
putting forth t h e m s o t y e m . effort
&v+adv+n v+n/pmn+actv(mre)
,puts b t h 'forward;
,putyourself Torward
Iforlas sth)tosuggest somebody or yourselfasa
candidateTorajob,aposrtion, etc:CmIputyour
nameforwrdfor thejob7 o Onlyone womQnhas
put hersev forward as a candtdnle. o We u.ould
lrketoput youforward askmd of department. o
My name wasputfirm&for theschohrship by
iheprinciwl.
ESl name
@v+nlprcm+adv + v+adv+n
,put sth 'fornerd 1 to move sth to an earlier
time or date: We'veput the m t i n g f o r m r d a
mu& o
f @VS. EEB brlng 8th forward 2 to
move the hands of a clock forward to give the
correct time,especialIyat thebeginningof sum-
mer: Weforgottoput theclocksforward Icsstndght,
o Fmnw Isan b u r ahead, so you'll hnw t
oput
your watchfornard whenyou get there. ths
clocks, your watch FIE3 put sth back 3 (also
,put sth 'forlhforma1,especmIlyA~
tosuggest
an ideaora plan sothat it can bediscussed: She
putforward several idmsfornetupi-ojwts. o Thas
theory was origtnarlly put forwaH by Darwin,
EZ3 argument, proposal, Idea lB9 brlng sth
forward
elu+nlpron+adu v+adv+n
Pv+ntprm+adv + v+adv+n(m)
~ v + e d v + n
* v+nlpron+adv
tee: lo put down a kiion!an amend-t ,put 'In{at ...
),,put'into...(BrQ (of ashipor its
table sthfirma0 sailors) tostopinpan for a short time: Thaship
v +nlpmn+adv • v* sdv+ n put in at Llsbn, o Themptain rws fmmctedto
put your 'foot darn 1 todrivefaster; put in@Gabisfir-win.
to drive very fast 2 to be wry firm i
nopposing putout (t-m...)
sth: You'Iljt*nhawtopulyourfootdownanrl~y v+PreP
F
.
,put'In;,put'In8
t
htointemptanotherspeaker
In order to saysth:'Butwhat a h &us?"nPputin
~r~rrkly
o OouldIplrfina wrd7
lnbrject sth(mreforml)
+v+adv+speech + v+artv+n v+nJpmn+adv
,put sb 'in (especiullyBrE) to elect a political
pnrty as the government; to choose sb officially
In do a particular job: Theuoiersput the Comr-
I tmrivesin witha .kr,q.ern'ority.
+v+nlpmn+adv + v+abu+n
,put sb 'inrlntosth 1tornakesbgo toapartlcu-
-- Inr Institution, suchasa school,hospital,etc: He
smsput inprisonforfwyears. oAn mident put
him in hospiialfor three weeks. o We had loput
granny inlinro a nursing home.W When thls
meaning of the phrasal verb is used with hos-
pltsl and prison, in is usually used rather than
Into.2togivesbaparticularjob todo: Weputher
b~ltntosalesandshedidreaIly wlelS.
+v +nlpmn+prep
pul sb In thtl 'picture (fnfornaa0to give sb
llic information they need in order to under-
~tnnd
a situation: Youshouldput Mi& irll h c p b
The sehao1 hasput a Zot of m o w Into (bw-)
new equipment. money, resaumm
Inrsststh
gv+nlpmn+adv v+ab+n 4 v+r~lpnm+preP
b 'Input n [C]I
U
]time,knowledge,ideasor work
that you put intoapmj~t,&c.inotdertom~it
succeed: Nurses should hawmore input Into the
way patients are treated.o Thank yau for your
input lo thedIscmfon.
There is alsoa verb Input sth m e a n b to
put information into a m p u h r and a related
noun input.
,put 'InTor sth(a-tfy BrE)toapplyformfly
for sth.Are you going loput infor !Ratjob?o
She'sgoing topul infur airans*
transfer+W
@ v +adv + prep
,put shMhryoumelf 'In Or sth to enter
sthlyourself for a competition: She3 put k&f
rnfor Ehe I
W mm.
o YousRouldput thatphoio
infot thecompetition.
+v+ nlpron+adv+ prep
,put 'Into...( B r a= PUT IN (AT ...), PUT INTO...
tilreassoon mlble. put sb *err 'Woeto ,putsb sth =PUT sB IN,INTO STH
make sb feel stupid or embarrassed when they
hnveshowntoo much confidenceputyourself in ,putsth 'id0sth '
Itoadd aqualitytosth:D P ~ U
sb's ah- to imagine that you are m another ~ ~ ~ u t s o m e e x ~ i ~ t
mtoyour l*?2 =PUT
prson's s~tuation,especially when it 1s an STH 1N.PUT STA I N ~ N T O
STH
unpleasant or dU3cult one: Don? k angry wish
V+n/FfMt Prep
.w~itr
brother Try mputyoumIf in hisshoes. put sth into doinn sth = PUT STH IN, PUT STH
Cut sth 'in1to fit a piece of equipment, Wni-
lure, etc. into a partidax place: Steve put the
shower in &himselJ o They had mtral heating
gut m w h they m o d intothepat. I % 9install
ath (moreformal)2toofficially make a clalm,a
wquest, etc: I'ueput In a reguestfor some m t m
ft~rrding,o They'veputin an offer on the h o w (=
thry've saidtheywould payaparticular amount
I l ~ r
it).EE offer, clalrn 3 to give sth, such as
t Ime or monea morder to helpsblsth: Weellput
InjiuepoundsforLucy'spreseni. 4to plant sthin
thc ground. Have you pul any bulbs in this
nrilumn?E
l
lbulk,seeds
+v+rdpmn+adu 4 v+a&+n
put In an ap'peamncato gosomewherefor a
rhnrt time: Imn't sit& long at t h e m h t I'd
I Iwtterpuf inanappearance.
,putsth 'In;,putsth 'intlntosth 1toinclude
~t h ina stom aletter, etc:Hedidn'lput mything
En his Eetter a h u : mming to stay o you
id~rlte
the report, make sure yuu put in the hiest
ji~ures.
2topay money lntoa bank awunt: He
prfl EXh7 inlo his account. money EEl pay
mth m, pay sth into sth;depwlt sth SIaIso put
mth lnta dolng 8th)to give a lot of tlIne or effort
IIIath ortodoingsth: She'sputa lotofflort into
lrnproving her French. o Thank youfir ail the
Itord work you've put inI
E
T
Ieffort 4 ( a hput
0th lnto doCng sth)to provide money for sth:
lN/lNTOSTA 3,4
,put 'offdoing 3th =PUTSTH OFF 1
,put sb 'off1 tocancel a meeting or8th you had
arranged with sb: He wassupposerd loarmyes-
temlny, but I pul him oflo Teil her you w
r
i
t to
mlk lo her and don4 k put o f l 2 (BrE)(of a
vehicle,a driver, a ship, etc.) to stop in order to
allowsbtogetoff:Iasked thebusdriwrtoputme
og near tloetowncentre*
g v + n i ~ ~ m + a &
~+zdv+n(kfrequenO
,put sb 'off;,put sb '
o
f
fsblsth;,put sb 'off
dofngsthtomake sbstoplikingsblsth:to make
sblose interest msblstb: Hkmanner tendstoput
pmpIe o n o Yourstoly isputting meORmyfd!
o Theaccident put her fldrzvingfor Eve. 0 The
way he trecrled his wife really put m of him. o
Don't beput flbyherappwranm -she's really
w!ysuwet.
+v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n(mrp)
v+r!lpron+prep
b 'd-puttlw d j ((fleforml, @I@ BrE)
unpleasant; rnak'mg sb dislike or not be Inter-
ested in sthlsb: The mmputer made a (IbllzzinB
noisethatshefoundon-putting. oIfind it wryoff-
putting lo hauesomwne walchingme all thetime.
oHLSmnnner i
sveryofiputting
,put sb 'off,,putsb 'offsth todisturbsbwhois
trying to giveall their attention tosth: Don'tput

132. m
c
# whenI'm tryingloconcenhnb?. 0 T h e s a
dmnoisepatheroffhrgome.
EEE) dls'lractsb (fmmsth)
@v+nlpron+advr v*adv+n(mrv)+
v+Wpmn+prep
,putSth 'off1( a h,put'Hdolng 8th)to change
sth to a later date or time: We'll h
a
w bput the
meetingoffuntiInextuleek.o llekwpsputtingofl
going to the dentisl. ,avH, delay stb2 {espectnly
BrE)toswitch sth off:
Cou[dyouputtheIighLsoff
h$omyou IwvevEEl Hghb, the televFslon,etc.
rnrrwltch *off, turn 5
t
h off
4v+n/pron+adv * v+adv+nlalsov+adv+-lng
,put sb 'On (Am& inlorma0 (usuallyrrsed in the
progmsrve tenses)to laugh at sb, especially by
pretending that sth ~s
true thalt ISnot:I thought
you wrepuflingmeonf
havesbon(&E)
Put sb onisnot used inthepassive.
v+nlpron+ a h
b 'put-onn tC, usuallysing.] (
A
m
,
lqfoml) an
act of laughing at sb by telling them that sth is
truethat isnot;ajokeortrick:&n't lakeitmser-
W I y-it loesjust aputdn.
*~ e e a h
PUT-ONat PUT STA ON
, p d sb B
o
a
;,put sb 'an 8thto glvesb thetele
phone so that they canqwakto the person call-
ing Sheput Timonthephone. o PutJmonfora
minute,willyou?
Qv+n/pmn+adv+ v*nlpron+prep
,putsb 'onsth1tomakesuretRatsomeonegets
on a plane, train,etc: Weput Ruth on the bus $0
Curlisle.2 to make sammnefollowa particular
diet, take a particular medicine,etc: The W r
put him onantibiolrcs.o T
i
m
'
sbeenputona Iorp
far diet.3todecidethatsomeoneshould doapar-
ticularjob: They'regoing foput someoneelse on
thatproject.
Q v+ rdpmn+prep
,put sth 'on1 to put an item of clothing,etc. on
your b&:Am'tpugo~ngputyourcoadon?o
Hangon,I& ioput my g h s on.o IcanTfiIml
anything cieura t
o put on! o Have you put your
seal bell on (= inacar)?oCouldyouputhisshoes
onfor hirn?m comt,shoes, glasm, etc. E D
take sth off 2 to apply sth to your sk~n:
She's
putting her make-up on. oMake sure you put
s
o
m sun c m m on m r e you go out.EEi Ilp
stick, makeup, perfume app!y stb
take 8
t
h off 3 (@specrally
BrE)toswitch sth on:
Shall I put t h helight on - it seems very dark in
herelo Let's put the katb on and have rr cup of
tea EEithe light. (he- tmaHng, the radlo, the
kettle IEE) swltch sth on;turn Sth on EE3 put
ath off,gwltch sth off:turn sth off 4to been to
cook food I need lo get horn and put the dinner
on.lsvHE get 9th on 5 to make a tape,a CD,etc.
begin top1ay:Doyoumindzf Iputulmemusicon?
oSheput onaBobMa* CD. I
E
Fsome music,
CD, tape, vldeo % to operate the brakes on a
vehicle (=a dwice for slowing or stopping the
vehicle):h n ' t + ~ % w
t
oput the handbmkeon,o
Sheput on the brnkess ~ l q :
E
E
ithe brakes,
the handbrakeI33apply 5th (moreformi)7
to grow heavier by the amount mentioned: He's
put on u [lot of weifht sznceI lasl saw him oI'w
pi~t
on lluo k i h in t
m weeks. EQ weight ,svH1
gain sth (mreform0 ,oPn loss sth EEEiPut
sth (m isnot used~nthepassive
inthis meaning,
8 to prov~desth specially: T h q put on eX6m
trains during the holiday p r l d oA spIendid
lunch was put onfir the visitors. k r s , traln
EEDJay ~ t h O n t a k e s n h o f f 9 t o p r d u c e
or present a play, an exhibition, etc: Tha I m i
drum grow ore patting on "Macbeth:o The
mkwm put on a specSnl exhibition abut dtno-
saurs.E@lplay, exhibItlon, show stage
sth (morefirma0 take 8th off 10 to pre-
tend to have a part~cularfeeling or quality: He
put on a hurt expressLon.o Can you put on on
Amerimn a n t ?o She isn'treally upset-she's
just putting l? on.o He seemed furious, bur I
think it ~ u a s
021 put on.IGJaccent. enpmsslon
,srrr,assum a h lformai)
@v+nlpmn+adv+ v+adv*n
b 'puton n [C, usually sing.] ( A d , Wormal)
somethingthat isdonetotrickordeceivepwpIe:
Kak's shabby appwmnce is jllsl a put-on. Her
pnrentsarebolh lawyers.
~ S ~ ~ U ~ P U T - O N
ItTW 5 8 ON
,put sth 'onI h Itoadd anamountof money to
the price or cost of sth: Thenew tcucputmjwnce
on theprimof a pncketof cigawfles.I
E
% knock
s
t
hoff 8th 2 to bet money on sth:I'vepur .k'I#on
Sultank Pmmrse (= the name of a horse) in the
next race. bet (onam),
money
@v +ntpmn +prep
,put sb 'ontosb!sYh ( o b,pul ab bn t
a sW8th)
1 to tell sb about a person, an organimtion,etc.
that could help them, or something that they
might like or finduseful:Cbukbyouputmeontoa
m d acrounlant72 toconnect sb by telephoneto
sb else: Could you put me onto the manage,:
please?3 to Inform the police,etc.abwt a crrme
or a criminal:W you kmw who put the poltce
ontothehackem'
v+nlpmn+prep b v+ nlpmn+adv+prep
,put 'out1(toRhorn...) (BE)
(ofa boat or a crew)
to move outto sea h m a harbour,port, etc:The
shipputout t o m bynight. o WepufoutfmmLiv-
e m ! . put In (at ...)2 (AmE,
slang) (of a
woman)to agree to havesex with sb:She won't
put out on a firsldale.-Some w p l e wn-
sider put oatoffensivein thls meaning.
Qv+adv
,put I b 'out 1 to make trouble,problems, extra
work,etc, for sb: I hope ow orrfving lase didn't
put yw out at all, 2 ba .put 'out to be upset ar
otrended:J@wasn'tatalIputoutbyw h t Iscrtd.
o I was a brl put out that I hndn't bem invited
225 putthrough
-.......................................................................~
" ,,......,..
-----..
(ln$orman to make sb go to deep or bewme
~~nconscioua:
Thesepills&uldput himoutfira
JPIUhours.+F
#
? a hPUT YOURSELF OUT
@ v+nlpmn+advr v+adv*n(Imjkquent)
ut sth 'out Ito make sth stop burning E h
r~ h t e r s m n p u t
thefireout oHeputhiscigaretle
011f with his J
m
t
. flro, cI@rntttl, candle
extlngulsh sth (more
formas)2 ( ~ p i a f L y
ijrj.3toswitchsthofT Put theIzght out before you
mrne to bed. Elthe Ilght DW put sth off;
mlteh ath oft turn sth off 3 totake sth out of
yuur house and leave it, oRen for sb to collect:
(IlmRemember loput the dwtbimImbbish out
tonight. o (Am0 Remember to put the gar-
h~llrashout
o Sheput !he mwhing out t
odm.
E
m
!
)brlq 5th In4 to place sthwhere it will be
nottced and used:Haw you put out c h n tow&
fi~rthe guests? 5 to stretch part of your body
nway from yourself towards sb else:He put his
hnnd out to shake mine.E
S
I
lhsnd, toagua 6
(n1.w,pulsth "outof sth) tomakesth,especially
part of your bod^ mme out through a door or
window to the outside:She opened the window
nndput herh d o u t . o Sampul thecutwtof the
rloorroughly.7(BrE,tobroadcast5th:topublish
or issue 5th: The programme w~lI
&put out on
Chnnnd Four o The CD was put out fir the
Amerrcan mar& o Thepolice put uulan urgent
rrppwI fir wwlttaews.B E appeal, rtatMnent
BW broadcastnth8(informantoproduce sth:
T ~ P
factory puts out 5M3 newwrsa ~oeek.
o They
put out a new soflluarepackage last month. IEW
produce SM
9( o h,put sth Yortk morefirma0
(of a plant)todeveloporproduce newleaves,etc:
The rosesamputllng outnew shootsalready
nowem,shoots, leaves 1 Q to make a fifglt+e,a
~vsult,
etc. wrong:A price rracre~se
put our esti-
motes out by a thousand pounds. 11 {to sb) to
~ l v e a
job,a task,etc,toa workerwho is not your
rmployee or to another company so that the
,put yowmlf 'out tomake a spedal effort todo
sth for sb: Pleas? &nY put yourself out on oclr
ownunt.o Sheml[jrputherself outfor thevisitors.
+ S @ ~ @ ~ P U T S B O U T ~
Qv+pmn+arhr
b, P ~ ' O ~ = P U T S B O U T ~
,pvt yourself 'over (
t
o 8b) = PUT YOURSELF
ACROSS (TO SR)
,put9
t
h'over=PUT STH ACROSS
put one ' m r on sb{spoken,i l b f o m O '
lto
persuade sb to accept sth that is not m
e
:to
deceivesb:Noowisgolnglop~one~wronhim.
2 to show that you are tetter,stronger,etE.than
sb else by defeatingthem: We'd l
o
w 50 put one
oueront hWeLrhtmm.
,put sth 'past sb (tode 8
t
h
)(inform0 ( a l w s
used in mgatlve sentences wfthm ~ l d n ' t )
to be
surpriA that someone has done something
wrong,illegal,etc:I muIdn't put z
t past him to
useform f~gei
whathewan&. o 'Shewon't tellthe
Iwchec will she?' 'I wuldn't put it p
a
p
a
s
t k ! ' o
PersonallyI wouldn'tputanythingpasl him!
only It,anything,that
Put sth p ~ ~ t
sb 1snot used inthepassive.
Q v + nlpmn+prep
,put sbwurself 'through sth I to make
sblyourself experience 8th unpleasant or diffl-
cult:Heput hispamnts throughM I . o Whyput
yournelf through it?+ She neverfowot the ter-
ribleordeal ha hadput her through.2 to pay for
sb to attend a schwl, oollege, etc: She worked
part-timetopuiherself ihmugh uniwrsi2y.
Q v+nlpmn+prep
,puts h t h 'through(bablto...)toconnect sbto
sbelseby telephone:Gouldyovpulmethroughh
,
the managel;plense? o Thecall wasput through
to the wrong extension.o Hold the fine,Im put-
tingyou through.
B v+nlwon+adv
work willbe done inanotherplace:A Iol of edit- shth Yhmgh sth to test sb,sth to
rs put Out The 'Iean'w N~hat
they to do: We put the M m
rmcl wus put out to tedw (= mmpanies were thmwh series Theteam are put
nsked to make offersto supply these servimj. thmughafililnessprogram
EBlwork 1 2(informal)topush a boneoutof its A $
,
, n,nmn + r*ran
nurmal gosition:Shefill ofl her horse andput
h ~ r
shouIdtrout.o You'wgoing toput your back
orit lifflngthoseh e s . your back,shoulder
F
E
Z
) d l s l d e sth (form0
+v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n
h 'output n [U][sing.]1 the a m m t of some-
thing that aperson,machine,cornpawetc prp
diices:Thcompanyaimsm i ~ o u t p u t
inthe
mming ymr:o His mu-I output has dimin-
rshed In mntgeurs. 2 (mmputingjthe informa-
t ion ~r0duoed
bv a comnuter:data out~ut
W
. ..r.-. . ,
.-,.
put sblsth thmugh h l r h 'pacw to give
someone or somethingtaskstoperforminorder
tofindout what they areabletodo:Heputlhecnr
through itspaces. o She watched the m m king
put throughtheir-.
,put sth 'through:,put sth 'through sth to
compFete a plan, programme, etc. successfully:
Thk was the East deal Jamesput through.oHas
the legrslalionbeenput throughprliament?
Qv+nlpmn+adv+ v+adv+nr v+nlpmn+pmp
l h e k is also a Gerb output sth, related to this , w t sth 'through8th to change sth byusinga
meaning.3thepower, energy,etc.prduced by a machine,a process, etc: Sheput s o m oranges
p ~ c w
ofquipment:anoutputof 1W wtts through thejumr o Thefish i
sthenput through
thesmokingprorzss(=toproduce smokedah).
@ v + dpmn+prep

134. 'quarrel with sthrsb ( ~ S W ~ U Y
S~E)
IWIIY
ured in negatiue Senb-) to d i s a e with
sthfsb: Feu' w u M ~uarrel
with the prim&{@of
IreeeducationJoralI.
ev*prep
queueMu:l(queulngorgumlng)
,queue 'up (hr sthlto do 8th) (Brm to wait or
stand in a line w
i
t
h other people in order to get
sth or do sth:Theyspmtfour hoursqueueing up
for trckek o Wehad loqueueuptogetourvisrrs.
Queue is often used with the samemean-
mg.Wespndfour hoursq~ueingfor
txkeIs.
+s+vafso~~~le
UP 1
Q v+adv
be,queuing 'upfar sth:be ,quoulna'upt
o
do sth if you say that people are queuing up
for sth orto do8th. youmean that a lot of people
are very eager to have sth or do sth:Actors are
qlleuingupto worX withihlsmmpany.
9be+v+adv+prap be+v+attv*b~nf
quietIArnE31'kwamtl
,quid ' d m ; ,quiet ~b 'down = Q~IBTEH
DOWN, QUIETEN SR DOWN
quieten( ~ r m
I'kwamtnl(AmEqulot)
,quieten 'down; ,quletm ab 'down to
become,or to make sb, calmer, less noisy or less
active: We'
wh nm l l y busyat work during the
sumfner but thin~sshould
quieten&urn now.o
It took a long tsmefbrthe baby toquietendown. o
Canyouqureten thekidsdown?
E l V l Quietedquiet and quieten!qaiet sb are
also used with the same meaning, especially in
moreformal language:Theclassgrriereturd,
@ v +adv v + nlpmn+adv + v +adv* n(lessfre.
'2Uenf)
'quit on sb MmE, ir(iormaQ1to stop helplng,
working with or supporting sb when they need
you most: Ican't believehe quit on thetmmltfler
only twogames!o Youcan*tquitonmenow,tue're
aImost Ihere!ZiP amachine, avehicle,etcquits
on you, it stops working at a time when you
really need it: The airmnditioning quit on us in
mrdJuly.
9V+P"BP
rabbitrr=brt/
,rabbit 'on(about sblath) ( B E , informnl,d
*
provrng)to talk aboutsthfor alongtime I
nabor-
ing way: What'shemhbztingonobo~t?
go on (about sblsth)
Qv+adv
,nek 'up sth; ,rack lMhem 'up (tftfwrmal,
especioifyAmE) to get or collect a large amount
or quantity of sth, such as profits or lwses in a
business or points in a competition: The cum-
pnny mked up $20 billion in sates, o Bush has
racked up~ktories
inanotherfivestales.
A noun must always follow up, but a prp
nuuncomesbetween theverbandup.
@v+adv+n + v+pmn+adu(Ie~sfrequenO
raffle~'treflt
,rafflesth 'offtooffer 5th asaprizeinarame(=
a way af making money when peoplebuy tickets
w~th
anumberon and someo
f the numbersare
later chosen to w
i
n prizes): TW mke wrll be ra3
fled ofS mmLwmoneyfortheschool.
-Raffle sth is used more frequently with
this meaning.
Qv+adv+n * v+ntpron+adv
railIWIII
'rail agalnstrat s h t hwmr)toprotestabout
sblsth in an angry or bitter way:50 mil w i n s t
the gouernmenilauthoritks 0 Them's no point
ra~lfng
against rhedecisioh
e'v*PreP
rain/rem/
,mln'down( o n m p ~
swath), ,rain ath ' d m
(onlupon swsth) to fall or to make sth fall on
sblsth I
n large quantities: Huge boulders
down on us.oHe minedblow qller blow downon
my skull.
+v+aciv e v+nlpmn+adv v+adv*n
be ,rained 'off (&A7 (AMb ,rslnsd 'out)
(ir@orrnaf')
if an went such as a sports game is
rained off,it stops or it does not take place
because of rain: The game was mined O
I
T oIt
looksasif #hemmersisgoingtokminedofl
&be+v+sdv
rakeIWIW
,mke 8th 'in(in$orma[) toearnlargeamountsof
money without difficulty: Themmprsnyrakesin
EIWR ~ I ~ W K
o sims ~ e
4to London
sh'sbeenraking Itin.
ev+adu+n * v+pn+adu v+n+adv(lsss
rnW1
,rake'wer$th(BrE,lrlformal,dWpmviw) to
examine sth that happened in the past in great
detail and keen talk in^: about it, when it should
-- -- - - -
be forgotten: T~ere's
rkpoint in raking ouer the
awn&o
f thepast.
E
mthe past
+v + prep
rake ovw OM 'eoaldashm to discuss &
that happened in the past in detail, when It
should be forgotten rake sb over t
M ' E O Q ~
(AmlP)(BrEhaul sb over the 'coals) to criticize
sb severelybecause they havedone sth wrong
,rake sth 'up1to talk about sth unpleasant that
has happened in the past, which people would
11keto forget: Ididn't corn hem t
o wke up old
arguments. 2tocollectsth intoapileusmgatool
with a long handle and a rowof metal mintsat
theend(arakeV Imkdupall theh u e s .
ev*adv+n 4 v+nlpmn+a&
d l y~mlif
(mllles,tallyin&mllld,rallld)
,rallya'roundr'mnd:
,rally a'roundtround
sb if p p l e rally aroundor rally around sb,
they work together tohelp and supportsbwhois
in a difficult or unpleasant situatron: W k nshe
was ill, the neighbours all rrrIlied round lo help
her and bring her MLP. o Hrs friends rallied
umunbhimassoon theyb u d themri~s.
+v+adv * v + w p
ram/mm/
(-mm-)
,ram'Intoshttr:,ramsfh 'Intos
t
htohit 6th
violently; to make sth hit sth violently: He was
gozng.~wfast
and rnmnmedIntotheher infronl.o
Theihreuesmmmedtheirtruckinto thejewelier's
wrndow.
@ v +prep v+ nlpmn+prep
ramble~'riembit
,ramble'on(abwtsWsth)(BrE)totalkorwritea
lot ahout sblsth i
n a confused and boring way:
W t rsshemmblingonabout?o There'smeram
blmng on,andyou haven't to& meyour nemsyet.
Q v+adv
rangetremdg~
be ,ranged a'galnsWlth sblsth; ,range
yourself a'gainswwith sblsth 4f~tmuOto
join aith other people toopposesblstk Hefelt

135. thoughthewholefami& ruasranged ogoinst him
o She ranged&If more1~1th
herparent3 than
with her brother
,rap a h 'outtosaysthquicklyandsharply: The
o~i-mp!wdoutorders.
E E command,order XfE) bark .thout
Q v+a&+n + v+pron+adv o v+n+adv(rrrm) +
v+adv+speech
'rat on s
l
r (imrmnl) to give information to
mole in authority causingtroublefor sb: Sqv
whrrtyouIikeaboutAU but hhnsneuermtledon
hkfrhds.
*v + prep
'rat on sth(BrE,i
m
r
m
n
k
)to failto keep apram-
iseyou havemade:Theydthegovernment
of mtting onpromisestofhedisabld.
Elipmmlae,pledge
9V+PWP
ratchetrr-I
,mt&hetsth "upto make prices, etc. increasea
little at a time: Th intemt rates haw been
ratcheted up sftawlpo The hormone mhes
around the bmtn, mscheting the herrn rate up
from 6
&
?
0 loahut ahundred.o (egurnrlw)The
governmnt have mlcheled upthagmsureon the
profwt o@anizers.
Qv+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
rationtnrzfi/
,mtlon sth 'out to divide 5th that there is not
very much of lxtween a graupof people in such
a way that everyone gets a small share: They
nztioned the wuteroutama~
thesururuors.
fod,wster
v+nlpmn+adv * v+adv+n
,rattlea'round;,mttlea'munrlsth(i*ormm
toIme,work,etc, somewhere that ismuch toobig
for your needs:T
h
e
r
eareonly twoof w, mtlIhg
amund in this massive ojfice. o They're mtthng
ornumithat hownow thatthechildrenhaw left.
+v+adv * v*prep
,mttlenth 'ofttosayorrepeat sthframm e w
qulckly and without any efTort: She rattled off
t?@nameso
f themoviesHitch& huddirecled.
rWl5thoW
Qv+adv+n * v+pmn+adv + v+n+adv(mre)
,rattle 'on(about 5th) (fqfonnan to talk quickly
and fora long time about 6ththatis not import-
ant or Interesting: H
erattled on abut hi$jobfor
owranhour
BE) waftla on (abouts?h)
e v + a d v
,rattle'throughath(BrE,fwrmal)
to do some-
thingvery quickly:Herattled thmugh hi.horn
work then wen!out.
<bv + prep
reach/rku/
,reachsth 'down((or sb)to p
t sthdownfmma
hlgh place: Could you rwch that uase downfor
me?o S km h e d downaboxfrom thetopsher
!EEiil In informal spoken language reach sb
down 6th isalso used: CouMyoureach me down
f h o b w ?
ev+nlpron+adv a v+adv+n
,reach 'out,reachsth 'outtostretch yourarm
or yourhand in order to touch or get something:
He m h e d out toswrtchonthe light. o I reached
out a hand to touchherfke. o ThechiM reuched
outfor her hand.
ev+adv v+a&+n + v+pmn+adv +
v* n+advlmre)
,reach'out to sb to showab that yw areinter-
ested inthem andEorwant tohelp them:totry to
get people's interest or attention: The organira-
lion istryIngioswchoutto~pkofallagesand
fmm alllewhofsmiety o Theparty hasfarkfro
rwch out to young people. o Tht makers qf this
moviehawtrredtor ~ ~ ~ h o u t
loanolderaudience.
Qv+adv+prep
t 'outreachn [Ultheactivityof an organization
that provides a serviceoradvice topoplein the
community, especiallythose who cannot or are
unlikely ta wme to an omce, a hospital, etc. for
help: a rum1 o u f m h programme o o u t m h
work
readIrkdl(mad,4
/red/)
,read sth 'back to read a message,a letter etc.
aloud m ordertocheckthat it iscorrect:I g o t b
t O r w r l l h e ~ b r r c k t 0 ~ 1 0 ~ ~ ~ e ~ t ~ ~ ~ s
right.
&v*nlpmn+adv e v+adv+n
,readsth'Intosthtothinkthatsomethinghasa
meaning or an importance that It probably does
not have: It's a mistake to mad toomuchin.&the
results of one opinion mlL o You a n and any-
thing you m t into horoscopes, oHer voice w m
w.ldandIwasn'tsurewhat loreadinioit.
.E!E too much,sornethlng,anything
Q v + rdpmn+prep
,mad8
t
h 'offtolook at themeasusement shown
on a machine or other memuring device: The
speed can be mlculoW or read from the
graph. o IhIcedat thethmnome&randadoff
the tempemuTr.
v+adv+n + v+nlpron+adv
,mad 'on to continue reading: The b w k lucrs so
mciting he mad on until dawn. o Th@idea is tQ
m k e the readerwant 60m d on.o rgou want to
findout more,mad on?
+v*adv
,read 8th 'out(to sb) T to madread aloud, e w
cially to othergeople:SW mad out the M W O ~
the winners. o The teacher red my poem out to
thecEass.o Them'saletterJhmTom Shai[lr@ad
it oul loyou?2(espchILyAn&, c0mpuIzng)toget
backinformationthat isstoredonacomputer,to
p d u c e ad~splay
of the information on as c m n
Qvtadvtn v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+speech
b 'mad& n (computing)a rec~rd
or display of
informatlononacomputer scrren:Thecomputer
will work out the best mulefiryou andgiveyou 0
rwdaut onthe screen.
,readsth 'through( a h,d
ath ' m r h
*
-
puent) to read something fmm the beginning to
the end, usually in order to find any m~stakes:
I
red through my mnsIntlot&
checkinggfor mfs-
takes.o Whensherendher letterthmughthe m t
dw,
she decided m t to send it. o Whenshe'd fin-
isW,Em~mrty
readover whol she'd writlen.
@ v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
,mad'uponsbluth;,rends'brsth'up(alw,mad
"p aboutsblsth tessfvqwnt)toread alotabout a
particularsub~ect
in order to learn about it: Haue
you been readtngupon !hehistory of the heW?o
I'M beenreading bhiSpImupinthe Ifbmm
+v+adv+prep + v+adv+n o v+nlpron+adv
"re a t t h on8thtogIveapemonoran animal
a particular type of fad, entertainment,etc.
when they are young: I was reared onfan,but
hler dismven?drock.
Rear sblsth on stl.l Is usuallyusd in the
passive.
@Y +nlpmn+pwp
,rear'up1if ahorse,etcrearsup,itstandsonits
backlegs with its h n t legs inthe air: Thshome
rearedupandshefeflofl2 ifabuildin~
cliff, etc.
rearsup, itseemstolean over you in athreaten-
ingway:Thec l v rearedupWorethem
Hear IS also used with these rneanhgs,
especially meantng 1: The horse reared and she
fell ofi
+v+adu
,mason 5th 'outto thinkcarefully about same-
thing in a l o g i d w
a
y in orderto undersland it:
Let'strybnrrssonrrut why hehhavedashadia 4
Reason it outforyoursew- why doyou Ihinlc~h?
didn't say whereshe luasgoing?
EL)flgum sbkYk out;work sth out
ev+nlpmn+adv r v+a&+n
' r e a mwithsbtotalktosbborder toperswde
them to be more sensible: It'sinapmible to ma-
son wrthher whenshe's inthisW.
W Reasonwithsbcanbe used In the passive:
H e can'tbe rwsoned with.
0 v + v w
rebound~ r t h m d t
re'bound on sb ( o h m'bwnd upat sb more
formal, less frequent) if slh that you do, espe-
cially sththat is intended tobe unpleasant for sb
else, rebounds onlupon you, E
t has a bad or
unpleasant effectfor you instead: His little trick
seems to b v e rebounded on him o Thesemew
ures could rebound on the pwmt familk I=
affect them instead of the pople they were
intended toaffect).
Qv + prep
reckonvrekan/
"ken on sblsth;'rackon on doing sth:
'reckon on sbkfh dolng 5th to rely on
sblsth or on sth happening, loexpect sbto do5th
or sthto happen: WPwrereckoningon aprofitof
abut h
v amillton.o Youmnreckonon my SUP
port. o We hadn'l reckonad on them arriving so
ear@ o YOUmn't oIwcys reckon on having good
weather in June,o The wmpzny thought they
would w i l y g
e
tpermission to build a hotel, but
they hadn'treckonedon,the h e l pwple.
E Scount on sblsth, c a n t on doing Jth,
counton sb/srlr doing ath
QV+PWP
,reckonsth'up(apda1lyErE)toaddfigures
or
numbers together That'll k fM.50, il I've
reckoned iiupcurrectlp
BEl add sth up;calsulat. sththmrefimraO
+v+nlpran+adv v+adv+n
'retkmwith s h t h 1(-lly &In negative
s e n t e m ) to consider sWsth as a m i b l e prob-
lem that you should be pmpared for UrlforlU-
m!eiynw hudn'tm k ~ d
withEmily, o Wemust
mkon with the possibility of failurn 2 to can-
sider ordealwith sWsthasaserious opponentor
pmblm: He hod Eo reckon with a great dm1 of
oppositioh o The ream are still a jiom to be
reckomdwith(= they wlLlbeaifFiculttodefeat].
In thismeaningreckm with sblstheanbe
used in the passive.
Or+ prep
'reckon dttmut s h t h (espzcinIQ Bra to not
considersWsthasa possible problem and there
forenot beprepared for ~ t :
W
eaflolwdunhourto
get there, but we'd reckoned withmi thef?'t!!c(=
it took usmuch longer).
@Y + prep

136. reconciler ~ k -
'rewnclle sb/youmelf to dh; 'reeonells
sbrnurself to dolng sth to make sblyour-
self accept an unplea~antsituation because
there i
s nothing you can do to change it: They
werereconciled tothqhct thtkwouidn't kcom
ing back. o r
u
e reconciled rnysev to having m
m
n
e
y whileI'm astudent
+v +nlpmn*prep
reduceI ~ ~ ~ W ~ . - W E . ~ ~ W S ~
m'dueeSblsth t
osthtobringsbto aparticular
state,especially a worseone:She was red& to
tears by their critufsm o The building luas
r e d m lo a hasp of rubble.o Her gwstiuning
reducedhlmtoastuteof coqfwion.
+v+ nlpmn+prep
re'ducesb to dolng sth to make sb do some
th~ng
they do not approve of or are ashamed of
becausethere is no other choicef
o
rthem:I wap
rpduced0b m w i n g m o w f m mfriends.
EEIEiRedace sb to doing sth Is nearly always
us& in the~ s s i v e .
+v+ntprm+prep
re'ducesth to 8thtochangesth into asimpler
re'fer to sbMh 1 (m ath) to mention or talk
about somebody or something: She newr
W r m d to the ~nctdent
amin. oPrwsenprs are
M W m
J
#
r
e
d toas 'customem'.2todesaibe or be
mnnectdl to sblsth:Thispamgraph ?@emtothe
eventso
J lastyeor eThwphenomnon as&erred
60 m detail in chapier nine. o The term 'visually
handicQp~'refirs0studenls
w h hnue serious
d~&u ftwinseeing
W RefertosWsthcanbewed intheoasshre.
@ v + P ~ ~ P
re'ferto sthtolook at sthfor information:You
don'tnd tom
@
r t
oadiclwmryfor thistxemfse.
t3E book, dtctlonary, manual, Instructions
I 5 3 consultsth( m o r e ~ r m ~
Refer to sth canbe used in the passive It is
imporran! ioproutdeam r d thalmnbeMemdto.
+v * prep
m'fersblsth t
os h t htosendsWsthtoadiffer-
ent placeorpersonin ordertogethelp,adviceor
a decision: Thempp luas r @ e dta t t ~
he~ourt
of
Appeal. o My tulor referredme ?Q a c o ~ Z I o , :
o
Ifimab)I w&you lomy letterc
f 2June.
Q v + dpmn+prep
or more general form: His argumenls mn h?
redwedtofourpoina
+nlpron+prep
reekIrkkt
'reek of nth (disappwvhg) 1 to smell very
strongly of sth unpleasant:H
i
s breath =Waf
lohcm.2 i f sth reeks ofsth unpleasant or sus-
picious,it sukgestsverystrongly thatthereissth
unpleasant or susp~cious
about it:His srotmnent
reeks of hypocrrsy.o The whok place reeked of
16egh.
+v+pren
reelI&V
,MI sth 'IW'oUt to wind sth anloff a special
round dwice (a reel),for example on a fishing
mi:Heslowlym
k
d theBhin, o The-hters
m
k
d out the hose. o The Iine mughi on some-
thingin theurc~lerashemleditin.
+v+nlpron+a& + v+adv+n
,reel8th 'off1tosapa lowlist of things quickly
and w~thout
having to think about it:He m
E
e
d
off the mmsof thepeopk he'd invited. Ilst,
names, figures ZEB rattle atk o
f
f 2 (Irllbrmal,
eswiolly8rE)(in a sportscompetition)to wln a
series of gamesor anumberofpolnb: TheBulls
reeM ofl nzne consecufiw jwrnls. oHenman
mred ofl t h m stmight games. EGipoints,
games chalk up sth
+v+adv+n + v+pmn*adv v+n+sdu(kfi-
nuen!)
,reel8th 'Ow=
REEL STH INIOUT
re'flect on sblsth ( a hr e W u p n sWstk
moreformal)to make sb haw a particular opin-
ion of sbfsth: When the department pedorm
badly, it rejkts on me me asmger (= it makes
people think 3 am a k d manager). o Thls tncf-
dent Mecls W I yoneuetyom~nuolved.
o When
ours t d n l s are smxqful it ~~wellon the
wholeschool.
mReflect an sWsth is often used with
aherbs,especiallybadlymWI.
+v +prep
retlect gTeat cmdH on &sth to show that
shtsth 1svery good orhasdone 5thvery well:The
line condition of thecars rqlects great credit on
their owners,o The young orchesim's perform-
a mrejlecledgreatcreditonfheirtmtnt~g.
regale/ringed/
re'galesbwlth sthtoentertahsbwithstories,
jokes, etc:She lucrs regaling w with l h b @ her
youth.
+v+nlpmn+p~e~
rein/rem/
,mln 'In;,rein sth 'In(akw,mln 'back,,reinsth
'backhfrepuen#)topullon thereinsof ahorse
(= the leather bands that go around its neck) to
makeitgomoreslowly orstop:FeIipreilPedkk
andr d ebesideher o Shem'dinher horseand
woited$or John tomlchup
e v + a d v r v+adv+n + v+nlpron+adv
,rein sb/sth 'In( o h ,mh W8th ' b c k Zess*
quenfl to controlsb or sth more strictly: Wewed
torein mpublicqwnding. o Thenew Pri?siderU i
s
withtheaskof mtnfnginthemilita~.
oHe
wasunabk toreinback hisimpatiem.
&v+adv*n + v+pmn+adv + v*n+adv(lm
fresww
relate/nnlert/
M a t e to sbnth 7 to feel that you can under-
stand a person, a siluation, sth that sb d m o
r
feels,etc. and have sympathy with t h d i t : She
w u n a h k torehie toheryoungest chtM o ffind
himveryd~ficult
Drelateta.o I~~stCO~ldn'tn?hW
to that m u i e at all,oShe wuld rela& t
o hlsfeel-
imgso
f guilt abouthbchiMm 2 tobe mnneckd
tosblsth;torefertosblsth:AIltkdocumnlsreInt-
ing to the matter uwre d e s R ~ d .
o The new I ~ w
mlatmon&tochildrenborn&?r 1996
+V+PMP
re'lleve sb of d h 1ybPnaa0toc
a
r
r
youta m -
cult or unpleasant W k ior sb else, minstead of
them:Mbotsmnrelieue~p[eofdullaradxp~w
~rkoCclnIr~lrewyouqfsom~ywrtrags(=
carry themToryou)?Z~brman
tod i i s s s bfroma
lobormponsibility.He cwswi&vtuIof h k m o s
mmager I
nt
h
i
s memmg, relieve sh of 5th
is often used m the passive. 3(informal,tmnicl to
robsbof 5th.TReth~wlieDedhim
4f hkwollel.
@ v+ nlpron+prep
relyI?!flar/
(mlles,relying.rolled+
d e d )
m'ly on s b t h (akam'ly upon s&th m f o r -
m
l
)
1(fw8th) ton& or bedependent on sblsth:
She gill hnslo rely on her~ m l s f o r
m
o
w o He
hosn'tm acarand mIiesonpubt1~
rnmwrl mgm
arnund.o Werelied onAnna t
ohsnshsefor us. o
Before theygat a piped wafer suppIx hwl w p b
hud lo rely on getflngtheir wnlerJmmmils and
bnks.E 9depend onlupmn Wsth(for sth)2to
trust or have confidencem sWsth Youmn &!y
relyonherju&emni. o Yo~cunmlyon
Jon l o t m
up hi%!
(= he always daes)o For thefirst time In
yearsshehudsomeoneshe~~uMreIy
on. o WereIied
on theaduiceof ourmlicitix E 3 count onlupvn
sWsth: d q m d ortrupon ddsth =Rely
onlupmsblsth canbe used i
n the passive i
nthis
meaninp:Shemmt bereliedonm lelllhe truth.
& V + P W
mWtember sb to sb (BrEj(no#
usedin thegrc-
gressive tenses)used toask sbtogIw your @-
i n g and good wishes tosb e M R e m e m k m to
your mother
@v+nlpmn+prep
remindIn'mamdl
nt'rnlnd sb of sbisth (not used in #heprogres-
siuelenses) if sblsthreminds yoa ofsblsth,they
make you think or sWsth b u s e they are simi-
lar: Tht smell of b m d h k h g reminds me c
f
home. o when CEare $mil& she reminded me of
her mother o Watching his seriousface, with its
bigroundgSasses,shewasm M d o f anOWI.
m R e m I n d sb of sblsth can be used in the
passlve: Listening lo her; he was reminded o
f
Helen.
@v +dpmn+ prep
rent/rent/
,mnIsth ' w t(
t
a*a)toallow somethingthatyou
owntobeused by someoneelse i
nreturnformy-
ment: They rented the h o w out lo studenls.0
Most of theseh o wamrenhiout.
m m ,hwae,clte. F
E
)
Mrerth wl (to sb);
let rth out (to sb)(BrE)
mRent 6th can also be used wlth the same
meaning.Youcould renta room loastudent.
&v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
repair/n'pea(r);~m~
-'per/
re'palrte...@17~~iorhw~mus)togatoap~a~
After din?wcthqr r a p a i dtothelovwform ! .
+V + P ~ ~ P
re,port 'back 1 (tu sb) (on 1~8th)to glve a
spoken or written account of some information
that you were asked to find out about:I h u e 60
repor? back to the mnager on o w p m g m . 2
...
{to )toreturn to a place, especially in orderto
start work again: When do you have to reporl
k k & r duty?
+v+adv
re,port 'in (
t
os M )to contact sb to let them
know where you are orwhat you are doing:The
o w r b r w ~eportd
in(
t
othepolicasfatwn).
re'portto sb(b-) (notwed in thepro@+@.+
srve r
e
w
)
if you report tosbin a wmpany or
an organization,they are responsiblefor yoyour
work and tell you what todo:She repor& direclly
t
o the chief mecutiue.oA new learn will be put
togetherfor thepmjd, rrportingloJulia Hwley.
Qv+ prep
re'side In sblsth vormal) to be insblsth;to be
causpdby sth: Theattractionof rhe h
o
o
k resides
ini
t
?illrrslmtwm.0 Thei
r
l
i
e
t
&
s
o
f IhechlMreS-
idemgetting the bestpossibl@
education.
ev + prep

137. m'sldeIrYwithnbtsthWorn0tobepresent in
or belong to sblsth: Sup- autftmity m
i
d
m
with thePresident. Q Paliticalpowrmms h res-
ideinemsinglyintheSouth of England
& V + V ~ P
resignIn-1
re'slgnyourself to sth:re'slgnyourself to
dolng sthtobe ready to accept sth unpleasant
because you cannot avoid it: She resign& her-
seZf to her fate. o T
h
e
y resigned themeIups to
bemg defeakd o I've resfgned mysew to shying
inagain tonight.
Qv+pmn+pmp
resolve/nnzolv;
A& wmlvl
rebolve lnto 8
t
h
:re'solve sth lnto sth to
separate or to be separated into its parts: The
desqn resolved into u number of difl~renfpa&
larns. o a Iatuyer's abilzW fo WIW f
a
c
t
s into
theirleguImtegoriPS
Qv+prep + v+pron+prep
re'sohre into sth: re'sohre Rseltlthern-
s e l w Intofh1i
fsthyouseeorhearat adis-
tanceresolves lntosth or resolves itrself into
sth, you gradually we it or hear it clearly as a
particular thing: Theg w shape m i t r e d info o
gmupof walkers. o ThewhiteZtehtresolveditseIf
into th-$ headlight3 of a car 2 to gradually
become or be understoad as sth: Thedmussion
emdually resolued itself intotwo main issues.o
Theq W h n m l w s ~ls@lf inlo whether indiuid-
uuisshouId bealIowerI to choose such a courseof
ac?im.
+ v + p m * v+pmn+prep
re'sortW 8th;ra'sortto doing sthtomake
use of something, especially something bad or
unpleasant, as a way of achieving sth, often
kause no other course of actlon is possible:
Theyshould beobletosttktheirdflem with-
out resorting muiolenw. o T
h
e
y resorted60brrb-
eryw get whal they wanted.
EETiviolence, bfibery
W Resort to stMo doing sth mn be usedin
the passive: Vurrousmeasuresrueremrtadta
0v + prep
rest/rest/
'rest on nbktth( a h'rest uupDn sb/sth momfor-
mal)1 todepend on sblsth: Britain'shopesof a
medal mw m
tORHenderson 2 ifyour eyesrest
onsblsth,you lmkatthem1it:Hereyesmsladona
ghotogmphont h e b k . B e y e s ,gaze
@v + prep
'rest on sth ( a h'real upon a# -formal) to
bebasedonsth: ThewholemseW o noneman3
.eu&nm. o Hisargument seemed toW o napLPe
mumprkn.
*v + prep
,rest 'up (inj%rmal).
1 (OM-fmhioned,especihlly
Brm to rest after an illness or injury:He was
adviwd to m
f upfor a week @r RisfulI.
Rest isusually used with this meaning.2 Its@-
cblly AmEj to rest in order to gain energy and
strength,for exampleafter an illnessor beforea
sports competit~on:
YousIEDuMrest .
u
p V you're
going to be fit for the fleame. o The clermbers
decidd losesr upfor a coupleo
f ahys before
con-
tinu~ng
up to thesummit. =Rest can also be
used withthls meaning.
Qv+a&
"st with sb (
t
odo Ith)(bmul)(noturadint k
progressive terms) to be sb's responsibility:The
deciswn m
L
S entirely with you. o The sespomi-
bllltyfor bringing up chiIdmn m
hwiththepar-
enrs. o It rests with the heus company to prove
they w
r
enot responsiblefortheaccident.
Ikwlth sb (to dosth)
(4 v + Prep
result/lTznlt/
re'eultin sthtohaveap
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
reffect;tomake
sth happen:Theaccidentresulted in 6Poleah.o
The a~reemenl
will result in ernpbyers working
more closelywfthdudentsand teachers.
E
S
Jdeath,Increase, loss
0 v+ prep
retail/'ri*u
'retail aMor 8
t
h (bwiness)to be sold at a par-
t~cular
prim: Thevidmsm
i
l at f15ench.
4 v + prep
returnIflQn;AmEn'b.m/
re'tum to s
t
h T to go back to a previous state:
T m i n s e r u f c e s h v e ~ ~ ~ b o m r m a t a f i e r t h
strrke. E Sgo back to sth1to start discussing
asubjectyou werediscussingwlier:He returns
to this topiclater e
r
n the report. lE3 come back
to sth
+v+prep
,rev 'Up:,W a h 'Up if the engineof a vehicle
rew up, or sb revs it up, It runs quickly
although the vehicle does not move: The cur
mvued upandroared r
r
m
j
Rev and rw 8th are also used w
i
t
h this
meaning.
@ v+adv v+n!pmn+ab + v+aUv+n
,rev 'up(for ath), ,m
shth'up (for s*) (w-
cially A m to become, or to make sWsth, more
activeorexcited:Thetwmmmuvhi?upfirnerl
weekbgome, o It's hbjob tomv up theaudiew
M r e #heshowstart%
e v + a d v 4 v+nlpmn+adv a v+adv+n
'revel In 5th: 'revel la h l n g sth to eNgr a
situation or an experience very much:I chink
he's secmtly revelling in all the attentw~
0She
saemstorevelinannoyinghermnts.
@v + prep
re'vert Z
o sb Clara) (of property and land) to
return legallyto the owner: M.er his death the
housereverted i
% itsOrigirrcsIowner:
4v+PreP
re'vertto db;
re'vert to dolngsth(Torma01
to go back to a previous condition or activity,
especially a w
o
r
s
e one:When thep m u r e ison,
playen revert 0bad habfrs.o4fter a good war
the team reverted to type i
n their last gn# (=
they played badly agarn).oqfser BD ywrs crs a
school. the burlding has reverted baEk to king a
h o w again.2 to start talkingor think~ng
again
about asubject you wereconsidering earller:Tb
reveriloyovourmsJierqmtion...
+ V + P ~ P
m'wlve amnd sblsth re'volve around
dolng sth (alsorevolve round nbfsth,revohre
round dolng nth especiallyBrE)tohave sblsth as
the main sub~ector interest: His whole !re
reuoIuedround curs,o Youthink ihe wholeworld
reuolues around yox oMuch o
f u dolphin's lve
reuulvesaro~ndfindhgand
a l i n g f d .
4v+prep
re'volve around 8th (also rn'volw round a~
especm1Iy BrE) to move around sth i
n a circle:
Theenrthrt.volvesamlrnd #hesun.
Q v+ prep
'rld sb!sthlyourself of s h t h (format) to
removesthlsb mpleasant from aperson, aplaw
or an organization: The gmernmt gk&& lo
rid themunhy o
f nuclear weurns o How muid
sheridhemeif of Charlas?
Thisphrasal verb isusedmainly inwritten
English.
&v +nlpron+prep
rlddle/ h d ~ /
'riddlesbrsthwith s
t
htof
i
l
lsWsthwithbullets
or w~th
holes:H
i
s M y was riddled wilh bulk&.
o woaden bmms riddled wilh holesQ a bullet-
MdIedurr
Riddle sbEsthwithsthi
soRenusedi
nthe
passive.
+v+Illpron+pmp
be 'rlddledwlth 8thtobef
u
l
lof sth,especially
sthunpleasant or bad Th@
wholeorganizalwn is
rrddled withcormptlon.
@ be+v+prep
'ride on sth [uswlly used in the progressiue
todependonsth:My whokfutmis riding
on thisinteruiew.o There'saloto
f money ridiw
on this deal. oShe has a lot riding on thhfilm
afderthefaerlureofthelosttwo.
@ V+PEP
,ride sth 'outto manage to surviw a difficult
pericd or s~tuationwithout sufferLng serlous
harm. Doyou think theppresident wiflbe able to
rlde out tha lalest crisis? o 01courseyour par-
ents were angry,but you should have s t o H to
rf& out thestom.
EBI stonn,recession
Qv+adv+n v+nlpron+adv
,ride 'upifan item of clothing rides up,tt grad-
ually moves upwards,out of position:His waist.
coat wasridingupoverhrsstomach.
Q v+adv
,rifle'throughsthto searchquicklythmughsth
suchasdrawem,cupboardsorpapers, inorderto
findor steal 8th:Sat& rCfledthrough ward-
YOL%
looking for something to wea,: o The room
looked as if .o burglar had rNed through it (= it
wasveryuntidy).
mRifle through 5th canb used in the pas-
slvc.: Thedrawers had beenrind throwh.
t
39 +PrsP
'rlg sbmth 'od(
1
- ath)(old-fbhioned,M
to provide sWsth with clothes or equipment:
They fook the k
t
d
stoa bigstore and rigged them
outporn top to bodlorn (= bought them a set of
new clothes, shoes,etc.). o The ship laad been
rig& outmffh
srote-4f-thaartequipment.
Bkit sblsthout (lrrlwlthsih)(BrE)
IEBTd Rig sb outisoffenused ~nthepassive.
@v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv

138. ,rig sth 'up d to Ex a piece of equipment into
@ace:W'wr
i
g
g
d up !&hi%Inthegardenfor the
p r b oHew
mriggedup locamachines0 t W the
nurses wuld check his hwrthl. 2 to make or
build sthquickly, usingwhatever materials are
available: He had rigged up a sort of lent, wing
hrsjmkel andshirt.
@v+adv+n 4 v+n/prm+adv
dngI
w
l l m wlr~eulrune
Ira/)
W lbringisnot used in American Englishto
lnean'to telephone'. To callisthe most common
verb for this in American English. It I
salsoused
in Britlsh Englfsh, aswellasto phone.
,rfng a'roundrraund;,ring a'roundfround
sb#th (BrQ to phone several pwple or plam
to find out information or drscusssth:I'wspent
themornmgringing roundtmvel agen&tofinria
fright.
Qv+adv + v+prep
,ring 'back;,dng sb 'back(BrE)to telephone
sb agalnor to telephone sbwho telephoned you
earlier: I'ilring you back later withmoredeiaik
o Your mother caller3 whik you were out. She
wnndsyoutonriagback. o I'ueonIygotafewwins
for thbcall(=froma public telephone). Canyou
ring me k k ? o he phones while I'm out, tell
him toh#
back I
e
t
m
Qv+adv + v+nlpron+adv
,dng'in(BrEj1totelephone the place whereyou
work: Shefellsoexhrrustdshe rnng In sick (= to
say shemuldnot cometowork).o Thebossrhgs
in m m l timesadojl, even whenhe'son holiday.
2 to telephone a radio, television programme,
etc: Listeners mre asked lo sing in with their
opinions.
Q v+adv
,rFng 'off to end a telephone mrsation,
andputthetelephonedown:He rango r befotwI
couldexp[nin.
hangup
Qv+adv
,dng'outtobeheard loudlyandclearly:H I s c h r
voice mng out mmss the hull. o Suddenb shots
mngoulmarby.
v+adv
,ring'round;,ring'mudsbtsth(&r& =RrNc
AROUND~OUND,
RING AROUN~/ROUNQ
SB/STH
,ring 'through (
t
osblnth) (Brmto make a tele-
phone call to sb, especially wlthin the same
buddmg: Reception mng through lo say my vls-
itorhad arrived.
e v + a d v
, h g 'up;,dng sbMh 'Up (Bra to telephone
sblsth: He mng up t
oapolagize. o We musl ring
Jenny up mnwht. o Canyou ringupthesturion lo
check thetrain r i m ?o My dadw
mo msung up
byso~clnimrngloh?JohnLennon.
Ring andrlngsbarealsofrequentlyused
wlth this meaning.RLng up andrlng sbup are
very commonin spoken English.
@v+sdv e v+nfpmn+adv+ v+adv*n
,ring ath 'upto record the cost of g& being
bought in a shophtore on a mach~ne(a cash
register);tomake salesof the value mentioned:
Shemtw up thedrinks onthetill.o Thecummny
rang U ~ ~ L S
of $160 miHion ktyecsl:
6v+adv+n v*nlpmn+adv
rinselrmsl
,rinse sth 'out1tomakesth clean by washingIt
I
n water RutAJFnisMherrnfl~
and rinxdout
hercupout u&r Ihetap. o Rinwyour m u t h out
togetridof thehe. Rinse8thisaI80 used
with the same meaning: 3~
quickly nn& her
cup and phi@.2(also,rime sth 'oul o
f 5th) to
remove sth such as soap h m sth else with
water: Learn the mndrliom on your hair (or
lhseeminutesandthennnee~tout.
wash Sthout
Qv+nlpmn+adu + v+a&+n
Zalsov+rdpmn+adv+prnp
'tipeisthtoattacksthnolentlyandtearitorcut
it: Thebird rip& at itsrim['$t h m # .o VFgura-
liw) The hurricane Orerrt their skin and r
i
p
&
at theirctolhes.
ev + prep
,fip 'Into sb/sth(wUh *)Ifor sthhr dolng sth)
linformD to criticize sb in an angry way for sth
they have done or said: He ripped inlo mfor
king late.
FEE)lay IntosbMb (withnh)(hr sthlfDr dolng
sth)
Ripintosblsthcanbe usedin thepassive
Q v + m
,tip 'into!'throughsbMhto go very quickly or
violently into or through sblsth:An ccplosion
rip@ thmuaAnjaws&rey aparftnenlbuilding.
Qv + prep
,ripsb 'ofF(imfoml)
tocheatsb,forexampleby
chargingthemtoomuch forsth,s
e
l
l
i
n
gthem sth
of poor qua lit^ etc: Theh n k was& o
f rip
ping off its cusmmers.o The tickets rwre wry
expemiue, but theplay wrns terribte. Wefelt we'd
been r i p W oa:
Rip sboffis oflenused inthe passive:The
law prokts tenants fm
b
e
i
w r i p e off by
landIords.
+v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv
b '
r
l
M
n [usuallysM.1(I-0 a situation
where you pay too much for sth:sth that is not
worth what you pay for it: They chawtdyoua 5
for a T.shirt? What a riwB!o The mwl roas a!
lotalrip+ff o ripoffprim
+see a hRIP-OFF
aiRIP SBESTHOFF; RIP-OFFat
RIP STH OFF
,dpsblsth" ( i m r n o tom
w sWsth,by steal-
ing ideas, designs, etc. especially in order to
make money for y o m K Another h n d has
rrppdoff owsong. o She maccllsedof ripping
ofl other~ p k ' s
ickw.
g v + a & + n + v+nlpn+adv
b ' r l m ( o fsth) n (tn$ormaO acopyof sth,espe
ciaIlyone that is not as good as the original: He
hasostail ShatxZhdeslgner ripffs(=clothes).
-
I
S W c l h RIP-OFF at RIP SB OFF; RIP-OFF at RIP
STH OFF
'rlp sth 'off(slang) to steal sth: Thievesbroke in
and rippedofffiuemmplrters.
m nlckath W E ,
slang)
Qv+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
b ' r l f ~ f f
n (informaP) an act of stealing 5th:It
wasascandalousripofl ofpublicfunds.
+S@,?a!SaRIP-OPFaF RIP SR OFF; RIP-OFF&RIP
SBlSTH OFF
,dpsth 'off;,rip sth 'off sbrsthto removesth,
especially clothing, verg q u i w by pulling
sharply: TkeJansm t y v i n g fariahIsc[otks~$
o Sherippdthe~stwoffthe waIL
War stR offoffar ntho
f
f sb/8*
@v+nlpron+adv 4 v+adv+n
,rip"through sth =RIP INMPPHAOUGH STH
,dpsth 'up1to tear sth topieces: Iripped #helet-
ter up wrfhoutd i n gft. 2 topull sth quickly O r
violently f
r
o
m the flwr or ground: A grrw 4f
teenagers ripped up (awes and plank o We've
rip& up theold carptsandplin.kf thewalk.
E3tear 8th up
+v+nlpmn+adv r v+adv+n
,rise a ' hsW ( w d t m ) 4 to notbe affected or
lunited by problems, insults,etc: to be able to
deal with problems: Shew@& lorkabbownPr
dwobii~@.
2tobetoowise orgood todosthwrong
or to think or behaw ln thew
a
y other peopledo:
Hehad an unusuaf rrbiliiylor
i
wa b w thepreju-
dices of hls generation. o Them will always be
gossip. You haw to try and rlseaboue ti. 3to be
better than other similar things: Her arfrcb
neverrise ohueShekwlof agossipcolumn.
ev+prep
'riseto sth 1todealsuccessfullywithasituation
or problem that you donot e mor do not usu-
allyhavetoface: Thejobluasn'tmsybut Samw m
ready t
orise to the challenge.o ThegIny was a
challengefor the attars but theyruseto ?heacre-
slon. 2 to m c t when sb is deliberatelytryingto
make youangryorgetyou mterestdinsth:I d
lrse to rm to that sort of comment. o Idectded to
filter him andhe rose lo the buit (= he reacted
m theway thatIwanted).
0V+PWP
,rim 'up 1 (against sblsth) (formal)to start to
fight a g a h t or refuseto obey people in author-
ity,for examplea government orking:T h w p l e
roseup againstthe inmdem. E9rebel (against
sblsth)2(Iiremry)toappear asatallshapeabove
the surroundings: A magn@mntpalace rose U
P
before her
g v + a d v
t 'uprfslng n a situation in which a gmup or
peoplejoin together to fightagainst or t
orefuse
to obey people in author~ty:
The uprising W
ruthlessly sarpp&.
,roll a'round(BrEalso,roll 'round)(irbforma0
(BrE also ,roll a'bout) to be laughing so much
that that you Ean hardly control yourself: Her
speech had ewryone rolling around with laugh-
t e ~
2 (of a regular went) to arrive;to happen at
the usualtime: W
eh
a
w to w h n election
time rolk around again. lEW come round,
come around
Q v+adv
,rollsth 'back1to reducethe amount of influ-
ence, power or importance that sth has; to
change sth so that it is the opposite of what It
was: They m determind to roll back union
p o w 2toreduceprim,wages, etc: Wemust roll
b m k injlution. E3Ql prlc~s
3tomake sthgo back
or further away: to roll back the frontiers of
spacefscienceo Theformer rnternationalfooihl[
player rofIedbacktheywrswitha brillinntper-
formaw h t night (= he played as he dld when
he wasyounger). @
F
I
frontiers
&v+adv*n + v+pron+adv 4 v+n+adv(nrm)
'rolltrack(ofsth)n 1(espxbUyAmE) areduc-
tlon or derrease m sth: a 2% rolI6nck in laxes 2
(mmputing)areturn tothe conditionthatexisted
beforetherewasanerrorin acomputerSystem
,rollsth 'down1toopenout apiece of clothing,
etc.that has beenfolded over andover:Sherolled
down her sleem. sleeves 2 to lower sth; to
open a window in a car, espxially by turning a
handle: He r
o
l
W down the car window and
wavedlo us.E
S
J car wlndOw
roll sth up
Qv+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
,roll'In(iflormal) 1toarrivein greatn u m b or
quantibes: W
e
r
sof help mnlinlse toroll in. 2 to
arrive somewhere, usually late and without
being worried or sorry: Robfinally miled in at
lunch lime.
Qv+adv
,mH 'on1(of time) to pass steadily: As Wyears
rolled onthepuirtfulmemoriesbeganlofa&. 2to
continue without changing very much: For the
nexdfew Uweh t k debale r0lI.d on. 3 roll on...
(BrE, i?&rmal) used to say that you wish sth
wouldcome soon:Rollonsmmer!
+v+adv

139. rdlWt 2
3
8
...............---..-.......................* 11.1 .........................I............................ I
I
l
f,......................*,,....
_......................*
,rolls b t h'oUtIW-l, ewcinIlyAWta uee handle;toraisesth:Skt.rolledup thewimbwand
sblsth to help you achiwe 5th: He rolZed out all droueofl EFLi car wlndow mll sthdown
his oldfriends tohelp him win theelmion,o The +v +a& +n + v +nlpron+ adv
Moscow Circus mlled out dancrng beum lo b 'toll-up n @rE, informi) a cigarettethat you
announceikarrlvoi inNorthAmmica. make yourself by rolling tobacco in special
$.v+adv*n + v+pmn+adv + v+n+adv wpmSrmnlitaroll-up.
,rollsth 'outItomake a suhtance suchaspat+
try flat and thinbymllingsthwer it:Rollautth romp/ m ~ ; - m m p /
Wiry With a roiling Pi% past? ,romp a'headla'way (Brm to make progress,
dough 2 to unfold 8ththat is in a mll and put ~t
,,,,, ,in q u i ~ y
and easily: ~khorn
flat on the gmund: I roll& out m
y ~ l e e ~ l n g
bag mm towin by 3gwh.
and crawkd in. E
!
P
B roll Stt~
up 3 to officially
hi^ 1smostly usedinnmspapers,
makea new product ava~lable
to the public: The
+
Air F
o
mwill rold outitsnewplarresinN o u e m k
launchs
t
+ ,romp "through sth WrE, infomat)to do sth
v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
EPlroll out the rscl 'mrpet(for 8b)to treat sb
llkeavery fmportantvisltor
F 'roll~ut
II anoccasion when a companyin&
ducesa newproduct:oroll.outoerensnny
,roll 'over:,rollsbisth 'over1(of a person) to
turn fmm lyingon one side of your body to the
atherside; to movesbinthisway:Sherolkdowr
ontoher back. oImlIed thebabyoverandsaf up.
2(of avehicle+aboat,etc.)to turnontoitssideor
upside down; to move sth In this way:T hcur
rolled overintoaditch.
turn mwr,hrrnsbhth over
Qv+adv v+nlpron+adv
,roll8th 'war1W n o e )toallow money that sb
owes to be paidat a later date: Thgouernment
Q@ to roll over the debt.B
E
Z
i debt, loan 2
(BrRtoaddtheprize moneyina competition in
a particular week to the prfze money the next
week, if no one has won ~ t .
lrni. rueek's lottery
jmkmt will hrolledwer untilnexi week.
ev+adv+n + v+Wpmn+adv
b 'rolbnr m 1[CJ
( B r aa prize of money in a
competition that is formed by adding the prize
from one week when no one has won it to the
prize for the next week: This uwek there is a
rollaver o
f $14 m
i
l
l
i
o
n
.o a roNowrjaekmttlwek
t[U]Wraanoe)the act of allow~ng
money that is
owedto be paid at a laterdate
,mil 'round(BrEj =ROLL AROUND
,mil 'upli&rmaD to arrive:Hefirmlly m W up
nn Inour late. oRoll up!Roll upfir thegtwlest
show on mrth!(= used to invite people who a
r
e
passing to comeandformanaudience)
4v+adv
,roll8th " P I toturntheendof apieceof cloth-
ingover andovertomakeit shorter H
erolled up
his sleeves and slarled w h i n g the dishes.
sleeves, tmusanEE3 mll 5th dwvn 2 to fold
sth to make the shape of a tube or a ball: She
mI& up the sleepln~
bag. mil sth out 3to
closethewindowin amr,especiallyby turning a
easilyand quickly: S h e r o wtfzmught
h
e
m
r
n
~uestions.
l5HThlsverbismostlyusedinnewspapers.
Q v+prep
root/ru*/
,
m
ta'mund; a'mndrthrough sth
(BrErrlso , w ta'bout,,
M
a'boutsth) (for8th)
tomovethingsaround or turn them overto tryto
findsth: Hemrwtingaround in t h d r a m o r
his keys. 0 Somath~ng
or somaone had been m P
rng Ihmugh thepiksof rubbish.
@v+adv*v+prep
"ol for sbtsth (i~i-mab)
(rrsuullyllsed in the
progressIw l
e
m
)
to support or encouragesb in
a sportscompetition or when they arein a difi-
cult situation. GoodI&-I'llbe motingfiryou!
Q v + m
,root sb/sth a t 1to Rnd the person or thing
that is causinga problem and m o v e or get rid
of them. TlaegowrnmentIKIspmmisedmmotout
p
o
l
i
c
e wrruption. o The h u b & naQkersseem to
have ken rooted out. comptlon 2 (infor-
m~tofindsb!sthwhenit tsnoteasyorittakesa
long time: They eventually rw&d out two wit-
ness&. o I'vegor some instructlonrforthe m m m
somew- -I'll see f
f I wn root them out. oI'll
root outthephofo(oryou.E B dIg sthth;
hunt
sth downlrmt
Qv+adv+n v+pmn+adv v+n+adv(kssjk+
quertt)
,d YhrouBh ~ t h
= ROOT AROUND, ROOT
A R O U N D ~ H R O ~ G H
STH
'M
sbto sthif fear,shock,etc. n
n
r
hmuto a
pIaoe, it makes you unable to move: She stood
mtedta the spot in horror
+v +nlpmn+prep
,root sth 'upto dig or pull up a plant. tree, etc.
with its roots: Kids how bem rmtingupplants
and mmiw their namesanthem
.
Qv+adv+n + v+nrpmn+adv
238 rubin
_......r............ll,,,....
_................_.....'l,......_...............
_.
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I
I
X
I
. .....-.......
-
..........-..'I...--
,ropesb4In:,mpe
sb'intosth;,mperb 'Into
doing a t h ( i ~ o m ~ t o ~ u a d e s b t o ~ e ~ r t
in an activity or to help you, even when they do
not want to: W
e
'
l
lrope Colin in to help w.
o l g o t
roped inlo washingall thedirty dkhes.
=This phrasal verb is often used in the
.
. .
.
.
'mud-upn [usuallysing.] '
Iabrief summaw
of the mmt hportant point3 of news or sport,
for example on a television or radio news pro-
gramme: a news round-up4 n mud-up o
f the
day's events 2 an act of bringing pmple or ani-
m
a
l
s together in one place: a mud-up o
f wiid
ponies o around-upof swmts
.round sth 'u.prdwnn (ta sth) to in-
pdsbiw.
Q v+nlpmn+a& + v+ adv+n v +dpmn +prep ' decrease a number to the next highest orlowest
,mpasth ,of to warateone
whole number:He mundd the price down lo
$900. o lblalsshould be rovn&d upfa thenearest
with ropes, in order to stoppeopleh m entering urhoh
numhr
it. T
h
ascene of thecrimehad been r
o
w o g
area
@ v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n
Rope sthoff isoftenused inthepassive. FUb
,mAbl
+v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n
,ruba'galnsisbnth;,rub'upagainstsMth
rot/mt:AnaE m?/
(4) If an an~mal
rubs (up)against sblsth, it moves
backwards and forwards and presses itself
lwt a'weytowaduaXlydecay: against themlit: Thecat rubkd (up)ogrrinsther
hadrotted aw4v. leas.
,rough sth 'wtto drawor write themain parts
of sth without including all the details: She
roqhed outthedesignonrheback o
f onenwbm.
o I've roughed outafew &us for theh k .
e v + a d v + n v+pmn+adv r v*n+adv(&S
fWU@W
,mwghsb 'up( * r f m [ )
to hurtsbby hitthgor
kicking them, especially in order to kighten or
warn them. They didnY want lo kill hlm, j u t
rough him up a little.o Lkmonstmtars chimed
theyhad Lwn roughed up by thepolice.
Q v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
round/ramdl
,poundsih 'down(to 8th)=R o m n STH U P ~ O W N
im GTU
,"- -,
,roundsth' d l(AmEalso,roundsth'oul)(wflh
5th) toendoroomplete sthina satisfactory way:
We rounded off the m l with wflee. o The Iwm
rowrdedofl as m u l w o n withanother bril-
liant vrctory o Theeveningwas mlrndedofl with
a disco.EQithe day, the evenlng 2 to give a
smwth curved shape to the edge of sth: I
rounded off thewmen withsandpow
+v+adv+n v+nlprwr+adv
'mundonsbtosuddenly$
@ angrilyE
o$band
criticize or attack them: He rounded on her
angrily andtold her tokeep her mouthshut.
Q v + P ~ ~ P
,roundsth'out(AmE)=ROUND STH OFF 1
~ - v + m p
+ v+a**prep
,rub a'long(wsth sMog&her) (BrE,inform0 to
live or work together with sb in a satisfactow
way:WerubalongaU right miththeneighbows.
E!T) get &along (wlthsbhguther)
+v+adv
,rub sb/sth 'dwm; ,rub p ~ r s e H
'downto
rub the skin of aperson,an anlrnal,etc,with sth
such as a towel, to make it clean and dry: She
rubbed herself down with a lowel. omer aer-
cbrewchhorsemust berubhddown,
Qv+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
b 'rub-dm n [usuallysing.] an act of rubbing
sblsth you13eIf witha towel,forexample
-#s~~?~!soRUB-DOWN at RUB STH DOWN
,rub sth 'down 1 ( ~ ~ i a l l y
BrD to make sth
clean by wiping it with acloth,etc:Rubfh
M~L%
down welt blow puiniing them. 2 to make the
surface of 5th smooth byrubbing it with special
paper, etc: He r u b M the urwdwork down wllh
sandpapr
Qv+dpron+adv+ v+&+n
b 'madownn [usuallysing.] (esp@ciallyErn 1
an acto f cleaning thesurfaceof sthwith acloth,
etc 2 an act of rubbing the surface of sth to
make it smooth
+S W U ~
RUB-DOWNatRUE SBlSTH DOWN, RUB
YOURSELF DOWN
,rubsth 'Into say sthtosbwhich remindsthemof
sth that they feel embarrassedor guilty about
and would liketo forget: I a l d y knowit my
fault -there'sno nmd to mb it In, o Wmshe hy-
ingngmb inthefact that hedidrr't iikeme?
mlt
,roundsbMh 'upto bring together anumber of Rubsthinisnotusedinthemssiw
pwple*animalsor objectsin oneplace:i
% @ +nlpron+a& + v +adv +n
up cattklsheepo 5
% gang werer o u d d UP and 113151
rub &"s 'no- In R to remind sbof sth they
put mjafl.0 (humorow) ~ e ' u e r o ~ ~
upsom tee].ernbarsassed or guilty about and would like
goadspeakersfor themnfemm. to forget
Qr+abr+n + v+nlprnn+adv

141. ,run a'wey with sth * to win sth clearly or tlrepjecbmhl:
easily: Their ream are running aurtry with the +see also R U N ~ O W at a u ~
DOWN,RUN STH DOWN
champlomhip o She m n away with the show &v+oreo r v +r d m+nrnn
- - - 7 - F
(= she was easi?v the best mrformer). 2 (ape- ,runs b t h 'down1(of a vehicleor itsdriwr)to
C ~ I ~ Y ( a h J,run 'off wwh Sth) to escape h ~ t
a person or an animal and knmk themlit to
with 9th that you have stolen or taken without theground: ~ony,
asking: The treasurer ran ornay with all the yo, neor~y -down t h t -trian,
fmds. 3(in&rmaOtobellevestb that isnot true:
knmk sb do*vn;knock sb -r this
mnY araaY with the fdw *hate m t h i n g meaning runsbtnth down i
s often used I
n the
luas perfm in Our nrarria@ Idea, Impres- passive. It can also sumest thatthe driver of the
-
I
r
.
.
m,w,
+l$v+adu+pmp
3v +a&+ prep+noun
,runsth 'byrpestS b ( i ~ m r ) t o s h o w s b s t h o r
tell them about an1dw,a proposal, etc. in order
to get thelr reaction to it: I'ue got a m jdeas I'd
like torun byyou. o Run thatpast meagain.
@ v+ nlpmn+prep
,mn 'down;,runsth ' d m1to losew
w
e
ror
stopworking;tomakesthdothk lthink theh t -
h i e s are runnlng down. o @ you h u e your
headlkhts on,you'll run the hebnnery down. IBwjl
battery 2 to stop hnctioning gradually or
become smaller in size or number; to make sth
dothis: Oilsuppliesin tRewghn wilIsiar6 torun
down in thenextM,
o Thecompany amrun-
ningdown theiroperaflowin the UK.
+v+adv v+dpron+allv+ v+adv*n
b 'mndown(Inlaf sth)n [usuallysing.](BE)
1a
rrductlon inthesue,number,
amountorkmrt-
anceor sth:ThpubIica~mpIainingabout
the
rundown N health services.3adescription or an
explanation of sth,especiallythe maln potnts:a
rundownof thehistoryof tnchteam
9 WU!SO
RUNDOWN at RUN DOWN STH,RUM BTH
DOWN STH
b ,run-'dm m$i 1(of a buildingor an area)in
poDr condition; that has not k e n lwked a
f
t
e
ra
rundown a m of lhst London 2 (of a business,
etc.) not asbusy orasactiveaslt used tob
e
3 [not
Worenoun1(of a p m n )tired,weak and not in
gwd health afterhaving worked too hard, etc:
I'mfeeIinga bit run&wn.
*S e e t r h RUNDOWN at RUN DOWN STH, RUN STH
DOWN STH
,run "own sthHa liquid runsdownasurface,
it n o w downwards over It: Tearsuwe mmkg
down hischeeks.
c8 v+omn
- r - r
,run' d m sth;,runsth *downsih1to look
quickly at alist:toquickly read and mention the
items on it: Her eyes mn down thefigurnson fhe
po~e.
o She mn her wm downthepage. 2topass,
or to make sth pass, downwards overa surface:
She tunherfingerdownthemRe.
vehicleintended tohltthe personor animal: The
oficerchiiewed Ihe thlef and tried to m k e the
curstop, but thedtrwr run hlmdown. -t s w a b
RUN SB/STH OVER 2 to Critiche sblsth in an
unkind way:She 3 alzuays running her husband
down in~%ntof theirfriends. E?Bdisparage
sblsthIforma~kREUIn thlsmeaningmn sWsth
down is not used In the passwe. +see nko Run
YOURSELF DOWN 3 tofind sblsth after looking for
a longt h e :WnoIlym n thebook down zn theml-
lege libram IF5 track shim d m ; trace
sblsth W In this meaning run sblsthdown is
notused in thepassive.
+v+n/pron+adv v+adv+n
,runyourself '@own
to criticize yourseK,onen
unfairly: You"realwaysmnningyourse~dom!
~ S # ~ L S O R U N
SBlSTH DOWN 2
Au+nrnn+arhr
" ".-. --.
,mn
'in;,run'Intosth(AmE+
imrmtrl)
tovisitsb
for a short time in an informal way; togo wme-
where quickly on yout way to somewhere else:
1'11run in on my way home.o Conyou run into
IhedrycIarner's onyour way towrk?
@v+adv * v+prep
,run sb 'In(okdfashIonerl,i&-mnIj to arrest sb
and take them toa police station:She wasnur in
lotshoplifting.
@v+nlpron+adv+ v+BdV+n(m)
b "run-in n 1( W h sb)(itformal) anargumentor
a quarrel:Ihnd arun-inwith my mum thtsevan-
iw.2 2also 'IIIMIP) (to 8th) (BfEj a period of
preparation just before an event takesplace: the
finnl run-in t
o the WorM Cup 3 the action of
approaching sth or the distanoe you cwes: the
final run-in lothetarget
,runsb 'In;,runsb 'Intoathr...totakesbbyw
to the centre of town, etc: I &logo &to town.
Conyou runm in?
v+nlpmn+adv * v+nlpmn +prep
,run sth '
h
l(BrE)E
h the past)to drivea vehicle
slowly and carefullywhen it isnew sothat you
do not damage the engine: I h not going on
molormysunt~dl'uerunthmin.
&v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
'rundown (on/of ~ t h )
i[ u d y sing.] an ,run 'into sbtomeet sbbychan~e:
C ~ ~ S S
t t h o ~
explanationora descriptionofsth:Imngiwyou into M a ~ ? o
You mmb ~ J - J
inlowP* w
a brief rundownon eachof thejob a p p l m a . o know inLondon
We would like aJull rundown on theprogress of bump Into*b (mrman
Q V + P ~ P
!z43 runout
,
,
,
, ,,I.l-...... _ .. .
+ .......I.....................II-,............. -
. ---............
*runI
n
t
ob t h ;'run sth lntosb/sthto acci- ficult to write, such as a pwm, speech, etc.
dentally crash lnto sblsth;to make a vehicle do quickly ande a s m Shemn flafiWtkrrpeech
this: Themr wen1 out of mntrol and ran 1nCoa inmtimatall.
h . 0 TklonykhindmninlothebXkof me(= +r+adv+n r v+nlpmn+&
my car).oHemn hrscurinioa tm. ,run 'off with sb; ,run 'off together = RUN
+ v + p ~ p
+ v+@mn+p~p AWAYIUWWITH SB,RUN AWAY~OFF
TOGETHER
'run lnto s
t
h 1to meet or enter an area of had ,mn
'off sth=RUN RrITH 2
weather while travelling:Wem into n m h of
thkkfogjust cw&fd&thecily. bedvreather2
to experience difficulties or problems: We ran
inloproblemsrightmrn thekginningof shepro-
ject. EE3 trouble,dlfficuttles,pmblems, oppo*
I o n3toreacha partlcularlevelor amount' Th@
bill w ~ l l
sun infohundredsof fmund%4 If things
run into each other, or sth runs into sth else,
theyjom sothat they canonlybeseparated with
diff~culty:
Itrted toexploirr,but my wrdsaI1ran
zntoeach0 t h ~
O V + P ~ P
,runsb 'hhd l =RUN SB IN,RUN SB 1NTO STH
'lwnsthintosbl~th
=RUNINTQ SBlSTH, RUN STH
INTO SRlSTH
,run'off 1tomow quicklymayh r nsbhplace:
to escapefrom sWaplace:The$hi.$ mn q(f dawn
a side streel, o the^ ran off Inwhing. +see a h
RUN AWAY 12loleavea place secretly: Shemnfl
tnthemiddleof thnight. +see o hRUN AWAY 2
+S@@a!S0
FUN AWAY~OFF,RWNAWAY~DFF
WITH SA,
RUN AWAY~OFF
TOGETHFJR
e v + a d v
,run'otf;,run 'off d hif aroad, path, etc.runs
offor runsoffa place. it leadsaway Erom it: Can
you seethat road running off t
athe rjgkt?oSW
mldoorsranafl thecorridor
+v*achr + v + p q
,run'oft,run'offwlthsb;, ~ n
'offtogether
= RUN AWAYhPP, RUN AWAY~OPF WITH SH, RUM
AWAY~OFPTOGETHER
,run '
o
f
f sMth to drain or flow sWsth:
W
a
t
e
r eroolf thefields inlo the ~ 1 1 ~
o S W
wasrrmnlngoflk
mwater, sweat
e v + w e v
' r u n 4n [CJ
(tmhniarorain, water or other
liquldthat runsoff land and into rivers, ett
,nun 'offsth;,run sth 'off s
t
h(ofa machine,
ett) to usea part~culartype
of power inorderto
operatea machine: The oulbwrd motor rumoff
anordlna?~
curbattery
+see alsoRUN ON STH, RUN STH ON STH
+v+prap + v+nlprwr+prap
,run ~ U I'off 1to prodm copiss of a piece of
wcltmp, etc, on a machine: They mn OFhun-
dreds of wpiapof the leq(Ie1.o Canyou run thae
l e t moff for met- In informal spoken lan-
guagemsboff sthandmnsbsth offareah
used' I'll just runyou og a mpr- o I'lI runyou a
copyflnom X toproducesththat 1susually dif-
,run 'on 1to continue to m in the samedime
tion: I'II stup here, you run on ahead. 2 to arn-
tlnue longer than is necessary or e:
I
don't w l the meefing t
o run on. 3 (abut sib)
(espeanllyAmE) to continue talking for a long
t i e about unimportant things: She does6rmd io
runon!oSheranonwithgraarenthwinsmabout
her htmt project 4 [+ advlprep] (of a mad or a
track) to m t l n u e in the same dmction: The
road m o n ~ n m
the-rl. 5(of alineof text)to
continue into thenext line: Thisl i n e mon into
thenext verseof thepaem.
I
s
r
*
)goon
Qv+adu
'run on if your thoughts etc. ran on a p%r-
t~cular
subject, you think or talk a b u t it a lot:
Herthoughtskept runningontheirh i meting.
Qv+ prep
'nmon sth 'run8th on athtouseaparH&
type of power or fuel to make a machine or a
vehicle work: Youmn runl h ~
m r on any @
@ of
unhukdpttrol.
3S
r
W
o
l
.
9
0RUN O W STH. RUN STH OFT 6TH
+v+prep v+nlpKm+pmp
,run 'out 1if a supply of 8th rnna oat. It is fi-
ished or used up: I'm gotw t~ h p
until mymoneyrunsout. o Wr??kweto~tq~k.kb
assime~smnn&qouroOnedayhlshck wiil nm
out. o M y pattern wilh her suddenly mn out.
B
rnone).,ptml,Z
l
w
,luek,pallen- 2 ( a h
,run 'out of sth)if a person or a machine
out of a supply of sth, they finish lt or use it all
up: We'rerunning out of mow. o Couldyou @
somemom mllk? We'uerun out. o I've run out of
patiencewilhher: o You'uemnoWof s p m o n h
disk. o The hnd sewrslo haua run out of ideas.
EEimoney, ideas, m,
patience,tkme 3if a
contract or otherlegal documentruns out,it is
no longer valid: His mntma 1~~1th
the club ruW
out at the end o
f the mmn. EE)explm Emom
firma0
~v+adv2alsav+&+prep
U
Z
l,mn out d 'steam (ii@muO to have IESS
energy andenthusiasm andstopdoing5th ordo
it lessw
e
l
l
:Imo
aof steamh
a
mupthehehill.
o Thecampofgn semut
ohauerunoutof steMlteMl
,runsb 'out:,runsb 'out of stht... (eswriolly
A m toforcesb to leavea place:Hewrwdiorun
themout of bwn.
+v+nlpron+adve r+cllpmn*adv+prep

143. ,sack 'outf&-tzl%, i d o m 0 to lie down bo rest or
relax: Weswkdout on themuch and w
i
c
k
d a
video.
gv+adv
saddlep d j
,saddle'up;,saddle sth 'upt
opreparetoridea
horse by placing a leather seat (a saddle)on it:
have yo us odd^ UP the homyetPo Saddle up,
we're leavingrightaway.
F5Ei horse
&v+adv v+adv+n b v+nlpmn+adv
'saddle sb&ourself wlth sbEsth; "
s
a
d
d
l
e
sb!yourself with doing 8th to give sbmur-
seK adimcult or unpleasant task ormsponsibil-
ity to deal with. I've hwn seddIwI with my
brother's kldsfir the m k e d (= I have to take
care of them). o He had saddled himsew with
huge deb&. o I'ue b m &died w&th organizing
thecuderem,
E9 lands b l y o u dwfthsblsth,landsb/
youraeK wlth h l n g ath
Sadale sb with sWthisoften usedin the
passive.
0v* nlpmn+prep
salt/ $ 3 : 1 t , ~ r ~ a ~ ~ m i t /
,salt stha'waytosavem o n e ~
etc. forthefuture,
often secretlyor dishonestly: Hec l n M s h e hnd
salted m
o
w otwy in m i l , o $10 billion had
bemalt& a m y in banks.
EZi money
+v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n
sand/*nd/
,sand sth 'downtomakesth smoothbyrubbing
it withsbmng,mugh paper:Sandlhedwrsdown
beforeyoumintt h m .
Sand sthcan beused with the same man-
inp:Sandthe abrsbq3rayouwhtlhem.
6v+nlpmn+adv* v+adu+n
sandwichp a n m ,-wrd3/
'sandwleh sbBth ImWaen s b t h to fit
sth/sb intoa wrysrnall spacebetweentwoother
things or m p l e : Ilwrssandurichad &ween lurr
large men on the hwk seut. o Theshop is mRd-
ruichedbeiweena bunkanda mfi.
=Sandwich sbtsth between sWsth is
nearly always usede
d
nthe passlve.
Q v+nlpmn+prep
,aandwlehA and B to'gether(withahltonut
safeguard/'mJ~a:B:AmE-ga&/ sth between two things To join them: ~ondu%h
thecakes togetherwtthcmm.
,safeguard awht 8th: ,sateguard Qv*nlpmn+adv*v+adu+n
sbtsthyoyoumelf a'galnst sth(formafitopre-
vent sth had from happening to sth;to keedsth 8aVelservl
" - .
safe from harm or damage: Safigunrd agaiwt
ihpfl msiorIiwcr
buefor aInrm, The 'Samon sth;'aaveethonfihtouselessof sth
SIIOWSm
u how to m ~ e g u a d
your b m wains
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ h
electricaldanmmand accidpnk
+v+Prep v+ nlpmn+prep
sailI&/
,sail 'through;
,sail'throughsthtosu-in
an examination, a test, etc, very easily: She
miIBdthrough h m m l m
m
s
.
E L exam
Qv+adv r v + p w
sallyt d i ! (sallies,sallying,ra~i~ed,
U ~ I I I ~ )
,sally 'forth(also,sally 'OMCessfrcqwnt) (OW
firshbned or likmry)to Ieave a place in a deter-
mined or enthusiastic way: &fm lunch s h
salIiedforfhforashort m l k .
Qv+adv
saves o n thewsfof anadultticket.
&v+prep * v+nlpmn+pmp
,save 'up:,Save 8th 'Up (for 8th)to kern rour
money insteadof spendl& it, especially because
you want to buy a particular thing: She'ssnviw
upfor a newmmputeK o I xswd upall my wages
to buy mypamnssnpresenf.
=Save and save 6th are used more fre
qucntly with this meanlag, esp~cially
in more
formal English.
Qv+adv a v+adv+n 4 v+n/prm+adv
,save ath 'upto keep sth to use or enjoy i
nthe
future:I saveup theweek's n e m p m s bo readat
weekends.
W SavesthIsusedmorefrequently w
i
t
h t
h
i
s
mcaning, especially inmoreformal English.
@v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
Saw/w:/
(&, rawn I d ,AmEaLm ,Mare sbhm 'off =SCARE ~ & T H AWAY~OFP
s a d . & ) .scam'up 8th;,scareIt, him,etc. 'up(AmE+
,saw 5th 'dowilto cut sthdownand bring it to
the ground,using a tool with a long blade and
sharp points along the &e (a saw):We had io
saw down twotrees.
mtres
+v+adv+n + v+dpw+adv
,saw sth 'oft:,saw 5th 'off s4hto m o v e sth
from sth by cutt~ng~twith a tool with a long
blade and sharp polntsalong the edge (a saw):1
s a d thelowerbranchesoff tlreqppletm.
EE branch
@v+nfpmn+adw v+adv*n v+nlpmn+prep
b 'sawnoff(Bra( A M'
s
- [onlybefore
noun] (of a gun) having had thc long tube
through which thebullets arefired,(thebarrel),
cut short: asawnoffshobfln
,sawsth 'up(into )tocut sthi n t D p i m using a
toolwitha long bladeand sharppaintsalongone
edge(asaw):All thetmuwresawnupinto logs.
&v+adv+n r v+nlpron+sdv
' 1nf10-D to find sblsth or to make sth by using
whatever is available: I'll m if I mn scare up
enoughchnlrsfor usall. o171f?y
t
o
m
r
eupsoma
friends #a
m m e a d helpu
s
.
A noun must alwap f
o
l
l
o
w up, but a p m
nouncomes betweentheverb andup.
@ v +adv +n + v +pmn +adv (lessfwmt)
SCOOPIskwpl
ascoop
sth 'Out1(also,scoop8th 'outo
f h ) t o
remove sth from the inside of sth else using a
curvedtool, suchasaspwn,oryour hand: Smop
aIlthe&outof thafrurt.E
ld s , f l e s h 2to
make sth hollow by m o v i n g the inside with a
curved tool such as a spoon.Frrst smp out !he
melon using aspwn EE) hollowsthout
4 1v+nlpmn+adv * v+adv+n +
v +nlpron+adv+prep
Zv+adv+n r v+nlpron+adv
,scoop sbfsth 'upto moveor lift sWsth wing a
quick continuous movement: J m
P
?
d
up 0
scaleIske~lI hndfuifu~
of sweets. c She m p e dthebaby up tnlo
herarms.
,scale9th 'downIAmEalso ,-Is uth 'back)to + adr+ + nlpmn + adv
reduce sth in size or importance. T
h
ecompany
has a . ~ e d
&wn ik mining program- ,SCOOP
sth 'UP
towinorget8theasily,especially
yea,: o PoIh are-ling down the w r r hfor the a large sum money Or a prize: *Demmmt
attacker.
oJonnie'smis werea sca!&&wn wr- ~ r 4 Y
QMO& Wforrrmhof theseah.
swnof hisfath@r's. EEi d s ,prlzw
programme, proleet mh Hh up EEUScoop ~ t h
malso b used w
i
t
h the same
(lessfrequent)
mcnnin~
Themouiesc0o~nineC)scars.
&v+adv*n +v+nlpmn+adv
@v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
.scalesth 'uptolncreasethesizeorimwrtan~e
of =enfit,ck,l.t,
' sth:~ e ' r e d & i d i ~ h o m t o m ~ e u p o ~ o ~
-----'-"-'
scale sthdown ,scoot'over
( A d , *IformnDto movea
l
WO
n a
@v+adv+n +v*nlpmn+adv seat tomakemomfor anotherperson: Scwlwer
nnrl m
k
p m m for VOW sistero ~ m t i w )
. . . . . . . . . . . .
Scarelskea(rhAmEsker/ Scwt ouec men! Women golfem are on the
,scares h t h a'wayrofCt~makesWsthka~
or increme.
stay away by frightening them:
She&a w h b z+z-
tle t
asmre away her atfutkm o The now?=red
thebirdsofl
SEX) frighten sblsthawaylBn(esp?&lly BrE)
iskaup;AmEskoupl
&v+adu+n + v+nlpmn+adv ,Scope s h t h 'Out(AmE,
wormall to Iwk for
asare sb into Isamsb["todoingsth s'blsth interesting or attractive; to search out
to make sb do sth by frightening them: Her Sblsth:WeXQ@o~taplncebS
@ theweekend.
I h t s p n a l l y s c a d him into miion. c He was *ad^+" v*nlPron+adv
scared intosigning a mnfmion. score/ S W ~ ) I
Qv+n!pron+prep
,Ware sb 'offto accidentally make sb m i d of 'score off Sb (esmially Brm to show that you
or nervous about sth they were planning to do: "e better than sb, e s ~ e c i w
bp making clever
M~ hutlstommm m& off4~ remarks, for example in an argument: He's
Don'tactctloo ~n#mtedoryou'IImrehim
og(=a ~ [ w a y s
ttryin~
lom m ~ f l
his~o[.kWues
boyfriend). Q V + P ~ P
)BXII) M g M8baff(espcinlly BrEj ,sore8th'ouVthmugh(Bre)todrawalinem
Q v+nlpron+adv * v+adv+n linesthroughsth ma text toshowthatyoudenot

144. scout 248
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I
want it: ThelaPtparsgmph had kmmredouL ,serapa 'through:,scrape 'through sth to
oHe Reallyl;mrcd through#heword'impossibk'. succeedwith difficulty in doingsth,especially in
W cross 8th wWhrough;deIetosth passing an exam: I mghf m p e through (the
@ v+adv+n 4 v+n+adv(rare) w
r
n
)!f J
h lucky.0 She just scrnped thmwh
lawschool.
scouttskautl EQ exam
,scout a'rwnd;,scouta'roundsthC&Eab *
,-vt 'mud, ,scout 'mund d h ) (for mbhth) to ascrape sth ~ ~ ~ e r @ ~ , s f m ~
Mh 'UP k . ~
search an area or different plafes to ~ l y
to find f ~ w n t )
to obtain or Cdect sth such as an
sblsth:I?Igoundmut aroundfiorsomwater: amount of money withdficult~:
TIMY m m g e d
Qv+adv 4 v+pmp toscmw ik1g@th~r$lZ~Wandprin.kd3~~mp~
o
f
,s~out
S
M
I 'out to out what eth 11 1 ~ o
or ~y~~~~~ lCmpd mOugh muy
where 6th is, by searching: A &am imvelled to
Momw 10 m u t orrlpossiblephwsfor ameeting *'+ wv*n/m+adv
o Thewmmnyismutingout husimopportun-
~tles
nn VieIraam scratch1
-
1
+v+adv+n + v+n/prwr+adv ,scratcha'round@ r E a h.scratchanbout)
(for
a h 1 to search for sth in a bay that is not '
&
y
serabble/'skrebI{ organized. by looking at dtfferent things, look-
,wrabble s'raund(BrEa b .s~ratrble
a'bout, i"p '"
the He wuScMtch@umrurd
,sotabbb 'round)(hr 8th)to useyour fingers to OnthegmuMfir cLues.
search For sth quickly or w
i
t
h difficulty: She Qv+adv
mbbledawund ~nh
e
r h g f o r h e r n h . ,scratch ath 'off; .scratch d h 'off sth to
,scrabble a
t sth to scratch at ~ t h
with mnd,
burslpd momentg: She was scrabbling at t h
wrlh with herfingem.
@v +prep
scrapetslae~pt
,arcrape 'by (on ah)to manage to live on the
moneyyou h
a
malthouphyoudonot havemuch:
Imnjustwage by onwhatmyparenrsgiw me.
+v+adv
,*rape 'In:,scrape;'Intosth(i9r.E)tomanage
to pet ajob, aposition, a place at college, etc,but
withdficu1ty:Ijusf managed doscrapeinto uni-
versity. oHexrawdin with 1BDuofes.o Ourteam
jusiscmpedfntothesemi-JTnals.
+v+adv + v+prep
.scrape sth 'off, ,scrape 8th 'off sth to
removesth from a surface by moving 5th sharp
and hard Irke a knife a-s it:He spent all doy
s c r u p i ~ p a i n t o ~
the mlb
@v+nlpron*adv * v+adv+n + v+n/pron+prap
,serape sth 'out1( a h , ~ r a p e
sth 'out o
f sth)
to removc sth fmm the inside of 5th else using
sth sharp and bard like a knife: IscmpedalI the
ma3out of the melon. o He scraped out the bow[
I= removedeverythingfromit)withatempoon2
(AmE)
tojust manage to make enough money ta
live: He scraped oat a living by dmwing cur-
loonsfor h l n e w s p a m . E E Iklng,e x l s h c e
ev+adv+n r v+n/pron+adv
1~ov+nlpron+a&+prep
- .
remove 8thfrom a surfaoe byrubbing with your
nails, etc: ShescmtckRd the paint offloseew h t
LmS ~ ~ ~ n e a s h .
ev+nlpmn+adv r v+adu+n + v+n/pron+prep
,scratch~ t h
'outtoremove a word, esgPcially a
name,fmrnsthwritten,usuallybyputtingaI n e
through it: Theirnames had beensrroicherIout.
+v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n
screamiskrlml
3Cream 'out (fw sth) to be very obvious or
noticeable; to demand attention: The m k & h
jrrsrmmoutatym. o Themke mxream~ng
out tobeeaten.
gv+adv
screen ISM^^
,acreensth 'Offtoseparateorhidea
n areaof a
room etc, from another area by putting a tall
piece of furniture or equipment in frontof it or
around it: Part of theroom hadbeen screenad@
withacurtain.
Screensthoffisoften useU in thepassive.
6v+adv+n 4 v+n/pron+adv
,Screen s h t h 'out to decide not to include
shlsth,ornot toallowsbtofoinan organization,
enteracountwetc. becauseyouthinkthey may
not &suitable or may causetrouble: Unsuitable
mndldntes were srraened wt.oHis job to
scmn out inqulrfesunlikely to result fn u saQ o
Imumnw mmmniesoften screen o u l m p k
are high risk.
&v+adv+n + v+n+adv(hs)kqmt)
v+pm+abv
,
=
n sth 'out to prevent sth h
a
r
m h m , s c msb 'Up(slang)tomakesbpoupset or con-
entering or going through sth: H is essential lo fu&edthat they areunable todealwith problems
m n out ultravioletmys. oA window blind mill inlife: Herparents haw reullys c t e d her up.
' scmnoubloomuch light. BFQmesssb up
@v+adv+n 4 v+n+adv(IacsfPwuent) • +v+nlpton+achr + v+adv+n
v +pion +adv b , $ e m - ' u p ad] (inforrrml) upset and arm-
ious,especially becauseof sthbad that hashap
,screw a'round(A,sfang)1to have s e ~
with a
lot of ditYeentpeopleaem A more polite, infor-
mal way to say this ~sstcep
around. 2 W to
waste time dolng siUy or useless activltles:Slop
screwingaroundanddu somet u o r k l m A mom
mlite, l n f o r d way to saythisismess around,
or, in British English, mess about.
+v+adv
,screwsb a'mund(BrE,A.sWtotreatsb in
a way that is deliberatelynot helpful to them or
wastes their trme: Stopsrrpwing mearoundand
tell me the truth1
A more polite,informal way of ~ y l n g
this
ismess sbabouUmnd(BrG).
Q v+nlpmn+adv
,screwsth Wowntoattachsth13rntlytosth else
us~ng
screws: .%r@zu the h
e
i
d of the box down
pened to you inthepast:ascrewed-upkid
+seel~lmsc~~wsn-v~atsc~sw
srn UP
,screwsXh 'up1(Brmto squeezeSth intoatight
ball: She screwedrap the note and threw it away
paper, letter E?R I E N ~ C ~sth up 2 if you
screwup your eyesor your face,you tighten the
muscles beeauseyou are I
npain, the lrght is too
brlght,
face.eyes
etc: Hescrewed h b f m i n dwmt Eid
@v+a&+n +~+nlpmn*adv
screw up ywr 'cwrago ( e s r n l &BrE)to
force yourself to be brave enough to do sth: I
finally mured up my couragennd m t lo the
dentisl
b ,serewed-'up udj (BrE) squeezed and *ed
into a ball:ascmwad-upsheetofpper
seealsoSCREWED-UPat scuaw sR UP
securely.
@v+nEpmn+adv + v+adv+n
,scribble sth 'downto write sth qulckly and
.screw sth,on; mtofa~m carelesslyy:
hor m d Shescribbhd down bhe directions on
the top on a mntainer by twisting it around: Is '&t+-aa*+n v+ nlpmn+
thetous c m d o n tighify?
B
llid,top
+r+nlpron+adv + v+artu+n 4 v+nlpmn+prep
haveyour heads
c
- on(dgMnhe rIgM
way) (irlformafl to be asensible person
,screw sb 'ovt of sth (slang)
to cheat sb and
prevent them from having sth that they should
have: Shetriedloscrew himoutaf hiswlnniflg~.
-A mop polite way to say this is cheat sb
out of sth.
Qv+dpron+adv+prep
,screwsth 'outof sb (skmg)ta formsb to give
you sth, to get sth from sb with great difficulty:
Theyscrezmdthemoney out o
f her by IhreUt-HliW
tohLt her
4v + nlpmn+&+ prep
, s c m sb 'overWmE, A, slang)to trick sb in
order to obtain 8thvaluable from them:to treat
sb badly, especially by deceiving them: He
s r r e d heroverand L
D
D
k a11her m
o
w
:
& v + n / p + a d v + v+adv+n
,screw 'up:, s c m 9th 'up (slung,evmhIlu
Am&')to dosthbadlyor spoil s
t
h
:IruapSryinglo
behelpful,but I screwed upagain. o She screwti
upupfl t l bhemngemenk
Isvu)messup, mess sth up
gv+adu + v+adv+n + v+nlpron+adv
e 'sc-pn (slang,
especiaflyArnE)asituation
that has been dealt w
i
t
h very badly; a bad mis-
take:Theream amwupOW the bookings.
,acmll 'd0~U'up
(rwnputinglto move downlup
orbackwards(forwards in thetext onammputer
scmn so that you canread dillerent p ~ - t ~
of It:
S h e m l k i downtotheendof t h e d ~ m n l .
+v+adv
scrounge/skramW
,scroungea'round(fM8
t
h
)(AM,
itlforml)ta
search around in diprent places for sth, e s w
cially if it is difficultto findor there isnot much
available: He scroungd around in his &k
dmwrfor amper clip.
@ v + &
,scrub'in(AmE)=SCRUB UP
,scrub 8th 'oft:,%rubsth 'off sthto remove
sth from the surface of sth by mbbhg it hard
witha brush,etc: ~mbalffRrrSmudqfSUleraolls.
&v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n 4 v+nlpron+prep
,scrubsth 'outto deanthe insideof sthby wb-
bing it hard with a brushand u s d y with SMp
and water:HescnrBWoul thewmandWtthem
todmin. o T
h
e cupBwrds rrmsrrubbed out e ~ f Y
week.
@v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adu

145. ,scrub 'UpIwcciall~
Bri!J (
A
m
us*runlIy,=rub See sb out, see sb oat of sth are wed
'In)(of a doctor.nurse.etc.) to wash your hands much more&n than theseverbs.
and arms vem thoroughly before performing a +see a hSEE sstour,SEE SB/YOURIELF OUT OF STH
medical operation: Thes u m n m b M up wid 6v+nl~mn
+edv r v+ nloron+weo
- . r --
~ ~ t o n h i s g ' m ,
~ ~ ~ ~ k i d
toscrubi n f o r s h ~ . ,Med h 'In If you see Inan-~ion suchasNew
+v+adv
Year,you aretherewhen it happens: Theysaw in
scrub '"pwa'llEs b l s t h ~ ~ u ~ ~ l l + ~ ~
IheNew Yearwithfriends. oHeHwdlong@nough
lookveryattractivewhentheyarecleanandtidy
loseein hnaw
milleno-,
scrunchI S I W A ~ ~ J ~
,scrunch sth 'up lit(forma01to squeeze sth
into a small round shape in your hands: He
scrunchedupthepieceof papwandthmw itotme.
E
S
lpapet, l%*r 2 totwist your face or part of
it intoaduTerent shape:Hem m u p h b m ,
trym~
tocancenimte. fa-, eyes
+v+adv+n + v+nlpson+adv
sealISPJ~
,Seal~ t h
'Intokeep 5thinsideacontainersothat
none of it cane p e :Thefoilpmket sealsin the
Jamar:
ev+adv+n r v+nlpmn+adv
,-a1 sth 'offif the police,the arm%
etc seal a
Place or an area off, they put barriers there to
~ r e w n t
anyoneh m enteringik ~ k p ~ ~ i c e
haw
smL?doff the lowncentre. o h l off all theexits!
E L area, mad,bulldlng
@ v+adv+n + v + n + a d v ( h h m t ) ,
v+pmn+adv
,seal sth 'up4 toclosean envelope,etc. by stick-
ing the edges or the ogenIngtogether:He=led
UP the sflue!O@ and wrote the address rm it.2 to
closesthcompletelysathatnothlngcangetinor
out:Isealed UP thewindowstofew outthef u m .
DXGlSeal 9th is used more frequently with
thesememings.
Qv+actv+n + v+nJpmn+adv
,search sbt~th
'Out tolaok forsWsth until you
find them:He's mrchingouisome otdpictures t
o
show LLS.o She luQnladtosearchout her reafpr-
ens. o Johnsearched meoutandgavemea ML
seek sbldh out
+v+adv+n + ~+n+adv(hJrepuent)+
v+pmn+adv
'seeabout dh;'sesa b u t dolng sthtodeal
with sth: to make arrangements tbr sth to be
done: I?I ga ond B about Iunch.01 must see
aboutgettingmmnetohelpyou withthekid$.
( ~ V + P W P
'See sth In s h t h t
o believe that sblsth has a
particularqualityor characteristic,espcialIya
one:1don't k
m
u
r ulhotshe sees in him {= I
can'tunderstandwhy shelike8h
i
m or findshim
attractive). o Heseesgoodineveryone. o lcwr
mluemeachargument
v+ nlpmn+prep
,seesbfsth 'off1to go to a station,an a m r t ,
etchto say wdbye to sbwho is going on a jour-
ney: We all went t
o the airport m see her a f l 2
(Brmto f o m sb to leave a place, for exampleby
chasing them: The dogs soon saw on the
buwlam. 3todefeatsb: Shemw ofl heropjmmnt
and nolugaes intothefinal.
@v+nlpron+adv + v+adu+n
,see sth 'off (Brm to be strongenough to resist
sth:Themmmnysrrmoff thethmtof amkmwer
+v+adv+n + v+Wpmn+adv
,see
sbiyourself 'ad,
,see
sbryaursslf 'out
of 8thtogowithsboutof abuilding,etc.tomake
surethat theyfindtheway:Jayxw thelasfguests
out and locked the door oDon't get up 1'11 see
tAg$elfOUf.
~ ~ a h S R E
SB IN,SEh SR JYTO STH
Qv+rilpmn+adv + v+adv+n +
v +nlpron+a& +p p
,mesth 'od(notwed intheprogressive #mms)4
to stay in the sameplace,do the samethings, or
survive,untll the end of sth:SheflromW tosee
outthe m t of her contract.2 tolast until the end
of sth: W
eY
e
h
a
v
eenoughfuel toseethewinter out.
W See8thout L not used inthepasswe.
@ v+adv+n + v+nlpron+&
,see'wen'mund
sth( B E )to visitandlookat a
place carefully:We'dlikeloseeowrthejhtagain
More zuerent it.
toaboversth;look aroundatti
@v*prep
,gee
'throughsbt~th
(not usedinthepmgms1ve
lenses)to realize the truth about sblsth so that
you are not deceived: We saw through him
straight awe9 o 1 con See through your little
@me (=trick).
ev+ prep
,we sb 'through ,see sb 'through a h to
,see
*b #in;
,see sb powithsbintoa g~ve
sb support to enablethem to survivea dim-
mom, buikding, etc. to make sure that they get cult experience a a particular perlod of tune:
theresafely:mrseeingher in(= m h e rhome), coume saw him t b r s g h ,
o Shesaw him throughthe mnnths@er hisa d -
dent. o Ionlyhaue$2010seemthrough the week.
+v+ nlpron+wfv + v +nlpmn+prep
,me sth 'thmugh(not usudly in thep m
gressrvelenses)tonot fiveup atask,project, etc.
until it i s completed:She'sdetermined tosee ihe
job through.
EBl wlSa,lob
Q v+ rdpron+adv
'see to sbmth to deal with sblsth that needs
attention:I'll sw i
o the kids. o Lin wasgreat and
saw loewrythlng. oDOn'fworn I'lls€-+?So
it!
,avH, attend ta swathVormal)
See to sth can l
x used 111 the passive: We
musfgetthoidoorseen io.
B V * P ~ ~ P
'see ta it that...to make sure tM sthhappens:
Canyou see lo it that ewryoneknows the dale of
themting?
Qv+ prep
,seek sbmth 'out to look for and h d sblsth,
especially when thismeans usinga lot of effort:
He sought her out to ask her aduim. ooShe's
aImys seektngout nsw businessopponunilies.
EGl opportunltles,Informatton
E37 track sbtsth clown(Iessfom0
@ v + a d v + n v+n/pron+adv
seepISL-PI
,seep a'way to £low m a y slowly and in small
quantities: W
a
i
e
rhad &ft sbwb apirrgawOY
from the pond. offismtlw) My anger begon lo
seepaWOY
g v + *
segueI'SWIWI
,segue 'into 8th to move smoothly from one
song, subject, place, ete, to another: a spiritwl
that s e g d into a sirrgnlorrg chorrrsoHE then
segued Intoadiscussiono
f children'srighis.
&v+prep
'seizeon sth(also'rdw upon nthm r e f ~ m b
to suddenly show a lot of interest in sth, e s p
c i w became youan use ~tto your advantage;
Thescadul mimmediuttly seizeduponby the
p m . oPeferse&& eagerly on ail o~prlunities
for wnwrsation.
E 3 pouncaon ath
-Seize ompon nth can be used I
n the
-
.
.
.
.
"
.
.
,
A
(ligumtiw) Th@
urhokcity seizedup(= no tramc,
etc was abletomwe)during the bfiuamt.2 if a
partof yourM y seizesup, itbecomesstiff and
you are unable to move ~teasily: My legs wre
beginning loseize upandJ d e d arest.
Qv+&
sell/sell(sold,sold /wid;AmEsouldl)
,sellsfh 'off1tosella14orpart of an industry a
companyor apiece of land: Unwtmfdlandm t
to the farm was soid o
f
. o T
h
e government
d 6 x W to sell off stab?companies. E E assets,
land, business, company 2 to sell things
cheaply because you no longer want them or
becauseyou need themoney:Themnoreb selling
alf the old stock.o Thefamily silverwassold ofl
lopuy thedebis.
Qv+adv+n + v+rrlpmn+adv
b 'sdl+W n (BrEj 4 the sale by the government
of an industry or a m i c e to individualpeople
or private companies:I h p r o m e d sell-oflo
f t h
mil cumpnyo sell~fl
plans 2 (AmE,
bpbsiness)
the sale of a large number of shares in a wm-
pan%
&r whichtheirvaluevsuallyfalls
,sell d h 'on(to sb) to sell sthto sbelsethat you
have bought not long before,usually in order to
make a profit: She managed the bwimsfor a
ywr and then sold it on.
Qv+nlpmn*actv r v+sdv+n
be 'soldan sth(infotml)to be convinced that
sth is very god: Imuld see she lmms sold on the
idea 4 I'm, not really midonAmerican music.
rnIdea
+be+v+prep
,sell 'out,be,SOU
'out1if ticketsforaconoert,
a game,etc.sell out oraremld out,theyare all
sold and there are none left: The tfcketsm the
game will wl1 out quickly.o Tonight'spm7brm-
a m iscompktelysoldout.o Thefirst 5~Wcopm
o
f t h bookhaw soldout.X (also,sell'nutof sth,
be .-Id 'od of 5th) If sb sells out of 5th or is
sold out of sth, they have sold all of it andhave
nothingleft I
'
msorry,we've soid oui o
f milk. o
Wearea l d ysold outfor lonight's comt.
Qv+adv * be+v+adv
Xalsov+adv+prep r be+v+adv+prep
t 'sdlout n [usually sing] a plax concert+etc.
forwhichalllheticketshave&nsold: Thegigis
asll-out.oasell-outtourlmwd
-,see alsoseLbauT atSELL OUT (TO SB~STH)
,sell'out(wsW&l (dIsappmuing)1to k n o ~
or
change your principles or beliefs, especially to
gatn an advantage for yourself. Th@
mt o
f the
gang& himof sellingouttothe law. o atal-
enledBritish m u 1 2dimlor who3soldo~ttoHoG
p*Ja,"c..
6V + P ~
&wood 2 to sell your businessora part of your
business:Thecompanysoldouttoitsriml.
.seize 'up1if amachineor ap
a
r
t d amachine
+ +
seizes up, it stopsmovingorworkingcorrectly:
The engine sek'id up &only three weeks.4

146. sell out 252
*................
_......_.......
.............=..........
4 . .
-
.
...............................................................................*
b W
F
o
u
t n [usually sing.]a situation in which
sbbetrayssbwho trusWthem, by not dohgsth
that they promised to do, or by doing stb that
they promised not to do: a dreadful selll~.out
o
f
therrmm o Theden1wasseenasa union sell-out
tomanagement
+seealsoSELLOUT at SELL OUT,BE SOLDOUT
,sell sbMh 'out (to tbEah) to betray sb: They
dwvered whohodsoldIhemowtlotheenemy
+v+nlpron+adv r r+adu+n
,Sdl 'OMof sth; be ,sold 'OMof Sth =SELL
OUT: R P SOLD OUT 2
,sell 'up;,sell 8th 'upto sell your home, gasses-
sions, busmess, etc., usually because you need
the money, aremoving to another place or stop-
ping work: They soM up and moved lo F
m
m
.o
W
e
d
e
c
r
d
e
dt
aselfupeuerylhingand buyafaim.
Qv*adv v+adv+n * v+prcn+adv
sendIsendl (sent,mnt/sent/)
,sendsbktsth a'headto arrange for shth to po
or be taken to the place you are going to, before
you arrive there: T hm t o
f the equipment uma
sent ahmi byair
(bv+ nlpmn+adv
,senda'wayfbrMh)=SEND OFF IFORSTH)
,sendsb a'way totell sbtolaave: Thereporters
were sent away empty-handed (= without any
news). 2(
t
o
.
.
.
)
toarrange for sbtogo somewhem
away fromhome:He wassent away to k r d i n g
school at theageo
f 7.
+v+nlpron+ adv v+ adv +nIk~frequent)
,sendsbtsth 'beck(aosblath)toreturnsWsth
to
where theytit came h m :The Mugm were sent
back to their own muntm o You mn send the
goods back d w u 'renot satisfiad.
I
s
r
*
,returnsblsth (tosblsth) moref form^
Qv+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
,$end sb 'down(Brm1(injbrmal)to send sb to
prlson. He luassent dournfir lany e ~ m
IEB put
sb away 2 (oldfmhloned) to make a student
leave a universiN espec~allyOxford or Cam-
bridge, bemuse of bad bebavim: She was sent
downfrom O*ord. E9expel sb
Sendsbdown is oftenused in thepassive.
Q v+nipron+adv + v+adu+n
'sendfor s b to send a messageto sb toask them
to come and see you, especially in orderto help
you:&&for adoclol:
EEl doctor,polleeI
E
E
)calll b In
aSendfor sbcanbe usedin the passive: H
a
s
t h ~
doctorbeen sentfor?
0 V + P ~ ~ P
'sendfor 9th to ask sbto bring or deliver 5thto
you:Sendforanambutnnce. o Haveyousentfora
catalom (= by post/mall)P
Send for sth can be used in the passive:
More equipment has beensentjiol:
&v+prep
,Send sb 'In1to ordersbto gotea place to deal
with a dWcult situation: T ' p s wem send in to
reslore ordm E
B
ltroops, pollce. ermy 2 to tell
sb to go into a room,where sb else is waiting to
see them: Smdthe nextcandidoret n , p h .
@v+nlpmn+adv * v+adv+n
,send 4 h 'into send sth by poswman to a phce
where it w
i
l
l be dealt w
i
t
h
:5# wfmbsent in
entriesfir the ompetifion. o Viewem weinvited
losendintheirsuggest~onsfor
theprogmmme.
Qv+nlpmn*adv + v+adv+n
,send 'off ( a h ,send awayespacially AmE) (for
sth) towritetosbandask them tosendyou sthby
postlmall: l
f you saw enough packets, you mn
send ofl andget afree loy. o Youmn sendanfor a
free bwkkt.
)
5
1
.
) wrlte away/& (
t
osb) (for8th)
@v+adv
,send sb 'off 1(for ath)( B r 9(Ina sportsgame)
to make sb leave the field b u s e they have
brokenthe rules of the game:Hewassent ofl for
afiul.o ThmpInyemgotsentofl in thefinrhog
player In this meaning send sb offis
oflenusedin tllepassiw. 2(to ...)toaskor tell sb
Zogo somewhere: Thetank sent him offforfour
months study nt Haword. 0 I allvoys send the
kids off to school Iooking cdaan and tidy. o The
menweresent off tofind ~ t e r
Q Q v+nlpron+adv * v*sdv+n
2v+ nlpron+adv
b ,sending-'off nEBrE) (inasportsgame)a situ-
ation w h ~ n
a player k told to leave the field
because they havebroken the rules: It'shisthird
sending-ofl thhymt: o T kma& saw threepen-
altiesandtmoosending~fl
b 's%nd+ffn(infirrnai')an occasionwhenpeople
mme together to say goodbyeto sb who is leav-
ing. She wasgiven a ds
e
n
d
mby of1her cob
Icugues.
,send sth 'off (
t
osb)t
o send sth by pmthnail:
Hausyousent t h r Settwofl W?
E Jlatter,parcel,sr*,mallsth off (tosb)Mm9,
post sth off {tosb)(Brm
@v+nlpmn+adv * v+adv+n
,sendsth 'on1(
t
o
...)tosendaletter.etc.thathas
arrivcrl at sb's old address to their new one:
J'w
asked a wighbour lo sendon any important
1etf-m. letter E m fornard 8th (ta sWsth)
(morefirma0 2 (to sWsth)to send sth you have
received to sb else for them to see or deal with:
I'fl send thephotos nn toyou. 3 to send sth to a
place so that it arrives before you get there: We
sent ourfurnituse on by ship. 0 W
e
'
w arranged
foryour klongings lo be sent on.
Qv+nlpmn+adu 4 v+adv+n
,sendsb 'Outtosendsbsomewherehr aparticu-
lar purpose: I'11 a
s
k them .to send someone out
~ t r n l q h l Q ~ ~ ~ y D . ~ ¶ x P r i h p l : o ~ ~ ' m m f b n c k @
midnt~h6,
sendouta ~ r r h p a r l y ?
@v + nlpron+adv v+ adv+ n
,.end sth 'out1to send 9th to a lot d different
p p l e or places: I rant out invltathns. o
Have wesen6 ktmout toall Iheapplimnts?m
letter, lnfonnatlm IEQ mall sth OU12 to pro-
duce sth,such aslight,a signal,sound, etc:afire
sending out mum of warmth oH
i
s bmin was
sending out warning signals leIling him t
o $e
carefuI.BEl slgnal emit ath((moreJorm~
ev+n/pron+adv v+adv*n
,send 'out for sth to ask a restaurant or
shoplstom to deliver food to you at home or at
work: Wemuldsendoutfora takealuaj
@ v+adv+prep
,.end sbtsth 'up(BrE,irybrml)tomakepwple
laugh,especially by mpylngthemlit inanamus-
ing way: o TV p m m m that seMLP up mlil-
icmns o Ewryone was sending her up. 0 T h
ieacherheurd mesendin$ uph e r m n t ,
+v+a&+n * v+pron*adv v+n*adv(m)
F 'sendup n (BrE,informal) an act of making
sblsth look sillyby oopying them in an amusing
way: Themouie is a h~larious
xnd-upof theHol-
lyruood mtern.
separate~'sepmat
mSeparate
sth 'oft(fmm ah) to xemovesthfrom
a larger thlng or group; to keep sth apart: The
promrly agency hns Been seplrated @from the
marn brasmess.
ev+adv+n + v+pron+adv + v+n+adv(mm)
,separate 'out; ,sepnrate sbtsth 'out (
M
sth)todlvidelnta differentparts;todivldesWsth
into different park or groups: Thrnirtmsepns-
ares out Into Inyers. o Plcrsr~csmust be S@PQmt&
out into drfmnt typesfor mpcItw.o W
e need lo
seprrmteoutfactfrom speculation. o Theprocess
s e ~ m t e s o u t
thedfffewntguses.
Separateand separatesblathcanalsobe
used with thls meaninp.
ev+achr+n v+pron+adv c v+n+adv(mre)
serve1 8 3 ~ ;
ArnEsxnl
% e mesMor sthto be uwdinstead of 5th else
when there is nothing MAer available: An old
box =red as a table.o Small iemfmrary build-
ingshad t o m efor o m .
)SIR) act as sth
6v+ prep
'serve sth on sb ( a h'new sth u p sb more
forman 'serve sb with sth (hw)to give or
send sb an omcia1document, especrdlyonethat
orders them to appear in a court of law: T h
~ l i w
h
a
w served a summons on Mr Jackson.o
Themlicehaueseruwf Rim wrlhasummons.
E
B
3 swmmons,mtlce, wrlt
@ v+ nlpmn+prep
,serve sth out 1to continue doingsth u
n
t
i
lthe
end of a bedperiod of time: Sheserved out the
mtof herxnlence manopenprima. E E I W
c
e
,
3 set agalnsl:
---..,,
.....,
sentam, town W Inthismeaningrservesth
out cannot b~used in the passive. 2 (esmcially
B?m=SERVE STH UP
+v+adv+n + v+pmn+adv v+n+adv(MW)
,servesth 'up 1( a h ,-we sth 'out esp~chlb
BrE) to put food ontoplates and glVe It to people:
Heserved upa deliciousm i . E
Z
E
)dlshath out;
dlsh up, dlsh sth up 2 (disapprouing)to glve or
omer 5th:All the TYchannekserved up!he usual
old moviesduring theholidays.
ev+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
, s e w sth u'pansb =SERVE STH ON SB, SERVE
SB WITH STH
'servesb with sth=SERVE STH ON SB, SERVR SB
WITH STH
set/set/ (mtting, rnset)
-abwt -ihnto
-against 255 -off
254 -ahsad -oA against
-apart -on
-aside -oul
-back -to
-down -UP
-forth 258 -upss
-1n -urn
'set about sb (VIM
sth)@rE, old-fashfoW to
attack sb:Hesetabout m@withastick
ev+prep
'set about sth: 'a
abod doing 8th 1 to
hegin a task or an activim especialiy with
energy or enthusiasm: We set about t
h
+
?iosk o
f
cleaningthe~ ~ W m e n t
2 toapproach a problem
or task ina particularway: You'vewt about this
problem #hewrong way o How shouId IwtubouI
finding a job?- go about sth, go abod
dolngsth
0v + prep
'set sb a'galn* sb to make sbo p p w a friend,
relat~ve,etc: Theciuil mr sei brother against
brother:
+v+nlpmn+prep
,set sth a'gainst sth1toconsider 5th by cam-
par~ng
goodpo~nts
withbad ones: Setagalml the
beneJits of the new technology b the possibility
thatjobswill be lost. EEl balanceA against B
2 (also 'set sth '& against sth) Nnnnce) to
record 8th as a buslness cost as a way of redu-
cing theamount of tax you must pay: Thecost o
f
lookingfor oilcan k S
P
! ogain~t
tax as business
expenditurn. 3 be set agalnst sth if sth is set
against 5th else, It ~s
placed near it or next to lt
so that the dflerenm btween the two is very
not~aeable:
viewso
f rocky rslnnds set againsEfwry
sunsetso S
e
l agarmt her white drm, her hatr
seemedawndnrkez4be set agalnststhif astow
a fdmhovle, etc. isset against aparticulartime,

147. set ahmad 2
5
.....................................
" ~
eventorplaoe,the actionhappensatthat timeor
place:It isa lovestory set q a i w t u tmkdrop o
f
rum[Irish life.
EEEWIn meanings 3and 4 set sthagainststh is
onlyu s d i n the passive.
+1.2 v +nlpmn+ prep
3,4b+v+prep
,setstha'head(AROE)tOchangeaclockorwatch
to show thecorrect later time: h n ' t f o ~ t
tosd
yourcbacksahwd tonight(= becausethe time has
officlal1ychanged)+
E E clock,watch E B put at?^ lomard(BrE)
ES3 set sth baek 0,
put rth bnck(BrE)
6 v + nlpmn+adv
,set sblsth a'part(from sblsth) to make sWsth
drfferent from or better than others: His m@-
dence sets him apart from his classmates, o it's
lhe serumat themslaumnt thatsets it apart.
@v +nlpron + adv r v+ adv+n(h.hquent)
,set sth #part (Brm(also ,M
nth a'sldeA M ,
BrE)to keep sthsuch asmoneyor time foraspe-
cial use or purpose: A room uws sat apurl for
quiel rmdmg.
Qv+adv+n + v+pmn+adv 4 v+n+adv(les$fre.
writ)
, s d sth a'slda1to placesthtooneside:Iselher
I e m aside.meaningtomad It hter put ath
aslde 2 to saveor keep sth for a partinrlar pur-
pose: She sets aside ffi0 e w y month for her
daughterer'smilegefees.o WertpplISosetasidesome
timefadealwith fils. E
R
J money,ttme E3put
ath asIde 3toignoresthsuchas your feelingsor
opinions, because other thlngs are important:
We decided mset our dlflerences aside. o Let's set
as& my p m n a lfeelingsJor now. E
?
!
!
l put sth
aslde 4 = SET 6rH APART ReslaumnLs m u t set
aside an r
r
mfor non-smokers. area, roDm
I
E
3put 8th aslde 5 (law)to reject a previous
dcc~sion
made by acourt of law: Thenerdfa m
sat asideby theApml Cnurt.lE!!l declslon,con-
vlctlonBE) overturnsth (moreform0
+v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+&
'a&-aslda n KJla system in which the gwern-
ment paysfarmers not to use someof their land
for gmwing crops:the land that thefarmen are
paid not touse: 750acm o
f setaide
,set sb 'baek sth (inform0 to cost sb a large
amount of money: That new mr must haue set
her buck abit, o ThiswakhsetmeWBW.
IE3 knock sb h k sth ( B E ,W o r m 0
=Set sb back sth cannot be used in the
passwe.
Q v+dpmn+adv+n
,set swath 'baektodelaytheprogressof sblsth:
Therain set the buiIdingprogmmme back by sev-
em1 wk.oHe was stariing 0piuy very well,
but hisinju~y
hnsm l t y$elhimback.
Qv+ntpron+adv + v+adv+n
P 'setback n a problemor difliculty that delays
the progress of swsth: P
a
w
%
brukenankkwas
a major sethckfor the&am,
,set sth 'baek(Am0to changea dock or watch
toshowthe mrrpct earlier time: Ifomt losetnpv
welch back lnst night (=when the tlmeomcially
changed)
E
S
lclock.watch PE)pulWI t h h(Brm
EE3 putsth toward(&IT), sef sth a
- ( A m
@ v+ ntpmn+adv
be,set'back(from8th)ifabuilding issetback,
~tisa long way h m sth,m i a l l y a mad: Their
house i~the only one that's set back lfmm the
mad).
+bebe+v+adv
,set 'down;,d
8th 'dawn(of a plane, a pilot,
passengem etc.) to land: We s
e
t down on the
beach. o Thsp~lottrieoIto
settheplanedownin a
@Id.
put dmrvn(espciolly BrE)>land,landsth
6v+adv hr. v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
,Betsb 'down(BrEj(of a vehicleor itsdriver)to
stop and allow sb to get oflout: The toxi set me
downattheendof t b d .
drop sb/sth off IF0 plck sb up
+v+nlpron+adv + v+adv*n
,set sth 'down1(on sth) Eli&mry)to phce an
object down on a surface: He & hisglass down
b#orehespoke. o Shemade spme so ihnt Jmuld
set thetmy downon thetable.E67put sthd m
2towritesthdownonpaper I
nordertoreoord it:
ImantedtosetmylhoughbdownonpapeK o II'sa
good idea toset downyour mmpbint i
n writiw.
,avH,put s2h down 3to givesthas a rule,etc: lo
set downg~~ldelineslmks
a qgwsllfyingstandaards
set down by theAthietm Asmciotion
1,2v+nlpmn+adv 4 v+adv+n
Sv+adv+n r v+prm+adv v+n+adv(m)
,set'forth(litermy) to start a journey: They @t
forthfor Crete.
IEFl set out (lessformu0
+v+adv
,set Yorth sth; ,set ltlthem 'forth(form0to
state 5th clearly; to make sth known: The
PresMentM@nh his wwws in a long teleuision
brwdmsi
This phrasal verb an be used in the pas-
stve. Her &Ii.$$ h
a
w been clearly &firth. + A
noun must always follow forth, but a pronoun
comesbetmwn theverb andforth.
@ v+adv+n + v+pmn+adv
,set 'In if had weather,an unpleasant feeling,an
illness,etc.sets in,it beginsand seemslikely to
continue: I need t
o mend the mJbefam winter
setsin. Q Panicset i
nwhensherwlizedhowm~
work there was So do.o He ewntually agrped 60
stay in kd but it was too hte-pneumnin hnd
MI in. pnlc,wlnter
Qv*adv
rntha 'mta d e
t
k usedtodescribe thefactthat a
s~tuation
hasbecomeverybad andwill oontinue
like that: Shehadproblems atk r m lschool,but
whenshechangedschmlstheml reaih wtin.
,#t sth 'InfInto5thtofixsthinaspacesothatit
does not stick out beyond the surface:A s m l l
safehad h n set into!he wall.
.-Set sth Winto sth is usually usel in the
passive. The verb inset sth has a similar
meaning.
v + dpmn+prep
c 'inset n 1a s
m
a
l
lpicture, map, etc. inside a
largerone:BmdPittat thepremiem, and his wffe
(inset)(=abouta photographin a newspaper)2a
piere of material, a s
m
a
l
lstone,etc that isadded
on to sth else or put inside sth else: n silver
brwcR with ruby inseIs
,net 'off t
o begin ajourney: I set oflfor mrk at
seven. o CfteckyouroiIbeforerattingfl onalong
journey. o Whenareyouplanning Eoseto!?
@ v*adv
,set sb 'off;,sel sb 'OH
doing sth( i ~ r m a l ,
@specidly
B
r
a tomakesbstart doingsthsuchas
laughing, crying or talk~ng:
Tho?.ephot~salws
set her fl ((rryrrsg). oJusl seeing him laughing
sets meoff)(=makesme start laughing)
E
9startsboff,startsb o
f
(dolngsth
+v +nlpron*adv
,set sth 'off$ tomakea bomb,etc.explode:toset
ufl firetuorkso They set the bonah flusswn as
they lww a w
edistanoeaway.E
Qbomb, fire-
work 2 to make an alarm (= a loud warning
noise or srgnal)start:The burglam set thealarm
off a If you burn the toast you'll sel the smoke
alarm offD L alarm 3to starta prows or seP
iesof events: Thenewsseto
na wave o
f mnicon
~ u o ~ ~ e & ~
0 Theglrl'sdmthset oflaterrible
c h i n o
f events. EZi panlc, chaln/serles of
events + s~ also SET STH UP 4 4 to make sth
appear more attractive by being placed near it:
Thatsmrf setsoff the blueof her eyes.
Q l,Zv+nlprnn+adv r v+adv+n
3,4v+ adv+ n + v+nlpmn+ adv
, S d ~ t h
'& &gainst sf SET STH AGAIUSTSTH 2
The verb offset 6th (against sth) has a
similar meaning Them orecertain mpen.s@sthat
you canonset againstia3c
'set onlupon s'bVornaeOto attack sb:IWQS M
umnby agang of youths.
D T l Set a m p o n sbisoftenused inthepassive,
Qv + prep
'set abtsth on sbto make apersonorananimal
attack sb:Thefarmerthmalenedtasethisdogson
usif wedidn't Iwvealonce.
@ v+ nlpmn+prep
,let'out 1to leavea place and begin ajourney,
especiallyalongjourney: T h ysetouton thelast
smgeof theirjourney.o Wesetoutatdawn.2 ,set
'outto do sthto begintodosthwith a particular
almor-: Shesetoutlobmktheruorld
record o TheJlmxwddinu~hat
theyhadsetout
lo do,
~v*adv2alsov+adv*toinf
b 'outs4 n the bgInnlng of sth: We knew the
dangeratUfomthe outset.
,set sth 'Wt 1 to arrange or display sth: She
began setting out plots and ghses. 0 Set out
your anwennaoliy.2 topresent ideas, facts,etc.
in a clear, organized ww, in inspeech or writing:
Thisdocumentsets out o w objdions to thepm
posal. terms, mason=,p6ltcies, condltlons
91v+adu+n v+nlpron+adv
2v+adv+n v*pron+adv v+n+adv(mm)
,s6i 'to(oldfQshionedJorrno1,&pecinlly BrEj 1to
begin doingsth ina busyor determined way:She
set lowilhaxrubbing b m h(=shestarted clean-
ing). 2 to begin fighting: Thq tmk off their
jackets a d s e t lo.
Qv+adu
b ,&'to n fsing.](i~ormal,
especinlly Brm a
fight or an argument:He had aset-towith one 4f
hisworkmtes.
,set 'up;,set sth 'upto make a machine,some
equipment, etc. ready to use: He heI@ me lo
carv my equipmentin ondsel up oIt look hours
toset upalI theequipmnt.
+v+adv v+adu+n v+nlpmn+adv
,set'up;, s d yournelf 'uptostart runningyour
own business: He left thefirm and set up in busi-
ness on his own. o She set herse,Jfup as rr heir-
dressel:
&v+adv + v+pmn+adv
,#t sb 'up1 to prwidesbwith the money they
need, for example to stari a business, buy a
home, etc: A bank h n h e l d t
u s ~ t
her up in
business. oHe set his dulrghter up in her own
mrtment. 04you win tonight'sfight, you'll be
set upfor Ilfe(= havea
l
lthemoneyyou willwer
need).2(fnform~
t
otrick sb,especiallyby mak-
ingthemappeartobeguikyaf sththat they have
not done: He claimed he had been set up by the
poiice. 3 (infoorma0 to make sb fee' healthiet
stronger,more active. etc:A gmd breakfusi will
set you upfor the dny.4 (wlth sb) (i?lJ%rmtan
to
arrangeforsbtomeet sbso that theycan havea
romantic or sexual relat~cmship:
H
e set me up
with hissism
+v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n 4 v+n+adv(less
m w n o
F '&p n [usually sing.] (I?&mmn 1a situ-
ation In which sb triclrsyouor makes it seem as
if you areguilty of sth that you havenot done:I
dldn'l do it, this k aset-up!2asituationwhen sb
arrangesfor you to meet sb in order to bean a
romanticorsexualrelationship: a =&update
+S
& a hSET-UP
atSETSTH UP
,set sth 'up1tocreate &
Iorstartabusfness.an
organization, etc: Shegaw a tulk onMting up a
business.oA commit& wassel up lo inuestfgote

148. thepmbkm. oyoungwpk w
h
gup homefor ,settie 'in;,settttla 'Into sth to become used to
th8firsttima business, cornmi*, system, somethingnew+such as a new home, school or
company 2 to build sth or put sth somewhere: job: Shesoon settled S
n at s
c
h
w
I
.
oIt look her a
Thepoldwt uproadbI~cIcp
on ail w i n &s. 3 whfktowtileintoher newjob.
toorganizeor arrangesth;to makethe arrange- EJmutine,schd,Job
ments Tor 8th to happen: 0 s t up a meetingo 4 v+adv -v+prep
We'll set up the transwrt arrangements. m
mmtFng4tostartaprocess oraserlesof events:
T
h
e crisis set up a chain rmction in other Eum
pwn mnrkete. F3K3 chain reaction, chaln o
f
+i;eeal.S0SET STH OFF 3
Qv+adv+n 4 v+nlpmn+adv
b 'setupn [usually sing.]ISnJ?rmal)the way sth
1sorsanizedorarranged: asystem: l'ueonty ken
herea weeksoldon't m l l y know theset-up.
+ s w a b SET-UPat SET SR UP
,Set ~ u r S # l f
'Up=SET UP, SET YOURSELF UP
,set yourself 'up as sth to cIaim to be very
important, know a lot about sth,etc: Heset him-
sew upasanauthorityonmodern art.
@v+pmn+adv+prep
'setuponsb(fwmak)=SET ON~IJPON
SB
settleI'S~~II
,settle 'down l (orso,SOW*youma 'dorm) t
o
net yourself intoa cornfortable position whenyou
arc sitting or lybng: She seitleddown i
n an n r m
chair 10 read 0 7bm settied himself down at ihe
iable.2tostarttohaveacalmerrrrquieterwayof
life+without many changes, especially living in
one place: Hegot -red and settkddown. 3 to
h m e relaxedandconfident in a new situation;
to get usedto a new way of Ilfe,job, etc: She's set-
tling down well et her new scRool.oHe just
rnukh't settledownhthe@ *to becomecalmer
and lessactlve: I'vebeen m l l y b w ulwrk,but
things should N k down again swn.o Their
spe& settkd down toostaadyjif& m i h anhow.
+v +adu 1 alsav+ pmn+adv
,settle'down;,settlesb 'downto becomeorto
make sb become calmer, less excited, etc: The
chrldrenjinally MtIeddown and startedd.
o
ThetWcher hdhouble selsling thecInssiiown.
Q v+ adv r v +nlpron+ adv
,nettleyourself 'down=s s r r ~ s
wm
,settle'downto 5th( a h'ssmet o sthBrE)to
b e ~ i n
tothink about sthorgive yourattention to
do~ng
sth: T
@ had just settled down todinner
whenthephommq. o I h m worriedthatlcon't
settleloanything.
+v+adv+prep v + m
'settletor 8th;'settlefor dolng sthtoaooegt
sth that is not quite what you wanted but is the
best that you can get: Both iwmwere happy to
settlefuradmu4 o He'd hoped t o m H CWfirthe
car but had foMkfira b
lless,0Prefwtose6tb
far (being)second k t !
mless
ov+prep
'settleonnth(akm'reme uponahm o w f i m ~
tu choose 5th; to make a decision about sth: We
couldn't b i d e where lo go bul weeuentrurlly set-
tled onltaly.
Lsvr) deflde onluponsth
BEmSettle onlapon8thmnbeusedin the pas-
sive Adnte wasfinallysettledon.
Qv+prev
'settlesth omuponsbcfoml,lruo)t o a r m p e
togive propertyormoneytosb,for exampleafter
your death: HesestIedhisentimes2ateonhisson.
money,estate
v +nlpron+ prep
"
s
e
t
t
l
e to sth(BrQ=SETTLE DOWN TO STH
,settle 'uprwith sblto w s b themoneyyouowe
them: Weneed DWleup mith themfir t hhimof
t h e m . oIZlmmw-wernnsettbupbkr
Qv+&
'settleuponsth =SETTLE ON STH
'settlesfhupon sb =SRTTLE STHONIuPON SB
,s8wsth'up I tojoinormendsthusinga n&e
and thread: Sew up the ieor W r e it gets any
worse.o TheycleMedIheuhoundandsewedIt up
EEiseam, bar, wwnd 2 (informa0 to arrange
sth in asatisfactory way;tobring sthtoa favour-
able concIusion: They'd sewnthe dml up by mid-
day. EEideal3(Informa0tohavecontrolof sth;
to belikely towin 8th:Hermmpnnyhvegotthe
morket sewn up. o By half lime they Itnd the
gamesewn up.p
.mmsrket,game,election
In meanings 2 and 3 sew sth up is often
used In the passive and m the phrase have(got)
6th Bewn up.
6u+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv
shack/SAC/
,shack 'up with sb; be ,shack4 'up wlth
sb ( a h.shack 'uptogether)Islong.disapprov-
ing) to live with sbyou are having a sexual rela-
tlonship with but are not married to: He5
stracked up wtthsomsirl he metinBerlin.
Qv+adv+prep * be+v+adv+prep +
v+adu+adv
shadelserdl
,shadesth 'Into make w+t
of a picturedarker,
eltber with colours or using black:X e s M m
pcsrtof thegmph.
Qv+adv*n v+n!pron+&
,shade 'into sth to gradually change into sPh
elsesothat you cannot tell where onethingends
and the other begins: Theblue gmduaily shades
into purple. o Somtimes nmwllsness can shmk
IntoJmr
&V + P ~
shakel~erkl
(shookjhklshaken ~ " $ e ~ k a n ~
,shake 'down(informnl) to bernmecomfortable
and confident Ln a new situation: Oncethe ream
shakes down,resuilsshould improue.
+v+adv
t 'shakedown n MmE, llbformaF) the test of a
vehicleor an aircraft beforeit is generally used,
to weIf thereareanyproblemsand to makethe
crewfamiliar wlth it:ashakedownlIight
SHAKEDOWN ~ ~ S H A K R
58 DOWN;
SHAKEDOWN at SHAKE SBISTH DOWN
,shakesb 'down(AM,
sInng)to threaten sbI
n
order to get money RPmthem: T ~ ' u e ~ u n d
the
guy who shook Georgedown. omiice who shake
downmatoristsfor b r l h
~v+nlpmn+adv
+ v+adv+n
b 'shakodownn (ArnE,shng)anact of tryingto
get money f
r
o
m sbwith violence or threats:He
wasstahhed during0 shakedown.
+S&?a.!S0SHAKEDOWNat SHAKE W W ;
SHAKE-
DOWN at S
H
A
K
R SBISTH DOWN
,shakesblsth 'down( A d ,i M m ntosearch
a person or place in a very thorough way: Police
shookdown theduh lmkilagfordrugs.
+v+adv+n + v+nlpron+adv
b 'shakedown n (AmE,
i n ~ r m a f )
a thorrmgh
m h o f sblsih:opol~shok@downoft h e m
+W?akwSHAKEDOWN atSHAKE DOWN;SHAKE-
DOWN atSHAKE SB DOWN
,shakesb 'off1toe~capefmmsb:togetridofsb
who is following you: Hetwisted wrd turn& ina
despemte oltempt lo shake off h& p u m w o f
thmk we've shaken t h ofi 2 to escap?lromsb
who isholding you and wlll not let go: Sheclung
lohim, but heshook her40:
Q v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
,shake s
t
h 'offto get rid of sth,such as an ill-
ness, that is causing you problems:Imn'tshoke
off ihis mid. o She struggled to shake o
J
T her
rmagemQ humwithno Brains.
(a) cold
&v+adv+n + v+ntprm+adv
'shakeon sthtoshakehands withsb Inorder to
showthat youagree tostl-flet'sshakeonit
E E l deal,agreement, It
QV + P ~ ~ P
,shakesth 'out1to open or spreadsthby shak-
ing it: He shook the blanket out and sprwd it on
thegmss. 2 toopen sth by shaking it in order to
get rid of bits of dirt, dust, etc: She m
l oulside
lo shake out thetablecloth.
- B $ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ S H A R B - O U T
at SHAKE STH UP
@ v * n / m + a d v v+adv+n
,shakesb 'upIta shockorupset sb:Shehaskm
badly shaken up by tlae txwrielg~e. Shake
sbup isonenu& inthemssiw Inthismeaning.
+ Shake sb is also used frequently with thls
meaning S h e w h d b s h k e n by themprience.
2 to surprise sb in order to make them think or
behave m a different w q +become more active,
etc: He luas asked to shake the s
@
R w a brl. o
Shaken up by the mrly g w l agarnst tthem, the
teamk g a n b&h# beck.
@v+n!pmn+adv r v+adv+n
,shakesth 'upto make importantchangesInan
organization,a profession,etc. i
norderto make
it moreefffcient: Thewmmnylraerdsshakingup
+v +nlpron+adv v +adv+ n
t 'shakeup (also'shakwut) n a major change
to a company or an organhtion in order to
improve it. T
h
e palmJom isfacing the btggesl
shakeup m ilshistory.
shame/semi
'shame sb into sth;'shame sb Into dolng
sthtopersuadesbtodosth bymaking them feel
ashamed not to do it: T h g shamed him Into
apdoglzing.
@ v + nlpron+prep
,shape'up(InformnO 1[tadvlprep]todevelop in
a particular way, often in the way that you had
hoped for: Our plans are shaping up niceJp o
How's the ww tenm shaping up? 2 to imp-
your work or your behaviour: you don't sham
up, you'll lase your job. 3 (especiallyBE) t
o
become slim and physically At: It's time lo s
l
i
m
down andshape upfortha summer:
&v+adv
shape upor shlp 'out(Am& i l t f o m r )used
to teU sb that if they do not improve their work
or their behaviour they will have to leave their
job, etc.
share/Jea(r);AmE$erj
,share sth 'out (
a
m
a
n
- m)to divide
somethingsuchas money,foodor work and give
an amount to eachperson: The work tlms shred
out equalix 0How c
m we shore out the pizza
h t w n tlaefiwof us?
&v+adv+n + v+nlpn+adv
sharpen~'sa~an;
AmE 'Saxpan!
,sharpen'up;,sharpensblsth 'uptob m e ,
or to make sblsth, better, more s k i , more
effective, etc. than More: She needs to sharpen
up before nexl month'scompetition. o Thismet-
clse wlR help students sharpen up their d i n g
skill%oDtsciptine hassharpened them UP.
(4v+adv + v+adu+n + v+nlpm+adv

149. shave/.tern/
,shave sth 'off to remove hair from your faoe,
head, etc: Dad's shnverd his h m l ofloshe
shocked e u w n e byshuuingoB herhairofl
tZZi beard,moustache, halt
Qv+n!pmn+adv + v+abv+n
,shave sth 'off ,shave 8th '
o
f
fsth 1tocut
vcry t h ~ n
pieces lmm the surface of a piece o
f
wood.etc:IMfoshuwa bitoflthedwrtanaQke
it shut. o Useas h r p knre t
t
~shaveoff thinmIIs
DSchmxIEl#e.2 to make something smaller or
lower by a very small amount: We mnnugtd to
shave 5%
off the@st, o Heshaved haw o smnd
offthem
r
l
d m
r
d
.
Qv+n/pmn+adv + v+adv+n + v+dpron+prep
shear/~m(r);~mElrr/
(sheared,shornIJxn:
RmE Sa:rn(orsheanrd)
be 'shornofsth(iitemry)tohavesthimportant
taken away from yw: a politicalm
r
t
y s h o
f
PO-
+be+v+prep
,shear 'off:,shear I h 'off (tmhnimo (espe-
cially of sth metal) to break under pressure;to
cut through sth and make it break: The bolts
holdlw Ihe wheelf n p kshearedofl
+v+adu v+nlpmn+adv4 v+n+adv
sheer/.tra(r); AMS~;,
,sheera'wayPofftosuddenlymove awayina dif-
Cerent direction, espec~aUy
to avoid hitting sth:
IThemrshcered wikllya~uav,
j w t missingtheimk.
o HermMsheeredawayfrom I
m
n
mshdid naf
wkhi
%
dwil on.
BE9veeroff,veeraway(fmmsth)
+v+adv
shell/sell
,Shell ' ~ t
(for Sth), ,shell sth 'out (for 8th)
IlnIomO to pay for sth,especially when it is a
lot of money oryou do not reallywant to:l'mrnr
sheliing outfor anothermmputer o Ihad to&
!
E
out $500for theairfare.
fork out(forsth),fork sth out(forath)
+v+a& + v+adv+nb v+pmn*adv + v+n+adv
( h f w u e n t )
shin(BrE)/Jm/
(-nn-)(AmEshlnny)
,ahin 'downrup:,shin Wdownrup sth ( ~ r m
(inform0 to climb down or up sth, using your
hands and legs to hold it tightly: He shinned
down #heherainph o Yournzght k able tosee if
you shin upthat tm.
Eldmlnplpe,rope
&v+adv 4 v+prep
shine/Jam/(*~OM,
shorn* Ism;A m E J m )
,shine 'outIto shine brightly: A light shoneour
across the&d. 2 if a person or a thing shines
out, you notiw them because they a
r
e very
much betterthan the others: Sheseemed losh~ne
oulfrom the rest.
Qv+adv
,shine 'through;,shlne "through sth to be
seen clearlyandeasily:Inthe Inngamehertalent
reaily $shone rhmugh.oHis low of life shines
through themgesof hS book.
v+adv v+prep
shinny( A & ' )/'Jmi/ ~shlnnka.
ahlnnylna,
shinnied,shlnnfed)
,shinny 'dowrv'up;,shinny 'downtup &
I
(AmE)=SHIN D O W N ~ P ,
SHIN DOWNlUP STH Burg.
krrs broke into the art galby through the twJ
shinnkd down the r
o
w and slole five uaIuab&
paintings.
,ship I b 'off(&...I ( W o r n 0 to send sb away
somewhere, especially when they do not want to
go: They shipped the chiMren fl fl summer
MW.
Ship sb off i
s often used in the passive: I
w o s s h i p p d o p l t ~ m ~ & .
v+nlpmn+adv+ v+adv+n
,ship sbisth 'off(
t
o
.
.
.
)to send gmds or people
somewhere by ship: TheyshipWnEl lheirpom-
sionsofl toAustmlh.
Shipsblsthomisoftenused inthepassive:
771egoods~ueteshippaloff
M w k .
&v+nlprwr+abv v+adv+n
,ship sbrsth 'out (h
...I to send gods or peopIe
somewhere,especiallybyshlp: T
h
e
yshippedthe
sculprureourto the S
i
u
m
5 l l Ship sbisth out 1s oftenused in the pas-
slkc Freshsupplieswemship@out.
@ v+rdpmn+adv* v+adv+n
shape upo
r shlp 'out AM+ Normal) used
to tell sb that if they do not improve their work
or their behaviour they will have to leavetheir
job,etc.
shootI h T / (shot rmot/Jot; AnaEJaql)
,shoot 3bhth 'down f to shoot at sWsth and
make themlit fall to the ground: wereshot
domn in rnld b l d . o They shot down o civilian
aim@ bymistake+
2((rr&raa0tostronglycriti-
cize sbor their ideas,etc: When Imade a sugges-
rmn they shot me down inflames, o My ideas
wemshotdorunonebyom
+v+adv+n 4 v+n/pmn+adu
'#hoottor sth (AmE,
irtfom0 (usunlIyu d in
theprogmiuetenses)totry toget or achieresth
d~fficult:
TheyWshiingfor anotherucc~ry
this
m n .
e'v+prep
,shoot 'OW ( W o r m 0 to leave somewhere very
quickly:She had w s h t flto meti somaone.o
I'mylrTy, I'vegottoshwtoflC
+v+adv
,shoot sth 'off
ta remove sth by shmtinp: They
shot ihPloCkoJj?
+v+nlpron+adv r v+&vdv+n
,shoot 'throughIinfo-l, e s d l l y AwtrnlE)
toleave*especially inordertoavoid sWsth: I w m
onlyJiwwhen my DQdshtthmrrgh.
+v+acIu
,shoot 'up I(to sth) to rise or increase very
quickly: The Inflatton mte hasshot up lo20%.
2
togrowtallerinashorttime: Sheksohobupin the
lastfew months.
&v+adv
,#hoot 'up:,shmt 'up 8 t h (slang) to inject an
~llegal
drug
IBZ heroln,drugs
&v+actv v+adv+n
,shoot sbMh 'upto injure sb or damage 9th
severely by shwting:Anarmedgangsho! u p t h
nighfcduh.
E@ZI
house,bar,club
Qv+adu+n v+nlpmn+adv
,shopa'round(hrsth),,shopa'mund8th(for
sth) to look at differentshopslstoregto cornpare
the prices of goods or services so that you can
buy the ones that a
r
e the best value: B you're
buying a new hi-fi,shoparoundfor the k tprice.
o 18%worthshoppingaround the haw1agents lo
find the h l deal. o When you open a bunk
acmunl. it'sagood itfeu lo shopamundfint.
+v+adv + v+prep
shore/Ja:(r)/
,shoresth 'up1to supportpart of abuildingor
other large structureby placing large pieces o
f
woodor metal against o r under it sothat it daes
not fall down: Engineers sho& up t h tunnel
wlth m e n bmm.o Thebuilding was shored
up lo mnke it scfe.2 2 strengthen or support sth
that Is weak or failing: lo shore up the m n -
omyllboliarlp~land
+v+adv+n + v+pmn+adv+ v+n+adv(hJ%
went)
,shout sb 'downto shout to prwent sbwho is
speaking from being heard, because you do not
like them, or you disagree with what they m
sayinp: Ihied toexthin but theyjust shoutedme
down. o Thes m k e r wasshouted dotunby a g ? ~
prohlers.
~v+nlpmn+adv
+ v+&+n
,shout but (
t
as
b
)
, ,shout I h 'out(to sb) to
suddenly say sth in a loud volce:Ishoutedout io
them but theydidn't heor me. oSheshout& outa
wrning. o HeshouMout. 'Over here1'
SEK) call out(to sb), call nth out (tosb)
Qv+adu + v+a&+n v+nlprm+adv
v+adv+speech
,shove 'off (BrE, spoken)ysed to tell sb rather
rudely to away Just shove off and leaw me
alone!
,avH,pwhon
e v + a d v
,shove 'up(BrE,s~~)usedtoashsb
tomoveto
make a spacefor sb else to sit down: We canget
onemoreinf you show up,oShovewrr bit!
F
Z
E
)hdgeup(BrE),mom up
Qv+adu
9 OW/JW;
A ~ E J ~ /
( s h d , shwvnIJaun:
A r n E J m l o
r
.rarely, s m d )
,show sb a'mund;,ahow sb a'roumll 8th
(BrEah,ahowsb 'round,.show sb 'mud sth)
to go with sb when they visit a place for the first
time, showing them what is interesting: There
are guides m the pllace who wzlI show trisilors
around. o I'll arrangefur ormeom to show you
aroundtheschuol.
,av*,take sb around,take s baround*
4SMakOSHOW SR OVER STB
@ v +ntpron +adv 4 v +nlpron+prep
,showab 'in;,show sb 'IntoI hto lead a vls
itortoaplacewherethey canwait,ortotherwm
where sb is watting to see them: Scrmh s h a d
thauisftorsh
.oIwasshown intoa waitingroom
Ei?B show sbout,show sb out d sth
6v+nlpmn+advr v+adv+n + v+nlpron+pp
,show 'off (irhfibrmnl, dhwpming) to try to
impressothermptedthyourabilities.mlth,
~ntelligence,
etc: SfopshowingOR!
oBonnDm
showsng o r to herfrtmds, doing handslands on
the~ T S .
+v+adv
b '
a
h
- n (informal,d h p p r w i w l a m n
wholikesto impressotherpeople with theirabil-
ities, wealth, etc: You'resuch ashowfl!
,showsbisth 'off(tosb)1 mtrytomakepeop'Ie
pay attention to sblsth becauseyouare proudof
themlit: He wasshowing his CD collectiono n to
hrs friends. o She brought her new troy/i-tmd
along to show him ofl 2 to make sWsth l w k
attractive or s
e
e
m interesting or excitmg by

150. show oul Zt
...............
showing their best featurn: Thebluck sweater
shursd off her Fgtrre tofil! aduansnge.o The
musfcshowsthehnd off in theirh t light.
+v*nlpmn+adv 4 v+adv+n
,showSb 'out;,show sb 'ad of d htolead a
visitor to the dwrout of a rwm,abuilding, etc:
I'll showyouout.
EB1h8w sb In,show sb Into.th
~v+nlprcn+adv
r v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+pp
,show sb 'Wer sth (Brm to take sb around a
place they are visiting and show them what is
interestmg:Thqrshowedmover thehow.
3Seea!S0 SHOW SB AROUND,SHOW $8AROUND STH
.(4v +nlpm+prep
,showsb 'round;,showsb 'roundsthWE)
=SHOW SB AROUND, SHOW 38 AROUND STH
,show'through:,show'throughsthtobevis-
ible through something or behlnd 9th: This
pp?rrssothinrheinkshoursthrough. o Hisskull
s h w d through hls lhza hnir o Whenhe spke,
hisbilternessshowedf h m ~ h .
+v+adv+ v+prep
,show 'up(iMorma0 to arrive or appear at the
place you have arranged: S h e f i ~ l b
s h o d up
at Iunchtlm. o I arranged lo meel him but he
didn'lshow up
turn up
@v+adu
,show'up;,show 'uptob
e
c
o
m
eorto make
sth easy t o see: H
i
s siripzd lie s h o d up well
against his dark red shirt. oSomething odd has
shown up on the X-rau, oHer lack of experience
wasshown upby thetest.
Qv+adv v+a&+n v+nlpron+adv
,show 8b 'up (idbrmal)to make sb else feel
embarrassed by behaving Mdly or by dohg sth
better than them: He said I'd shown him up in
fmntqf
hisfiiends. o fiuwllysholwdmeup&v
snoringduring themmrt! oDan'i worry abut
beingshownupby theki&- they'uealways used
cumputem.
Qv+n/pmn+adv + v*adv+n
,show sblsth 'up ashr sth to show what
sbtsth r
s really Irk, when this is worse thai
people thought: The h k shows her upfor what
she really w:a
&
&
. o We were shown up as the
second-rateteamthat wew
e
n
.
e)v + Wpmn+a&+ prep
showerr~aua(r)/
,shower ' d m ; ,shower ' d m on sbrsth;
'showar on sb~sth:
,shower5th 'downon
sbrsth:'shower sth on sbMh to fall onto
sbtsth, especially In a lot of small pieces: Vol-
canic ash showered down on the town ufter the
wupilora.o The bottle brokeaM'shoiumd glass
fmgmentson u
s
.
+v*adv *v+adv+prep+ v + w p r
v+n/pmn+adv+prep + v+nlpmn+pmp
'shower sb with sth to drop a lot of s
m
a
l
l
things onto sb: The bride and grwm were
show& with r k as they lqft the church,o The
roof collapsed,showering us Withdust and d
e
b
ris. o (fgumttue)Heshoweredherwithgifts.
@ v+nlpron+ prep
shdnk/$mk/
(.hmnk /lrmk/shrunk
ISrhukl or shrunk,shrunk)
,shrinka'wayt'baek (fromsb/ath) tornweback-
wards or away from sblsth, especially because
you are fr~ghtenedor disgusted: She shmnk
ornoyfhmhrm inhorror
+v+adv
'shrlnk from sth;'shhrlnk h m doing ath
(oftenused in negative s e n t e m )tobe unwilling
to do or accept sth that you find frighten~ng,
unpleasant or immoral: Ske rewgaized her
mposibiIf@ and dM not shrink from I!.o He
shrnnkfi-om cot&frontinghis sonface 0face, o
Shenevershmnkfrom difiuit tosks.
E B bsk,duly Eg back awayfmm 8th
5 t i Shrinkfmmsthlfrom doingsthareusu-
ally used in written English.
@v + prep
,shrlvd 'upto -me dry andwrinkled(= hav-
ing many small lines or folds) b e u s e of heat,
lack of water,etc: T
h
eapples [efton the he hod
shrfuelkdup.
Shrivelisusedwithasimilarmeaning.
+v+adv
b ,shriveted Up d
jdry and a
n
d
w
r
i
n
k
l
e
d(= with
many small linesor folds):8hriwlW-upapples
shroudlsraual
be 'uhrouded In sth 1 to b e m r e d orhidden
bysth: Thecity was shmrrded inmist. ofumiture
shrouded in dust sheets 2 if information, etc. is
shrouded in mystery, it is hidden or kept secret:
HisJamlfy bockground isshrouded inmystmy.
o Theirwork isshruuded in secrecy.
& be+v+prep
,Shrug~ t h
'owl(also,shng ath a k a y l
e
s
s
*
qwnt)to push sthback or away with yourshoul-
ders. Sheshrw& qfl herjacket. o She put her
hamionhisshouIderbuthshmggea'itamy
jacket,hand 2 ( a h,shrug sth a'slde lessfre-
quent) to treat sth as if it is not important: He
shrugged flall the objectionsI misd.o Barnes
k tqing loshrug offan onkle injury.E i l injury,
criticism
+v+adv+n + v+nlprm+adm
26
......".............................................................................................
shut/JM/
(rhuttlng,shut,shut)
,shutsblsth toput sb/sth i
naplacewhere
other people cannot see or 5nd them(it: He shut
thelilesaw inthesqfe.oprisomshutaumy in
jail for a Iong time
E3lock sb uplmvay:lock sthuplaway
Qv+nlpmn+adv 4 v+adv+n
,shut yourself a'way(from s
M
Eto stay in
your room or go somewhere where you wdl be
completely alone: He shut himself away in his
study to finuh the book o You can't jusl shut
yournif awayfromtheuwrkirkl
E
9lockyoursdf m y
v+pron+adv
$hut 'down;,shutsth 'downt t
ostopopening
for business; to stop sth fromopening: Themine
shul dn~un
lust month.o Theclubwasshut down
by thepolre. ,aru,clesa d m , close ath down
2 if a machine shuts down, or sb shuts it
down, itstops working: ThemncAineshufsdown
tf there'sanoverload. o Thecompukrsyslern will
beshul downoverthe weekend.
&v+adv +v+adv+n * v+nlpmn+adv
b 'nhuMownn 1 the act of dosing a factory or
business. either temporarily or permanently:
The shutdown hos put hundreds out o
f work. 2
the act of stopping a large machine fromwork-
ing,either temporarily or permanently: Thew
u ~ s s
a fault a
n the nuclew reactor's emergency
shutdownpmures.
,shut sbMh 'in;,shut sWlsth 'In 8th;,shut
yourself 'in;,shut yourself 'in sth to put
sblsth I
n a room, a vehicle, etc. and keep them
there; togointoaroom, abuilding, avehicle,etc.
and stay there: Theyshut theanimalsin at nighl.
oL
i
zrushed outof thekitchenand shut krseif in
her room.
@v+n/pmn+adv v+adv+n r v+n/pron+prep
b 'shut-Inn (AnaE, old-fashwmd)a person who
cannotleavetheir home becausethey are ilUsick
orcannot moveeasily
'shut sth in sthto trap or injuresthby closing
sth t~ghfly
around it: I shut my- in thecar
door
E3Ei flnger
@ v + nlpmn+prep
,shM 'off;,shut sth 'off 1i
f a machine shuts
off,or sb shu- it on, it stops working: Thecen-
E
m
1 hwting shuts off outomntimIly at 9
.
3
0
.
ol
s m p W the car and shut off the engine.
swltch oft wlteh sthoff:turn off.turn mth off
E
?
B swltchon, swltchsth m;fumon,tum attt
on 2 If a supply of gas, water, electricity, etc.
shuts offorsblsthshutsit off, it stopsflowing.
Thewter shuts ofl auhmnticalIy when the tank
i
sfull. oA mIw shuB offthe gas when the lid is
closed.
@v+a& hr. v+nlpmn+& v+edv+n
b " h u t 4 n 4 adevice that stowsthworkingor
stopspowec water,gas,etc h m flowing:ashut-
off d u e 2a period when V e r , water,gas,etc.
ispreventdfromflowingashut-~ff
o
f the water
SWP~Y
,shut sblath 'off(from ah)tokeep sbhth separ-
atehmotherpeop1eorthings:Arnngeof moun-
Dins shuts Bosnia o g f m the Adriatic. o The
kalchmarm could be shut o f f f m mthe rest of the
mom.
+v*nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
,shut youmeR 'off(from sWstb) to deliberately
separate yourself physimlly or socially from
other people 4fkr her sondied. shejust wanted
toshut hemIf offfromtheworld
IEB wt ywrself off (fromsblsth)
Q v+pmn+adv
,shut sb 'out 1( a h,shul sb 'out d ath) to ref-
use toallowapersontoshareyour thoughb,fwl-
ings or activities: Wn'l shui me out (= T
e
l
lme
about your problems) -I want lo helpy
o
u o P
was shut out @ the deckion-makingp m , o
When he saw h
w with the babV hefill shut out.
IEB exclude sb (moe
formal) 2 (AmE,
imr-
ma0 tostop an omnent from w r i n g ina game
or contest: They shut out the Mets in W i r Insl
Brim.
+v+ntpm+adu v+adv+n
1alsov +ntpron+ a h+pmp
k 'shutsut n WmE,Itformal) a game in which
oneteam doesnot w r e
,shutsbisth 'out;
,shutrblsth 'out of sthto
stop sblsth h m entering a place: He closed the
d~rfirrnly,
shutting usout of the m
m
.
o Idrew
t k curtains t
oshutout thelight.
Ilght,nal-
ev+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv +
v + nlpmn +adv+prep
,shut 8th 'out,,shut ath 'out o
f ath to stop
yowelf h m havlngparticularfwlings orf
r
o
m
thinking about particular things: She trW 60
shutout all lhep~inful
memories.
BEIl paln, rnemorles EEl block sib wt,Mock
nthout of sth
Qv+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv +
v +nlpmn+a h+prep
,shut p ~ m n
'out:,shut y
w
w ' a ~ t
of
Sthtobc unabletoenter yourhome becauseyou
have clo& the door and leR your keys inside:
I'veshut rnygelf oul of the houseagum!
Imk youmlf out,lockywrrwrlout d sth
6v+ pmn+adv + v +pro" +sdv + prep
,shut 'up(spoken,iaformol)used to tell sb rudely
to stoptalking or rnakinga nolse:Shut upandgo
away! o lfyoyou'dshut tin I could hmrwhat sWs
saying.
= UP/BE)
v+adv

151. ,shut~b'up(iIzformnl)tornakesbstoptalkingor
makinga noise:YmuHn'tshut thekids up!
9v+ nlpron+a&
,shdsbisth 'uponsth),,shutyournelf 'up(h
sth) to keep sWsth in a place and prevent them
f
r
o
m gome anywhere:to stay in a room and not
goout: Hehad henshut up in acellfir tenyears.
o Shut thedog up in theshed.o Myfither uwdlo
shut himself up with hbbwksfibrdnys.
@v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n
,shut sth 'up(especially Br.5') to dose a room,
house, etc. and not use it for aperiod of time: We
shut the summerhouseupfor anotheryear
close sth up
Qv+n/pron+adv * v+adv+n
OTJ shut up 'shop (BrE,ln@rml)to closeabusi-
ncss permanently: to stop workhg for the day:
h'stimetoshut upshopandgohome.
shyIJW(shles,shylng, rhled, rhled /Jard/)
,shy a'way (horn sthlfmm dolng nth) to m
i
d
doing sthbecauseyouarenervousor frightened:
She shies u w y from c h friendships. o Don't
shynwayJ+omsoyIng whatyou think.
Qv+adv
SIC
(alsoskk) /slk/
kc-)
'slc sth on 4b U M ,irlfornUl0to tell a dog to
attacksb:BacK off orl'I1 stc thedogonyou.
EGid q E N sel sth on sbIBrEl
Q v+ dpmn+prep
,alck ath 'up ( B E , immn to bring f d up
fromthestomach: Theimbysi&d upher milk.
EF9 throw sth wp;vomlt sth (moreformal)
@v+adv+n 4 v+nlpmn+adw
'Slck sthon $b(AmE,iqformao =src mnON SB
sickenrslkml
'sickenfor sth(BrE)
(usuallyusedinthep r o m
siw tenses)to showsignsthat you may be becom-
ing illlsick:Jfmlas if I'msickeningSorsomething.
o YouImkas ifyou're sickenmngforjlu.
E
E
R go cbww wlth sth;get sth
Ov+ prep
sideIMI~I
'slde with sb (aphst m
b
) to support sb in an
argument, a dispute, etc: The children alwys
sided with theLrmother(ogainst theirfather).
+v + prep
sidlersardl~
,sidle 'Wedup(to sb) to approach sb in a shy,
uncertain or secretway: Shesidiedup fuhimand
whispwd inhisea,:
@ v+adv
sift /SIP~/
'slft s
t
h from sth;,sift sth 'out from sthto
segaratesth,w u d y sthyou want, fmma group
of things:tosift (out)thegmdfrorn #hebad
+v+nlpron+prep+v+adu+n+pnrpr
v+ nfpmn+a& +prep
,SIRsth 'outto segaratesth,usually sth you do
not want, h ma groupof things: Weneed lo sift
out unsuitabie applications. o He helped ??iesift
out the badsongsI
'
dwritten.
+v+adv+n + v+n/pm+adv
,SIRYhroughsth(forsth)to~~dUyexamine
a
large amount of 6th in orderto find sth import-
ant or decide what is useful and what is not: I
s~flBd
thmwh his pope= for clws. o Thejudges
sifted thmwh 80W entries ondJnaIly picked the
winner
Sift through sth can be used in the pas
sive Thispileof mwns~tobe$&dthmugh
by theendof this week.
O V + P ~ ~ P
,sign sth aWay to giveup yourrights, prape9
etc. by signing a document: The artist h l mil-
lions by Signing away his rights to the cartwn
characierhe creaM.
mr l g m
Qv+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv
'sign for s?h.
Ita sign a form,etc. as pruof that
you have receivedsth: Thepostman asked me to
slgnforthepket. W Signfor6thcanbeused
Inthe passive i
n this meaning: ThisIdler h n Y
been signedfot 2 if a football player signs for a
club, he formally agrees to play for that team:
Whendid Ccrntonasignfor Unzled?
Ov+prev
,sign 'in;
,sign 8b 'Into write your name or the
name of a guest when you amve at an ofliw,a
club, etc: AII visitors must sign in on arrival. o
Youhauslo k signed inby amember:
IEB slgn out, slgn sb out
Qv+adv v+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
,sign 'off 4 (BrE)to end a letter,a postcard,etc:
I'll stgn ofl now a
n
d
mthis. 2 to end a broad-
cast by saying goodbye or playing a piece of
music: 11l sign ofl with a remnder to tune in
again lomorrow.
*v+sdw
,slgnsb 'off ( B W tosay officially that sb lstw
ilvslck to work for a particular period: Thedoc-
lorsignarihimofffirawe&+ EBTdoctw
ev+nlpron+adv + v+adv+n
,sign sth 'off(BrE)to giveyourformal approval
to sth, by signing your name:She signed ofT all
the inuorces.
+v+adv+n r v+nlpmn+adv
,ilgn loti on sth @n&, W o r m f i to express
yourapprovalof 5th formally and definitely: The
Presidenthnnr'tyet s i d ofl on thisremrt.
Q v+adv+prep
,sign 'onI (SrE,infirman to signaform stating
that you areunemployed sothat you canreceive
payment from the government.Hehad tosign on
whenthefmoryclosed. 2 (oM-fashwned,dmg
to
announce the start of broadcasting for the day:
Tha isJmk Gruinger siRnm,: on.
@ v+adv
@gn'on;,signsb 'on=SIGN UP,SIGNSB UP Eric
has been.signed onfir the team asgaolhwper:o
S h d l Ilstgnnyouonfir thepaintingchs?o I I r a
sosign onasa mediculassistunl.
,dgn'out;,signsb 'outtowriteyour nameorthe
name of a guest when you leave an &oe, a club,
etc:Don'tf o ~ ~ e t m
signoul whenmugo. o Youmust
swyourgaresIsout whentheyleavetheclub.
FE) slgnIn,algn ab In
e v + a d v * v+nlpron+adv
,signsth 'outtosigna document tosaymcially
that 9th canberemowd f
r
o
ma place w that you
have taken it: Thm?is M m
r
dOJthefile being
sag?& outagah.
+v+ nfpron+a& + v +adv+n
,signsth ' w e r ( ~ s b ) W @ v e y o u r r l g h t s o r p ~
ertyt o ab elseby signingadocument: Hesigned
thehouseover tohisdaughter
(4v+nlpmn+adv v+aciv+n
,sign 'up:,sign ab 'up(also,sign 'on, .*gn sb
'on hfrequenl) 1 (wlthhr sb) to sign a docu-
ment saying that you agree to work for sb, play
for their team, etc.; to persuade sb to do this:
She's sigraed up wrth an employment agew. o
W
e
'
u
e signed up uphm mtu pluyers. o Who has
beensigneduploslar inthenawmovie?2(for8th)
tomangetodoacourseofstudybyaddingyour
nameor sbelse'snametothe list of pmple doing
it: I've signed upfor a poflery m u m .o Shall I
sign you upfor the lvorkshop lw?
3to agree to
become a member of the armed forces; to per-
suade sb to do this: He tried tu sign up when he
wasonlyfiflwn.
+v+adv + v+adv+n b v+nlpmn+adv
,slM 'up;,silt affi 'up to k o m e blocked with
sand,mud, etc. that has beenbrought by flowlng
water; to blmk sthin this way:Theold harbour
h
a
ssilted up.o Mud issilting upthe st-
&v+adv +v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
simmer~'srma(r)/
,simmer '%wn (inJbrmal)to become calm after
a per~od
of anger, excitement, violence.etc:Just
srrnmerdournand we'lldiscussthis calm&
E3cool down,calm down
@v+sdu
,sing a'lomg(with nwsth), ,sing a'lmg(
t
oah)
to singtogether with sb who is already singing
or while a record, radio, or musical instrument
ISplaying: He sung along with the CD.o Wesang
along loall thesongs.
Qvradv
b 'singalong n an informal occasion at which
people singsongs together: Wehad agnmt sing-
along inlhepub last night.
,sing 'out: ,slng sth 'out to sing or say sth
clearlyand loudly: Sangout soihar mryone can
hwr oIf you need anything.justsingout.
&v+adv + v+adv+speech + v+adv+n +
v+ nlpmn+~ d v
,sing 'up (BrE)to sing more loudly: Sing up. I
can't hearyou.
+v+adv
singleI'sK,~~!
,single s h t h 'out(for stwas sblsrh) to choose
sblsth from among a group for specialcomment
or treatment: They singled her o u t f o r ~ i c u l a r
pram. o He rwssmnglen:oul rasMe kstsfudenL
Single sbisth out is often used in the pas-
sive Whyhad Aidan been singled outfor sp?cial
turntment?
+v+adv+n * v+dpmn+adv
sink/sqkl (mnk/~~enk/runk
/snqk/).or (less
frequent sunk,sunk)
,sink 'back(Intosth)to moveor fall backwards,
or lie down, especially when you are feeling
tired.: She sank back into her c h f t oHe mnk
bockagainst thepiilows,&us?&.
Qv+adv
,sink'in;,sink'
i
n
t
oa h1(ofIiquids)togodown
into another substance: Apply the moisturiser
and let rt smk in. o The rain sank into the dry
ground.,sx*,be absorbed (Into 8th) 2 (of
words,etc.) to be fully undemtood or Mized:
Itmkawhikforthe~ws
UJsInkin.oH e g a u d
so let hls words sink into her bruin.IEZElwords,
n w s , meanlng
e v t a d v
b "sunk In am to be in a stateof unhappi-
ness or deepthought: Shejust sat them smk In
thought.
'#ink into sthto go gradually into a lessactive,
happy or ple-t state: She sank: into a deep
s k p . oHesankdeeperIniodepression.
dapresslon doseend lnto afh ((more
forma0
O v + m
,sink 'Intosth:,sink sth 'Into sth to go deep
into sth solid:to make sth sharp do this: Sharp
teeth sank into his arm. o The dog sank Its twth
mto my leg.
+v+ prep e v+ nlpmn+pnep

152. $Ink 8th 'rnto sth to spend a lot of money ona
business or an activib for example inorder to
make money h m it in the future: Wesank all
oursauingsintothenewmmpany.
EQi a fortune IET) ploughsth into8th
+v+ nlpmn+prep
'sip al~ t h
todrink sth sIowly,takigaverysmall
amounteachtime:Shesippadatherflee.
l3E drink
Q v + prep
siphon(&o 1
-
1 I%&/
,lphon d h 'offIfran .th)(fnformi)to mow
money or resouroes from one plam to another,
usuallyillegally:Shesiphomfoffprplitsintoher
own h n k a m u n t
BEl money,funds IEB dlvwt sthImowfofmal)
+v+adv+n v+nlpron+achr
,sit a'round;,+It a'round sth (BrE o h ,,sit
a'boutl'mund, ,aR aaboWmundsth) to spend
time sittlng down doing very little:I'm far foe
b q lo srl around here all day.o We sat ohut
tatkingfir m
s
i of themorning.oAil wemulddo
lurss slt around and wait. a They wre srtfing
around #heRowchatting.
*v+adv * v + w p
,sit 'back1tosit orlean comfortablyin achalr:
H e s ~ t k k h h i s c h a l r ~ c l o s e d h i s ~ ,
2(and
do sth) to relax, especially by not getting too
involved in or m i o u s about sth: Now all the
work'sdonewemn sit back and enjoy things! o
Areyougoingbsit backand kt medoeueiyihing?
+v+adv
,slt'bytodonothingto stop sth bad or unpleasant
happenin&I'm notgoing tosit byand Ietanh
i
-
m
m t m n g o tojug.
EZ9 standby
@ v+adv
,sit ' d mt toloweryourbody until youaresit-
ting on a chair, etc: Plwra d t downro We sot
,sit 'sbdown to help or persuade sbto sit down
either for a rest or to discuss sth: She sat him
down in font of thepw. 0 We nsed to sit him
down andtxplainIhesituntion.
I
5
I
lSit sbdownisnot used inthepassive.
+Y +nlp~on
+ adv
,slt yourself 'down IWrmaO to lower your
bcdy until youares~ttingonachair,
etc:mmin
and sityoumlf down.
+Ses?~.k0
SITDOWN 1
+v+pmn+adv
'sitfor sblsthtobeamdelforanartist or aphe
tographer She sad for some o
f the mostJamus
urlistsof h e r b
eV + P ~
,sit 'in(on sth) to attend a meeting,
aclass,etc.to
watchit,notto takep8rt:Iwasallolwdlosit inon
thehating. o fsat in onsomeEnglishc
-
,
ev+achr
b 'slMnna form of protest h whichpeople ref-
use to Ieave a factom a buildbg,etc: Workers
d e c W tostage adbin.
,sit 'Infor rbbdosb'sjob orperformsb's duties
whlle they are away:Thechi@ reporter@
m
asat
infor Ceorgeasedifor
stand InCr sb
Qv+adw+prep
'sft on st411 tobeamemberof a group of people
such as a committee:How many m p l e slton the
commit&? o My mothersat on thejury during a
famous murder trmL BKim m l t t g s , counell2
(nmrmd) to do noth~ng
about a lener, report.
etc. that sb has sent you:They'ueheensitting on
my applimtionforamonth nom
v+ prep
E
lsk on the 'fencetom i d becominginvolved
in deciding or i ~ u ~
something:You can't
go on sitting on thef . trying not i
o upxi any.
Mr (be)sMng on a 'fortunergoldmlns&for-
mal)toown sth very valuable,often whenyou do
not realize it:Hispaintingsam I n m t deman$,
Byouhuusone.youmuldbasitlingonagoldmine.
,sR'Outto sitoutsidesomewhererather thaninside:
It'stcmwldnowlos~out.
oLet'ssitoillonthebakuny.
A v + n r b
" --
down on the soh. 0 When evewne urns duiw ,sit sth#out tonottake part inadance,gameor
down, he begwr.+We ah0 SITYOURSELF DOWN 2
(anddo to give timeand attention to sth in otheractivlty:IthlnkIWgoingOsitthkoneout.
E E #mce 2 to stay in a place and wait for 5th
order to try t
o a problem or achieve sth: unpleasantor to to oura -
$
.
We'ue drurily lyr 'luI s~oonlslumplwnr
o We'lIjusthaw bsit It out here
prob&m throu#gh.
@v+adv until things improve.
,msltdown a strike,demonstration,pro- milSit 5thout isnot used inthemssive.
test,etc. imlvingpeoplesittingdmandrefus- @ * '+ pmnf v+n+adv(ram)
ing to leave a place: lo slage a s8aown 0 a 'sit Over ~ t h
to haw a meal or a drink i
na slow
slt&wn protest 2 [sing.](BrE,fqfornml)a short relaxedway: Wesat O J X ~
breakfastand P h M
rest whilesitting:I&asitdawn. t h h y OM.
EZi breakfast, dlnner,etc.
0v+prep
,sit 'mund;,sit 'roundsth(BrEj=SIT AROUND,
SIT AROUND STH
'"It through sthto stay until the end of a per-
formance,
speech,meeting,etc, thatyw thinkI
s
borin~
or toolong:Wehad t
osSt througha whole
dinner without a clgamrle.o I cun'l sit through
four hounof Shahpeare!
+v + prep
,IN'up1 tobe or to move yourself intoa sitting
position,for example,from lying d m : He sot
un turned thelighton.and hkedafhisumtch. o
Doyoufeetwllenough losftrrpyet?2tonot goto
bed until later than usual:Wescrl up lala watch-
ing a movie. stay up 3(and do sth) tosud-
denly give yaur attention to sth: We & an
advert thar wrIl make people sit up and take
notice.o Thiswill make themsrl upandIWn.
@ v * &
b 'sltup n an exercise in which you m
o
v
e f
r
o
m
lying downto a sitting position: I do about sixty
sit-upsa&
.
,sRsb 'uptomow sbfrom lyingtoa sitting rn
ition:Shesat thebaby upin thepram.
Q v + dpmn+adv
,$lzeW h 'up(iqfornaal)to formajudgement
or an opinionof sblsth:T htw oppownts were
sizing each other up. oI sized up the situation
wryquick$
E$Zlsltuat4on rsmRsum rblsth up (assMsth)
+v+nlpron+artu*v+adv+n
skate(skertl
,skate 'mrla'mund sth (BrE a h ,sMa
'round sth)to talkabout sth dimcult or embar-
rassing quickly, wrthout giving attention to
details:Sheskated ouerthenextpurl of her story.
QV+WP
sketch{sketJl
,sketch sth 'In to give more information or
detallsabout sth:He sketch& in thebuckgmrurd
d
o rh~cllse.
olZIskeWli
mthedetuilsInterforyolr.
o Y ~ u n e a I l o s M
In hischaracteralittiemum.
@
i
J
backgrwnd, hlstory2 toadd 5thto adraw-
ing quickly or roughly: She sketched in e fern
moretrees. oIsketched i
ntheoutlineof thehow.
Qv+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
,sketchsth 'out1 to drawallthemainfeatures
ofsthwwlthoutshowingexactdetaUs:
HeskeYched
out s
u
m preliminary designs.2 to give a brief
general description of a plan or an idea: She
sketched out theplots cf her novelsin an exercise
book.EE)outline sth (marefom0
Qv+adv+n + v*nlpmn+adv
,skim sth 'off1toremoveasubstancesuchasfat
fromthesurfaceof a liquid:Skim ofithefatand
r e h t ths!ew.2 totake the best pa^? of sth for
yourself, often in an unfau or dishonest way:
She" ken skimming off a percentam of the
~ r o f i ~ & ~ b r y w t s .
+v+adv+n v+ntppn+adv
,skim 'thmgh sth to read sthvery quicklyin
ordertoget a general impressionor toAnd ap w
ticularpoint:Ioniy had rimetoskimthroughthe
remn.o He skmmed throughthe article trying
tofindhisname.
ERi b k , l e t t e r
+v+prev
skimpw m p ~
'skimpon 8thtospendlessmoney artimeonsth
than i
s normal or neces?,ary: Older plople
shonZdn't skimpmf i o r heading.
EB holdbackm5th
QV + P ~ ~ P
,s
klp 'off
(Brml a b ,skip 'outAmE, BrEj (illfw-
r
r
s
n
o to l e m a place secretly or suddenly#espe-
clally for a dishonest reason. for example to
mold paying for sth: They skippd off without
pay i
w
+v+adv
,skip'outon sbmth( A d ,informal)toleavesb,
espxially whentheyneedyou,orwhenyou have
a responsibility towards them;to try to avoid a
dficult situation by leaving a plaoe: He just
skipped out on his wreleavingher withfour kids
lo toke cure o
f oHe umfound 12ymrs after he
skippedoutondnrgscham~.
EBO run wt on s b ( m i n f l yBE)
&v+adv+prep
,skirta'rownd sth(RrEah,skirt 'munt! &)I
tobeor movearound theedge:Weskir;irtedarowMt
the pand und crossed the bridge. 2 to avoid dis-
cussingor dealingwitha dimcult or embarrass-
ing subject: S k tactfully skirfed around the
subject of mongr subject, question
Skirt aroundlround sthcan beusedin thepas-
sive in thls meaning: The issue wm skirted
aroundforyeam.
M S k L r t 8th is also uwd with both these
mmnings:theroad thatskirtedthelnke oio skirt

153. ,sklw '
&
, ,ski- 'off 8th (BrE,Mown@ to
avo~d
work or schwl by stayingaway or leaving
early:Icanskiveoffforafewhours. oIdacidedlo
skive fl school and &I1 my mum I had a bad
h e .
E E school, wm'k EEL) bunk off,bunk of! rth
(Brm
EEltlSkivecan also be used,but not skive sth:
U'ti~re's
3 b m ? l ~ t h e ' S ~ k i ~ I R &
worn!
9u+adv v+prep
slack/sla?k/
,slack' d t o d osthmoreslowly orworklesshard
than before:Wemn't slack off untileverythtt&g
is
pnwhed.
)BYH) easa OPf
+v+adv
slackenrs~&m/
,slacken 'off to k m e less busy or active:
We'vebeenrwlly B q , bui thingsum starting to
slacken now.
<3r+adv
slag IS^!(
s
g
.
1
,slags h t h'off(BrE,shng)tocritfcizesblsthin
a cruel, unk~nd
way:He's dways shgging hk
brotherofl
tun sWsthdown(BrE),cut rblathdown
VlM,morefom0
Qv+nlpmn+adv + v+edv+n
slamtsleemi(am)
,slama'galnslsbMsih:,slamsblsth a'galnsl
sb/sth = SLAM INTOlACAlNST SBlSTM, SLAM
SH~STH
INTO/AGAIMST
SBlSTH
,slam sth 'dorm(odonta sth) to put sth down
withalatofforce,especiallywhenyou a
r
eangry:
S h slummed the book down on the habIe.0 I
slammeddownthephone(=put thereceiverdown
and ended thephone con-tion) inamge.
EZEi phone,meelver
Qv+dpron+& * v+edv+n
,slam 'inton'gainst ssblsth; ,slam sbkth
'intola'galnst$b/$thto crash,or tomake sth
crash, into sth with a lot of force: The jeep
slammed inlo the wall. o ln the crash she was
sIamnmed agaiwt the back oyt hsmt.
+v +prep v+ nlpron+prep
,slam 8th 'On if you slam on the brakes of a
vehicle, you press your foot very hard on the
brakeand make thevehiclestop very quickly:A
child suddanlymn out intothe road and I had to
sbm on thebrakeses
E E onlybrakesE BJnmmth on
+v+adv+n + u*nlpron+adv
slap18-1 (-P)
,slap sb a'boWa'round(ltlfirmaE,e s p ~ i ~ l l y
BrE)to hit sb regularly or often,used especially
of aman hitting a woman:He &tom m h c k
drunkandslap hiswifeumund.
kZE) knock sb amund
Q v+ ntpmn+a&
,slap Sb 'down(irlfornaal)
tocriticizesbor their
ideas or suggestions in an unfairwa~:
often in
public: He trred to obj~cl,
but mas irnmedin&Iy
slapped down.o fl you rrPk a puestlon, she just
slupsyou dawn.
,sv*, E U ~
sb downWmE)
&v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv+n
$lap Sth 'down(onEonto sth) to put sth onto a
surface inaquick andoftennoisywa~:
especially
becauseyou areangry:Heslappddown acopyof
t h e h k o nthetable.
Qv+nlpmn*adv + v+adv+n
,slapsth 'on;'slaps h onsblsth( i r l f o r ~ n
to
announcesuddenlythat sb must have apunish-
ment, olxy a new rule etc., oftenwhen this is
unfair Judges I
a
a
w been shpping on Ionger
prison sentences.o The government slapped a
new laxon highearners.
+v+ nlpmn+prep
,slap sth 'on:,slap ath 'onronb sth (irtfor-
mal)to spread a substanm on a surfacequickly
and carelessly:I'd &tier slap some make-upon
before I g 0 out.
EEi palnt,makeup
@ v +nlpron+adv + v +adv+n Y +nlpron+ prep
,Slap8th on sth(infurmal)to increasethe price
of sth suddenlv:They'veslappad 5Gpon lheprice
of ctgarettes.
@v+nlpron+prep
,slap 8th 'onto sth = SLAP STH ON, SLAP STH
ON~ON'PO
STR
slashisleeji
'slashat sblsth (withah)toattack sbviolmtly
with a knife, etc, and try to cut themlit: He
slashedathisopponeni'sface wlthaknife,
Q V+PBP
,slavea'way(at sth)(usuallyu.W in &progres-
sivetmses)used to emphasize how hard you are
working, especially when you think pmple do
notrecognizethis orfeel grateful:I've beenslaw
rng away ail daytrying toget thisworkpn~hed.
e v + a &
sleep/sli.pt(shpt,shpt/dept/)
,sleepa'round(tnformnl.dlsappmving)to have
sex withmanydifPerentm e r s
Qv+adv
,sleep 'into remain I
nM
Ilonger thanusual in
the morning:She-I& s k p s inonSundays.
,sv*, Ile In ( B E ,i q f o m l )
Compareoversleep,whlchmeam to sleep
loilgerthanyou intended.
+v+adv
,sleep sth 'offto get better aftersth, especially
drinking Wo muchalcohol,by sleeping:He'sstill
sleeping offywrday's hangove~:
o Co homeand
sleep is o
n
Qv+adv*n + v+dpmn+adv
'sleep on sth todelay W i n g a decisionabout
sthuntil thenext day sothatyoucanthinkabout
it:Sleepon it amfktmeknow Sommul
14v+pwv
,sleep 'outto sleep outdoors: Weslept out most
nights when wem
r
@
in G m .
Q v+adv
,sleep 'overto stay the night at sb else's home:
Thekidsareshpingover withfriends.o It's uery
latenow-whydon't~usleepowr?
ComparewedeS?p,which means to sleep
longerthanyouintended.
Q v + a h
b 'slmpover n a party for children or young
people when a group of themspend thenight at
onehouse
,sleep 'through 8th to not bewoken up by sth
suchasa loud noise oralot of activity:Sheslept
right through the thundernorm of'm qfraid I
slept through the alarm. o Did he skep through
the wholeincident?
eV + P ~ ~ P
'sleep together; 'sleep wlh sb (imrma0to
havesex with sb, especially sb you are not mar-
ried to:They h u e been sleeping together for
mnlhsnolu
Qv+adu + v + m p
sliceISMS!
,slice8
t
h 'off;,alleesth 'off sth1to removea
thin piece of 5th f
r
o
m sthlargerby cutting The
topof hislinger luassliced off in on mfdeni. o
Shaslicedaprmof mwtofflhe./oint.2 toreduce
sth by aparticularamount:Hesliced twosec~nds
offthe world m r d .
+v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv + v+ntpron+pp
,slice 'through sth (espchlly Brm to pass
thmugh sth very easily: Th@ axe sliced through
the wood like butter o CISgumtiw) He s I W
throughall myobjecttons.
+'+PEP
,sl?casth 'up to cut 8th into flat thin pieces:
Wouklyou ~Iiwtkcecucumber
up?
+u+nlpmn+adv * v+adv+n
slick
,slick a h 'backrdownIf you slickyour hair
baclo'down you make it lie flat by putting oil,
water,etc. on it:His hair roas slicked k k .oHe
stiIlslicksdownhishair withoil.
hair
Slick8thd m i
softenused inthepassive.
+v+nlpmn+adu + v+adv+n
slim/ s h /(-mm)
,slim 'downto become thinner,forexampleas a
resultof eatingless:Sheslimnreddown lo60kilos
before her w i n g .
M m d m
Q v+adv
,slim'down;
,sllrn sth 'downtomakesth,such
as an organizatfon or a cornpanx smaller by
employingfewerpeople,reducingthe amountof
work done,etc:Them!indurhvhas had toslim
down,o Thefirm had toslim down its luorkj%rce.
oasIimmd downcurriculum
EB)trlm down,trlm athdown
Qv+adv + v+adv+n r v+nlpron+adv
,slip eWay1(aLw;sllp 'off)
toleavequietlywith-
out attracting attention:I slip& away lo my
room lo write someletiers. o He managed losElp
OR
aloneforan hou,: 2(also.slip 'by)if aperiod
of time slipsaway,it passes more quickly than
you realire,Shecould see herchiMhoad slipping
away. o Thesfiernoon slrpped n w p 3 (fmmsb)
tod~sappear:
to dieortostopexisting.He slipped
away (=died)pwcefulIy during thenight.oIfelt
thegame wasslipprg awayfrom me(= Iwaslos-
ing).
@v+&
,slip';by =SLIP AWAY 2T l m J u s t d t o s l i pby.
2 if an opportunity;etc. slips by, it passes and
you do not use it:I try neuer to let a c
h
a
m to
trauel slip by.
Qv+adv
,slip sth 'in;,slip sth '[do sthto add 9th to a
speech, conversation mwritten text quickly or
secretly:He usuallysiipsacoupleofjokes rntohis
lectureso She slipped in afew mmmenls h u t
herboyfriend.
<4v+adv+n * v+nlpron+adr + v+nlpmn+pmp
,slip'Intoath toput dothesonquicklyand eas-
ily:I'I1just slip intosomethingmoremrrlfortobk.
dm-, shoes,etc. lE!9 sllpout of sth+w
nko SLIP STH OFF;
SLIP STH OM 2 to pass into a
particular state or situation, especially a dim-
cultor unpleasantone:Thepatient sirpHinloa
m m o The mmmy has slip@ inforecession.
EZEl coma,sleep,racas#lon,debt
ev + prep
,dip 'off =SLIP AWAY 1

154. s~tp
off a
. .
,slip sth 'offto take clothes or shoesoff quickly
andeaslly:ShePipppdhershoesfl by thedoor o
SlipoffwurcmtandI'lI mnkewmetea.
FZEI coat,shoes,ate. E E l slip nth on
+ S B ~ U ~ S L I P
INTO STH;SLIP OUT OF STH
e~+nlpron+adv v+adv+n
,slip sth 'on to put clothes or shoes on quickly
and easily:Hold onaI'll just slip m
y maton, lhmr
rvlrbeready.
Sb,j=ket,ete, EFB 8lfp ah oW
3seealsoSLIP INTO STH; SLIPOUT OP STH
+v+ntpmn+adv * v*adv+n
b 'sllpan n [u$uallyPI.] a shoethat you canput
on and take o
f
T quickly and w i l y without hav-
ingto tieorfasten anything:awirof cheapslip
ons oslipon shws
,slip 'out Ii&rmO tf sth slim oat, you say it
when you do not intend to: I didn't maan lo Cell
him -S
tjwts[ippedout.
+v+adv
,slip 'out o
f sth to h k e of€clothesquickly and
easily: Sheslipped outof her clothesand got inlo
theshowr
EE cloth-, dress, etc. EBsllp lntonth
+See SLIP STH OFF:SLIP STM ON
+v+prep + v+adv*prep
,slip 'Over to slide a short distanceand fak He
slippwfoueron theIce& h k e hiskg.
6v+adv
,slip 'through;,slip 'thmugh sth if sth or sb
slips through or slips throughasystem,etc.,a
person or a system fails to find and deal w
i
t
h
itlthern: Mistakes occaswnaily slip thmugh.o
Somehow he slip& through the company's
s c r e e n i n g p m .
Qv+abv + v+prep
(let ssth) sllp through your Wnwn if s'blsth
sltps throngh your fingers,you hi1to keepor
use itlthem: The thld had slip@ throughtheir
fingers yet wain. o You've wasted yow time at
collegeondlet your chancesslzp throughyourfin-
gers. slip thmugh the 'net when sbFsth slips
thmugh the net, an organization or a system
falls to findthem and deal with them:Wetried to
contact all lheJormm students, but wmedipped
lhrough thenel.
,slip 'up{war ath) (informcl0 to make a careless
mistake: Islipped upowr #wda& of them&ing.
o He slipped up in his mkukztlons,o Weslipped
up there.ddn't we?
+v+adu
t 'sllpup n lirlformtrl)a careless mistake: One
small slipupmuldmt ustheektion.
slob/sl~b:dmEslmb~
(-bb-)
,slob a'roud'ovt,,$lob a'round sth (BrE,
slang)b spend time bang lazy and doing noth-
m
p
:Wejust sbbbed aul infmnl of the teily last
nrghi.oAre you going t
a sbb wound in your
pyjamcrsall marwing?oI &tided loslob wound
ihemmpsiteinstadofgoingswimming.
e v t a d v r v+prep
,sloga'way(at sth) (tnformar)
to work hard and
steadily at sth, especially a boring or difficult
task, for a long time: He shggcd a m y at that
mporifor weeks.
+v+adv
,slogH 'wt(BrE,irlformal)=SLUG ITOUT
,dog 'through 8
t
h(informal)to work haml and
stead* at nth, especially a boring or aimcvlt
task, fora longtime:Iseem tohawdewrsbgging
throughthisW kfor weeks.
+v + prep
.slop a'bwtra'mund1(In 8th)lo€ a liquid) to
move around in a container, offen so that some
liquid comesover the edge: Waterwarr sloppirag
about in the bottom of the k t . E 9slosh
amundlabaut2(In8th)tomwe amundin water,
mud,etc:Shesloppd around intbmlingwatal:
slosh aroundlam 3 (BrE,i?@rml,
dis-
approurng) to spend timerelaxing or being lazy:
Slw used lo slup around all day in old jeans and
swwlsharts. EE)slouch about/-nd ( B t o ,
hangaround
+v+adv
,slop 'out (Brm when prlsonea 8lop out, they
empty theccmtainersthat they useastollets
@v+adv
,slop'over;,slop'marsth(of aliquid) to mwe
around in a container somuch that someliquid
comes out over the edge: Some iea hod shpped
ouerintoIhesamr o Watwslop&ouer theedge
of thehuth.
Q v+adv r v+prep
slopeislaup;AmEslmp/
,slope 'off(BrE,in@rmnt)
togo awaJr especially
w~thout
being noticed, in order to avoid doing
work, talking to sb, etc: H
e alwys slopes ofl tf
thew's any work to be done.o Wherew
eyou try-
ingtoslopeoflto?
*v+sdv
,slosh a'round (also ,slosh a'lrrmt apcfntly
BrE) (In sth) (irbformal)1(of a llquid) to move
around nolslly i
n a container: The water was
sloshing abut in the bucket. slop
ahuUamund 2 to mow around noisily In sth
Eiq~ud:The chi[dmweresloshing around in the
puddh. EB@ slop boutl la round 3 (Rrm
(especially a€ money) to be present in large
quantities: Thereseemsto be W o Jm
o
w slosh-
ingaround inpmfessionnltennis.
&v+actv
,slot 'In;,slot 'Into sth if sth d
o
t
sin or s
l
o
t
s
lnto sth,it fits easily and exactly into a $woe,
especially thespacemadeordesignedforit:This
blt shfsin neatlyjllsl hm?.
o Thrsprece is meant
to sht into this grooue. o(&urntiw) E cbidn't
understand everythingat the lime, but btet rt all
slottedhloplace.
~CeakO
SLOT STH IN,S W T STH INTO STH
Qv+adv + v+prep
,dot sbisth 'Into managetofindatime to see sb
ortodo sth: Imn slotyouin lomorrowatfolour
EBB fit sWsth In
Qv+n/pron+a& + v+adv+n
,$Id sth 'in;,sld 9th 'into sth to put some-
thing into a space that is available or designed
for it: He slotted a coln into the hahiachine.o I
$
R
urntive) Thefinalpieces of the puzzle had been
slotted into plum and I understand what was
happening
+We a h SLOT IN,SLOT INTO STH
Q v +nlpron+a& + v+adv +n + v+ nlpmn+prep
,slot te'gethec ,slot A and B tongether
if
two th~ngsslot together, or sb sloh them
together, they fit together easily and exactly:
The base cumes in two secihm that srmply slot
to+yihero T h e p mamp w t ready to he shl-
red l o g e t k
@v+edv + v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n
,slouch a ' h W r w n d ; ,slouch a'boutr
a'roundsth(BrE,disappmvrn@ tospendtime
relaxing or belng lazy: He slouches around all
day rendingcomics. oShe wasted the d
w slouch-
ing~bout
thehouse.
E
T
Qslop abouffamund(Brh'),hangaround
+v+adv 4 v+prep
sloughlslnfl
,sloughsth 'off1to removeor get rid of alayer
of dead skin,etc:Sloughofl diyskfnomrr w k .
shed sth 2 (formal)to get rid of sth that
you no longer want: Hewmnot abk losbugh off
the memories the pasl, o Resp~nsibiliIles
ore
not siouglaedoff $0wstljr
Qv+adv+n + v+pmn+adv + v+n+adv(m(rore)
,slow 'down;,slowsblsth 'down(also, a h
'up,,slow sblsth 'uplessfrequent) 1 to go,or to
make sWsthgo, at a slower speed:Slow down, I
can't keep up withyou.o T
h
ebusslowed upas it
89 smashdown
.,..
~........................................................... *
,
,
.
.
.
.
+ ,,.... .......,,."
....,,,.....,,.
approached the junction. o The h w r slowed us
down. o TherooOrmrksareslowing the hqfJic up
in the mornings. 2to l
x less active or develop
more slowly;to make sWsthdothis: He h k s ill,
he shouId slow down.o Themmnqv hslowed
doron,o Thq clatm they mn slow up theageing
P
-
e v + a d v + v+nlpmn+adv + v*adv+n
b 'slowdownn I adecreaseinthe rateof activity
or production: a slowdown in the mommy 2
(AmE)aprotest that workersmakebydoingtheir
work more slowly than usual: The unwn threat-
ewdaslowdownlfthelrdemantdswemnotmf.
,slug f l 'Out (BrEa h ,slog I
t 'out)
(irtfbrmal)ta
fight; to competeuntil sbhas won:Thetwo com-
panimslugged iloutfi~therrshnreof
the market
o The D e m m t s and the Republicans will k
sluggingitout In Nouemkr
Q v+ft+adv
sluicejsim!
,sluice sth 'downrout(especiallyBrm towash
or cleanthesurfaceof sthwith largeamountsof
water: They shim the streets down e m morn-
i q . oAn attendant was sluiczng oui i
& than-
g 1 g rooms.
Qv+adv+n + v+rdpmn+adv
smack/-kl
'smack oi athto seem to contah an unpleasant
altitudeorquality: H t s m m m e n l s ~ k o f
racism.
@ Y * P ~ P
smartenIrma*: AmE 2mwrtnj
,smarten 'up1( a h,sma&n you-U 'up) to
make yourself neater,tidier, or more atmctive:
You need to srnurlen IyourseU) up Woreyou go
out. E
E
)sprweyourself up2(especialhyAmE)
to become more clever and aware of things:
You'll have to smarten up if you u n t lo pms
thoseexams.
@ v + a d v l afsov+pmn+adv
'smartensW&h 'up(especicEllyBrE) to make a
person or a place neater,tidier or more attract-
ive: Thehotel h a beensmorrened rap by the new
owners. o She did her best to smarten her bus-
band lip.
FE)spruce sblrth up
Q v+ adv + n v+ nlpron+adv
smashI S ~ J ~
,smash sth ' d mto make sthfall by hitting it
very hard and breaking it: Tkpoliwdecided to
smash the doordown.
B E door
6v+nlpron+adv v+adv+n

155. smash In 2i
,Smashsth 'intomakeahole insthor destmy it
by hitting it very hard:Thedoll's fmh
a
d
smashad in. o (irlformal) He threntemdlosmash
my k d in(=hit my head very hard).
D d door,W, heedE
E
?bash sth In (infor-
mal, e s ~ h l l y
BrE)
ev+nlpmn+adv4 v+adv+n
,smash sth 'upto damageor destroy sth byhit-
tlng ~tvery h a dA bunch o
f thugs bmke in rsnd
s m h a d the p h up. 0 He smashed his mr up
last uwek(=he had acrash).
EGi car,Zhlngs, place
Qv+rdpmn+adv v+adv+n
smell/smel/ ( s m * ~ ~ ,
smelled,BrEaLw
smelt. smell /smelt/)
'smell of 8th to have the smell of sth:The baby
smelIed o
f m p and milk o Can put your c&-
aretteout?Tdon't rmnt my mrnmllinguf smoke.
O v + m
come uplout of 8th mdllng of 'msw
(informa0 to still have a good reputation, even
though youhavebeen involved in sth that might
have givenpeople abadopinionof you
,Smell slNsth 'out1tobe awareof feac danger,
trouble, etc. Ln a situation. He could smell out
w e u k m inofhers. 2(of dogs)todetect sblsth, by
smelling: Thedogsuretrained tosmeIiou1drugs.
,avH, sniW sblrlh out
+v+adv+n 4 v+ri/pmn+adv
,smell sth 'out(Bra(AmE,smetlsth 'up)tom
a place with anunpleasant s
m
e
l
l
:Thatfih m l t
the wholehouseout.
IZF) stlnk 8thout(Rrm,stlnksthup0
Qv+nlpron+adv+ v*aW+n
smile/marl/
'smile OnNpOn a h t h v o m l or I&#emiy)
if
fortune, fate, etc. smiles on you,you are very
lucky and suc&ul: Fortune smiled on us that
night and theplune landedsnleiy.
+ S W U ~ P R O W ~ ~
ON SBlSTH
*v+ prep
smoke/smauk;AmEsmwk/
,SmDkesbMh 'out1to makesWsthmmewtof
aplace by filling it with smoke: Themisllsed lo
smokethe k sout.3tofind sblsth that iscausing
a problem; to make sth that is secret publlcly
known: The police are determined lo m k e out
theleaderso
f thegang.
+v +adv +n + v+nlpron+adv
smooth/smwb/
,smooth s t h a'wayroutto rededuce or remove
problems and diRiculties: Thegroup was set up
to smooth n m y local d@kulties. o His anxieties
wrequickly smoothedaw
@v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
,smooth s
Q
h "down to make your hair or your
clothes smooth and flat with your hands.. He
smlheddown hishair
EZlI halr, skirt
Qv+adv+n + v+rrlpmn+adv
,smoothsth 'out1tomakesthsuchasapieceof
pppr or cloth smooth and flat with your hands:
She trtad so s m l h our the cnvnplad ktlec E E
WblklOS, p a p r 2 = SMOOTW STH AWAY/OUT W
e
are here los m t h out anypmicalproblems.tor
you. E
3
ldifferences, problems
+v+adv+n t v+nlpmn+adv
,smooth sth 'over to make a problem or diff-
cnlty seem less serious or easier to deal with,
especiallyby talking to the people im1ved: She
&red lo calm her mmrs down and smwth
things o m ,o The lIeaders managed io smwth
overWkdifferem.
F
E dlffamnew, things
+v+adv+n + v+n/pmn+a&
snack/snek/
'snack on sth to eat mall amounts of fmd
between or instead of meals: It's healthier ro
snackonfruil mlherthanc b h t e .
Qv + prep
,snap'back(intosth)(AmEj (i?formaO=BOUNCE
BACK [FROM S T H ) ~ ~
the tniiiatshmk, h e m n
snapp?dbmkoShampp?dhwkmmherdnfly
mutine swnuftm the opemlion.
racomrI fmm sth)
Q v+adv
,SnapBth'outtosay sth inasharporunpleasant
way: Theser@ntsnapp8doutanorder
Snap sth can be used with this mming:
Sl~e
snapped a n s w i o n s tothe lecura.
Qv+adv+n + v+pron+adu v+n+adv(ksfrp
q w l ) v+adv+spe%dr
,snap'outof &h;,snapsb 'outot sth(lnBr-
ma0 to make yourself, or help sb else, stop feel-
i
n
g upset, in a bad m o d , etc.; to wake up from a
day dream: Comeo n Joe.Stlap our of it. oShe
wassmppfoulo
f her m r i e bythe soundof the
doorofinlng.
&v+adv+pmp * v+nlpmn+adv+prep
,snap'to l4 (i@ormaR uwdtotellsb tostartwork-
1 n ~
harder ormorequickly:Thisplace bus 60k
clean by fhisewnlnglcosnnptoit'
+v+prep+~t
,Snap SbMh 'upto buyor seizesth quickly and
eagerly: Fans quickly snnpp?d up #hetickets, o
(figurnlive) Hewcrssnap@ up by Unrted
6v+adv+n + v+nlpmn+adv
,snarl 'up;,snarlsth'upif sthsnarlsup,or sth
snarls It up. ~tbeoomes so confUsed, twisted,
etc.that nopart of ~tcan mow:Thedog's -got
s w M up sn a bush.o TheM c snarls up a
E
$hot junction awry evening. o The mident
snarledup thp-fir thewholeday
Snarl 8th up is often used in the passive
wlthgel: Thecrlycentregetssmrladupwithlour-
isrsin thesumnet
&v+adv + v+adv+n v*nlpron+&
r 'snarlup n ( B E , irlforml) a situation in
which trafficisunable to move
match/snets/
'match at sth 7 to try to takehoId of sth:SRe
snalched at the letter in hlshnnd 2 (BrE)totake
an opportunity to do sth eagerly and quickly:
Theysnatchedat ihecRrrnwto behappy.
ev + prep
sneak/snkk/
Theusualpast form issneaked,but muck
is now very common in W o r d speech in
American English andsome peopleuseit in Brit-
ish Englishtoo. However,many people consider
it incorrect and it should not be used in formal
writing.
,sneak 'up(on nb)toapproach sbvery quietly, w
that they do not see or hear you until you reach
them: He Iows sneaking up on me i
o scare ma.o
Shesnuck up behind them andsuaXenIyshouled.
Q v+adv
sniff/snrf/
,mnlff a'mund;,anW a'mund sthrsb (BrE
olsa ,sniff "mund,,snW "
r
o
u
n
d sthlsb) (infor-
mal)to go somewhere totry to find secret infor-
mation about dhlsb or to look for a particular
person or thmg: Repmnlatrws from thstudIo
weresnmng aroundfor new lalent. oIt won't be
Iong before the press mme snifing around the
dub.
+v+adv*v+prep
'sniff at d h (ii@rmO toshow alack of interest
in or resped for sth:AtJrsl he snfled of herfor-
eignmays.
e
' V+PWP
E
E
inot to be ' m Wat I i ~ r m n B
good enough
to be acoepted or consided seriously: H
e
r
achrevementis not tobesnrffeat.
,snm s'bisth 'out 4 (especially of dam) to h d
sbrsth by smelling: T
h
e
s
e dogs mn snfl out
srplostm ,avH, smell sblatho u t 2 ( z n j o m ~
to
find lnforrnation about sblsth: jownalisls
t m i d lo sntfJ' out a senwrfron or rr scandal o
They're quich fas n w out a deception.D no-
lthwl
@v+adv+n 4 v+nlpron+abv
n soak up
.................................... ~....................................... ..........--..
,,..-
....,....,
,snltf 'round:,snW 'round 9th (Brm=SNIFF
AROUND, SNIFFAROUND STHlSB
be/gd ,snowed'Inrup to beunableto go any-
where or leave a place because of heavy snow:
WegotsmwPd infor thraedays.
4 belget+v*adv
belget ,snowed 'under (wkh sth) to have so
much work that you haveproblemsdealingwith
~ t :
We'resnowedunder with workat themomrit.
Q belget+v +adv
&/get , s n d 'up01 = sE/GGAT SPIOWRD
tu~up2 (of a mad, etc.) to betbetame blocked
w ~ t h
snow: Thedriwwsywrrsstillsnodup.
@ betget+ v+ adv
snuff
,snuff sb 'out(ep&ulIyAmB to k
i
l
lsb:He was
snytxedout by theM@.
@ v+n/pron+adv 4 v+adv*n
,snuff sth 'out 1to stop a flameh m burning:
She snt@ii& out #hemndles.E
Q candie, name
Snuff sthcana hbeused with thismean-
in^. 2 (mrrften)
to suddenlyend or destroy sth:A
moment of mindless violence snuffedout h.k life.
o The revolution was quickly snIc(fed out. ESi
Ilfe,h o p
+v+adv+n c v+prm+adv 4 v + n + a d v ( h
fwwnt)
,snuggle 'down to make youmIf warm and
mmCortable in your bed: He snuggld down and
lwnt tosleep.
@ v+adv
,snuggle 'up(Wagalnat &
!
a
h
)
, ,~nuggle
'Up
(in 8th) t~ get into a warm and comfortablepos-
ition closeto sbtsth or in sth: Shesnuggled rrp io
hrrn on the sqfa.oI
'
d hue 0 snug& ~ r p
in hd
right now!
F3cuddleup (Wagalnstsb)
&v+adv
,soak'Fn;,soak 'Into sth(of a liquid) to pass
into sth:Apply the oil to the wotdand h v e it to
soak in. 0 Thewinehadswkedinia themrw.
+v+& + v+prep
,soak Wthmugh; ,soak 'through sth (ofa
liquid) to pass into or through 8th B W had
waked through the bandage.
g v + a d v r v+prep
,soak sth 'up1to take i
n or absorb sth,espe-
cially a liguld: Use a pzpzr lowl lo sorJr Up the
wcess oil. o r n t i v e ) Thefarmers soak w (=
use up) £1 billion of gowrnment aid ayea,: BEQ
water, debts2 to absorb sth into your senses,

156. your body or your mind: ~a walked amuM the sortlsa* ,4inEsant/
*Own swkUngup Ihe ,sort sb 'OM(lqformat, espmblly B r a to deal
the atmosphem
absorb8th(moref3rmal) with sb who has been causing tmuble: Theysent
v+adv+n + v +nlpron+ a h(Iessfrequent) thelndsrouradtosonhimout
deal wHhsb
soberl'swbalrk~mE'wr1 Qv+rdpmn+adv r v+a&+n
. -.
, - - .,
.-. - - - - ,
,sort sblyOumelf 'out(BE,it&rmat) 1to find
,sober 'up;,sobersb 'uptobecometortomake a solution to sb'slyour ownpmblems,etc:Itm k
sb,no longer drunk: Idffi&d lo mlk h
,months lo sort hemif out after #hediuom.
sober up,0 I rmd a b b k mfllee t
osober me w. o HH,
was so upset it 6wkusan b u r $0mlm him
( h 7 m r i u ~
apeCbll~
BrE) we bwM at do, andmrt him out. BE) stratghton sblywr-
m h t Lmm but *n UP (= became MK out2toorganizesbor ynussplf.You i d the
ser~ous)
when wesawhis w ~ e ! ~ w m i o m r and I'll sort the kids out. oShe's in k r m m
&v+adv v+nlpmn+adv v+adv+n sort@kne(f outfor thetrip(= packingclothes,
,sock sfh a h y(AIM, irbformu0tosavemoney
by putting it in a bank or by buylngshares in a
company,etc: She ofready tam $5DOmked away
for college. o Hemhoway half his salaryeumy
monthfor theh
o
w
.
E
mmonq
v+adv+n v+nlpmn+adv
'sock It to sb (i@rml or hunwrous)usedto
encourage sb to do or say sth that will have a
strong eEect,for examplebefore an Interview, a
sports game, etc: You'll befine. Jwt get in there
a n d m k ifY
o them
Sackit tosbj
snot usedinthepassive.
Q v+1t+prep
sod/ s a d : ~ m ~ ~ ~ d l
(a)
etc).
& v + n i ~ + a d v
,sortsb 'outwlth sth(*bfwmal,~pcful@BrE)rE~
toprovidesb w~thsomething
they need:I'msure
wemnsortyouout withsomedryclothes.
&v + rdpmn+ adv +prep
,wrt sth 'out 1to put sth in order; to tidy and
organizesth: Ispent theoprmnsorlingout my
stud3 room,atuff2(esmhllyBrElt
oorgan-
m or arrange s2h.F h t you have to sort out a
IUD* permit. 3(wmi~lly
f3r.Qto decideonsth:I
fmd tosort out whutchthato take withmeon the
trip. Eldetails, priorltlesmIn this meaning
sortsth out is usually used w ~ t h
question words
such a
s what, *re, etc. 4 to solve a problem:
W@'uesorted t h e p m h h out. EEipmblem, meas
5 (fmm sth) to separate sth from a larger group:
50rI out the r@pears from the rest.o sorted
,sod A,shwl-toteU sb togoaway: o ~ t ~ ~ c l o t h e s
IhatshdMn'twenranymore.
Justsodoffa n d b min-! ~v+nlpmn+adu
+ v+adv+n
@v+adu
'
e
d
n (BrE,Ir(form0anactof arranging
or oman~zim
things in a neat and tidv way and
softenr s n f n ; ~ m ~ ~ m ~ gettingr ~ d
ofthin& you don't want
,sort Itsen 'out (esjmiallv Bra if a problem
,mfien gb 'UP(*rfwmnto tryto make& more sorts itself out, It stops being a problem with-
willing to do sth for you by being very to out anyne havmg to do anything: He w k e up
them first:I k m w ~ u ,
YQu'reiwlt w n gmm@n feeling ill, but thought ihe problem would soon
me up!o They mftened the m&rsup with prom- sort riser out.
iwtheyh d no~ n W i o n
o
f keeping. m!~
work ~wlf
aut
m
tsb up &v+oron+adv
- .
@u+adu+n v+n(p~on+adu
,sort 'through8th to look througha numberof
,mmn s m h 'up to make an enemy weaker thing either Inorder to find a particular thing
and easler to attack: It'll take t h afew or to put them in groups:Slnemrt& through her
bruiseslosolen him w o TheartilIery wardrob for something lo wear:o They sorted
tosoflen up theadvancingenernj thmueh thousandsaf o!d~hotos
saldierl.wuld3a(r):~m~'90ul-1 sound!saund/
,soldier 'on(mM
t
h
E to wntinue with 5th You ,sound 'off (abut ah) (iqfoml,dhppmuing)
arc doing although it is dlflicult or unpleasant: to express your opinions loudlyor in an aggres-
ShesoId~redon
with thehemum1nspffeOfherper- way: HCshouId &k hisfacfs Woremud-
somlproblems. o IZA having do midim on Q b M ingo
f likei
&
.
sinceBrlI kfl. @v+&
&v*adv
273 speak out
.............................................. ~
~......~.......~.......................
~..................................
,round rblath 'Out (aboutton sth) to try to dl%
cover sb's views,opinions,etc. on sth,especially
inanindirectway:Iwarrl losoundhimoutabout
apmrblejoh o Weshouldsoandout opintomO
n
thesechanges.
+v+adu+n v+pron+abu + v+n+adv(less
fwuenl)
souplsuql
,soup sth 'up(iqfomn if you soup upa car,a
computer,etc,,you makechangesto itsothat it is
more pawed or excrtlng: He makm a Uuing
buying oidmrsandsouplng them ulx
&v+adu+n v+pron+actv r v+n+adv(hs
fmmo
c 'aoup&up mfj [onlybefore noun](
i
m
r
m
a
0a
souped-upcar,computer, etchbas been changed
to make it more powerfhl or exciting: a souped-
upM ~ n i
spacelspersl
,space 'out: ,space sb 'out (slang,
mwcklly
AmE)to be confused, unable to think dearly, or
not aware of what i
shappening around you, for
exampleasaresult of takingdrugs;toput sbina
state like this: I was s
u
p
@ to met herfor
lunch but J sprced out andforgot o The dm@ I
r
u
m taking for my illness spaced me out so I
couldn't think clear&.
+v+a& + v+ nlpmn+adv
F ,spaced 'wt a& (shng)confud, unable to
think clearly and not wmpletely conscious of
what is havwnlng around you, for example
,spark 'up (informal) I if you spark up a
conversation, a debate, a ftiendship, e
t
c
.
, you
startone,oftensuddenly:lsot down besideHelen
andtridhspwkupa wnvemtion withher 2to
addinterest or excitementtosth: Spark uppmtu
disheswithf m h herbs,o Send a cnrd ond $pork
upsomeone's W ,sr*,lplce 5th up 3 spark up
ath, spark IWtkem up to light a Are, etc: {shw)
Timeto spark up acluure!ie.a Vigumtiue) Them
Is nothInR in the book to smrk up the reader's
interest. A noun must come after up, but a
pronoun comesbetween the verband up.
(bv+adv+n + v+proru+adv+ v+n+adv(mm)
speak!SP~-AI
cpasr&O jspauk; A ~ E
spouk/spDken
/'spaukan;A~'spou-1)
'rrpeakforabltostatethewishesorviewsofsb:
to act as arepresentative for sb:Imn't spmkfor
the others, but I'd lovelocorn.o Shespeoksfor a
whnk pnerufhn o
f disillmianed youngsters.
m answerfer sb2 tegiveevidmcetosupport
sb in a courtof law: M m y peoplespokefor her at
the trial.
ev+ prep
DJspeak fur WwUlthsm'selrssif something
speaksfor Itself it i
ssoclear and easyto under-
stand that it doesnot need to beexplained:The
facts speakfor themselves.
,speak for your'setfto express your o mopin-
ion, although you know that others might not
agreew ~ t h
you: Speakimgfor mywlf, I'dpwer
lo go by tram. oHe speaksfor himseu when he
saysweneedasmokingarea.
because of -&king drugs: He sat in the c o r w Qv'p*P"P
bmkingcompIefe!y spaced out. lmZdspeak fo* m y ' ~ l f m & w t l m l m ' a ~ m
,spacesth 'outtoarrangething with aregular
'sews ta expressyour opmion yourself, rather
distance or between them, espeEwy a
tl~an
sb else doing it for you: I can spwk for
myw# thank you f spak for ywt'self Ismken,
large Try spaerng words Out
in~ormrs2)
usedtotellsb thatsththey havesaid is
more On them.
ShouM I s m o u t h e not true of you: We're tired,7 'SpwkJbryour.
feeds over24hours? ~ d f
-Vm finor'
sparkjspd;dmEspmrk/ ner'already: You can forget abut him he's
spokenfor! 2tol~ set aside foraparticular p w
,spa* ~ t h
'0ff1infOmO to musesomethingto pas,: Half the mne~
isatrwrdy swkenfor:
suddenly happen or develop: TIra incident @ be+v+adv
.~orked
off riots moss mww.0 oh resi~- sth Crormol
orliretary) to be wldenoe
nation smrkdoff amlitid crisis. of sth, to suggest sth: Theplclum and ornn-
E E dots,debate,Incident,pnrteat,crlsls m t s in the room spoke of dreams o
f famww
W Spark sth is also used with this meantng:
The Tlrprogmmmsparkeda storm o
f protest.
+v+adv+n + v+pron+adv 4 v+n+adv(!ess
frequent)
,spark 'up if a fire sparks up,it starts to burn
brightlyagainafter a period when it wasalmost
out. TheJimisslil~smok~nga~muIdspark
upnl
any moment.o(fgumtiue) T f ~ y
sparked up (=
became more Ilvelv and interested) when thw
p-ch
ev+ Prep
,speak 'out (agalnwn favour ofion 8th) to say
what you think clearly and publicly, often criti-
cizing or opposing sblsth, in a way that needs
cot~rage:
Ropie areno longercafmidtos w k out.
o Shespokeoutw i n s t the regime.
@v+adv

157. speak up 214
.---
......................
I
.
I
_ ............................ ~............................*,,..-
t outrpoken d saying openly exactly what
you think, wen if you know other people w
i
l
l
disagree or be offended:Her outspoken vkws
oftenget her in& troubk,
,speak 'up 1 used to ask sb to spak louder:
Plearespmkq-wmn'thearyouattheback. 2
(forsblsthlyoumelfltosaywhatyou think clearly
and freely, especiallytosupportordefend sblsth:
Several piuyers spoke up Jbr their manager o
She3 lmr~ad
tospeak upfor twmIf oIt 3 lime to
speak upabout what Fr happening in our xhook
(= tosay wedonot likeit).
Qv+adu
speedlsptd/ ( s ~ ~ s d ,
speeded, or~pad,
sped)
,speeda'waytb&b leaveveryquickly,usually
' in a vehicle of some kind: The m r spsd away
fmm the house.oShe sped ofl on her bike toget
he!p
EETlSped is usuallyused as the p s t tense and
past participleof thisverb.
v*8&
,speed 'up:,speed8th 'upto start to move or
happen faster; to make sth do this: The tmln
started lo sp& up o Farkang restrIclions w m
introduced 0 try lo speed u p the twtXc.o Thev
worked slowby at s
&
i
w .up & they g
;
used lo it. o The n m loolh r on thescreen Mn-
iteiy speedi things up.
S m d e d is used asthe pasttense and past
partlcipleof thisverb.
@v+adv v+adv+n* v+nlpmn+abv
,spew 'up;,Spew Sth 'up(BrE,slang)tobring
food fhm the stomach back out through the
mouth:H e s p e w upall owrmyjacker.
,srrr,throw up,throw ath up:lmmlt,vomM nth
(moreform0
+v+adv * v+n/pron+advr v+adv+n
spiceI S P ~ S ~
,spicesth 'uptoaddspicetofoodinordertogive
it more flavour and make it more Interesting:
Cassemteswnhspicedup withuthhof t n W
sauce. o Ifipldmtive)Heexug~eroied
thedelalk io
spiceuplheslory.
,spiff 'up;,spH y0umW 'upWmE,
mnforrrml) to make sblsthlyourselC look more
attractive:Wewent hometoRefsp#M upfor the
p a w o Here are mme wrsv ways to splr up
spmdsheets.
@v+adv+n r v+nlpmn+edv+ v+n+adv(lass
frepwnt)
,spill b
o
d
;,spill 'od of sth T to accidentally
flow out of a container:The contentsof her h g
spilkd out everywhm. o Watar had spilkd out
onto iIhelroob2 to comeout in largenumbersar
amounts: Thetheatre m
L
u
d
Fspillad out onto the
pouement. o The children spilled out into the
spell/spel/ (=pelt,s-lt /$pelt/orspe~led, yard.EE)pourout,pourout d 8th
@v+adv
s~elled)
. ,
,spell sth 'out 1to make sV1 clear and easy to
tmrierstand:to explain sth in detail: His w n s
for leaving are spit out in deLrr~i
in his Letter o
Surely I don't haw lo spell B outP(= it should be
obvious)2tosayorwritethelettersd a word i
n
the correct order: huld you spell t h t wrd out
firmagain- Spell sthisusuallyused with
thismeaning.
@l
v+adv+n v+pron+adv * u*n+adu(lm
f.*~l,onll
,Spew but;,spew sth 'Outto f
l
o
woutquickly
In largeamounts;tomakesthdothis:law spew
mngoutorpra wlmnoofurnessmwed outbycars
a& tmh
Spew andspewstharealsousedwiththis
meaning:n wIcamspewingcloudpof ash
6w+adv + v+adv+n4 v+nlpron+adv
,spill 'out:,spillsth *outto tellsba m t , your
fears, worries, etc. in a hurried and unplanned
way: When she star6ed to speak,the wordsjust
c
a
mspilling out. oShespiiledoul hertroabfes
i
% hermrenfs.
Qv*adv 4 v+adv+nr v+nlpmn+adu
,spill'Over{lntoAoah)tostart inonesituation w
areaand thenhaveaneffectonanothersituation
or in another area: Unrest has wilt over into
areus outside the c@ o d w spilled over into
t~hlell~e
Ut p~ia&@~'s
dmnstmtwnoHer
ex~i.temtspfEkdoverOthemtof
thegroup
+v+adv
t 'mrspllln (U1[sing.] (BrEjpeoplewho move
fmma townor citybecauseitis toocrowdedand
go and live somewhere else: towns mere
built to h o w ouersplIl populatiol~sfmrnthe big
cities.
t 'splllarw lITj1somethingthat istoolarge
or too much for the place where it starts and
spreads to other places: a spilhver of riots o a
spillow rwmfbr guests andfriends (= a room
275 aplwh down
,.....,,,.....,..
..-...,.......
where eKtra guests and friends mn go) 2 the
results and effects of sth that have s p m d to
other situations or areas: 0 t h m r t s muld
ben&ffram the spfI[over(of tourists}. ospillover
efl~~slbenefrn
,spill'over;,spill 'wer I htoilowovertheedge
of a container that is too full:The WOW
spilw
owr the rim of the ghs.0 H
e
r Wfe smfder1$
sp~iledouer (- she started to cry),o The
were spilling ouermm the shops onto the m
w
r
u
e
-
spiritlnsprrrtl
,spirit sbtsth a'wayfoff (
t
o 8
t
h
) to remove
sblsthquickly,secretlyoras if by maglc:H
etlms
spirited away by his friends wore the m
l
o
l
i
c
e
arrrved.oAn erwrmoIIs amount of m o w had
k e n s@irfiMaway inonly luxl months.
ev+ntpmn+advr v+adv+n
spit/sPlt/ (.prmras,sPat, watl w t l orspw
t i n a . s p l t , r u i t , e s ~ l l v A d
meats o (figumtiue) HLT emotwm suddeniy -
spirledouer ,spit it but (spoken) used to tell sb to reveal a
@v+adv* v+prep plece of information ortosay sth whentheya n
feelingnervous or unwillingto speak:Comeon.
spin/spm/~spfnn~ng,
spun. spunIsp~nl)
,spina'round; ,spin sturpth a'roundW E a h
,spin 'round,.sphsblsth 'rwnd)9 to turn very
quicklytoface in theopposite directLon;to tUrn
sblsth in this way: Shejummd when she heard
hernameandspun around lo- Ihespeakm oHe
spun her mund toface him. 2 to turn roundand
roundquickly;tomakesthdothis: Tlnepmpzlkr
srarted to spin amund, o The room Sma?d to be
spzmingm~nd,
o tospfna bail/coin
+v+adv r v+nlpron+adv
,spin 'off(from sth), ,spin sth 'off (fmm sth)
specially BrE, business)top d u wanew &-
uct,material, servlce,etc. that isconnectedwith
sthsuccessfulthat alreadyexists;tobeproduced
in this way: C a h u b n ond diaries spinntnr: off
fmm farnilinr books and TV shorn are almys
.-
popu$t: o # Dlflrent W
o
r
l
d
'was spun 4fJfrom
'TheO ~ b y
Show: o Their rwarcf~
has spun off
many wfuIappiimtions.
+v+adv 4 v+adv+n r v+pron+adv v+n+adv
Irare)
t 'yrln-offn1anunexpectedbutusefulresultof
an activlty that is designed to producesthelse:
commercial spin-offs fmm medim1 research +
spinilff erects2aproductorabook,€hhnwie,
etc. that 1
s b a d on a verg successful book,
Rlmhnovieortelevision&es: 'TheCosbYShoW'
ond i& spin@ # Different World'o a spin-off
mouD
,spinsth 'off(especicrS&AmE,bwi~ess]
tosepsr-
ate part of a company or an organization h.om
the main part in order to form a new one: The
fadfood chain muld be spun off RS a sepamte
mnqpanJt
@v+adv+n4 v+pron+adv + v+n+adv(mm)
,spin5th Wttomakesthlast aslongaspaasible:
I managed lo spin my talk ouf lo on hour oShe
l a a d t o s p i n o u t ~ r m w u n t l l p 4 ~ ~ ~ 1
Qv+adv+n+r+nlpmn+adv
,#pin'round;,spinsbfsth 'roundW
h
'
)
=SPIN
AROUND,SPIN SRISTH .%ROUND
spit itout! Whodid it?
Qv+lt+adv
,spitdh "out1toforcesth outof your mouth:It
tosrtdso had& he had tospit i f out 2to say sth
very angrily: '
M
e
n
!
'
3he spat t k he& out. EECl
word
Qv+nlpron+adv* v+adv+n
2 alsov+adv+speech
,
s
@ 'up;,spit stil 'up(Am@ if ababyspitaup
or spit$ sth up, it brings m
i
l
k back f
r
o
m its
stomachoutthroughitsmouth:Prstthis clothon
your shoulder In case she spits up. o lots of
babiesspit up abitof milk@r.i&ing.
+v+adv 4 v+nlpmn+adv + v+adv*n
,srw,vomr vomltah;
kskk W E )
k ,spIt-upn the m
i
l
k that a baby brings back
outof itsmouth
splashI&$/
,Splasha'bold(mE,=SPLASH AROUND
,splash sth a'bowa'round (informal, e
s
w
cmliy BrE) to spendmoney freely or careIessly:
Hesplashes hit;mgesaboutjwt I v sher
Q v +nlpron+adv + v+ adv + n
,splash sth a'cmwo'ver sth to publish a
photograph,a newsstory,etc inaplacewhere a
lot o
C pwple w~ll
see it, especially in a new%
paper: The m t day her nome rn splash&
acrossall thefmnl pages oI don? UUUUmy p n
wtelifesplash& dl o w the[nhloIds.
Splashsthacrossloversbis&en used in
the passwe.
Q v +nlpron+prep
,splash a'mwnd( B E o h , s m h a a W )(in
sth) to meve about in water lnakiig it flyevery-
where: The chiMmn spkrshed about In the r i w
ali&rnoon.
Q vradv
pplash~ t h
a'round =SPLASH STH ABOUTlAROUHD
,splash ' d m when a s
p
a
- splashers
down, it returns to earth and lands in the
s~a~wean:
The mpsuk phhed down m the
Pacrfic.
+v+adv

158. ~ p b ~ h
out a5
........................................................................................................
b 'splashdmvnn [GIIU1the return o
P a space
craft to earth when it lands in the Wocean:
Splashdwwn is apmtd 300 tilometm west qf
Val&3rufso.
pplash 'out(on sih),,splash 8th 'out( o m r
sth) (iqrtorml)to spend a lot of money on sth:
She splashed out on a new pair of shoes. oWhy
don? wes~lash
out md go outfir a MI? o The
bnnd splashed out lhorrsands of m
u
& on new
epufpmt.o Don'tsplashitall outatom!
+v+actv r v+adv+n r v+pmn+adu + v+n+adv
,splash sth 'over 8th = SPLASH STH ACROSS1
OVER STH
,split a'wayfoff {fmm sth), ,split sth
a'wayl'off(froma h ) to separate from, or l~
separated from, a large objed or a group: The
bmnch had sp1It a w y from the main hunk,o
T h wind split the door awayFom irpfmme. o
Some of the m e m k s split atmy toform a new
party. o OShouIdtheownershipo
f themil trackk
splitofJJromtherunningof t hhein semices?
4v+adv + v+adv*n + v+nlpmn+adv
'splt on sb (
t
osb) ( B E , IWofml)to tell sb in
author~ty
about sth lmd or wrong that sb has
done:Pmmk you luon'tsplitonme.
Dtell on sb
U9v+prep
,spill'upI m h m s
b
)
, ,splHirb'up(iqrtarml)
toend a relationshipor a mmage; tomaketwo
people stop having a relationship with each
other:He low me he had spilt up wflhhis girl-
friend. o Theh n d split up at the heightof their
fume. oMyfriend isdoingher h
t tosplit Maria
and meup.
ESj break up (wfthsb),b& sb up
Qv+achr + v+nlpmn+sdv + v+adv+n
,split 'up(lnto ah), ,splitsW1b 'up(Intoah)i
f
a group of people or a farnlly splits up, or sb
splits it up, the members separate and do not
stay together:Wesplit up intogroups lo discuss
the question. 4 Theclassmsplit upintogoups.
o WegotspIlt upin themwd.
ssvu)break up,b m k sblsth up
e v + a d v r v+Wpmn*adu v+adu+n
,split ath "p (Into 8th) to dividesth intosmaller
parts: The dny was split rap into 6 omhour
classes,o Wesplittheprofitsupbetweenus.
@v+nlpmn+sdv + v+adv+n
spoil/spd/IspolW, W l e d Jspoddl,BrE
alsosp0llt spoilt Isp3rltl)
'spoilfar 8
t
hlinformal)Ionlyusedinthepmgrm
siue t e r n )to be very eager to fight sb: He ~ v a s
spoilingfor apght.
aflght
Q V + P ~ ~ P
spongels~nnag/
,SpongesbMh 'downtowashsWsthwItha wet
clothorasoflmaterial:Ispongedthemtdownl~
remove the mud, o She tried sponging the baby
down lo bmr hisiemperatum
~v+nlpmn+adv
r v+adv+n
'spongeoff sb(also'qpongsonsblessfreqwnl)
(imrmai,dlsoppmuing) to get money,food,etc.
fromother pwpIe, without doing anything for
them oroffering topay.He'scvnstantlv sponghg
flhbfliends.
Qv + prep
,spongesth 'oft*
,spongezth 'off sth (esps-
cmlbBrEltoremweamarksomedirt,etc.w~th
a wet cloth or a piece o
f a son material:R was
itApossibl@t
o smwe the m r k oEo 1muIdo't
smwetheslainofl my d m .
@ v+nlpron+adv * v+adv+n + v + n l p m n * m
'spongeon sb =SPONGE OFF SB
,spout 'off,'oa (about 8th)(hformal,d i s a p p m
ing) to talk about sth in a boring or annoying
way: He's always sfluting ofl aabot the 5ehm
iourof youngpeople todw.o Whatareyou smut-
ing onabout now?
Qv+adv
sprawl/spr~:i/
,sprawl'odtosit orliedownwithyourarmsand
lepsspreaa outinarelaxed or awkward way:He
mme horna d j u tspr~~~ledout
onthesola.
W Sprawl is used more frequentlywith the
samemeaning:Tbmspmwkdin thearmhuil:
Qu+adv
spread~ ~ p r e d f
( S P ~ ,
~ p d )
,spread 'out 1 to gradually cover a wider area:
Thecrty hasspwd out in&what weti lo bemut-
tryside.o Therippbspreadoutarrossthewater
o Vigmtiwj A brightfuture spmd out wore
him. Spread is also hquently used with
this meaning: Thefields sprmdfir miles along
the rtut.~:
2 (also ,spread y o u r s s b 'wt) to
moveaway fromothersinagroup soastocovera
wider area: Thesearchmay sprwd outover the
mooz oDon't nll sit fogelhez Sprwd yourselv~~
out. Whenthis phrasal verb is used wlth a
reflexivppronoun,the pronoun isalways plural:
ourseIves, yourse(ws or themselves. 3 (also
,spread ywmetf 'out) to stretch your bcdy or
arrange your things wer a large area: Thew's
more room to sp& out in bus~ness
c h , o l
k
you haveiospreadyourseW out all overthesofa?
0I v+adv
2,s alsov+ pmn+adv
, a p d 'ovt:be ,spread 'outto wver a wide
area: The ualky s p d out hneath us.o W
e
hkeddownat thecrty sprwdout Mow us.
This verb 1s onen used in descriptionsof
crt~cs,
views, etc. Spread and be spread are
also h-equently usedwiththismmning:ThevaL
Iey lays p d beforew.
Qv+adv be+v*a&
,spread sth 'out'
Ito arrangea grwp of objects
on a surface so that youmnsee them allclearly:
Spread out all thepiem by%reyou b@ginthejig-
saw O A ! ~
the brochum were s p m d out on the
&or 2 tounfold5thandput it downonaflat sur-
face: They spread the bhnket out on tfiegm. 5
The map had been spread out on the inbk.loarl
map, nswspaper, blanket 3 to stretch your fin-
gers, arms, etc so that they are apart: Theh y
s p d out his arms, prelending lo be an a
e
m
plane" BE arms,hands Spreadsthi
salso
Trpquentlyused with thls meaning.4 (over 8th)
to separatesth mtopartsand arrangethemo w
a period of time or divide them betweendfler-
ent people: Themst can be spread out o w bum
years. Q I'll try los p d out thework evenly. E d
cost,work ISYO dlvldesth (morelormf)
Spread sth (aver sth)is also frequently
wcd with t h ~ s
meaning:I'uynzentswn bespread
(ov~rfivayears).
&v+n/pron+adr + v+adu+n
,spreadyourself 'out=SPREAD o m 3
,spready0uR3el- 'Out=SPREAD OUT 2
springI S P ~ J
(sprang~sprre~~rprung
Ispmul.ArnEab sprung,sprung)
'spring for sth (AmE, slnng) to pay far sthfor
other people:fllspringfor lunch.
9V+P~*P
'springfrom sth1(written)tobemusedby sul:
to start from sth: The tdea for the muel sprang
from a lrtp t
o India. o-'on often springs
from fm,:2(Worn@ (usuallyllsed inquestfom)
to appear suddenly or unexpectedlyfrom some
where: Whereoneunhdidyou springfrom?
e'v+ prep
'springsthon sb tosuddenlydo,sayorsuggmt
sththat people donotexpect:f hatetosp'ng this
onyou atsuchshorl notice.o Theywereplanning
tospring a surprmeonus.o Ididn't knowa thing
aboutRob'snew job until he spmng it on rnthls
morning
*v + ntpmn+ prep
,spring 'upto apwr, dwelop, grow etc quickly
or sufldenly: Weeds m s
m
w
i
n
g UP every-
~uhere.
oSeumI newmfffspmng up inthe a m
oA cool breeze had sprung up. o New idushies
mspringing upolI ouerthecountry
+v+adv
spruce/spmsl
,spruos sblath 'up;,spruce youmelf 'upto
make s b / s W y o ~ ~ ~ e I f
tldy and clean:Wespruced
up the mom with a mat of paint, oHe spnroad
h i m v upjiortheinleruieul
2 3 3 martenup,martenm
l
f~rp;
smarton sblsth up
+v+adv+n v+pron+adv * v+n+adv(lesr
Iwuent)
,spur sb 'On(to sthttode sth)to encouragesbto
act inaparticular wax especiallytoworkharder
or to !
I
Y to achieve sth:Her difj5cult childhood
spurred her on tos d . o Hi$parerlls'enmur-
agenaent spurred him on So gmter @om. o
Spurred on by thisu r c l o ~
we went on lo win the
champiomhlp.o T
h
e
i
rshouts of mmuragemenf
spurred uson.
E33enwursgmrb
Spur sb on is oAen usedi
nthepassive:He
wasspurred on by hywhope. Spursb followed
by an ~nfin~tive
or a phrase beginning with a
preposit~onis also used with this meaning:His
critrcmnspur& me lohy harder
@v+nlpron+adv + v*adv+n
,spurt 'Out, ,spurt 'Out of sth;,spurt 8
t
h
'out;,spurtsth 'out of sthtocomeoutof sth
in a sudden or fast stream; topour outa sudden
fast streamof liquid ortlames:WaierspurledouI
OJ thehole.o Thewhnowasspurlingoul riuers
of moltenlam
+v+adv v+adv+prep 4 v+edv+n *
v+nlpron+a& 4 v+nfpmn+adv+pep
spy/spar/(~plsq
m
n
g
,
Wd.s P W
'spy on s M h ( a h 'spu upon sblrth more
forman to watch sbMh m t l y : He hi& a
detectivetospyonhiswi(e.
W Spy on sblath ran be used inthe passive:
He knew heuxls king spkdm.
Q v + P ~ ~ P
,spy 8th 'out(BrE)to go mmewhere secretlyto
tryto hdoutinPormation:I~~~idear~y
tospy
out the lund (= collect informationbeforedecid-
ing what do do). oHe studied the and spied
outthequtcM mut'?.
@v+adv+n v+pron+adv * v+n+a$v(m>
,squarestf~
a'wayylrnE)tognishdealingwith
sth;to put 8th inorder: Werwerd loget eumylhing
squaredawy Wornyouleave.
=Square sth away i
s &n used la the
passlve.
Q v+nlpmn+adv + v+adu+n

163. , d c k Sth 'O* ,Stick8
t
h 'Out of sthtomake
sth,especiallyprtof yourbcdgcomethrougha
hole: If you wunt to turn right, stick out your
hand. oIsluck my hmd outof the w i m w losee
what ~ v a s
hapjmm$.
E
F
Z
I heed, tongue p k e rth out, poke sth
out of sth
Qv+edv+n v+nIpm+adv +
v+dpmn+adv+prep
stick rolrr 'neck out(irsfbmbto do or say
sth when there k a risk you may be wrong:I'm
going tostrck my nwk outand say that we'll have
adry summer
,stick ltrsth'outZomntlnuedoingsthdiffirmltor
boringuntilit isRnlshed:I&nl likebeingonmy
own, But 111 stick it out until my p e n i s mme
back.o I'm omnzedthatsk'sshackthemurseout.
v +nlpron+a&
,stick 'out for 8th (BrE, Wfonmi) to r
e
& to
glue u p until you get what you want: T
h
e
y
'
r
e
stickingorrtforahigherpoyrise.
EZJ holdout lor sth
@ v+ adv +prep
,stlek 'through: ,stick 'through sth if sth
sticks thro~igh
or sticks through sth, It goes
from one sidp of sth to the other and ~ti
spartly
outside:Hrs hmdrvosstickrngthmughthemilings.
e v + a d v + v+prep
'stick to 8th 7 to conthue doing 9th even if it i
s
dfficultor you have problems: HeJbwd it dm-
cull lostick lo ndfPL +seeo hSTICK WITHSTH 1;
STAY WITH STH2 to continue doing or using sth
and not want to change it:I'm strckingtomy prp
vious statement.o That's h
e
r story and she's
Stick* fo it. +See a h STICK WlTH STH 2 3 tO
kwpinside thelimitsofaparticularsubject,etc:
I'm not inwaled inyouropiraiorts-just stkk i
o
thefacls.
QV+PP
Dlstick to ywr 'pns torefimto change your
mind about sth even whenotherpeople are try-
lng topersuadeyou that youarewmng
,stickto'gether(iaformal)1 toremam fmndly
and loyal toonemother;to support eachother:
Thefarnr!y shouM sick together at a time like
lhfs.o The children fmm the village tend& lo
stick dogether 2 ItnfornrclO to stay physically
closeto each other:Let's aI[sf&k together until
tuefindtheZ#yOU.+ % t 7 b S T l C K WlTH SR 1.
@v+adv
,stick8th Wgethertoattach thingsor partsof
thingsto each other:Cutout theshnpesandstick
themtogahertomnkea bird.
&v+nlpmn+adv * v+adv+n
,stick 'up to point upwards;to be upright: The
b m h was sticking up out of thewaler oIsmy
hairsrickingup?
Q v+adv
,stick 'uplAmE,iqbrrna0 =HOLD SB/STH
UPHestuckupa1ipuorstoreinQmgon.
b 'sHckup n (AmE,i&rmal) an act af robbing
sblsth using a gun: Thfs ~s
a stick-un nohdy
moue!
,stick sth 'up to attach sth to a wall, a notice
board, a window,etc. so that people can see it:
TheyhadstuckuppsLm ewrywhere advertising
theshow ovyouwcmt Cosellyourbi~,e,jwtsttck
a normupin theshopwindow
EE9 put sHl up
+v+adv*n c v+nlpmn+adv
,sticksth 'up;,stick sth 'up stbIinfmmk) to
placesthina hlghposit~on;tomovesthupwards,
e~pec~ally
inside sth: Stick your hand up V you
krw~u
theanswer o Jflstuck hhhanduptheprpe
lo seewhat wasbIockingit.
E
Z
E hand,flngw E 3 plsth up
@v+nlpron*adv* v+adv+n
,stick 'up for sblyoumeHisth (Wrmal)to
support or defendsb, yourself or sth,when they
are being criticized She alwayss t k h upfor her
frttk sister0 You musf stick up for whnt you
believe in. o Don't be so weak -mu should slick
upfur yourself
*v+sdv+prep
'stick wlth sb 1 (Infwmal) to stay physically
close to sb: Stick with me uniil w
g
e
t out of the
f 0 m L +,W
a h STICK TOGETHER 2 2 (iMWm(3b)
to remain in sb's memory:His m
r
d
swill stick
with mefor ever:
eV + P ~
'stickwlth ath(*lformaO1tocontinuetodosth
in spite of difficulties:V uw st&k wlth it .
m
e
slaouMfinish by Ridap oIawk loilk thejob for
asIon8 asIcould, althoughI didn't enjoyit.2 to
continue doing or using sth and not want to
change it: I've derided # st&k with my usual
~plethod.
+ S e t a h S T l C K TO STH 2
@v+vrep
be@& 'stuck wlth W h (jrlroml)to be
forced todo sth,takecareof sblsth,etc, that you
do not want to:How did I get stuck with aB the
claaniw?o IT we'resuck with each otherfor the
taexttwoweds, wemightrmswIl btplile. 0 JgoF
stu