Osteopathic medicine began in the United States with DOs believing in manipulation to positively affect physiology. While early DOs had varying scopes of practice, today all DOs have equal practice rights to MDs. To become a DO requires an undergraduate degree, high MCAT scores, medical school acceptance and training which includes rotations in specialties and primary care. Osteopathic medical schools have grown from 5 private schools in the late 19th/early 20th century to 25 schools today, with some publicly funded to address physician shortages.