The document discusses simple harmonic motion (SHM). It defines SHM as motion where the acceleration of a particle is directly proportional to its displacement and always directed towards the mean position.
Linear SHM is given as an example where the displacement follows a straight line path, such as the motion of a spring-mounted mass. Terms related to SHM like amplitude, period, and frequency are defined. The differential equation of SHM is derived by applying Newton's second law to a mass attached to a spring.
Physics Basic
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Week 3 OverviewLast week, we covered multiple forces acting on.docxmelbruce90096
Week 3 Overview
Last week, we covered multiple forces acting on an object. This week we will cover motion in two dimensions, inclined planes, circular motion, and rotation.
Forces in Two Dimensions (1 of 2)
So far you have dealt with single forces acting on a body or more than two forces that act parallel to each other. But in real life situations more than one force may act on a body. How are Newton's laws applied to such cases? We will restrict the forces to two dimensions.
Since force and acceleration are vectors, Newton's law can be applied independently to the X and Y-axes of a coordinate system. For a given problem you can choose a suitable coordinate system. But once a coordinate system is chosen, we have to stick with it for that problem. The example that follows shows how to find the acceleration of a body when two forces act on it at right angles to each other.
Forces in Two Dimensions (2 of 2)
To find the resultant acceleration we draw an arrow OA of length 3 units along the X-axis and then an arrow AB of length 4 units along the Y-axis. The resultant acceleration is the arrow OB with the length of 5 units. Therefore, the acceleration is 5 m/s2 in the direction of OB. Also when you measure the angle AOB with a protractor, we find it to be 53°.
The acceleration caused by the two forces is 5 m/s2 at an angle of 53°.
Uniform Circular Motion
When an object travels in a circular path at a constant speed, its motion is referred to as uniform circular motion, and the object is accelerated towards the center of the circle. If the radius of the circular path is r, the magnitude of this acceleration is ac = v2 / r, where v is its speed and ac is called the centripetal acceleration. A centripetal force is responsible for the centripetal acceleration, which constantly pulls the object towards the center of the circular path. There cannot be any circular motion without a centripetal force.
Banking
When there is a sharp turn in the road or when a turn has to be taken at a high speed as in a racetrack, the outer part of the road or the track is raised from the inner part of the track. This is called banking. It provides additional centripetal force to a turning vehicle so that it doesn't skid.
The angle of banking is kept just right so that it provides all the centripetal force required and a motorist does not have to depend on the friction force at all.
Inclined Planes
Forces on an Inclined Plane
The inclined plane is a device that reduces the force needed to lift objects. Consider the forces acting on a block on an inclined surface. The inclined surface exerts a normal force FN on the block that is perpendicular to the incline. The force of gravity, FG, points downward. If there is no friction, the net force, Fnet, acting on the block is the resultant of FN and FG. By Newton's second law the net force must point down the incline because the block moves only along the incline and not perpendicular to it.
The vector triangle shows .
this ppt is based on the physics chapter: force and pressure.
you can also see the other chapters on youtube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nejarAzn76A
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Week 3 OverviewLast week, we covered multiple forces acting on.docxmelbruce90096
Week 3 Overview
Last week, we covered multiple forces acting on an object. This week we will cover motion in two dimensions, inclined planes, circular motion, and rotation.
Forces in Two Dimensions (1 of 2)
So far you have dealt with single forces acting on a body or more than two forces that act parallel to each other. But in real life situations more than one force may act on a body. How are Newton's laws applied to such cases? We will restrict the forces to two dimensions.
Since force and acceleration are vectors, Newton's law can be applied independently to the X and Y-axes of a coordinate system. For a given problem you can choose a suitable coordinate system. But once a coordinate system is chosen, we have to stick with it for that problem. The example that follows shows how to find the acceleration of a body when two forces act on it at right angles to each other.
Forces in Two Dimensions (2 of 2)
To find the resultant acceleration we draw an arrow OA of length 3 units along the X-axis and then an arrow AB of length 4 units along the Y-axis. The resultant acceleration is the arrow OB with the length of 5 units. Therefore, the acceleration is 5 m/s2 in the direction of OB. Also when you measure the angle AOB with a protractor, we find it to be 53°.
The acceleration caused by the two forces is 5 m/s2 at an angle of 53°.
Uniform Circular Motion
When an object travels in a circular path at a constant speed, its motion is referred to as uniform circular motion, and the object is accelerated towards the center of the circle. If the radius of the circular path is r, the magnitude of this acceleration is ac = v2 / r, where v is its speed and ac is called the centripetal acceleration. A centripetal force is responsible for the centripetal acceleration, which constantly pulls the object towards the center of the circular path. There cannot be any circular motion without a centripetal force.
Banking
When there is a sharp turn in the road or when a turn has to be taken at a high speed as in a racetrack, the outer part of the road or the track is raised from the inner part of the track. This is called banking. It provides additional centripetal force to a turning vehicle so that it doesn't skid.
The angle of banking is kept just right so that it provides all the centripetal force required and a motorist does not have to depend on the friction force at all.
Inclined Planes
Forces on an Inclined Plane
The inclined plane is a device that reduces the force needed to lift objects. Consider the forces acting on a block on an inclined surface. The inclined surface exerts a normal force FN on the block that is perpendicular to the incline. The force of gravity, FG, points downward. If there is no friction, the net force, Fnet, acting on the block is the resultant of FN and FG. By Newton's second law the net force must point down the incline because the block moves only along the incline and not perpendicular to it.
The vector triangle shows .
this ppt is based on the physics chapter: force and pressure.
you can also see the other chapters on youtube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nejarAzn76A
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
1. SANT GADGE BABA AMRAVATI UNIVERSITY, AMRAVATI
SHRI SHIVAJI SCIENCE & ARTS COLLEGE, CHIKHLI
Unit – 3
Simple Harmonic Motion
By-
Dr. P. P. Padghan
Assistant Professor
Department of Physics,
Shri Shivaji Science and Arts College Chikhli
2. Distance is a scalar quantity that during its motion corresponds to how much ground
an object has covered.
Displacement is a quantity of a vector that corresponds to how far out of place an
object is, it is the total direction shift of the object.
3. Velocity
The rate of change of displacement is known as velocity
dt
dx
v
Acceleration
The rate of change of velocity is known as acceleration.
dt
dv
a
From the definition of velocity, acceleration can be expressed in term of displacement as
2
2
dt
x
d
a
dt
dx
dt
d
a
4. Periodic motion
The motion which repeats itself after equal interval of time is known as periodic motion.
The motion of hands of clock, oscillations of simple pendulum, up and down motion of
needle of sewing machine at constant speed, revolution of moon around the earth etc.
are some examples of periodic motion.
Oscillatory motion
If a particle undergoing periodic motion, covers the same path back and forth over the
same path is called vibrational or oscillatory motion.
Examples of oscillatory motions are oscillations of simple pendulum, motion of the
prongs of tuning forks, vibrations of string of musical instrument etc.
An oscillatory motion is always periodic but periodic may or may not be oscillatory e.g.
the motion of planet around Sun is periodic but not oscillatory
5. Simple harmonic motion
If acceleration of the particle in periodic motion is directly proportional to its displacement and
it is always directed towards mean position, then the motion of that particle is said to be Simple
Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.)
Simple harmonic motion can be broadly classified into two classes namely linear simple
harmonic motion and angular simple harmonic motion.
Linear Simple Harmonic Motion: The motion is said to be linear simple harmonic motion, if the
displacement of a particle executing SHM is linear i.e. displacement is straight line path.
The examples are the motion of simple pendulum, the motion of point mass tied with a spring,
etc.
Angular Simple Harmonic Motion: The motion is said to be angular simple harmonic motion, if
the displacement of a particle executing SHM is angular.
The examples of angular S.H.M. are torsional oscillations and oscillations of compound
pendulum.
6. Terms Related Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.):
1) Amplitude: The magnitude of maximum displacement of a particle from its equilibrium
position or mean position is its amplitude. Its S.I. unit is the metre.
2) Time Period: The time taken by a particle to complete one oscillation is its time period.
Therefore, period of S.H.M. is the least time after which the motion will repeat itself. Thus,
the motion will repeat itself after nT, where n is an integer.
3) Frequency: Frequency of S.H.M. is the number of oscillations that a particle performs per
unit time. S.I. unit of frequency is hertz or r.p.s (rotations per second).
4) Phase: It is the physical quantity that expresses the instantaneous position and direction of
motion of an oscillating system.
8. Linear Simple Harmonic Motion:
Linear simple harmonic motion is defined as the acceleration of the particle in
periodic motion is directly proportional to its displacement and it is always directed
towards mean position, then the motion of that particle is said to be Simple Harmonic
Motion (S.H.M.).
Consider the body of mass m attached to one end of an ideal spring of force
constant k and free to move on a frictionless horizontal surface as shown in Fig 3.1(a).
When there is no force applied to it, it is at its equilibrium position. Now,
1) If we stretch the body outwards, there is a force exerted by the string on the body that
is directed towards the equilibrium position Fig.3.1(b).
2) If we compress the body inwards, there is a force exerted by the string on the body
towards the equilibrium position Fig.3.1(c).
9. In each case, we can see that the force exerted by the spring is towards the equilibrium
position. This force is called the restoring force.
Let the force be F and the displacement of the body from the equilibrium position be
x then the restoring force acting on body is given by,
where k is known as force constant.
The acceleration ( a ) of the body is given by
where w2 = k/m is constant
Thus in S.H.M., acceleration is proportional to displacement and it is directed towards mean
position
kx
F
x
F
x
a
x
a
m
kx
a
m
F
a
ma
F
2
10. Differential Equation of S.H.M
In linear SHM the force is always directed towards the mean position and its magnitude is
directly proportional to the displacement from the mean position
)
1
(
kx
F
x
F
According to the Newton second law of motion,
0
2
2
2
2
kx
dt
x
d
m
kx
dt
x
d
m
From Eq. (1) and Eq. (2)
)
2
(
2
2
dt
x
d
m
F
ma
F