The document discusses an introduction to operating systems course. It provides an overview of the course syllabus which covers topics like processes, memory management, scheduling, storage management, and more. It also defines what an operating system is and discusses the different views of an operating system like the resource manager, control program, and command executer views. Finally, it explains the modern view of an operating system as a virtual machine that abstracts the underlying hardware.
Basics of Operating Systems Definition – Generations of Operating systems – Types of Operating Systems, OS Service, System Calls, OS structure: Layered, Monolithic, Microkernel Operating Systems – Concept of Virtual Machine
Basics of Operating Systems Definition – Generations of Operating systems – Types of Operating Systems, OS Service, System Calls, OS structure: Layered, Monolithic, Microkernel Operating Systems – Concept of Virtual Machine
Introduction to OS, Operating system functions, evaluation of O.S., Different types of O.S.,
Batch multi programmed, Time-sharing, Real-time, Distributed, Parallel.
Through this PPT you may learned about Operating System, Types of OS, History of OS, Operating System Software, Gives detailed information about Device Management, Memory Management, File Management
OVERVIEW OF OPERATING SYSTEM -Basic concepts of operating system like functio...ApurvaLaddha
This ppt contains basic concepts of operating system such as evolution of operating system, functions of operating system , introduction to LINUX OS and basic shell commands.
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Empowering the Data Analytics Ecosystem: A Laser Focus on Value
The data analytics ecosystem thrives when every component functions at its peak, unlocking the true potential of data. Here's a laser focus on key areas for an empowered ecosystem:
1. Democratize Access, Not Data:
Granular Access Controls: Provide users with self-service tools tailored to their specific needs, preventing data overload and misuse.
Data Catalogs: Implement robust data catalogs for easy discovery and understanding of available data sources.
2. Foster Collaboration with Clear Roles:
Data Mesh Architecture: Break down data silos by creating a distributed data ownership model with clear ownership and responsibilities.
Collaborative Workspaces: Utilize interactive platforms where data scientists, analysts, and domain experts can work seamlessly together.
3. Leverage Advanced Analytics Strategically:
AI-powered Automation: Automate repetitive tasks like data cleaning and feature engineering, freeing up data talent for higher-level analysis.
Right-Tool Selection: Strategically choose the most effective advanced analytics techniques (e.g., AI, ML) based on specific business problems.
4. Prioritize Data Quality with Automation:
Automated Data Validation: Implement automated data quality checks to identify and rectify errors at the source, minimizing downstream issues.
Data Lineage Tracking: Track the flow of data throughout the ecosystem, ensuring transparency and facilitating root cause analysis for errors.
5. Cultivate a Data-Driven Mindset:
Metrics-Driven Performance Management: Align KPIs and performance metrics with data-driven insights to ensure actionable decision making.
Data Storytelling Workshops: Equip stakeholders with the skills to translate complex data findings into compelling narratives that drive action.
Benefits of a Precise Ecosystem:
Sharpened Focus: Precise access and clear roles ensure everyone works with the most relevant data, maximizing efficiency.
Actionable Insights: Strategic analytics and automated quality checks lead to more reliable and actionable data insights.
Continuous Improvement: Data-driven performance management fosters a culture of learning and continuous improvement.
Sustainable Growth: Empowered by data, organizations can make informed decisions to drive sustainable growth and innovation.
By focusing on these precise actions, organizations can create an empowered data analytics ecosystem that delivers real value by driving data-driven decisions and maximizing the return on their data investment.
Introduction to OS, Operating system functions, evaluation of O.S., Different types of O.S.,
Batch multi programmed, Time-sharing, Real-time, Distributed, Parallel.
Through this PPT you may learned about Operating System, Types of OS, History of OS, Operating System Software, Gives detailed information about Device Management, Memory Management, File Management
OVERVIEW OF OPERATING SYSTEM -Basic concepts of operating system like functio...ApurvaLaddha
This ppt contains basic concepts of operating system such as evolution of operating system, functions of operating system , introduction to LINUX OS and basic shell commands.
Show drafts
volume_up
Empowering the Data Analytics Ecosystem: A Laser Focus on Value
The data analytics ecosystem thrives when every component functions at its peak, unlocking the true potential of data. Here's a laser focus on key areas for an empowered ecosystem:
1. Democratize Access, Not Data:
Granular Access Controls: Provide users with self-service tools tailored to their specific needs, preventing data overload and misuse.
Data Catalogs: Implement robust data catalogs for easy discovery and understanding of available data sources.
2. Foster Collaboration with Clear Roles:
Data Mesh Architecture: Break down data silos by creating a distributed data ownership model with clear ownership and responsibilities.
Collaborative Workspaces: Utilize interactive platforms where data scientists, analysts, and domain experts can work seamlessly together.
3. Leverage Advanced Analytics Strategically:
AI-powered Automation: Automate repetitive tasks like data cleaning and feature engineering, freeing up data talent for higher-level analysis.
Right-Tool Selection: Strategically choose the most effective advanced analytics techniques (e.g., AI, ML) based on specific business problems.
4. Prioritize Data Quality with Automation:
Automated Data Validation: Implement automated data quality checks to identify and rectify errors at the source, minimizing downstream issues.
Data Lineage Tracking: Track the flow of data throughout the ecosystem, ensuring transparency and facilitating root cause analysis for errors.
5. Cultivate a Data-Driven Mindset:
Metrics-Driven Performance Management: Align KPIs and performance metrics with data-driven insights to ensure actionable decision making.
Data Storytelling Workshops: Equip stakeholders with the skills to translate complex data findings into compelling narratives that drive action.
Benefits of a Precise Ecosystem:
Sharpened Focus: Precise access and clear roles ensure everyone works with the most relevant data, maximizing efficiency.
Actionable Insights: Strategic analytics and automated quality checks lead to more reliable and actionable data insights.
Continuous Improvement: Data-driven performance management fosters a culture of learning and continuous improvement.
Sustainable Growth: Empowered by data, organizations can make informed decisions to drive sustainable growth and innovation.
By focusing on these precise actions, organizations can create an empowered data analytics ecosystem that delivers real value by driving data-driven decisions and maximizing the return on their data investment.
Adjusting primitives for graph : SHORT REPORT / NOTESSubhajit Sahu
Graph algorithms, like PageRank Compressed Sparse Row (CSR) is an adjacency-list based graph representation that is
Multiply with different modes (map)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector multiply.
2. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector multiply.
Sum with different storage types (reduce)
1. Performance of vector element sum using float vs bfloat16 as the storage type.
Sum with different modes (reduce)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector element sum.
2. Performance of memcpy vs in-place based CUDA based vector element sum.
3. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (memcpy).
4. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
Sum with in-place strategies of CUDA mode (reduce)
1. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
Data Centers - Striving Within A Narrow Range - Research Report - MCG - May 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) expects to see demand and the changing evolution of supply, facilitated through institutional investment rotation out of offices and into work from home (“WFH”), while the ever-expanding need for data storage as global internet usage expands, with experts predicting 5.3 billion users by 2023. These market factors will be underpinned by technological changes, such as progressing cloud services and edge sites, allowing the industry to see strong expected annual growth of 13% over the next 4 years.
Whilst competitive headwinds remain, represented through the recent second bankruptcy filing of Sungard, which blames “COVID-19 and other macroeconomic trends including delayed customer spending decisions, insourcing and reductions in IT spending, energy inflation and reduction in demand for certain services”, the industry has seen key adjustments, where MCG believes that engineering cost management and technological innovation will be paramount to success.
MCG reports that the more favorable market conditions expected over the next few years, helped by the winding down of pandemic restrictions and a hybrid working environment will be driving market momentum forward. The continuous injection of capital by alternative investment firms, as well as the growing infrastructural investment from cloud service providers and social media companies, whose revenues are expected to grow over 3.6x larger by value in 2026, will likely help propel center provision and innovation. These factors paint a promising picture for the industry players that offset rising input costs and adapt to new technologies.
According to M Capital Group: “Specifically, the long-term cost-saving opportunities available from the rise of remote managing will likely aid value growth for the industry. Through margin optimization and further availability of capital for reinvestment, strong players will maintain their competitive foothold, while weaker players exit the market to balance supply and demand.”
Explore our comprehensive data analysis project presentation on predicting product ad campaign performance. Learn how data-driven insights can optimize your marketing strategies and enhance campaign effectiveness. Perfect for professionals and students looking to understand the power of data analysis in advertising. for more details visit: https://bostoninstituteofanalytics.org/data-science-and-artificial-intelligence/
1. A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Operating Systems
Introduction to
Operating System (OS)
2. 2 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Slides Credits for all PPTs of OS course
• The slides/diagrams in this course are an adaptation,
combination, and enhancement of material from the
following resources and persons:
1. Slides of A. Silberschatz, P. B. Galvin and G. Gagne
(see book references ahead) with some
enhancements by Y. Wiseman.
2. Slides of Mario Marchand of the University of
Ottawa and Patricia Roy of Manatee Community
College based on W. Stallings (see book reference
ahead) with some enhancements by O. Kremien and
E. Gruengard.
3. Some diagrams from R. A. Finkel and Andrew S.
Tanenbaum (see book references ahead).
3. 3 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Initial Objectives
• To describe the basic organization of computer systems
and operating systems.
• To give an overview of the many types of computing
environments.
• To explore varied types of operating systems.
• To provide a grand tour of the major components of
operating systems.
• To describe the services an operating system provides
to users, processes, and other systems.
• To discuss the various ways of structuring an operating
system.
4. 4 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
What is an Operating System (1)?
• A modern computer consists of:
One or more processors
Main memory
Disks
Printers
Various input/output devices.
• Managing all these varied components
requires a layer of software – the
Operating System (OS).
5. 5 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
What is an Operating System (2)?
• An Operating System is a program that acts as
an intermediary/interface between a user of a
computer and the computer hardware.
• OS goals:
– Control/execute user/application programs.
– Make the computer system convenient to use.
– Ease the solving of user problems.
– Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
6. 6 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Where does the OS fit in?
7. 7 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Services provided by an OS
• Facilities for program creation
– editors, compilers, linkers, debuggers, etc.
• Program execution
– loading in memory, I/O and file initialization.
• Access to I/O and files
– deals with the specifics of I/O and file formats.
• System access
– resolves conflicts for resource contention.
– protection in access to resources and data.
8. 8 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Why are Operating Systems Important?
• Important to understand and know how to correctly
use when writing user applications.
• Large and complex systems that have a high
economic impact and result in interesting problems
of management.
• Few actually involved in OS design and
implementation but nevertheless many general
techniques to be learned and applied.
• Combines concepts from many other areas of
Computer Science: Architecture, Languages,
Data Structures, Algorithms, etc.
9. 9 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Course Syllabus (1)
• Motivation for Operating Systems (OS)
• Introduction
– What's an Operating System?
– Computer/Operating System Overview
– Evolution of Operating Systems
– Functional/Protection Aspects
– Operating System Structures
10. 10 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Course Syllabus (2)
• Concurrent Processes
– Process Models and Management
– Process Description and Control
– Task/Thread Description and Control
– Concurrency: Mutual Exclusion and
Synchronization
– Concurrency: Deadlock and Starvation
11. 11 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Course Syllabus (3)
• Memory Management
– Real Memory Management
– Motivation for Virtual Memory (VM)
– Paging and Segmentation
– Page Fetch, Placement and Replacement
12. 12 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Course Syllabus (4)
• Uniprocessor Scheduling
– Levels of CPU Scheduling
– Process Scheduling
• External Storage Management
– File Systems/Management
– Directories
– File Allocation
– Disk Scheduling
13. 13 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Main Bibliography
A. Silberschatz, P. B. Galvin, and G. Gagne,
“Operating Systems Concepts (Essentials)”,
9th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
http://codex.cs.yale.edu/avi/os-book/
14. 14 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Main Bibliography
W. Stallings,
“Operating
Systems: Internals
and Design
Principles”, 8th ed,
Pearson, 2015.
http://williamstalli
ngs.com/Operating
Systems/
15. 15 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Main Bibliography
A. S. Tanenbaum,
“Modern
Operating
Systems”, 4th ed,
Pearson, 2015.
http://www.pearsonhigh
ered.com/educator/acad
emic/product/0,,013600
6639,00%2ben-
USS_01DBC.html
16. 16 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Main Bibliography
T. W. Doeppner,
Operating Systems
in Depth, John
Wiley & Sons,
2011,
http://eu.wiley.com/
WileyCDA/WileyTi
tle/productCd-
EHEP001803.html
17. 17 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Computer Hardware Organization
18. 18 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Computer System Components
1. Hardware – provides basic computing resources
(CPU, Memory, I/O devices, Communication).
2. Operating System – controls and coordinates
use of the hardware among various application
programs for various users.
3. System & Application Programs – ways in which
the system resources are used to solve computing
problems of the users (Word processors, Compilers,
Web browsers, Database systems, Video games).
4. Users – (People, Machines, other computers).
19. 19 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Hierarchical view of computer system
20. 20 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Static View of System Components
21. 21 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Dynamic View of System Components
22. 22 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Layers of a Computer System
End
User
Programmer
Operating-
System
Designer
Computer Hardware
Operating-System
Utilities
Application
Programs
23. 23 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
What Operating Systems Do
• Depends on the point of view.
• Users want convenience, ease of use and good performance
– Don’t care about resource utilization.
• But a shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer
must keep all users happy.
• Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated
resources but frequently use shared resources from servers.
• Handheld computers are resource poor, optimized for usability
and battery life.
• Some computers have little or no user interface, such as
embedded computers in devices and automobiles.
24. 24 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Views of an Operating System
• There are three classical views (in literature):
1. Resource Manager – manages and allocates
resources.
2. Control program – controls the execution of user
programs and operations of I/O devices.
3. Command Executer – Provides an environment
for running user commands.
• But one more modern view: the Operating
System as a Virtual Machine.
25. 25 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
1. Resource Manager
• Resource Manager:
– Manages and protects multiple computer resources: CPU,
Processes, Internal/External memory, Tasks, Applications,
Users, Communication channels, etc…
– Handles and allocates resources to multiple users or
multiple programs running at the same time and space
(e.g., processor time, memory, I/O devices).
– Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair
resource use (e.g., maximize throughput, minimize
response time).
• Sort of a bottom-up view.
26. 26
OS as a Resource Manager
A. Frank - P. Weisberg
27. 27 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Resource Manager oriented OS names
• DEC RSX – Resource Sharing eXecutive
• MIT Multics – MULTiplexed Information and
Computing Services
• IBM MFT/MVT – Multiple Fixed/Variable Tasks
• IBM MVS – Multiple Virtual Storage
• DEC VMS – Virtual Memory System
• MVS TSO – Time Sharing Option
• CTSS – Compatible Time Sharing System
• IBM VM – Virtual machine
28. 28 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
2. Control Program
• Control Program:
– Manages all the components of a complex
computer system in an integrated manner.
– Controls the execution of user programs and
I/O devices to prevent errors and improper
use of computer resources.
– Looks over and protects the computer:
Monitor, Supervisor, Executive, Controller,
Master, Coordinator ….
• Sort of a black box view.
29. 29 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Control program oriented OS names
• Unisys MCP – Master Control Program
• DR CP/M – Control Program/Microcomputer
• IBM VM/CP – VM Control Program
• IBM AIX – Advanced Interactive eXecutive
• DEC RSX – Resource Sharing eXecutive
30. 30 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
3. Command Executer
• Command Executer:
– Interfaces between the users and machine.
– Supplies services/utilities to users.
– Provides the users with a convenient CLI
(Command Language Interface), also called
a Shell (in UNIX), for entering the user
commands.
• Sort of a top-down view.
31. 31 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Command Executer oriented OS names
• IBM AIX – Advanced Interactive Executive
• IBM VM/CMS – Conversational monitor
System
32. 32 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Modern view: Virtual Machine (1)
• Operating System as a Virtual Machine:
– An interface between the user and hardware that
hides the details of the hardware (e.g., I/O).
– Constructs higher-level (virtual) resources out of
lower-level (physical) resources (e.g., files).
– Definition: OS is a collection of software
enhancements, executed on the bare hardware,
culminating in a high-level virtual machine that
serves as an advanced programming environment.
• virtual machine = software enhancement = extended
machine = abstract machine = layer = level = ring.
33. 33 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Modern view: Virtual Machine (2)
34. 34 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Definition of Operating System
• There is no universally accepted definition.
• “Everything a vendor ships when you order an
operating system” is good approximation but
varies widely.
• “The one program running at all times on the
computer” is the Kernel.
• Everything else is either a system program
(ships with the operating system) or an
application program.
35. 35 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
One Kernel Point of View
36. 36 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
What is the OS/Kernel?
• Is the Operating System just the Kernel (not
the utilities and application programs)?!
• The Command Line Interface (CLI) (or
command layer/interpreter or shell) allows
direct command entry by the user.
• The shell used to be in the kernel but now is a
(first between equals) utility outside of it:
– Easy to change/debug
– Many of them (sh, bsh, csh, ksh, tcsh, wsh, bash)
– Possible to switch between them (chsh)
37. 37 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Utilities Shell
Kernel
Hardware
User
UNIX Shell and Utilities
38. 38 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
CLI is the User OS Interface
CLI allows direct command entry:
– Sometimes implemented in kernel, sometimes by
systems program.
– Sometimes multiple flavors implemented – shells.
– Primarily fetches a command from user and
executes it.
– Sometimes commands built-in, sometimes just
names of programs; if the latter, adding new
features doesn’t require shell modification.
42. 42 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
General UNIX Architecture (1)
43. 43 A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Other application programs
cc
Other application programs
Hardware
Kernel
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General UNIX Architecture (2)