This document is a summary for an M.A. semester course. It discusses orientalism, how cultures are represented, and whether the notion of distinct cultures is useful or if it can lead to hostility. The summary covers 3 key topics: orientalist structures, representing other cultures, and whether the idea of distinct cultures is problematic or can promote aggression.

1. Prepared by:- Reema A. Kunvrani Roll No:- 13 M.A. Semester-iii Department of English Bhavnagar University

2. The Scope of Orientalism Orientalist Structures and Arestructures Orientalism Now "How does one represent other cultures? What is another culture? Is the notion of a distinct culture (or race, or religion, or civilization) a useful one, or does it always get involved either in self-congratulation (when one discusses one's own) or hostility and aggression .”

3. Thank You