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- 1. Copyright Š 2003 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Developed by Cool Pictures & MultiMedia Presentations Organizing ⢠The deployment of organizational resources to achieve strategic goals ⢠Reflects deployment of resources ⢠Shows division of labor ⢠Formal lines of authority and mechanisms is developed
- 2. Copyright Š 2003 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Developed by Cool Pictures & MultiMedia Presentations Organization Structure ď Defines how tasks are divided, resources are deployed, and departments are coordinated ď The set of formal tasks assigned ď Formal reporting relationships ď The design of systems to ensure effective coordination of employees across department
- 3. Copyright Š 2003 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Developed by Cool Pictures & MultiMedia Presentations The Organization Chart âThe Home Depot is the world's largest home improvement retailer currently operating 1,363 stores. Visual representation Set of formal tasks Formal reporting relationships Framework for vertical control
- 4. Copyright Š 2003 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Developed by Cool Pictures & MultiMedia Presentations Work Specialization ⢠Tasks are subdivided into individual jobs ⢠Division of labor concept ⢠Employees perform only the tasks relevant to their specialized function ⢠Jobs tend to be small, but they can be performed efficiently
- 5. Copyright Š 2003 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Developed by Cool Pictures & MultiMedia Presentations Chain of Command ⢠Unbroken line of authority that links all persons in an organization ⢠Shows who reports to whom ⢠Associated with two underlying principles ďUnity of Command ďScalar Principle ⢠Unbroken line of authority that links all persons in an organization ⢠Shows who reports to whom ⢠Associated with two underlying principles ďUnity of Command ďScalar Principle
- 6. Copyright Š 2003 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Developed by Cool Pictures & MultiMedia Presentations Authority ⢠Formal and legitimate right of a manager to make decisions and issue orders ⢠Allocate resources to achieve organizationally desired outcomes ⢠Authority is distinguished by three characteristics ďAuthority is vested in organizational positions, not people ďAuthority is accepted by subordinates ďAuthority flows down the vertical hierarchy ⢠Formal and legitimate right of a manager to make decisions and issue orders ⢠Allocate resources to achieve organizationally desired outcomes ⢠Authority is distinguished by three characteristics ďAuthority is vested in organizational positions, not people ďAuthority is accepted by subordinates ďAuthority flows down the vertical hierarchy
- 7. Copyright Š 2003 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Developed by Cool Pictures & MultiMedia Presentations Responsibility ⢠The duty to perform the task or activity an employee has been assigned ⢠Managers are assigned authority commensurate with responsibility
- 8. Copyright Š 2003 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Developed by Cool Pictures & MultiMedia Presentations Accountability ď Mechanism through which authority and responsibility are brought into alignment ď People are subject to reporting and justifying task outcomes to those above them in the chain of command ď Can be built into the organization structure
- 9. Copyright Š 2003 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Developed by Cool Pictures & MultiMedia Presentations Delegation ď˝Process managers use to transfer authority and responsibility ď˝Organization encourage managers to delegate authority to lowest possible level 1 2
- 10. Copyright Š 2003 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Developed by Cool Pictures & MultiMedia Presentations Techniques for Delegation Give thorough instructions Maintain feedback Evaluate and reward performance Delegate the whole task Select the right person Delegation Ensure that authority equals responsibility
- 11. Copyright Š 2003 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Developed by Cool Pictures & MultiMedia Presentations Span of Management/ Span of Control ⢠Number of employees who report to a supervisor ⢠Traditional view, about seven subordinates per manager ⢠Many lean organizations today have 30, 40, or even higher subordinates ⢠When supervisors must be closely involved with subordinates, the span should be small ⢠Supervisors need little involvement with subordinates, it can be large ⢠Number of employees who report to a supervisor ⢠Traditional view, about seven subordinates per manager ⢠Many lean organizations today have 30, 40, or even higher subordinates ⢠When supervisors must be closely involved with subordinates, the span should be small ⢠Supervisors need little involvement with subordinates, it can be large
- 12. Copyright Š 2003 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Developed by Cool Pictures & MultiMedia Presentations Factors Associated With Less Supervisor Involvement ⢠Work is stable and routine ⢠Subordinates perform similar work tasks ⢠Subordinates are concentrated in a single location ⢠Subordinates are highly trained ⢠Rules and procedure defining task activities are available ⢠Support systems and personnel are available for the manager ⢠Little time is required in nonsupervisory activities ⢠Managersâ preferences and styles favor a large span ⢠Work is stable and routine ⢠Subordinates perform similar work tasks ⢠Subordinates are concentrated in a single location ⢠Subordinates are highly trained ⢠Rules and procedure defining task activities are available ⢠Support systems and personnel are available for the manager ⢠Little time is required in nonsupervisory activities ⢠Managersâ preferences and styles favor a large span
- 13. Copyright Š 2003 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Developed by Cool Pictures & MultiMedia Presentations Tall versus Flat Structure ⢠Span of Control used in an organization determines whether the structure is tall or flat ⢠Tall structure has a narrow span and more hierarchical levels ⢠Flat structure has a wide span, is horizontally dispersed and fewer hierarchical levels ⢠The trend has been toward wider spans of control ⢠Span of Control used in an organization determines whether the structure is tall or flat ⢠Tall structure has a narrow span and more hierarchical levels ⢠Flat structure has a wide span, is horizontally dispersed and fewer hierarchical levels ⢠The trend has been toward wider spans of control
- 14. Copyright Š 2003 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Developed by Cool Pictures & MultiMedia Presentations Centralization versus Decentralization ⢠Greater change and uncertainty in the environment are usually associated with decentralization ⢠The amount of centralization or decentralization should fit the firmâs strategy ⢠In times of crisis or risk of company failure, authority may be centralized at the top
- 15. Copyright Š 2003 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Developed by Cool Pictures & MultiMedia Presentations Departmentalization The basis on which individuals are grouped into departments ď Vertical functional approach. People are grouped together in departments by common skills. ď Divisional approach. Grouped together based on a common product, program, or geographical region. ď Horizontal matrix approach. Functional and divisional chains of command. Some employees report to two bosses ď Team-based approach. Created to accomplish specific tasks ď Network approach. Small, central hub electronically connected to their other organizations that perform vital functions. Departments are independent, and can be located anywhere. ď Virtual approach. Brings people together temporarily to exploit specific opportunities then disbands
- 16. Copyright Š 2003 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Developed by Cool Pictures & MultiMedia Presentations Five Approaches to Structural Design
- 17. Copyright Š 2003 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Developed by Cool Pictures & MultiMedia Presentations Five Approaches to Structural Design Slide 2
- 18. Copyright Š 2003 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Developed by Cool Pictures & MultiMedia Presentations Divisional Structure Advantages ⢠Efficient use of resources ⢠Skill specialization development ⢠Top management control ⢠Excellent coordination ⢠Quality technical problem solving
- 19. Copyright Š 2003 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Developed by Cool Pictures & MultiMedia Presentations Divisional Structure Disadvantages ⢠Poor communications ⢠Slow response to external changes ⢠Decisions concentrated at top ⢠Pin pointing responsibility is difficult ⢠Limited view of organizational goals by employees
- 20. Copyright Š 2003 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Developed by Cool Pictures & MultiMedia Presentations Horizontal Matrix Advantages ⢠More efficient use of resources than single hierarchy ⢠Adaptable to changing environment ⢠Development of both general and specialists management skills ⢠Expertise available to all divisions ⢠Enlarged tasks for employees
- 21. Copyright Š 2003 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Developed by Cool Pictures & MultiMedia Presentations Dual Authority Structure in a Matrix Organization
- 22. Copyright Š 2003 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Developed by Cool Pictures & MultiMedia Presentations Horizontal Matrix Disadvantages ⢠Dual chain of command ⢠High conflict between two sides of matrix ⢠Many meetings to coordinate activities ⢠Need for human relations training ⢠Power domination by one side of matrix
- 23. Copyright Š 2003 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Developed by Cool Pictures & MultiMedia Presentations Team Advantages ⢠Same advantages as functional structure ⢠Reduced barriers among departments ⢠Quicker response time ⢠Better morale ⢠Reduced administrative overhead
- 24. Copyright Š 2003 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Developed by Cool Pictures & MultiMedia Presentations Team Disadvantages ⢠Dual loyalties and conflict ⢠Time and resources spent on meetings ⢠Unplanned decentralization
- 25. Copyright Š 2003 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Developed by Cool Pictures & MultiMedia Presentations Network Approach Advantages ⢠Global competitiveness ⢠Work force flexibility ⢠Reduced administrative overhead
- 26. Copyright Š 2003 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Developed by Cool Pictures & MultiMedia Presentations Network Approach Disadvantages ⢠No hands-on control ⢠Loss of part of the organization severely impacts remainder of organization ⢠Employee loyalty weakened